51
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Wang CA, Munoz DP. Differentiating global luminance, arousal and cognitive signals on pupil size and microsaccades. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:7560-7574. [PMID: 34716728 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pupil size reflects a proxy for neural activity associated with global luminance, arousal and cognitive processing. Microsaccades are also modulated by arousal and cognitive processing. Are these effects of arousal and cognitive signals on pupil size and microsaccades coordinated? If so, via what neural mechanisms? We hypothesized that if pupil size and microsaccades are coordinately modulated by these processes, pupil size immediately before microsaccade onset, as an index for ongoing cognitive and arousal processing, should correlate with microsaccade responses during tasks alternating these signals. Here, we examined the relationship between pupil size and microsaccade responses in tasks that included variations in global luminance, arousal and inhibitory control. Higher microsaccade peak velocities correlated with larger pre-microsaccade pupil response related to arousal and inhibitory control signals. In contrast, pupil responses evoked by global luminance signals did not correlate with microsaccade responses. Given the central role of the superior colliculus in microsaccade generation, these results suggest the critical involvement of the superior colliculus to coordinate pupil and microsaccade responses for arousal and inhibitory control modulations, but not for the pupil luminance modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-An Wang
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Health Science and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Cognitive Intelligence and Precision Healthcare Research Center, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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52
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MacCormack JK, Armstrong-Carter E, Humphreys KL, Muscatell KA. Neurophysiological contributors to advantageous risk-taking: an experimental psychopharmacological investigation. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 16:926-936. [PMID: 33860790 PMCID: PMC8421704 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to learn from experience is critical for determining when to take risks and when to play it safe. However, we know little about how within-person state changes, such as an individual's degree of neurophysiological arousal, may impact the ability to learn which risks are most likely to fail vs succeed. To test this, we used a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design to pharmacologically manipulate neurophysiological arousal and assess its causal impact on risk-related learning and performance. Eighty-seven adults (45% female, Mage = 20.1 ± 1.46 years) took either propranolol (n = 42), a beta-adrenergic receptor blocker that attenuates sympathetic nervous system-related signaling, or a placebo (n = 45). Participants then completed the Balloon Emotional Learning Task, a risk-taking task wherein experiential learning is necessary for task success. We found that individuals on propranolol, relative to placebo, earned fewer points on the task, suggesting that they were less effective risk-takers. This effect was mediated by the fact that those on propranolol made less optimal decisions in the final phase of the task on trials with the greatest opportunity for advantageous risk-taking. These findings highlight that neurophysiological arousal supports risk-related learning and, in turn, more advantageous decision-making and optimal behavior under conditions of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K MacCormack
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | | | - Kathryn L Humphreys
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA
| | - Keely A Muscatell
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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53
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Tau-driven degeneration of sleep- and wake-regulating neurons in Alzheimer's disease. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 60:101541. [PMID: 34500400 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances of the sleep/wake cycle in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are common, frequently precede cognitive decline, and tend to worsen with disease progression. Sleep is critical to the maintenance of homeostatic and circadian function, and chronic sleep disturbances have significant cognitive and physical health consequences that likely exacerbate disease severity. Sleep-wake cycles are regulated by neuromodulatory centers located in the brainstem, the hypothalamus, and the basal forebrain, many of which are vulnerable to the accumulation of abnormal protein deposits associated with neurodegenerative conditions. In AD, while sleep disturbances are commonly attributed to the accumulation of amyloid beta, patients often first experience sleep issues prior to the appearance of amyloid beta plaques, on a timeline that more closely corresponds to the first appearance of abnormal tau neurofibrillary tangles in sleep/wake regulating areas of the brainstem. Sleep disturbances also occur in pure tauopathies, providing further support that tau is a major contributor. Here, we provide an overview of the neuroanatomy of sleep/wake centers discovered in animal models, and review the evidence that tau-driven neuropathology is a primary driver of sleep disturbance in AD.
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54
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Modulation of the Rat Intergeniculate Leaflet of the Thalamus Network by Norepinephrine. Neuroscience 2021; 469:1-16. [PMID: 34174371 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are regulated by a set of brain structures, one of which is the Intergeniculate Leaflet of the Thalamus (IGL). The most recognised role of the IGL is the integration of a variety of stimuli affecting rhythmicity, such as lighting conditions, received by the eye, or light-independent (non-photic) cues, the information about which is delivered via the activation of the non-specific projections. One of them is the norepinephrinergic system originating in the brainstem Locus Coeruleus (LC). In order to investigate the effect of norepinephrine (NE) on the IGL neurons we have performed ex vivo recordings using the extracellular multi-electrode array technique as well as the intracellular whole-cell patch clamp. Using both agonists and antagonists of specific NE receptor subtypes, we confirmed the presence of functional α1-, α2- and β-adrenergic receptors within the investigated structure, allowing NE to exert multiple types of effects on different IGL neurons, mainly depolarisation of the neurons projecting to the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei - the master circadian pacemaker, and various responses exhibited by the cells creating the connection with the contralateral IGL. Moreover, NE was shown to affect IGL cells both directly and via modulation of the synaptic network, in particular the miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first studies to confirm the effects of NE on the activity of the IGL network.
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55
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Breton-Provencher V, Drummond GT, Sur M. Locus Coeruleus Norepinephrine in Learned Behavior: Anatomical Modularity and Spatiotemporal Integration in Targets. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:638007. [PMID: 34163331 PMCID: PMC8215268 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.638007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC), a small brainstem nucleus, is the primary source of the neuromodulator norepinephrine (NE) in the brain. The LC receives input from widespread brain regions, and projects throughout the forebrain, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord. LC neurons release NE to control arousal, but also in the context of a variety of sensory-motor and behavioral functions. Despite its brain-wide effects, much about the role of LC-NE in behavior and the circuits controlling LC activity is unknown. New evidence suggests that the modular input-output organization of the LC could enable transient, task-specific modulation of distinct brain regions. Future work must further assess whether this spatial modularity coincides with functional differences in LC-NE subpopulations acting at specific times, and how such spatiotemporal specificity might influence learned behaviors. Here, we summarize the state of the field and present new ideas on the role of LC-NE in learned behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mriganka Sur
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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56
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Durán E, Yang M, Neves R, Logothetis NK, Eschenko O. Modulation of Prefrontal Cortex Slow Oscillations by Phasic Activation of the Locus Coeruleus. Neuroscience 2021; 453:268-279. [PMID: 33419514 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cortical slow rhythmic activity, a hallmark of deep sleep, is observed under urethane anesthesia. Synchronized fluctuations of the membrane excitability of a large neuronal population are reflected in the extracellular Local Field Potential (LFP), as high-amplitude slow (∼1 Hz) oscillations (SO). The SO-phase indicates the presence (Up) or absence (Down) of neuronal spiking. The cortical state is controlled by the input from thalamic and neuromodulatory centers, including the brainstem noradrenergic nucleus Locus Coeruleus (LC). The bidirectional modulation of neuronal excitability by noradrenaline (NA) is well known. We have previously shown that LC phasic activation caused transient excitability increase in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). In the present study, we characterized the effect of LC phasic activation on the prefrontal population dynamics at a temporal scale of a single SO cycle. We applied short (0.2 s) trains of electric pulses (0.02-0.05 mA at 20-50 Hz) to the LC cell bodies and monitored a broadband (0.1 Hz-8 kHz) mPFC LFP in urethane-anesthetized rats. The direct electrical stimulation of LC (LC-DES), applied during the Up-phase, enhanced the firing probability in the mPFC by ∼20% and substantially prolonged Up-states in 56% of trials. The LC-DES applied during Down-phase caused a rapid Down-to-Up transition in 81.5% of trials. The LC-DES was more effective at a higher frequency, but not at a higher current. Our results suggest that transient NA release, coupled to SO, may promote synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation by sustaining a depolarized state in the mPFC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Durán
- Department of Physiology of Cognitive Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mingyu Yang
- Department of Physiology of Cognitive Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ricardo Neves
- Department of Physiology of Cognitive Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Nikos K Logothetis
- Department of Physiology of Cognitive Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany; Division of Imaging Science and Biomedical Engineering, University of Manchester, M13 9PT Manchester, UK
| | - Oxana Eschenko
- Department of Physiology of Cognitive Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany.
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57
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Grueschow M, Stenz N, Thörn H, Ehlert U, Breckwoldt J, Brodmann Maeder M, Exadaktylos AK, Bingisser R, Ruff CC, Kleim B. Real-world stress resilience is associated with the responsivity of the locus coeruleus. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2275. [PMID: 33859187 PMCID: PMC8050280 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals may show different responses to stressful events. Here, we investigate the neurobiological basis of stress resilience, by showing that neural responsitivity of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC-NE) and associated pupil responses are related to the subsequent change in measures of anxiety and depression in response to prolonged real-life stress. We acquired fMRI and pupillometry data during an emotional-conflict task in medical residents before they underwent stressful emergency-room internships known to be a risk factor for anxiety and depression. The LC-NE conflict response and its functional coupling with the amygdala was associated with stress-related symptom changes in response to the internship. A similar relationship was found for pupil-dilation, a potential marker of LC-NE firing. Our results provide insights into the noradrenergic basis of conflict generation, adaptation and stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Grueschow
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics (ZNE), Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Nico Stenz
- Division of Experimental Psychopathology and Psychotherapy, Dept of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Thörn
- Division of Experimental Psychopathology and Psychotherapy, Dept of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Dept of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Ehlert
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Dept of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Breckwoldt
- Medical School, Deanery, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Roland Bingisser
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian C Ruff
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics (ZNE), Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Kleim
- Division of Experimental Psychopathology and Psychotherapy, Dept of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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58
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Associations between fecal short-chain fatty acids and sleep continuity in older adults with insomnia symptoms. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4052. [PMID: 33603001 PMCID: PMC7893161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insomnia is a disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep and poor sleep continuity and is associated with increased risks for physical and cognitive decline. Insomnia with short sleep duration is considered the most biologically severe phenotype of the disorder. Evidence suggests that short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the main byproducts of fiber fermentation in the gut, may affect sleep via gut–brain communications. This study explores associations between SCFAs and sleep continuity and compares SCFA concentrations in short vs. normal sleep insomnia phenotypes in older adults. Fifty-nine participants with insomnia symptoms (≥ 65 years), completed 2 weeks of objective sleep monitoring (actigraphy), and were divided into short and normal sleep duration phenotypes via cluster analysis. Sleep measures included total sleep time (TST), sleep onset latency (SOL), sleep efficiency (SE), and wake after sleep onset (WASO). Stool samples were collected and fecal SCFA concentrations were determined by gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry (GCMS). Higher concentrations of acetate, butyrate, and propionate, and total SCFAs, were associated with lower SE and longer SOL after controlling for Body Mass Index (BMI). Concentrations were higher in the short sleep duration phenotype. Age, BMI, TST, and SOL explained 40.7% of the variance in total SCFAs. Findings contribute to understanding pathways along the gut–brain axis and may lead to the use of SCFAs as biomarkers of insomnia phenotypes.
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59
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Phasic activation of the locus coeruleus attenuates the acoustic startle response by increasing cortical arousal. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1409. [PMID: 33446792 PMCID: PMC7809417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80703-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An alerting sound elicits the Acoustic Startle Response (ASR) that is dependent on the sound volume and organisms’ state, which is regulated by neuromodulatory centers. The locus coeruleus (LC) neurons respond to salient stimuli and noradrenaline release affects sensory processing, including auditory. The LC hyperactivity is detrimental for sensorimotor gating. We report here that priming microstimulation of the LC (100-ms at 20, 50, and 100 Hz) attenuated the ASR in rats. The ASR reduction scaled with frequency and 100 Hz-stimulation mimicked pre-exposure to a non-startling tone (prepulse). A rapid (~ 40 ms) EEG desynchronization following the LC stimulation suggested that the ASR reduction was due to elevated cortical arousal. The effects of LC stimulation on the ASR and EEG were consistent with systematic relationships between the ASR, awake/sleep state, and the cortical arousal level; for that matter, a lower ASR amplitude corresponded to a higher arousal level. Thus, the LC appears to modulate the ASR circuit via its diffuse ascending projections to the forebrain saliency network. The LC modulation directly in the brainstem and/or spinal cord may also play a role. Our findings suggest the LC as a part of the brain circuitry regulating the ASR, while underlying neurophysiological mechanisms require further investigation.
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60
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Liu Y, Narasimhan S, Schriver BJ, Wang Q. Perceptual Behavior Depends Differently on Pupil-Linked Arousal and Heartbeat Dynamics-Linked Arousal in Rats Performing Tactile Discrimination Tasks. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 14:614248. [PMID: 33505252 PMCID: PMC7829454 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.614248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Several physiology signals, including heart rate and pupil size, have been widely used as peripheral indices of arousal to evaluate the effects of arousal on brain functions. However, whether behavior depends differently on arousal indexed by these physiological signals remains unclear. We simultaneously recorded electrocardiogram (ECG) and pupil size in head-fixed rats performing tactile discrimination tasks. We found both heartbeat dynamics and pupil size co-varied with behavioral outcomes, indicating behavior was dependent upon arousal indexed by the two physiological signals. To estimate the potential difference between the effects of pupil-linked arousal and heart rate-linked arousal on behavior, we constructed a Bayesian decoder to predict animals' behavior from pupil size and heart rate prior to stimulus presentation. The performance of the decoder was significantly better when using both heart rate and pupil size as inputs than when using either of them alone, suggesting the effects of the two arousal systems on behavior are not completely redundant. Supporting this notion, we found that, on a substantial portion of trials correctly predicted by the heart rate-based decoder, the pupil size-based decoder failed to correctly predict animals' behavior. Taken together, these results suggest that pupil-linked and heart rate-linked arousal systems exert different influences on animals' behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shreya Narasimhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Brian J Schriver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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61
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McCall WV, Sareddy S, Youssef NA, Miller BJ, Rosenquist PB. The pupillary light reflex as a point-of-care test for suicide risk: Preliminary results. Psychiatry Res 2021; 295:113582. [PMID: 33234325 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The pupillary light reflex (PLR) reflects physiologic arousal, and a potential point-of-care biomarker of suicide risk. We collected data from 9 healthy controls, 6 non-suicidal depressed patients, 7 with prior suicide attempts but not presently suicidal, and 8 depressed patients who were actively suicidal. The pupillary maximum constriction velocity (MCV) was similar between the non-suicidal depressed patients and healthy controls (the "Never suicidal" group). Patients with prior attempt resembled the patients expressing active suicidal ideation (the "Ever suicidal" group). MCV was a significant predictor within a logistic regression model of participants who were "Ever suicidal" versus "Never suicidal".
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Affiliation(s)
- William V McCall
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 997 St Sebastian Way, Augusta, Georgia 30909, USA.
| | - Sneha Sareddy
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30909, USA.
| | - Nagy A Youssef
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 997 St Sebastian Way, Augusta, Georgia 30909, USA.
| | - Brian J Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 997 St Sebastian Way, Augusta, Georgia 30909, USA.
| | - Peter B Rosenquist
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 997 St Sebastian Way, Augusta, Georgia 30909, USA.
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62
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Jadzic D, Bassareo V, Carta AR, Carboni E. Nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine, morphine, and ethanol increase norepinephrine output in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis of freely moving rats. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12864. [PMID: 31849152 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST) is a complex limbic area involved in neuroendocrine and behavioural responses and, in particular, in the modulation of the stress response. BNST is innervated by dopamine and norepinephrine, which are known to be involved in drug addiction. It is also known that several drugs of abuse increase dopamine transmission in the BNST, but there has been less research regarding the effect on norepinephrine transmission. Here, we have used the microdialysis technique to investigate the effect of several drugs of abuse on norepinephrine transmission in the BNST of freely moving rats. We observed that nicotine (0.2-0.4 mg/kg), cocaine (2.5-5 mg/kg), amphetamine (0.25-0.5 mg/kg), and ethanol (0.5-1.0 g/kg), dose-dependently increased norepinephrine output while the effect of morphine at 3.0 was lower than that of 1.0 mg/kg. These results suggest that many drugs of abuse, though possessing diverse mechanisms of action, share the property of increasing norepinephrine transmission in the BNST. Furthermore, we suggest that the recurring activation of NE transmission in the BNST, due to drug administration, contributes to the alteration of the function that BNST assumes in how the behavioural response to stress manifests, favouring the establishment of the stress-induced drug seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Jadzic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | | | - Anna R. Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | - Ezio Carboni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
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63
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Khatri DK, Choudhary M, Sood A, Singh SB. Anxiety: An ignored aspect of Parkinson’s disease lacking attention. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110776. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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64
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Donnan K, Williams EL, Stanger N. The Effects of Heat Exposure During Intermittent Exercise on Physical and Cognitive Performance Among Team Sport Athletes. Percept Mot Skills 2020; 128:439-466. [PMID: 33076764 PMCID: PMC7859587 DOI: 10.1177/0031512520966522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of heat exposure on physical and
cognitive performance during an intermittent exercise protocol so as
to reflect the incremental fatigue experienced during team sports.
Twelve well-trained male team sport players completed an 80-minute
cycling intermittent sprint protocol (CISP), alongside computerized
vigilance and congruent (i.e., simple) and incongruent (i.e., complex)
Stroop tasks of cognitive functioning, in two counterbalanced
temperature conditions; hot (32°C[50%rh]) and control (18°C[50%rh]).
Incongruent Stroop accuracy declined over time
(p = .002), specifically in the second
(Mdiff = –3.75,
SD = 0.90%, p = .009) and
third (Mdiff = –4.58,
SD = 1.22%, p = .019) quarters
compared to the first quarter of the CISP; but there were no
differences between temperature conditions. Congruent Stroop reaction
time (RT) was quicker in the second quarter of exercise in the hot
condition (M = 561.99,
SD = 112.93 ms) compared to the control condition
(M=617.80, SD = 139.71 ms;
p = .022), but no differences were found for
congruent Stroop accuracy nor vigilance measures. Additionally, peak
power output was lower during the third quarter of the CISP in the hot
condition (M = 861.31,
SD = 105.20 W) compared to the control condition
(M = 900.68, SD = 114.84 W;
p < .001). Plasma normetanephrine and
metanephrine concentrations increased from pre- to post-CISP
(Mdiff = +616.90,
SD = 306.99, p < .001; and
Mdiff = +151.23,
SD = 130.32, p = .002,
respectively), with a marginal interaction suggesting a higher
normetanephrine increase from pre- to post-CISP in the hot versus the
control condition (p = .070). Our findings suggest
that accuracy for more complex decisions suffered during prolonged
high-intensity intermittent exercise, perhaps due to exercise-induced
catecholamine increases. Athletes may have also reduced physical
effort under increased heat exposure, indicating how cognitive
performance may be sustained in physically demanding environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Donnan
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Emily L Williams
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Stanger
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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65
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Background luminance effects on pupil size associated with emotion and saccade preparation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15718. [PMID: 32973283 PMCID: PMC7515892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72954-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pupil dilation is consistently evoked by affective and cognitive processing, and this dilation can result from sympathetic activation or parasympathetic inhibition. The relative contributions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on the pupillary response induced by emotion and cognition may be different. Sympathetic and parasympathetic activity is regulated by global luminance level. Higher luminance levels lead to greater activation of the parasympathetic system while lower luminance levels lead to greater activation of the sympathetic system. To understand the contributions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to pupillary responses associated with emotion and saccade preparation, emotional auditory stimuli were presented following the fixation cue whose color indicated instruction to perform a pro- or anti-saccade while varying the background luminance level. Pupil dilation was evoked by emotional auditory stimuli and modulated by arousal level. More importantly, greater pupil dilation was observed with a dark background, compared to a bright background. In contrast, pupil dilation responses associated with saccade preparation were larger with the bright background than the dark background. Together, these results suggest that arousal-induced pupil dilation was mainly mediated by sympathetic activation, but pupil dilation related to saccade preparation was primarily mediated by parasympathetic inhibition.
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Xing XX, Hua XY, Zheng MX, Ma ZZ, Huo BB, Wu JJ, Ma SJ, Ma J, Xu JG. Intra and inter: Alterations in functional brain resting-state networks after peripheral nerve injury. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01747. [PMID: 32657022 PMCID: PMC7507705 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous treatments suggest that brain plasticity changes after peripheral nerve injury (PNI), and most studies examining functional magnetic resonance imaging focused on abnormal changes in specific brain regions. However, it is the large-scale interaction of neuronal networks instead of isolated brain regions contributed to the functional recovery after PNI. In the present study, we examined the intra- and internetworks alterations between the related functional resting-state networks (RSNs) in a sciatic nerve injury rat model. METHODS Ninety-six female rats were divided into a control and model group. Unilateral sciatic nerve transection and direct anastomosis were performed in the latter group. We used an independent component analysis (ICA) algorithm to observe the changes in RSNs and assessed functional connectivity between different networks using the functional networks connectivity (FNC) toolbox. RESULTS Six RSNs related to PNI were identified, including the basal ganglia network (BGN), sensorimotor network (SMN), salience network (SN), interoceptive network (IN), cerebellar network (CN), and default mode network (DMN). The model group showed significant changes in whole-brain FC changes within these resting-state networks (RSNs), but four of these RSNs exhibited a conspicuous decrease. The interalterations performed that significantly decreased FNC existed between the BGN and SMN, BGN and IN, and BGN and DMN (p < .05, corrected). A significant increase in FNC existed between DMN and CN and between CN and SN (p < .05, corrected). CONCLUSION The results showed the large-scale functional reorganization at the network level after PNI. This evidence reveals new implications to the pathophysiological mechanisms in brain plasticity of PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Xin Xing
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Yun Hua
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mou-Xiong Zheng
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Ma
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei-Bei Huo
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Jia Wu
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Jie Ma
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ma
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Guang Xu
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Serova LI, Hansson E, Sabban EL. Effect of intranasal administration of neuropeptide Y and single prolonged stress on food consumption and body weight in male rats. Neuropeptides 2020; 82:102060. [PMID: 32600666 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that intranasal delivery of neuropeptide Y (NPY) to the brain has therapeutic potential for management of stress-triggered neuropsychiatric disorders. Here we aimed to determine how intranasal administration of NPY, either before or immediately after, traumatic stress in single prolonged stress (SPS) rodent model of Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) impacts food consumption and body weight. SPS stressors suppressed food consumption for at least two days in the vehicle-treated animals. When given prior to SPS stressors, intranasal NPY prevented the SPS-elicited reduction in food intake only for several hours afterwards. When given after the SPS stressors, under conditions shown to prevent behavioral and biochemical impairments, intranasal NPY had no effect on food intake. Although all groups showed circadian variation, the SPS-exposed rats ate less than unstressed animals during the dark (active) phase. Seven days after exposure to SPS stressors, there were no differences in food intake, although body weight was still lower than unstressed controls in all the experimental groups. Thus, traumatic stress has pronounced effect on food consumption during the rodent's active phase, and a prolonged effect on body weight. Single intranasal infusion of NPY, which was previously shown to prevent development of several PTSD associated behavioral and neuroendocrine impairments, did not elicit prolonged changes in stress triggered food consumption nor regulation of body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia I Serova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
| | - Evelyn Hansson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
| | - Esther L Sabban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA.
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Nuclear organization and morphology of catecholaminergic neurons and certain pallial terminal networks in the brain of the Nile crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus. J Chem Neuroanat 2020; 109:101851. [PMID: 32717392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we use tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry to detail the nuclear parcellation and cellular morphology of neurons belonging to the catecholaminergic system in the brain of the Nile crocodile. In general, our results are similar to that found in another crocodilian (the spectacled caiman) and indeed other vertebrates, but certain differences of both evolutionary and functional significance were noted. TH immunopositive (TH+) neurons forming distinct nuclei were observed in the olfactory bulb (A16), hypothalamus (A11, A13-15), midbrain (A8-A10), pons (A5-A7) and medulla oblongata (area postrema, C1, C2, A1, A2), encompassing the more commonly observed nuclear complexes of this system across vertebrates. In addition, TH + neurons forming distinct nuclei not commonly identified in vertebrates were observed in the anterior olfactory nucleus, the pretectal nuclear complex, adjacent to the posterior commissure, and within nucleus laminaris, nucleus magnocellularis lateralis and the lateral vestibular nucleus. Palely stained TH + neurons were observed in some of the serotonergic nuclei, including the medial and lateral divisions of the superior raphe nucleus and the inferior raphe and inferior reticular nucleus, but not in other serotonergic nuclei. In birds, a high density of TH + fibres and pericellular baskets in the dorsal ventricular ridge marks the location of the nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL), a putative avian analogue of mammalian prefrontal cortex. In the dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR) of the crocodile a small region in the caudolateral anterior DVR (ADVRcl) revealed a slightly higher density of TH + fibres and some pericellular baskets (formed by only few TH + fibres). These results are discussed in an evolutionary and functional framework.
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69
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Martin JT, Whittaker AH, Johnston SJ. Component processes in free-viewing visual search: Insights from fixation-aligned pupillary response averaging. J Vis 2020; 20:5. [PMID: 32634226 PMCID: PMC7424908 DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.7.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pupil size changes during a visual search may reflect cognitive processes, such as effort and memory accumulation, but methodological confounds and the general lack of literature in this area leave the reliability of findings open to question. We used a novel synthesis of experimental methods and averaging techniques to explore how cognitive processing unfolds during free-viewing visual search for multiple targets. Twenty-seven participants completed 152 searches across two separate 1-hour sessions. The number of targets present (Targets: 0, 1, 2, and 3) in each trial was the main manipulation and the task was to "find all of the targets" and report the total via mouse-click at the end of the trial. Search time lasted for 10 seconds or until the participant purported to have found all of the targets, in which case they could terminate the search via keypress. Whole-trial pupil analysis revealed a significant effect of button pressing as well as a significant main effect of targets for trials that were not self-terminated via button press. Fixation-aligned pupil responses revealed transient modulations in pupil size following initial fixations on targets but not distractors and refixations on both targets and distractors. Owing to rigorous control over experimental confounds and a detailed analysis and correction of eye-movement-related measurement error, we confidently discuss these findings in terms of task-related processing and underlying brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T. Martin
- School of Human and Health Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Swansea, Swansea, Wales, UK
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - Stephen J. Johnston
- School of Human and Health Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Swansea, Swansea, Wales, UK
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Opladen T, López-Laso E, Cortès-Saladelafont E, Pearson TS, Sivri HS, Yildiz Y, Assmann B, Kurian MA, Leuzzi V, Heales S, Pope S, Porta F, García-Cazorla A, Honzík T, Pons R, Regal L, Goez H, Artuch R, Hoffmann GF, Horvath G, Thöny B, Scholl-Bürgi S, Burlina A, Verbeek MM, Mastrangelo M, Friedman J, Wassenberg T, Jeltsch K, Kulhánek J, Kuseyri Hübschmann O. Consensus guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH 4) deficiencies. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:126. [PMID: 32456656 PMCID: PMC7251883 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01379-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) deficiencies comprise a group of six rare neurometabolic disorders characterized by insufficient synthesis of the monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin due to a disturbance of BH4 biosynthesis or recycling. Hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) is the first diagnostic hallmark for most BH4 deficiencies, apart from autosomal dominant guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I deficiency and sepiapterin reductase deficiency. Early supplementation of neurotransmitter precursors and where appropriate, treatment of HPA results in significant improvement of motor and cognitive function. Management approaches differ across the world and therefore these guidelines have been developed aiming to harmonize and optimize patient care. Representatives of the International Working Group on Neurotransmitter related Disorders (iNTD) developed the guidelines according to the SIGN (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network) methodology by evaluating all available evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of BH4 deficiencies. CONCLUSION Although the total body of evidence in the literature was mainly rated as low or very low, these consensus guidelines will help to harmonize clinical practice and to standardize and improve care for BH4 deficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Opladen
- Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Disorders, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Eduardo López-Laso
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Reina Sofía, IMIBIC and CIBERER, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Elisenda Cortès-Saladelafont
- Inborn errors of metabolism Unit, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu and CIBERER-ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Disorders, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, and Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Toni S Pearson
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - H Serap Sivri
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Metabolism, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yilmaz Yildiz
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Metabolism, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Birgit Assmann
- Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Disorders, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street-Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Vincenzo Leuzzi
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simon Heales
- Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Simon Pope
- Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Francesco Porta
- Department of Pediatrics, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy
| | - Angeles García-Cazorla
- Inborn errors of metabolism Unit, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu and CIBERER-ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomáš Honzík
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roser Pons
- First Department of Pediatrics of the University of Athens, Aghia Sofia Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Luc Regal
- Department of Pediatric, Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism Unit, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Helly Goez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Rafael Artuch
- Clinical biochemistry department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERER and MetabERN Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Georg F Hoffmann
- Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Disorders, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gabriella Horvath
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Biochemical Genetics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Beat Thöny
- Division of Metabolism, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Scholl-Bürgi
- Clinic for Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr 35, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alberto Burlina
- U.O.C. Malattie Metaboliche Ereditarie, Dipartimento della Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Padova - Campus Biomedico Pietro d'Abano, Padova, Italy
| | - Marcel M Verbeek
- Departments of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine, Alzheimer Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mario Mastrangelo
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Jennifer Friedman
- UCSD Departments of Neuroscience and Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital Division of Neurology; Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, USA
| | - Tessa Wassenberg
- Department of Pediatric, Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism Unit, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kathrin Jeltsch
- Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Disorders, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Kulhánek
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Oya Kuseyri Hübschmann
- Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Disorders, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Hayat H, Regev N, Matosevich N, Sales A, Paredes-Rodriguez E, Krom AJ, Bergman L, Li Y, Lavigne M, Kremer EJ, Yizhar O, Pickering AE, Nir Y. Locus coeruleus norepinephrine activity mediates sensory-evoked awakenings from sleep. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz4232. [PMID: 32285002 PMCID: PMC7141817 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz4232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A defining feature of sleep is reduced responsiveness to external stimuli, but the mechanisms mediating sensory-evoked arousal remain unclear. We hypothesized that reduced locus coeruleus (LC) norepinephrine (NE) activity during sleep mediates unresponsiveness, and its action promotes sensory-evoked awakenings. We tested this using electrophysiological, behavioral, pharmacological, and optogenetic techniques alongside auditory stimulation in freely behaving rats. We found that systemic reduction in NE signaling lowered probability of sound-evoked awakenings (SEAs). The level of tonic LC activity during sleep anticipated SEAs. Optogenetic LC activation promoted arousal as evident in sleep-wake transitions, EEG desynchronization, and pupil dilation. Minimal LC excitation before sound presentation increased SEA probability. Optogenetic LC silencing using a soma-targeted anion-conducting channelrhodopsin (stGtACR2) suppressed LC spiking and constricted pupils. Brief periods of LC opto-silencing reduced the probability of SEAs. Thus, LC-NE activity determines the likelihood of sensory-evoked awakenings, and its reduction during sleep constitutes a key factor mediating behavioral unresponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Hayat
- Department Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noa Regev
- Department Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noa Matosevich
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anna Sales
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Elena Paredes-Rodriguez
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Aaron J. Krom
- Department Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Hebrew University–Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lottem Bergman
- Department Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yong Li
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Marina Lavigne
- Institute de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric J. Kremer
- Institute de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Ofer Yizhar
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anthony E. Pickering
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
- Department of Anaesthesia, University Hospitals Bristol, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Yuval Nir
- Department Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Functional Neurophysiology and Sleep Research Laboratory, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
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Hypocretin (orexin) immunoreactivity in the feline midbrain: Relevance for the generation of wakefulness. J Chem Neuroanat 2020; 105:101769. [PMID: 32145304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypocretins (Hcrt) 1 and 2 are two neuropeptides synthesized from neurons that are located in the perifornical area of the lateral hypothalamus. These neurons project diffusely throughout the central nervous system, and have been implicated in the generation and maintenance of wakefulness, as well as in critical physiological processes that occur during this behavioral state, such as motivation. The hypocretinergic projections towards the feline midbrain have not been studied before. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze their relationship to the midbrain neurons, that are critically involved in the control of sleep and wakefulness. With this purpose, we examined the distribution of Hcrt1-positive fibers in the midbrain and pontomesencephalic area of the domestic cat (Felis catus), and their relationship with catecholaminergic and cholinergic neurons by means of single and double immunohistochemistry. Hcrtergic axons with distinctive varicosities and buttons were heterogeneously distributed, exhibiting different densities in distinct regions of the midbrain. High Hcrtergic fiber densities were observed in the periaqueductal gray, interpeduncular nucleus, locus coeruleus and cholinergic mesopontine regions. In addition, we studied in detail the Hcrtergic projection towards the dopaminergic nuclei of the midbrain. While very few Hcrt + fibers were observed in the substantia nigra pars compacta, the highest density of Hcrtergic fibers was found in the dopaminergic ventral periaqueductal gray area (also called A10dc area); appositions between Hcrtergic terminals and dopaminergic somata and dendrites were observed within this area. Because this dopaminergic area has been involved in the control of wakefulness, the present anatomical data provides relevant support about the role of the Hcrtergic system in the generation of this behavioral state.
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Linson A, Parr T, Friston KJ. Active inference, stressors, and psychological trauma: A neuroethological model of (mal)adaptive explore-exploit dynamics in ecological context. Behav Brain Res 2020; 380:112421. [PMID: 31830495 PMCID: PMC6961115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper offers a formal account of emotional inference and stress-related behaviour, using the notion of active inference. We formulate responses to stressful scenarios in terms of Bayesian belief-updating and subsequent policy selection; namely, planning as (active) inference. Using a minimal model of how creatures or subjects account for their sensations (and subsequent action), we deconstruct the sequences of belief updating and behaviour that underwrite stress-related responses - and simulate the aberrant responses of the sort seen in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Crucially, the model used for belief-updating generates predictions in multiple (exteroceptive, proprioceptive and interoceptive) modalities, to provide an integrated account of evidence accumulation and multimodal integration that has consequences for both motor and autonomic responses. The ensuing phenomenology speaks to many constructs in the ecological and clinical literature on stress, which we unpack with reference to simulated inference processes and accompanying neuronal responses. A key insight afforded by this formal approach rests on the trade-off between the epistemic affordance of certain cues (that resolve uncertainty about states of affairs in the environment) and the consequences of epistemic foraging (that may be in conflict with the instrumental or pragmatic value of 'fleeing' or 'freezing'). Starting from first principles, we show how this trade-off is nuanced by prior (subpersonal) beliefs about the outcomes of behaviour - beliefs that, when held with unduly high precision, can lead to (Bayes optimal) responses that closely resemble PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Linson
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK; Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
| | - Thomas Parr
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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Ranjbar-Slamloo Y, Fazlali Z. Dopamine and Noradrenaline in the Brain; Overlapping or Dissociate Functions? Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 12:334. [PMID: 32038164 PMCID: PMC6986277 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine and noradrenaline are crucial neuromodulators controlling brain states, vigilance, action, reward, learning, and memory processes. Ventral tegmental area (VTA) and Locus Coeruleus (LC) are canonically described as the main sources of dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) with dissociate functions. A comparison of diverse studies shows that these neuromodulators largely overlap in multiple domains such as shared biosynthetic pathway and co-release from the LC terminals, convergent innervations, non-specificity of receptors and transporters, and shared intracellular signaling pathways. DA–NA interactions are mainly studied in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, yet it can be extended to the whole brain given the diversity of catecholamine innervations. LC can simultaneously broadcast both dopamine and noradrenaline across the brain. Here, we briefly review the molecular, cellular, and physiological overlaps between DA and NA systems and point to their functional implications. We suggest that DA and NA may function in parallel to facilitate learning and maintain the states required for normal cognitive processes. Various signaling modules of NA and DA have been targeted for developing of therapeutics. Understanding overlaps of the two systems is crucial for more effective interventions in a range of neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadollah Ranjbar-Slamloo
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Zeinab Fazlali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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Formalin-induced and neuropathic pain altered time estimation in a temporal bisection task in rats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18683. [PMID: 31822729 PMCID: PMC6904569 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55168-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Time perception is an important ability that is related closely to humans’ and animals’ daily activities. It can be distorted by various emotional states. In human studies, experimental pain has been shown to prolong the perception of time. However, related animal studies are lacking. In this study, we used a temporal bisection task to investigate how acute inflammatory pain (induced by hind-paw formalin injection) and chronic neuropathic pain [induced by spinal nerve ligation (SNL)] affected time perception in rats. Rats were trained to recognize “short” (1200-ms) and “long” (2400-ms) anchor-duration pure tones and were rewarded for corresponding lever presses. During testing, rats perceived a series of intermediate-duration and anchor-duration pure tones, and selected levers corresponding to the “short” and “long” tones. After formalin injection, rats gave more “long” lever-press responses than after saline injection. The point of subjective equality after formalin injection also increased, suggesting that formalin-induced acute pain extended time perception. In contrast, rats that had undergone SNL gave fewer “long” lever-press responses compared with the sham surgery group. This animal study suggests that formalin-induced pain and neuropathic pain may have different effects on time perception.
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Ulke C, Rullmann M, Huang J, Luthardt J, Becker GA, Patt M, Meyer PM, Tiepolt S, Hesse S, Sabri O, Strauß M. Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is associated with reduced norepinephrine transporter availability in right attention networks: a (S,S)-O-[ 11C]methylreboxetine positron emission tomography study. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:301. [PMID: 31732713 PMCID: PMC6858438 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0619-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The norepinephrine transporter (NET) has been suggested to play a critical role in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this prospective controlled study we tested the a-priori-hypothesis that central NET availability is altered in adult ADHD patients compared to healthy controls. Study participants underwent single positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance imaging (PET-MRI). MRI sequences included high resolution T1-MPRAGE data for regions of interest (ROI) delineation and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery for detection and exclusion of pathological abnormalities. NET availability was assessed by NET-selective (S,S)-O-[11C]methylreboxetine; regional distribution volume ratios (DVR) were calculated based on individual PET-MRI data co-registration and a multi-linear reference tissue model with two constraints (MRTM2; reference region: occipital cortex). VBM analysis revealed no difference in local distribution of gray matter between the 20 ADHD patients (9 females, age 31.8 ± 7.9 years, 488 ± 8 MBq injected activity) and the 20 age-matched and sex-matched control participants (9 females, age 32.3 ± 7.9 years, 472 ± 72 MBq). In mixed-model repeated-measures analysis with NET availability as dependent and ROI as repeated measure we found a significant main effect group in fronto-parietal-thalamic-cerebellar regions (regions on the right: F1,25 = 12.30, p = .002; regions on the left: F1,41 = 6.80, p = .013) indicating a reduced NET availability in ADHD patients. None of the other investigated brain regions yielded significant differences in NET availability between groups after applying a Benjamini-Hochberg correction at a significance level of 0.05. Overall our findings demonstrate the pathophysiological involvement of NET availability in adult ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Ulke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Michael Rullmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jue Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Luthardt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Georg-Alexander Becker
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marianne Patt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp M Meyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Solveig Tiepolt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Swen Hesse
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Osama Sabri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Strauß
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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77
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Lozano D, Morona R, González A, López JM. Comparative Analysis of the Organization of the Catecholaminergic Systems in the Brain of Holostean Fishes (Actinopterygii/Neopterygii). BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2019; 93:206-235. [PMID: 31711060 DOI: 10.1159/000503769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Living holosteans, comprising 8 species of bowfins and gars, form a small monophyletic group of actinopterygian fishes, which are currently considered as the sister group to the enormously numerous teleosts and have largely been neglected in neuroanatomical studies. We have studied the catecholaminergic (CAergic) systems by means of antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine (DA) in the brain of representative species of the 3 genera included in the 2 orders of holostean fishes: Amia calva (Amiiformes) and Lepisosteus platyrhincus, Lepisosteus oculatus, and Atractosteus spatula (Lepisosteiformes). Different groups of TH/DA-immunoreactive (ir) cells were observed in the olfactory bulb, subpallium, and preoptic area of the telencephalon. Hypothalamic groups were labeled in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, tuberal (only in A. calva), retrotuberal, and retromamillary areas; specifically, the paraventricular organ showed only DA immunoreactivity. In the diencephalon, TH/DA-ir groups were detected in the prethalamus, posterior tubercle, and pretectum. In the caudal hindbrain, the solitary tract nucleus and area postrema presented TH/DA-ir cell groups, and also the spinal cord and the retina. Only in A. calva, particular CAergic cell groups were observed in the habenula, the mesencephalic tegmentum, and in the locus coeruleus. Following a neuromeric analysis, the comparison of these results with those obtained in other classes of fishes and tetrapods shows many common traits of CAergic systems shared by most vertebrates and in addition highlights unique features of actinopterygian fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lozano
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Morona
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín González
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M López
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain,
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78
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Sousa-Lima J, Moreira PS, Raposo-Lima C, Sousa N, Morgado P. Relationship between obsessive compulsive disorder and cortisol: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:1185-1198. [PMID: 31540796 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Altered stress response and consequent elevated levels of circulating glucocorticoids have been found in neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression or anxiety disorders and proposed to also play a role in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Despite the observation that stressful events may precede the disease onset or even exacerbate its symptoms, studies in this field do not always report consistent results regarding the cortisol profile of OCD patients. As such, a systematic review and meta-analysis was developed to clarify this issue. This systematic review and meta-analysis was elaborated according to the PRISMA method. The analytical procedures were implemented using Metafor package in R software. Nineteen studies were included in the systematic review and 18 were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analytic results demonstrated that OCD patients had significantly higher cortisol levels compared to controls (d = 0.76, SE = 0.146, p < 0.001). For studies using the average of multiple assessments, the standardized coefficient was significantly higher when compared to studies focusing on single measurements. Both the systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that cortisol levels are significantly higher in OCD patients than healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Sousa-Lima
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS-3Bs PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Pedro Silva Moreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS-3Bs PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Catarina Raposo-Lima
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS-3Bs PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS-3Bs PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Pedro Morgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS-3Bs PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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79
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Acute prazosin administration does not reduce stressor reactivity in healthy adults. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:3371-3382. [PMID: 31197436 PMCID: PMC6832815 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Norepinephrine plays a critical role in the stress response. Clarifying the psychopharmacological effects of norepinephrine manipulation on stress reactivity in humans has important implications for basic neuroscience and treatment of stress-related psychiatric disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorders. Preclinical research implicates the norepinephrine alpha-1 receptor in responses to stressors. The No Shock, Predictable Shock, Unpredictable Shock (NPU) task is a human laboratory paradigm that is well positioned to test cross-species neurobiological stress mechanisms and advance experimental therapeutic approaches to clinical trials testing novel treatments for psychiatric disorders. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that acute administration of prazosin, a noradrenergic alpha-1 antagonist, would have a larger effect on reducing stress reactivity during unpredictable, compared to predictable, stressors in the NPU task. METHODS We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover randomized controlled trial in which 64 healthy adults (32 female) completed the NPU task at two visits (2 mg prazosin vs. placebo). RESULTS A single acute dose of 2 mg prazosin did not reduce stress reactivity in a healthy adult sample. Neither NPU startle potentiation nor self-reported anxiety was reduced by prazosin (vs. placebo) during unpredictable (vs. predictable) stressors. CONCLUSIONS Further research is needed to determine whether this failure to translate preclinical neuroscience to human laboratory models is due to methodological factors (e.g., acute vs. chronic drug administration, brain penetration, study population) and/or suggests limited clinical utility of noradrenergic alpha-1 antagonists for treating stress-related psychiatric disorders.
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80
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Kim JB, Seo BS, Kim JH. Effect of arousal on sympathetic overactivity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med 2019; 62:86-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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81
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Shi G, Xing L, Wu D, Bhattacharyya BJ, Jones CR, McMahon T, Chong SYC, Chen JA, Coppola G, Geschwind D, Krystal A, Ptáček LJ, Fu YH. A Rare Mutation of β 1-Adrenergic Receptor Affects Sleep/Wake Behaviors. Neuron 2019; 103:1044-1055.e7. [PMID: 31473062 PMCID: PMC6763376 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is crucial for our survival, and many diseases are linked to long-term poor sleep quality. Before we can use sleep to enhance our health and performance and alleviate diseases associated with poor sleep, a greater understanding of sleep regulation is necessary. We have identified a mutation in the β1-adrenergic receptor gene in humans who require fewer hours of sleep than most. In vitro, this mutation leads to decreased protein stability and dampened signaling in response to agonist treatment. In vivo, the mice carrying the same mutation demonstrated short sleep behavior. We found that this receptor is highly expressed in the dorsal pons and that these ADRB1+ neurons are active during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and wakefulness. Activating these neurons can lead to wakefulness, and the activity of these neurons is affected by the mutation. These results highlight the important role of β1-adrenergic receptors in sleep/wake regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangsen Shi
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lijuan Xing
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Bula J Bhattacharyya
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Thomas McMahon
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - S Y Christin Chong
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jason A Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Andrew Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Louis J Ptáček
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Ying-Hui Fu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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82
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Abstract
Over the past decade, basic sleep research investigating the circuitry controlling sleep and wakefulness has been boosted by pharmacosynthetic approaches, including chemogenetic techniques using designed receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD). DREADD offers a series of tools that selectively control neuronal activity as a way to probe causal relationship between neuronal sub-populations and the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. Following the path opened by optogenetics, DREADD tools applied to discrete neuronal sub-populations in numerous brain areas quickly made their contribution to the discovery and the expansion of our understanding of critical brain structures involved in a wide variety of behaviors and in the control of vigilance state architecture.
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83
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Keute M, Demirezen M, Graf A, Mueller NG, Zaehle T. No modulation of pupil size and event-related pupil response by transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS). Sci Rep 2019; 9:11452. [PMID: 31391505 PMCID: PMC6685960 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47961-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) bears therapeutic potential for a wide range of medical conditions. However, previous studies have found substantial interindividual variability in responsiveness to taVNS, and no reliable predictive biomarker for stimulation success has been developed so far. In this study, we investigate pupil size and event-related pupil response as candidate biomarkers. Both measures have a direct physiological link to the activity of the locus coeruleus (LC), a brainstem structure and the main source of norepinephrine in the brain. LC activation is considered one of the key mechanisms of action of taVNS, therefore, we expected a clear increase of the pupillary measures under taVNS compared to sham (placebo) stimulation, such that it could serve as a prospective predictor for individual clinical and physiological taVNS effects in future studies. We studied resting pupil size and pupillary responses to target stimuli in an auditory oddball task in 33 healthy young volunteers. We observed stronger pupil responses to target than to standard stimuli. However, and contrary to our hypothesis, neither pupil size nor the event-related pupil response nor behavioral performance were modulated by taVNS. We discuss potential explanations for this negative finding and its implications for future clinical investigation and development of taVNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Keute
- Department of Neurology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mustafa Demirezen
- Department of Neurology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alina Graf
- Neuroprotection Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Notger G Mueller
- Department of Neurology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Neuroprotection Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tino Zaehle
- Department of Neurology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany. .,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.
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84
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Etaee F, Rezvani-Kamran A, Taheri M, Omidi G, Hasanein P, Komaki A. Comparing the Antinociceptive Effects of Methamphetamine, Buprenorphine, or Both After Chronic Treatment and Withdrawal in Male Rats. Basic Clin Neurosci 2019. [PMID: 32231768 PMCID: PMC7101515 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.10.4.290.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Methamphetamine (Meth) and Buprenorphine (BUP) modulate pain perception. However, the antinociceptive effects of their interactions, which affect through different systems, are unclear in rats. This study aimed to compare the analgesic effects of Meth, BUP, and their coadministration, as well as the effect of withdrawal from these substances on nociception in male rats. Methods: In this experiment, 40 male Wistar rats (weight: 250–300 g) were categorized into four groups: control, Meth, BUP, or BUP+Meth. After seven days of treatments, the antinociceptive effects were assessed using the hot plate and the tail flick tests. The differences among the groups were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc tests. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Meth and BUP increased the reaction times during the hot plate and tail flick tests. The combination of Meth and BUP increased reaction time more than Meth or BUP alone. Conclusion: The significantly high reaction times in rats treated with Meth and BUP indicate that these substances have antinociceptive effects. In addition, Meth enhanced the antinociceptive effects of BUP. These synergistic effects might occur through the dopaminergic, serotonergic, and or adrenergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Etaee
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Arezoo Rezvani-Kamran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Omidi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Parisa Hasanein
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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85
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van den Broeke EN, Hartgerink DM, Butler J, Lambert J, Mouraux A. Central sensitization increases the pupil dilation elicited by mechanical pinprick stimulation. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:1621-1632. [PMID: 30785805 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00816.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High-frequency electrical stimulation (HFS) of skin nociceptors triggers central sensitization (CS), manifested as increased pinprick sensitivity of the skin surrounding the site of HFS. Our aim was to assess the effect of CS on pinprick-evoked pupil dilation responses (PDRs) and pinprick-evoked brain potentials (PEPs). We hypothesized that the increase in the positive wave of PEPs following HFS would result from an enhanced pinprick-evoked phasic response of the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system (LC-NS), indicated by enhanced PDRs. In 14 healthy volunteers, 64- and 96-mN pinprick stimuli were delivered to the left and right forearms, before and 20 minutes after HFS was applied to one of the two forearms. Both PEPs and pinprick-evoked PDRs were recorded. After HFS, pinprick stimuli were perceived as more intense at the HFS-treated arm compared with baseline and control site, and this increase was similar for both stimulation intensities. Importantly, the pinprick-evoked PDR was also increased, and the increase was stronger for 64- compared with 96-mN stimulation. This is in line with our previous results showing a stronger increase of the PEP positivity at 64 vs. 96-mN stimulation and suggests that the increase in PEP positivity observed in previous studies could relate, at least in part, to enhanced LC-NS activity. However, there was no increase of the PEP positivity in the present study, indicating that enhanced LC-NS activity is not the only determinant of the HFS-induced enhancement of PEPs. Altogether, our results indicate that PDRs are more sensitive for detecting CS than PEPs. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We provide the first demonstration in humans that activity-dependent central sensitization increases pinprick-evoked autonomic arousal measured by enhanced pupil dilation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N van den Broeke
- Institute of Neuroscience, Division Cognition and Systems, Université catholique de Louvain , Brussels , Belgium
| | - D M Hartgerink
- Institute of Neuroscience, Division Cognition and Systems, Université catholique de Louvain , Brussels , Belgium.,Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - J Butler
- Institute of Neuroscience, Division Cognition and Systems, Université catholique de Louvain , Brussels , Belgium
| | - J Lambert
- Institute of Neuroscience, Division Cognition and Systems, Université catholique de Louvain , Brussels , Belgium
| | - A Mouraux
- Institute of Neuroscience, Division Cognition and Systems, Université catholique de Louvain , Brussels , Belgium
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86
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Behavioral correlates of activity of optogenetically identified locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons in rats performing T-maze tasks. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1361. [PMID: 30718532 PMCID: PMC6362200 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37227-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleusLocus Coeruleus (LC) is the major source of forebrain norepinephrine. LC is implicated in arousal, response to novelty, and cognitive functions, including decision-making and behavioral flexibility. One hypothesis is that LC activation promotes rapid shifts in cortical attentional networks following changes in environmental contingencies. Recent recordings further suggest LC is critical for mobilizing resources to deal with challenging situations. In the present study optogenetically identified LC neuronal activity was recorded in rats in a self-paced T-maze. Rats were trained on visual discrimination; then place-reward contingencies were instated. In the session where the animal shifted tasks the first time, the LC firing rate after visual cue onset increased significantly, even as the animal adhered to the previous rule. Firing rate also increased prior to crossing photodetectors that controlled stimulus onset and offset, and this was positively correlated with accelerations, consistent with a role in mobilizing effort. The results contribute to the growing evidence that the noradrenergic LC is essential for behavioral adaptation by promoting cognitive flexibility and mobilizing effort in face of changing environmental contingencies.
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87
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Tache Y, Larauche M, Yuan PQ, Million M. Brain and Gut CRF Signaling: Biological Actions and Role in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2018; 11:51-71. [PMID: 28240194 DOI: 10.2174/1874467210666170224095741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) pathways coordinate behavioral, endocrine, autonomic and visceral responses to stress. Convergent anatomical, molecular, pharmacological and functional experimental evidence supports a key role of brain CRF receptor (CRF-R) signaling in stress-related alterations of gastrointestinal functions. These include the inhibition of gastric acid secretion and gastric-small intestinal transit, stimulation of colonic enteric nervous system and secretorymotor function, increase intestinal permeability, and visceral hypersensitivity. Brain sites of CRF actions to alter gut motility encompass the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, locus coeruleus complex and the dorsal motor nucleus while those modulating visceral pain are localized in the hippocampus and central amygdala. Brain CRF actions are mediated through the autonomic nervous system (decreased gastric vagal and increased sacral parasympathetic and sympathetic activities). The activation of brain CRF-R2 subtype inhibits gastric motor function while CRF-R1 stimulates colonic secretomotor function and induces visceral hypersensitivity. CRF signaling is also located within the gut where CRF-R1 activates colonic myenteric neurons, mucosal cells secreting serotonin, mucus, prostaglandin E2, induces mast cell degranulation, enhances mucosal permeability and propulsive motor functions and induces visceral hyperalgesia in animals and humans. CRF-R1 antagonists prevent CRF- and stressrelated gut alterations in rodents while not influencing basal state. DISCUSSION These preclinical studies contrast with the limited clinical positive outcome of CRF-R1 antagonists to alleviate stress-sensitive functional bowel diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome. CONCLUSION The translational potential of CRF-R1 antagonists in gut diseases will require additional studies directed to novel anti-CRF therapies and the neurobiology of brain-gut interactions under chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Tache
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, G Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073. United States
| | - Muriel Larauche
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, G Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073. United States
| | - Pu-Qing Yuan
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, G Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073. United States
| | - Mulugeta Million
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, G Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073. United States
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88
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Gordji-Nejad A, Matusch A, Li S, Kroll T, Beer S, Elmenhorst D, Bauer A. Phosphocreatine Levels in the Left Thalamus Decline during Wakefulness and Increase after a Nap. J Neurosci 2018; 38:10552-10565. [PMID: 30282723 PMCID: PMC6596250 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0865-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientists have hypothesized that the availability of phosphocreatine (PCr) and its ratio to inorganic phosphate (Pi) in cerebral tissue form a substrate of wakefulness. It follows then, according to this hypothesis, that the exhaustion of PCr and the decline in the ratio of PCr to Pi form a substrate of fatigue. We used 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) to investigate quantitative levels of PCr, the γ-signal of ATP, and Pi in 30 healthy humans (18 female) in the morning, in the afternoon, and while napping (n = 15) versus awake controls (n = 10). Levels of PCr (2.40 mM at 9 A.M.) decreased by 7.0 ± 0.8% (p = 7.1 × 10-6, t = -5.5) in the left thalamus between 9 A.M. and 5 P.M. Inversely, Pi (0.74 mM at 9 A.M.) increased by 17.1 ± 5% (p = 0.005, t = 3.1) and pH levels dropped by 0.14 ± 0.07 (p = 0.002; t = 3.6). Following a 20 min nap after 5 P.M., local PCr, Pi, and pH were restored to morning levels. We did not find respective significant changes in the contralateral thalamus or in other investigated brain regions. Left hemispheric PCr was signficantly lower than right hemispheric PCr only at 5 P.M. in the thalamus and at all conditions in the temporal region. Thus, cerebral daytime-related and sleep-related molecular changes are accessible in vivo Prominent changes were identified in the thalamus. This region is heavily relied on for a series of energy-consuming tasks, such as the relay of sensory information to the cortex. Furthermore, our data confirm that lateralization of brain function is regionally dynamic and includes PCr.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The metabolites phosphocreatine (PCr) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) are assumed to inversely reflect the cellular energy load. This study detected a diurnal decrease of intracellular PCr and a nap-associated reincrease in the left thalamus. Pi behaved inversely. This outcome corroborates the role of the thalamus as a region of high energy consumption in agreement with its function as a gateway that relays and modulates information flow. Conversely to the dynamic lateralization of thalamic PCr, a constantly significant lateralization was observed in other regions. Increasing fatigue over the course of the day may also be a matter of cerebral energy supply. Comparatively fast restoration of that supply may be part of the biological basis for the recreational value of "power napping."
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Gordji-Nejad
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany,
| | - Andreas Matusch
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Shumei Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Tina Kroll
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Simone Beer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - David Elmenhorst
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany, and
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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89
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López JM, Lozano D, Morona R, González A. Organization of the catecholaminergic systems in two basal actinopterygian fishes, Polypterus senegalus
and Erpetoichthys calabaricus
(Actinopterygii: Cladistia). J Comp Neurol 2018; 527:437-461. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M. López
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology; University Complutense of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Daniel Lozano
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology; University Complutense of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Ruth Morona
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology; University Complutense of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Agustín González
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology; University Complutense of Madrid; Madrid Spain
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90
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Schretter CE, Vielmetter J, Bartos I, Marka Z, Marka S, Argade S, Mazmanian SK. A gut microbial factor modulates locomotor behaviour in Drosophila. Nature 2018; 563:402-406. [PMID: 30356215 PMCID: PMC6237646 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0634-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Schretter
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Jost Vielmetter
- Protein Expression Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Imre Bartos
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zsuzsa Marka
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Szabolcs Marka
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sulabha Argade
- GlycoAnalytics Core, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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91
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Bidirectional and context-dependent changes in theta and gamma oscillatory brain activity in noradrenergic cell-specific Hypocretin/Orexin receptor 1-KO mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15474. [PMID: 30341359 PMCID: PMC6195537 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Noradrenaline (NA) and hypocretins/orexins (HCRT), and their receptors, dynamically modulate the circuits that configure behavioral states, and their associated oscillatory activities. Salient stimuli activate spiking of locus coeruleus noradrenergic (NALC) cells, inducing NA release and brain-wide noradrenergic signalling, thus resetting network activity, and mediating an orienting response. Hypothalamic HCRT neurons provide one of the densest input to NALC cells. To functionally address the HCRT-to-NA connection, we selectively disrupted the Hcrtr1 gene in NA neurons, and analyzed resulting (Hcrtr1Dbh-CKO) mice’, and their control littermates’ electrocortical response in several contexts of enhanced arousal. Under enforced wakefulness (EW), or after cage change (CC), Hcrtr1Dbh-CKO mice exhibited a weakened ability to lower infra-θ frequencies (1–7 Hz), and mount a robust, narrow-bandwidth, high-frequency θ rhythm (~8.5 Hz). A fast-γ (55–80 Hz) response, whose dynamics closely parallelled θ, also diminished, while β/slow-γ activity (15–45 Hz) increased. Furthermore, EW-associated locomotion was lower. Surprisingly, nestbuilding-associated wakefulness, inversely, featured enhanced θ and fast-γ activities. Thus HCRT-to-NA signalling may fine-tune arousal, up in alarming conditions, and down during self-motivated, goal-driven behaviors. Lastly, slow-wave-sleep following EW and CC, but not nestbuilding, was severely deficient in slow-δ waves (0.75–2.25 Hz), suggesting that HCRT-to-NA signalling regulates the slow-δ rebound characterizing sleep after stress-associated arousal.
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92
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Abstract
SUMMARY‘Rapid tranquillisation’ refers to the use of medication to calm highly agitated individuals experiencing mental disorder who have not responded to non-pharmacological approaches. Commonly it is the initial stage in the treatment of severe and enduring illness. Using medication in this way requires particularly robust evidence of efficacy and the management of side-effects. This article attempts to integrate current understanding of the neurochemical mechanisms of underlying illness and drug actions with therapeutic interventions. It distinguishes arousal from agitation, and effects on sedation from tranquillisation. It reviews critically the practice of rapid tranquillisation in the light of new evidence, changes in the NICE guidelines and British National Formulary recommendations and a national audit (POMH-UK). Broader aspects of management, known as ‘restrictive practices’ (such as control and restraint and seclusion), psychological support of team members, incident reporting, risk assessment, monitoring and medico-legal aspects are not covered.LEARNING OBJECTIVES•Recognise the role of brain transmitter pathways leading to arousal and to agitation•Be aware of mechanisms of action of benzodiazepines, antipsychotics and antihistamines and distinguishing sedation from calming effects•Know the recommendations of NICE guidelines for rapid tranquillisation and the findings of the national POMH-UK audit and be able to contribute to local policiesDECLARATION OF INTERESTNone.
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93
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Purvis EM, Klein AK, Ettenberg A. Lateral habenular norepinephrine contributes to states of arousal and anxiety in male rats. Behav Brain Res 2018; 347:108-115. [PMID: 29526789 PMCID: PMC5988948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has identified the lateral habenula (LHb) as a brain region playing an important role in the production of stressful and anxiogenic states. Additionally, norepinephrine (NE) has long been known to be involved in arousal, stress and anxiety, and NE projections to the LHb have been identified emanating from the locus coeruleus (LC). The current research was devised to test the hypothesis that NE release within the LHb contributes to the occurrence of anxiogenic behaviors. Male rats were implanted with bilateral guide cannula aimed at the LHb and subsequently treated with intracranial (IC) infusions of the selective α2 adrenergic autoreceptor agonist, dexmedetomidine (DEX) (0, 0.5, 1.0 μg/side), prior to assessment of ambulatory and anxiogenic behavior in tests of spontaneous locomotion, open field behavior, and acoustic startle-response. Results demonstrated that DEX administration significantly reduced the overall locomotor behavior of subjects at both doses indicating that infusion of even small doses of this α2 agonist into the LHb can have profound effects on the subjects' general levels of alertness and activity. DEX was also found to attenuate anxiety as evidenced by a reduction in the magnitude of a startle-response to an acoustic 110 dB stimulus. Taken together, these results identify a role for NE release within the LHb in both arousal and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Purvis
- Behavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, USA
| | - Adam K Klein
- Behavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, USA
| | - Aaron Ettenberg
- Behavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, USA.
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94
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Yaribeygi H, Sahraei H. Physiological/Neurophysiological Mechanisms Involved in the Formation of Stress Responses. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-018-9727-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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95
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Baladi MG, Forster MJ, Gatch MB, Mailman RB, Hyman DL, Carter LP, Janowsky A. Characterization of the Neurochemical and Behavioral Effects of Solriamfetol (JZP-110), a Selective Dopamine and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 366:367-376. [PMID: 29891587 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.248120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive sleepiness (ES) is associated with several sleep disorders, including narcolepsy and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). A role for monoaminergic systems in treating these conditions is highlighted by the clinical use of US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs that act on these systems, such as dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil, and armodafinil. Solriamfetol (JZP-110) is a wake-promoting agent that is currently being evaluated to treat ES in patients with narcolepsy or OSA. Clinical and preclinical data suggest that the wake-promoting effects of solriamfetol differ from medications such as modafinil and amphetamine. The goal of the current studies was to characterize the mechanism of action of solriamfetol at monoamine transporters using in vitro and in vivo assays. Results indicate that solriamfetol has dual reuptake inhibition activity at dopamine (DA; IC50 = 2.9 μM) and norepinephrine (NE; IC50 = 4.4 μM) transporters, and this activity is associated in vivo with increased extracellular concentration of DA and NE as measured by microdialysis. Solriamfetol has negligible functional activity at the serotonin transporter (IC50 > 100 μM). Moreover, the wake-promoting effects of solriamfetol are probably owing to activity at DA and NE transporters rather than other neurotransmitter systems, such as histamine or orexin. The dual activity of solriamfetol at DA and NE transporters and the lack of significant monoamine-releasing properties of solriamfetol might explain the differences in the in vivo effects of solriamfetol compared with modafinil or amphetamine. Taken together, these data suggest that solriamfetol may offer an important advancement in the treatment of ES in patients with narcolepsy or OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G Baladi
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, California (M.G.B., D.L.H., L.P.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas (M.J.F., M.B.G.); Departments of Pharmacology and Neurology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania (R.B.M.); University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.P.C.); Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon (A.J.); and Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (A.J.)
| | - Michael J Forster
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, California (M.G.B., D.L.H., L.P.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas (M.J.F., M.B.G.); Departments of Pharmacology and Neurology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania (R.B.M.); University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.P.C.); Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon (A.J.); and Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (A.J.)
| | - Michael B Gatch
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, California (M.G.B., D.L.H., L.P.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas (M.J.F., M.B.G.); Departments of Pharmacology and Neurology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania (R.B.M.); University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.P.C.); Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon (A.J.); and Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (A.J.)
| | - Richard B Mailman
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, California (M.G.B., D.L.H., L.P.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas (M.J.F., M.B.G.); Departments of Pharmacology and Neurology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania (R.B.M.); University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.P.C.); Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon (A.J.); and Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (A.J.)
| | - Danielle L Hyman
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, California (M.G.B., D.L.H., L.P.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas (M.J.F., M.B.G.); Departments of Pharmacology and Neurology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania (R.B.M.); University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.P.C.); Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon (A.J.); and Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (A.J.)
| | - Lawrence P Carter
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, California (M.G.B., D.L.H., L.P.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas (M.J.F., M.B.G.); Departments of Pharmacology and Neurology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania (R.B.M.); University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.P.C.); Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon (A.J.); and Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (A.J.)
| | - Aaron Janowsky
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, California (M.G.B., D.L.H., L.P.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas (M.J.F., M.B.G.); Departments of Pharmacology and Neurology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania (R.B.M.); University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.P.C.); Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon (A.J.); and Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (A.J.)
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96
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Xie W, Cappiello M, Meng M, Rosenthal R, Zhang W. ADRA2B deletion variant and enhanced cognitive processing of emotional information: A meta-analytical review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 92:402-416. [PMID: 29751052 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This meta-analytical review examines whether a deletion variant in ADRA2B, a gene that encodes α2B adrenoceptor in the regulation of norepinephrine availability, influences cognitive processing of emotional information in human observers. Using a multilevel modeling approach, this meta-analysis of 16 published studies with a total of 2752 participants showed that ADRA2B deletion variant was significantly associated with enhanced perceptual and cognitive task performance for emotional stimuli. In contrast, this genetic effect did not manifest in overall task performance when non-emotional content was used. Furthermore, various study-level factors, such as targeted cognitive processes (memory vs. attention/perception) and task procedures (recall vs. recognition), could moderate the size of this genetic effect. Overall, with increased statistical power and standardized analytical procedures, this meta-analysis has established the contributions of ADRA2B to the interactions between emotion and cognition, adding to the growing literature on individual differences in attention, perception, and memory for emotional information in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Xie
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, United States.
| | - Marcus Cappiello
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, United States
| | - Ming Meng
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, China
| | - Robert Rosenthal
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, United States
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, United States
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97
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Mohr RA, Chang Y, Bhandiwad AA, Forlano PM, Sisneros JA. Brain Activation Patterns in Response to Conspecific and Heterospecific Social Acoustic Signals in Female Plainfin Midshipman Fish, Porichthys notatus. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2018; 91:31-44. [PMID: 29597197 DOI: 10.1159/000487122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
While the peripheral auditory system of fish has been well studied, less is known about how the fish's brain and central auditory system process complex social acoustic signals. The plainfin midshipman fish, Porichthys notatus, has become a good species for investigating the neural basis of acoustic communication because the production and reception of acoustic signals is paramount for this species' reproductive success. Nesting males produce long-duration advertisement calls that females detect and localize among the noise in the intertidal zone to successfully find mates and spawn. How female midshipman are able to discriminate male advertisement calls from environmental noise and other acoustic stimuli is unknown. Using the immediate early gene product cFos as a marker for neural activity, we quantified neural activation of the ascending auditory pathway in female midshipman exposed to conspecific advertisement calls, heterospecific white seabass calls, or ambient environment noise. We hypothesized that auditory hindbrain nuclei would be activated by general acoustic stimuli (ambient noise and other biotic acoustic stimuli) whereas auditory neurons in the midbrain and forebrain would be selectively activated by conspecific advertisement calls. We show that neural activation in two regions of the auditory hindbrain, i.e., the rostral intermediate division of the descending octaval nucleus and the ventral division of the secondary octaval nucleus, did not differ via cFos immunoreactive (cFos-ir) activity when exposed to different acoustic stimuli. In contrast, female midshipman exposed to conspecific advertisement calls showed greater cFos-ir in the nucleus centralis of the midbrain torus semicircularis compared to fish exposed only to ambient noise. No difference in cFos-ir was observed in the torus semicircularis of animals exposed to conspecific versus heterospecific calls. However, cFos-ir was greater in two forebrain structures that receive auditory input, i.e., the central posterior nucleus of the thalamus and the anterior tuberal hypothalamus, when exposed to conspecific calls versus either ambient noise or heterospecific calls. Our results suggest that higher-order neurons in the female midshipman midbrain torus semicircularis, thalamic central posterior nucleus, and hypothalamic anterior tuberal nucleus may be necessary for the discrimination of complex social acoustic signals. Furthermore, neurons in the central posterior and anterior tuberal nuclei are differentially activated by exposure to conspecific versus other acoustic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Mohr
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yiran Chang
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ashwin A Bhandiwad
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Paul M Forlano
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA.,Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA.,Program in Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joseph A Sisneros
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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98
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Environmental complexity buffers against stress-induced negative judgement bias in female chickens. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5404. [PMID: 29599444 PMCID: PMC5876351 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive processes are often biased by emotions. In humans, affective disorders are accompanied by pessimistic judgement, while optimistic judgement is linked to emotional stability. Similar to humans, animals tend to interpret ambiguous stimuli negatively after experiencing stressful events, although the long-lasting impact on judgement bias has rarely been investigated. We measure judgement bias in female chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus) after exposure to cold stress, and before and after exposure to additional unpredictable stressors. Additionally, we explore if brain monoamines can explain differences in judgement bias. Chicks exposed to cold stress did not differ in judgement bias compared to controls, but showed sensitivity to additional stressors by having higher motivation for social reinstatement. Environmental complexity reduced stress-induced negative judgement bias, by maintaining an optimistic bias in individuals housed in complex conditions even after stress exposure. Moreover, judgement bias was related to dopamine turnover rate in mesencephalon, with higher activity in individuals that had a more optimistic response. These results demonstrate that environmental complexity can buffer against negative effects of additive stress and that dopamine relates to judgement bias in chicks. These results reveal that both internal and external factors can mediate emotionally biased judgement in animals, thus showing similarities to findings in humans.
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99
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Rajmohan R, Reddy PH. Amyloid-Beta and Phosphorylated Tau Accumulations Cause Abnormalities at Synapses of Alzheimer's disease Neurons. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 57:975-999. [PMID: 27567878 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau are hallmark lesions of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the loss of synapses and dysfunctions of neurotransmission are more directly tied to disease severity. The role of these lesions in the pathoetiological progression of the disease remains contested. Biochemical, cellular, molecular, and pathological studies provided several lines of evidence and improved our understanding of how Aβ and hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation may directly harm synapses and alter neurotransmission. In vitro evidence suggests that Aβ and hyperphosphorylated tau have both direct and indirect cytotoxic effects that affect neurotransmission, axonal transport, signaling cascades, organelle function, and immune response in ways that lead to synaptic loss and dysfunctions in neurotransmitter release. Observations in preclinical models and autopsy studies support these findings, suggesting that while the pathoetiology of positive lesions remains elusive, their removal may reduce disease severity and progression. The purpose of this article is to highlight the need for further investigation of the role of tau in disease progression and its interactions with Aβ and neurotransmitters alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Rajmohan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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100
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Pfeffer T, Avramiea AE, Nolte G, Engel AK, Linkenkaer-Hansen K, Donner TH. Catecholamines alter the intrinsic variability of cortical population activity and perception. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2003453. [PMID: 29420565 PMCID: PMC5821404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2003453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ascending modulatory systems of the brain stem are powerful regulators of global brain state. Disturbances of these systems are implicated in several major neuropsychiatric disorders. Yet, how these systems interact with specific neural computations in the cerebral cortex to shape perception, cognition, and behavior remains poorly understood. Here, we probed into the effect of two such systems, the catecholaminergic (dopaminergic and noradrenergic) and cholinergic systems, on an important aspect of cortical computation: its intrinsic variability. To this end, we combined placebo-controlled pharmacological intervention in humans, recordings of cortical population activity using magnetoencephalography (MEG), and psychophysical measurements of the perception of ambiguous visual input. A low-dose catecholaminergic, but not cholinergic, manipulation altered the rate of spontaneous perceptual fluctuations as well as the temporal structure of "scale-free" population activity of large swaths of the visual and parietal cortices. Computational analyses indicate that both effects were consistent with an increase in excitatory relative to inhibitory activity in the cortical areas underlying visual perceptual inference. We propose that catecholamines regulate the variability of perception and cognition through dynamically changing the cortical excitation-inhibition ratio. The combined readout of fluctuations in perception and cortical activity we established here may prove useful as an efficient and easily accessible marker of altered cortical computation in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pfeffer
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arthur-Ervin Avramiea
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guido Nolte
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas K. Engel
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Linkenkaer-Hansen
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tobias H. Donner
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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