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Bao XQ, Wang L, Yang HY, Hou LY, Wang QS, Zhang D. Induction of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor by the squamosamide derivative FLZ in astroglia has neuroprotective effects on dopaminergic neurons. Brain Res Bull 2019; 154:32-42. [PMID: 31669104 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has neurotrophic activity for the survival of dopaminergic neurons, which is under active investigation for Parkinson's disease (PD) therapy. FLZ is a potential new drug for PD treatment. However, it is unclear whether neurotrophic activity contributes to the neuroprotective effects of FLZ. Here we found that FLZ markedly improved the function of dopaminergic neurons in primary mesencephalic neuron/glia cultures. Further investigation demonstrated that astroglia were required for FLZ to function as a neurotrophic regulator, as FLZ failed to show neurotrophic effects in the absence of astroglia. We clarified that GDNF was responsible for the neurotrophic effects of FLZ since FLZ selectively stimulated GDNF production, which was confirmed by the finding that the neurotrophic effect of FLZ was attenuated by GDNF-neutralizing antibody. Mechanistic study demonstrated that GDNF induction by FLZ was CREB-dependent and that PI3K/Akt was the main pathway regulating CREB activity, which was confirmed by in vivo studies. We also validated that the induction of GDNF by FLZ contributed to PD treatment in vivo. In conclusion, the present data provided evidence that FLZ had robust neurotrophic effects on dopaminergic neurons through sustained induction of GDNF in astroglia by activating the PI3K/Akt/CREB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Qi Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Han-Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Li-Yan Hou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Qing-Shan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China.
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52
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Diabetes drugs in the fight against Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 54:100936. [PMID: 31330313 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia, particularly in old age subjects. Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, which are known as pathophysiological features of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), have also been demonstrated to have a significant impact on cognitive impairment. Studies have shown that an altered insulin pathway may interact with amyloid-β protein deposition and tau protein phosphorylation, both leading factors for AD development. Drugs used for T2DM treatment from insulin and metformin through dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists may represent a promising approach to fight AD. With this review from animal to human studies, we aim at responding to the reasons why drugs for diabetes may represent potential treatments for AD.
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53
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Rodríguez-Campuzano AG, Hernández-Kelly LC, Ortega A. Acute Exposure to SiO 2 Nanoparticles Affects Protein Synthesis in Bergmann Glia Cells. Neurotox Res 2019; 37:366-379. [PMID: 31292883 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Attractive due to an alleged high biocompatibility, silica nanoparticles have been widely used in the field of nanomedicine; however, their proven capacity to induce the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in several cellular models has raised concern about their safety. Glutamate, the main excitatory amino acid transmitter triggers a wide variety of signal transduction cascades that regulate protein synthesis at transcriptional and translational levels. A stimulus-dependent dynamic change in the protein repertoire in neurons and glia cells is the molecular framework of higher brain functions. Within the cerebellum, Bergmann glia cells are the most abundant non-neuronal cells and span the entire molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex, wrapping the synapses in this structure. Taking into consideration the functional role of Bergmann glia in terms of the recycling of glutamate, lactate supply to neurons, and prevention of neurotoxic insults, we decided to investigate the possibility that silica nanoparticles affect Bergmann glia and by these means alter the major excitatory neurotransmitter system in the brain. To this end, we exposed cultured chick cerebellar Bergmann glia cells to silica nanoparticles and measured [35S]-methionine incorporation into newly synthesized polypeptides. Our results demonstrate that exposure of the cultured cells to silica nanoparticles exerts a time- and dose-dependent modulation of protein synthesis. Furthermore, altered patterns of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha and eukaryotic elongation factor 2 phosphorylation were present upon nanoparticle exposure. These results demonstrate that glia cells respond to the presence of this nanomaterial modifying their proteome, presumably in an effort to overcome any plausible neurotoxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada G Rodríguez-Campuzano
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Apartado Postal 14-740, 07000, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luisa C Hernández-Kelly
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Apartado Postal 14-740, 07000, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Arturo Ortega
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Apartado Postal 14-740, 07000, Mexico City, Mexico.
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54
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Verkhratsky A. Astroglial Calcium Signaling in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:cshperspect.a035188. [PMID: 31110130 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a035188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the homeostatic and protective cells of the central nervous system (CNS). In neurological diseases, astrocytes undergo complex changes, which are subclassified into (1) reactive astrogliosis, an evolutionary conserved defensive rearrangement of cellular phenotype aimed at neuroprotection; (2) pathological remodeling, when astrocytes acquire new features driving pathology; and (3) astrodegeneration, which is manifested by astroglial atrophy and loss of homeostatic functions. In aging brains as well as in the brains affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD), astrocytes acquire both atrophic and reactive phenotypes in a region- and disease-stage-dependent manner. Prevalence of atrophy overreactivity, observed in certain brain regions and in terminal stages of the disease, arguably facilitates the development of neurological deficits. Astrocytes exhibit ionic excitability mediated by changes in intracellular concentration of ions, most importantly of Ca2+ and Na+, with intracellular ion dynamics triggered by the activity of neural networks. AD astrocytes associated with senile plaques demonstrate Ca2+ hyperactivity in the form of aberrant Ca2+ oscillations and pathological long-range Ca2+ waves. Astroglial Ca2+ signaling originating from Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum is a key factor in initiating astrogliotic response; deficient Ca2+ signaling toolkits observed in entorhinal and prefrontal cortices of AD model animals may account for vulnerability of these regions to the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.,Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
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55
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Bronzuoli MR, Facchinetti R, Valenza M, Cassano T, Steardo L, Scuderi C. Astrocyte Function Is Affected by Aging and Not Alzheimer's Disease: A Preliminary Investigation in Hippocampi of 3xTg-AD Mice. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:644. [PMID: 31244658 PMCID: PMC6562169 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Old age is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by hippocampal impairment together with substantial changes in glial cell functions. Are these alterations due to the disease progression or are they a consequence of aging? To start addressing this issue, we studied the expression of specific astrocytic and microglial structural and functional proteins in a validated transgenic model of AD (3×Tg-AD). These mice develop both amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, and initial signs of the AD-like pathology have been documented as early as three months of age. We compared male 3×Tg-AD mice at 6 and 12 months of age with their wild-type age-matched counterparts. We also investigated neurons by examining the expression of both the microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), a neuronal structural protein, and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The latter is indeed a crucial indicator for synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis/neurodegeneration. Our results show that astrocytes are more susceptible to aging than microglia, regardless of mouse genotype. Moreover, we discovered significant age-dependent alterations in the expression of proteins responsible for astrocyte-astrocyte and astrocyte-neuron communication, as well as a significant age-dependent decline in BDNF expression. Our data promote further research on the unexplored role of astroglia in both physiological and pathological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosanna Bronzuoli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Facchinetti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Valenza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Epitech Group SpA, Saccolongo, Italy
| | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luca Steardo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Scuderi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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56
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Zhao W, Cheong LZ, Cui W, Xu S, Shen C. A case study of the electrical properties of astrocytes by multimode AFM. J Microsc 2019; 275:75-81. [PMID: 31074501 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play an important role in the physiological functions of the central nervous system. In this study, contact potential differences (CPD) and capacitance gradients of the cell bodies and glial filaments of astrocytes were measured. Charge propagation properties in the astrocyte gap junctions were also studied using multimode Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) at nanometre resolution. The CPD of the cell bodies and glial filaments were 324.2 ± 138.4 and 119.1 ± 31.7 mV, respectively. The measured capacitance gradients were 1.51 ± 0.31 and 1.98 ± 0.32 zF nm-1 , respectively. The gap junctions in the astrocytes showed no charge propagation and were not electrically sensitive. This furthers our understanding of astrocytes and other types of neuroglia. LAY DESCRIPTION: Neuroglia cells play important structural and functional roles in central nervous system (CNS). Neuroglia cells exceed the number of neurons by 10∼50 and can be divided into macroglia and microglia. Astrocytes are macroglia and are the largest and most abundant cells in the CNS. Astrocytes lack axons and dendrites and do not propagate action potentials. They have few cytoplasmic organelles, but possess abundant glial filaments, the main components of the cytoskeleton. Glial filaments are composed of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Astrocytes produce intercellular calcium waves in their gap junctions mediated through receptor activator (such as glutamate) to permit signal transduction._ENREF_5 In addition to their role in the support and nutrition of neurons, astrocytes are involved in various types of CNS activity including: (1) cytokine secretion for neuronal survival, growth and differentiation; (2) protection from brain injury; (3) modulation of the blood brain barrier; and (4) neuronal immunity. Bidirectional crosstalk between the astrocytes and neurons exists. Astrocytes can be activated by neurotransmitters released and can themselves release gliotransmitters to act upon neurons. Astrocytes are closely related to various disease states, including epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease. In this study, the electrical properties of astrocytes, including the contact potential difference (CPD) and capacitance gradients of the cell bodies and glial filaments, and charge propagation in the gap junctions were investigated at the nanometer level using quantitative Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) and Electrostatic Force Microscopy (EFM). The CPD of the cell bodies and glial filaments of the astrocytes were 324.2 mV and 119.1 mV, respectively. Capacitance gradients of the cell bodies and glial filaments of the astrocytes were 1.51 zF/nm and 1.98 zF/nm, respectively. Gap junctions in the astrocytes do not perform charge propagation functions and the astrocytes are not electrically sensitive. One should note that these results from KPFM and EFM were measured on dried cell and the situation might be different when studying in operando environment, still these findings aid our understanding of the electrical properties and functions of astrocytes, and further our knowledge of the electrical properties of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Zhao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ling-Zhi Cheong
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shujun Xu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cai Shen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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57
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Munger EL, Edler MK, Hopkins WD, Ely JJ, Erwin JM, Perl DP, Mufson EJ, Hof PR, Sherwood CC, Raghanti MA. Astrocytic changes with aging and Alzheimer's disease-type pathology in chimpanzees. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:1179-1195. [PMID: 30578640 PMCID: PMC6401278 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the main homeostatic cell of the central nervous system. In addition, astrocytes mediate an inflammatory response when reactive to injury or disease known as astrogliosis. Astrogliosis is marked by an increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and cellular hypertrophy. Some degree of astrogliosis is associated with normal aging and degenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementing illnesses in humans. The recent observation of pathological markers of AD (amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles) in aged chimpanzee brains provided an opportunity to examine the relationships among aging, AD-type pathology, and astrocyte activation in our closest living relatives. Stereologic methods were used to quantify GFAP-immunoreactive astrocyte density and soma volume in layers I, III, and V of the prefrontal and middle temporal cortex, as well as in hippocampal fields CA1 and CA3. We found that the patterns of astrocyte activation in the aged chimpanzee brain are distinct from humans. GFAP expression does not increase with age in chimpanzees, possibly indicative of lower oxidative stress loads. Similar to humans, chimpanzee layer I astrocytes in the prefrontal cortex are susceptible to AD-like changes. Both prefrontal cortex layer I and hippocampal astrocytes exhibit a high degree of astrogliosis that is positively correlated with accumulation of amyloid beta and tau proteins. However, unlike humans, chimpanzees do not display astrogliosis in other cortical layers. These results demonstrate a unique pattern of cortical aging in chimpanzees and suggest that inflammatory processes may differ between humans and chimpanzees in response to pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Munger
- Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Melissa K. Edler
- Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - William D. Hopkins
- Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Joseph M. Erwin
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Daniel P. Perl
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elliott J. Mufson
- Departments of Neurobiology and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York
| | - Chet C. Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Mary Ann Raghanti
- Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
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58
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Carter SF, Herholz K, Rosa-Neto P, Pellerin L, Nordberg A, Zimmer ER. Astrocyte Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:77-95. [PMID: 30611668 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytic contributions to Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression were, until recently, largely overlooked. Astrocytes are integral to normal brain function and astrocyte reactivity is an early feature of AD, potentially providing a promising target for preclinical diagnosis and treatment. Several in vivo AD biomarkers already exist, but presently there is a paucity of specific and sensitive in vivo astrocyte biomarkers that can accurately measure preclinical AD. Measuring monoamine oxidase-B with neuroimaging and glial fibrillary acidic protein from bodily fluids are biomarkers that are currently available. Developing novel, more specific, and sensitive astrocyte biomarkers will make it possible to pharmaceutically target chemical pathways that preserve beneficial astrocytic functions in response to AD pathology. This review discusses astrocyte biomarkers in the context of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Carter
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Herholz
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Département de Physiologie, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR5536 CNRS, LabEx TRAIL-IBIO, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Cedex 33760, France
| | - Agneta Nordberg
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Eduardo R Zimmer
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Brain Institute (BraIns) of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Website: www.zimmer-lab.org.
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59
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Abstract
The key molecular events that provoke Parkinson's disease (PD) are not fully understood. Iron deposit was found in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of PD patients and animal models, where dopaminergic neurons degeneration occurred selectively. The mechanisms involved in disturbed iron metabolism remain unknown, however, considerable evidence indicates that iron transporters dysregulation, activation of L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (LTCC) and ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels, as well as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NMDARs) contribute to this process. There is emerging evidence on the structural links and functional modulations between iron and α-synuclein, and the key player in PD which aggregates in Lewy bodies. Iron is believed to modulate α-synuclein synthesis, post-translational modification, and aggregation. Furthermore, glia, especially activated astroglia and microglia, are involved in iron deposit in PD. Glial contributions were largely dependent on the factors they released, e.g., neurotrophic factors, pro-inflammatory factors, lactoferrin, and those undetermined. Therefore, iron chelation using iron chelators, the extracts from many natural foods with iron chelating properties, may be an effective therapy for prevention and treatment of the disease.
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60
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Perez-Dominguez M, Ávila-Muñoz E, Domínguez-Rivas E, Zepeda A. The detrimental effects of lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation on adult hippocampal neurogenesis depend on the duration of the pro-inflammatory response. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:817-825. [PMID: 30688267 PMCID: PMC6375041 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.249229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is a finely tuned process regulated by extrinsic factors. Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of several pathological conditions underlying dysregulation of neurogenesis. In animal models, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation leads to a neurogenic decrease mainly associated to the early inflammatory response. However, it is not well understood how the neuroinflammatory response progresses over time and if neurogenesis continues to be diminished during the late neuroinflammatory response. Moreover, it is unknown if repeated intermittent administration of LPS along time induces a greater reduction in neurogenesis. We administered one single intraperitoneal injection of LPS or saline or four repeated injections (one per week) of LPS or saline to young-adult mice. A cohort of new cells was labeled with three 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine injections (one per day) 4 days after the last LPS injection. We evaluated systemic and neuroinflammation-associated parameters and compared the effects of the late neuroinflammatory response on neurogenesis induced by each protocol. Our results show that 1) a single LPS injection leads to a late pro-inflammatory response characterized by microglial activation, moderate astrocytic reaction and increased interleukin-6 levels. This response correlates in time with decreased neurogenesis and 2) a repeated intermittent injection of LPS does not elicit a late pro-inflammatory response although activated microglia persists. The latter profile is not accompanied by a continued long-term hippocampal neurogenic decrease. Hereby, we provide evidence that the neuroinflammatory response is a dynamic process that progresses in a milieu-dependent manner and does not necessarily lead to a neurogenic decrease, highlighting the complex interaction between the immune system and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Perez-Dominguez
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México
| | - Evangelina Ávila-Muñoz
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México
| | - Eduardo Domínguez-Rivas
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México
| | - Angélica Zepeda
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México
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61
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Verkhratsky A, Parpura V, Rodriguez-Arellano JJ, Zorec R. Astroglia in Alzheimer's Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1175:273-324. [PMID: 31583592 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9913-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia. Cellular changes in the brains of the patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease occur well in advance of the clinical symptoms. At the cellular level, the most dramatic is a demise of neurones. As astroglial cells carry out homeostatic functions of the brain, it is certain that these cells are at least in part a cause of Alzheimer's disease. Historically, Alois Alzheimer himself has recognised this at the dawn of the disease description. However, the role of astroglia in this disease has been understudied. In this chapter, we summarise the various aspects of glial contribution to this disease and outline the potential of using these cells in prevention (exercise and environmental enrichment) and intervention of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK. .,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jose Julio Rodriguez-Arellano
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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62
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Verkhratsky A, Ho MS, Vardjan N, Zorec R, Parpura V. General Pathophysiology of Astroglia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1175:149-179. [PMID: 31583588 PMCID: PMC7188602 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9913-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Astroglial cells are involved in most if not in all pathologies of the brain. These cells can change the morpho-functional properties in response to pathology or innate changes of these cells can lead to pathologies. Overall pathological changes in astroglia are complex and diverse and often vary with different disease stages. We classify astrogliopathologies into reactive astrogliosis, astrodegeneration with astroglial atrophy and loss of function, and pathological remodelling of astrocytes. Such changes can occur in neurological, neurodevelopmental, metabolic and psychiatric disorders as well as in infection and toxic insults. Mutation in astrocyte-specific genes leads to specific pathologies, such as Alexander disease, which is a leukodystrophy. We discuss changes in astroglia in the pathological context and identify some molecular entities underlying pathology. These entities within astroglia may repent targets for novel therapeutic intervention in the management of brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
- Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Margaret S Ho
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Nina Vardjan
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Peng L, Zhao Y, Li Y, Zhou Y, Li L, Lei S, Yu S, Zhao Y. Effect of DJ-1 on the neuroprotection of astrocytes subjected to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 97:189-199. [PMID: 30506316 PMCID: PMC6348070 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1719-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Astrocytes are involved in neuroprotection, and DJ-1 is an important antioxidant protein that is abundantly expressed in reactive astrocytes. However, the role of DJ-1 in astrocytes’ neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and its potential mechanism is unclear. Thus, to explore effects and mechanisms of DJ-1 on the neuroprotection of astrocytes, we used primary co-cultures of neurons and astrocytes under oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation in vitro and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion in vivo to mimic ischemic reperfusion insult. Lentiviral was used to inhibit and upregulate DJ-1 expression in astrocytes, and DJ-1 siRNA blocked DJ-1 expression in rats. Inhibiting DJ-1 expression led to decreases in neuronal viability. DJ-1 knockdown also attenuated total and nuclear Nrf2 and glutathione (GSH) levels in vitro and vivo. Similarly, loss of DJ-1 decreased Nrf2/ARE-binding activity and expression of Nrf2/ARE pathway-driven genes. Overexpression of DJ-1 yielded opposite results. This suggests that the mechanism of action of DJ-1 in astrocyte-mediated neuroprotection may involve regulation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway to increase GSH after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Thus, DJ-1 may be a new therapeutic target for treating ischemia/reperfusion injury. Key Messages Astrocytes protect neurons in co-culture after OGD/R DJ-1 is upregulated in astrocytes and plays an important physiological roles in neuronal protection under ischemic conditions DJ-1 protects neuron by the Nrf2/ARE pathway which upregulates GSH
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Peng
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road 1, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yipeng Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road 1, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixin Li
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road 1, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road 1, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Linyu Li
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road 1, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shipeng Lei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jiangjin Center Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road 1, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China. .,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road 1, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China. .,Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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Spampinato SF, Copani A, Nicoletti F, Sortino MA, Caraci F. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Glial Cells: A New Potential Target for Neuroprotection? Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:414. [PMID: 30483053 PMCID: PMC6243036 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation that finally lead to slow neuronal degeneration and death. Although neurons are the principal target, glial cells are important players as they contribute by either exacerbating or dampening the events that lead to neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. A dysfunction of the glutamatergic system is a common event in the pathophysiology of these diseases. Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors belong to a large family of G protein-coupled receptors largely expressed in neurons as well as in glial cells. They often appear overexpressed in areas involved in neurodegeneration, where they can modulate glutamatergic transmission. Of note, mGlu receptor upregulation may involve microglia or, even more frequently, astrocytes, where their activation causes release of factors potentially able to influence neuronal death. The expression of mGlu receptors has been also reported on oligodendrocytes, a glial cell type specifically involved in the development of multiple sclerosis. Here we will provide a general overview on the possible involvement of mGlu receptors expressed on glial cells in the pathogenesis of different neurodegenerative disorders and the potential use of subtype-selective mGlu receptor ligands as candidate drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Negative allosteric modulators (NAM) of mGlu5 receptors might represent a relevant pharmacological tool to develop new neuroprotective strategies in these diseases. Recent evidence suggests that targeting astrocytes and microglia with positive allosteric modulators (PAM) of mGlu3 receptor or oligodendrocytes with mGlu4 PAMS might represent novel pharmacological approaches for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Copani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Neuromed, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Sortino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Oasi Research Institute, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Troina, Italy
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Ugolini F, Lana D, Nardiello P, Nosi D, Pantano D, Casamenti F, Giovannini MG. Different Patterns of Neurodegeneration and Glia Activation in CA1 and CA3 Hippocampal Regions of TgCRND8 Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:372. [PMID: 30483118 PMCID: PMC6243135 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the different patterns of neurodegeneration and glia activation in CA1 and CA3 hippocampal areas of TgCRND8 mice. The main feature of this transgenic model is the rapid development of the amyloid pathology, which starts already at 3 months of age. We performed immunohistochemical analyses to compare the different sensibility of the two hippocampal regions to neurodegeneration. We performed qualitative and quantitative evaluations by fluorescence immunohistochemistry with double or triple staining, followed by confocal microscopy and digital image analysis in stratum pyramidale (SP) and stratum radiatum (SR) of CA1 and CA3, separately. We evaluated time-dependent Aβ plaques deposition, expression of inflammatory markers, as well as quantitative and morphological alterations of neurons and glia in transgenic mice at 3 (Tg 3M) and 6 (Tg 6M) months of age, compared to WT mice. In CA1 SR of Tg 6M mice, we found significantly more Medium and Large plaques than in CA3. The pattern of neurodegeneration and astrocytes activation was different in the two areas, indicating higher sensitivity of CA1. In the CA1 SP of Tg 6M mice, we found signs of reactive astrogliosis, such as increase of astrocytes density in SP, increase of GFAP expression in SR, and elongation of astrocytes branches. We found also common patterns of glia activation and neurodegenerative processes in CA1 and CA3 of Tg 6M mice: significant increase of total and reactive microglia density in SP and SR, increased expression of TNFα, of iNOS, and IL1β in astrocytes and increased density of neurons-astrocytes-microglia triads. In CA1 SP, we found decrease of volume and number of pyramidal neurons, paralleled by increase of apoptosis, and, consequently, shrinkage of CA1 SP. These data demonstrate that in TgCRND8 mice, the responses of neurons and glia to neurodegenerative patterns induced by Aβ plaques deposition is not uniform in the two hippocampal areas, and in CA1 pyramidal neurons, the higher sensitivity may be related to the different plaque distribution in this area. All these modifications may be at the basis of memory loss, the peculiar symptom of AD, which was demonstrated in this transgenic mouse model of Aβ deposition, even at early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Ugolini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Lana
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Pamela Nardiello
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Nosi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Pantano
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fiorella Casamenti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Trias E, Barbeito L, Yamanaka K. Phenotypic heterogeneity of astrocytes in motor neuron disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 9:225-234. [PMID: 30555538 PMCID: PMC6282976 DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that astrocytes do not just support the function of neurons, but play key roles in maintaining the brain environment in health and disease. Contrary to the traditional understanding of astrocytes as static cells, reactive astrocytes possess more diverse functions and phenotypes than previously predicted. In the present focused review, we summarize the evidence showing that astrocytes are playing profound roles in the disease process of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Aberrantly activated astrocytes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis rodents express microglial molecular markers and provoke toxicities to accelerate disease progression. In addition, TIR domain–containing adapter protein–inducing interferon‐β‐dependent innate immune pathway in astrocytes also has a novel function in terminating glial activation and neuroinflammation. Furthermore, heterogeneity in phenotypes and functions of astrocytes are also observed in various disease conditions, such as other neurodegenerative diseases, ischemia, aging and acute lesions in the central nervous system. Through accumulating knowledge of the phenotypic and functional diversity of astrocytes, these cells will become more attractive therapeutic targets for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Koji Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Nagoya University Nagoya Japan.,Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
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67
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Leanza G, Gulino R, Zorec R. Noradrenergic Hypothesis Linking Neurodegeneration-Based Cognitive Decline and Astroglia. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:254. [PMID: 30100866 PMCID: PMC6072880 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past, manipulation of the cholinergic system was seen as the most likely therapeutic for neurodegeneration-based cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Whitehouse et al., 1982). However, targeting the noradrenergic system also seems a promising strategy, since more recent studies revealed that in post-mortem tissue from patients with AD and other neurodegenerative disorders there is a robust correlation between cognitive decline and loss of neurons from the Locus coeruleus (LC), a system with diffuse noradrenaline (NA) innervation in the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, the hypothesis has been considered that increasing NA signaling in the CNS will prevent, or at least halt the progression of neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. A hallmark of the age- and neurodegeneration-related cognitive decline is reduced neurogenesis. We here discuss noradrenergic dysfunction in AD-related cognitive decline in humans and its potential involvement in AD pathology and disease progression. We also focus on animal models to allow the validation of the noradrenergic hypothesis of AD, including those based upon the immunotoxin-mediated ablation of LC based on saporin, a protein synthesis interfering agent, which offers selective and graded demise of LC neurons, Finally, we address how astrocytes, an abundant and functionally heterogeneous cell type of neuroglia maintaining homeostasis, may participate in the regulation of neurogenesis, a new strategy for preventing LC neuron loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Leanza
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Gulino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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68
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Beggiato S, Borelli AC, Ferraro L, Tanganelli S, Antonelli T, Tomasini MC. Palmitoylethanolamide Blunts Amyloid-β42-Induced Astrocyte Activation and Improves Neuronal Survival in Primary Mouse Cortical Astrocyte-Neuron Co-Cultures. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 61:389-399. [PMID: 29154284 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on the pivotal role of astrocytes in brain homeostasis and the strong metabolic cooperation existing between neurons and astrocytes, it has been suggested that astrocytic dysfunctions might cause and/or contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative processes. Therapeutic approaches aimed at both neuroprotection and neuroinflammation reduction may prove particularly effective in slowing the progression of these diseases. The endogenous lipid mediator palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) displayed neuroprotective and anti(neuro)inflammatory properties, and demonstrated interesting potential as a novel treatment for Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS We firstly evaluated whether astrocytes could participate in regulating the Aβ42-induced neuronal damage, by using primary mouse astrocytes cell cultures and mixed astrocytes-neurons cultures. Furthermore, the possible protective effects of PEA against Aβ42-induced neuronal toxicity have also been investigated by evaluating neuronal viability, apoptosis, and morphometric parameters. RESULTS The presence of astrocytes pre-exposed to Aβ42 (0.5μM; 24 h) induced a reduction of neuronal viability in primary mouse astrocytes-neurons co-cultures. Furthermore, under these experimental conditions, an increase in the number of neuronal apoptotic nuclei and a decrease in the number of MAP-2 positive neurons were observed. Finally, astrocytic Aβ42 pre-exposure induced an increase in the number of neurite aggregations/100μm as compared to control (i.e., untreated) astrocytes-neurons co-cultures. These effects were not observed in neurons cultured in the presence of astrocytes pre-exposed to PEA (0.1μM), applied 1 h before and maintained during Aβ42 treatment. CONCLUSION Astrocytes contribute to Aβ42-induced neurotoxicity and PEA, by blunting Aβ42-induced astrocyte activation, improved neuronal survival in mouse astrocyte-neuron co-cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Beggiato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy.,IRET Foundation, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy.,IRET Foundation, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.,LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sergio Tanganelli
- IRET Foundation, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy.,LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tiziana Antonelli
- IRET Foundation, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy.,LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Italy
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Kiyota T, Machhi J, Lu Y, Dyavarshetty B, Nemati M, Zhang G, Mosley RL, Gelbard HA, Gendelman HE. URMC-099 facilitates amyloid-β clearance in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:137. [PMID: 29729668 PMCID: PMC5935963 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1172-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The mixed lineage kinase type 3 inhibitor URMC-099 facilitates amyloid-beta (Aβ) clearance and degradation in cultured murine microglia. One putative mechanism is an effect of URMC-099 on Aβ uptake and degradation. As URMC-099 promotes endolysosomal protein trafficking and reduces Aβ microglial pro-inflammatory activities, we assessed whether these responses affect Aβ pathobiogenesis. To this end, URMC-099’s therapeutic potential, in Aβ precursor protein/presenilin-1 (APP/PS1) double-transgenic mice, was investigated in this model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods Four-month-old APP/PS1 mice were administered intraperitoneal URMC-099 injections at 10 mg/kg daily for 3 weeks. Brain tissues were examined by biochemical, molecular and immunohistochemical tests. Results URMC-099 inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinase 3/4-mediated activation and attenuated β-amyloidosis. Microglial nitric oxide synthase-2 and arginase-1 were co-localized with lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (Lamp1) and Aβ. Importatly, URMC-099 restored synaptic integrity and hippocampal neurogenesis in APP/PS1 mice. Conclusions URMC-099 facilitates Aβ clearance in the brain of APP/PS1 mice. The multifaceted immune modulatory and neuroprotective roles of URMC-099 make it an attractive candidate for ameliorating the course of AD. This is buttressed by removal of pathologic Aβ species and restoration of the brain’s microenvironment during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Kiyota
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yaman Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bhagyalaxmi Dyavarshetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Gang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Harris A Gelbard
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA.
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70
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Ortiz-Guerrero G, Amador-Muñoz D, Calderón-Ospina CA, López-Fuentes D, Nava Mesa MO. Proton Pump Inhibitors and Dementia: Physiopathological Mechanisms and Clinical Consequences. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:5257285. [PMID: 29755512 PMCID: PMC5883984 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5257285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, mainly encompassing cognitive decline in subjects aged ≥65 years. Further, AD is characterized by selective synaptic and neuronal degeneration, vascular dysfunction, and two histopathological features: extracellular amyloid plaques composed of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles formed by hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Dementia and AD are chronic neurodegenerative conditions with a complex physiopathology involving both genetic and environmental factors. Recent clinical studies have shown that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are associated with risk of dementia, including AD. However, a recent case-control study reported decreased risk of dementia. PPIs are a widely indicated class of drugs for gastric acid-related disorders, although most older adult users are not treated for the correct indication. Although neurological side effects secondary to PPIs are rare, several preclinical reports indicate that PPIs might increase Aβ levels, interact with tau protein, and affect the neuronal microenvironment through several mechanisms. Considering the controversy between PPI use and dementia risk, as well as both cognitive and neuroprotective effects, the aim of this review is to examine the relationship between PPI use and brain effects from a neurobiological and clinical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Ortiz-Guerrero
- Individualized Research Learner Program, Neuromuscular Research Division, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Diana Amador-Muñoz
- Neuroscience (NEUROS) Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C–69, Bogotá 111221, Colombia
| | - Carlos Alberto Calderón-Ospina
- Unidad de Farmacología, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C–69, Bogotá 111221, Colombia
| | - Daniel López-Fuentes
- Medical Social Service, Hospital de San Francisco, Kra 8 No. 6A–121, Gacheta 251230, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Orlando Nava Mesa
- Neuroscience (NEUROS) Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C–69, Bogotá 111221, Colombia
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Lee S, Esworthy T, Stake S, Miao S, Zuo YY, Harris BT, Zhang LG. Advances in 3D Bioprinting for Neural Tissue Engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Se‐Jun Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Timothy Esworthy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Seth Stake
- Department of Medicine George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Shida Miao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Yi Y. Zuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu HI 96822 USA
| | - Brent T. Harris
- Department of Neurology and Pathology Georgetown University Washington DC 20007 USA
| | - Lijie Grace Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
- Department of Medicine George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
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Song N, Wang J, Jiang H, Xie J. Astroglial and microglial contributions to iron metabolism disturbance in Parkinson's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:967-973. [PMID: 29317336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Understandings of the disturbed iron metabolism in Parkinson's disease (PD) are largely from the perspectives of neurons. Neurodegenerative processes in PD trigger universal and conserved astroglial dysfunction and microglial activation. In this review, we start with astroglia and microglia in PD with an emphasis on their roles in spreading α-synuclein pathology, and then focus on their contributions in iron metabolism under normal conditions and the diseased state of PD. Elevated iron in the brain regions affects glial features, meanwhile, glial effects on neuronal iron metabolism are largely dependent on their releasing factors. These advances might be valuable for better understanding and modulating iron metabolism disturbance in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Song
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Junxia Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Rey NL, Wesson DW, Brundin P. The olfactory bulb as the entry site for prion-like propagation in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 109:226-248. [PMID: 28011307 PMCID: PMC5972535 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory deficits are present in numerous neurodegenerative disorders and are accompanied by pathology in related brain regions. In several of these disorders, olfactory disturbances appear early and are considered as prodromal symptoms of the disease. In addition, pathological protein aggregates affect olfactory regions prior to other regions, suggesting that the olfactory system might be particularly vulnerable to neurodegenerative diseases. Exposed to the external environment, the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb allow pathogen and toxin penetration into the brain, a process that has been proposed to play a role in neurodegenerative diseases. Determining whether the olfactory bulb could be a starting point of pathology and of pathology spread is crucial to understanding how neurodegenerative diseases evolve. We argue that pathological changes following environmental insults contribute to the initiation of protein aggregation in the olfactory bulb, which then triggers the spread of the pathology within the brain by a templating mechanism in a prion-like manner. We review the evidence for the early involvement of olfactory structures in neurodegenerative diseases and the relationship between neuropathology and olfactory function. We discuss the vulnerability and putative underlying mechanisms by which pathology could be initiated in the olfactory bulb, from the entry of pathogens (promoted by increased permeability of the olfactory epithelium with aging or inflammation) to the sensitivity of the olfactory system to oxidative stress and inflammation. Finally, we review changes in protein expression and neural excitability triggered by pathogenic proteins that can promote pathogenesis in the olfactory bulb and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwen L Rey
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
| | - Daniel W Wesson
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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74
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Naoi M, Maruyama W, Shamoto-Nagai M. Type A and B monoamine oxidases distinctly modulate signal transduction pathway and gene expression to regulate brain function and survival of neurons. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:1635-1650. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1832-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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75
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Sherif RN. Effect of cerebrolysin on the cerebellum of diabetic rats: An imunohistochemical study. Tissue Cell 2017; 49:726-733. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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76
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Walkowicz L, Kijak E, Krzeptowski W, Górska-Andrzejak J, Stratoulias V, Woznicka O, Chwastek E, Heino TI, Pyza EM. Downregulation of DmMANF in Glial Cells Results in Neurodegeneration and Affects Sleep and Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:610. [PMID: 29163014 PMCID: PMC5673640 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila melanogaster, mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (DmMANF) is an evolutionarily conserved ortholog of mammalian MANF and cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF), which have been shown to promote the survival of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. We observed especially high levels of DmMANF in the visual system of Drosophila, particularly in the first optic neuropil (lamina). In the lamina, DmMANF was found in glial cells (surface and epithelial glia), photoreceptors and interneurons. Interestingly, silencing of DmMANF in all neurons or specifically in photoreceptors or L2 interneurons had no impact on the structure of the visual system. However, downregulation of DmMANF in glial cells induced degeneration of the lamina. Remarkably, this degeneration in the form of holes and/or tightly packed membranes was observed only in the lamina epithelial glial cells. Those membranes seem to originate from the endoplasmic reticulum, which forms autophagosome membranes. Moreover, capitate projections, the epithelial glia invaginations into photoreceptor terminals that are involved in recycling of the photoreceptor neurotransmitter histamine, were less numerous after DmMANF silencing either in neurons or glial cells. The distribution of the alpha subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase protein in the lamina cell membranes was also changed. At the behavioral level, silencing of DmMANF either in neurons or glial cells affected the daily activity/sleep pattern, and flies showed less activity during the day but higher activity during the night than did controls. In the case of silencing in glia, the lifespan of flies was also shortened. The obtained results showed that DmMANF regulates many functions in the brain, particularly those dependent on glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Walkowicz
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Kijak
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Krzeptowski
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jolanta Górska-Andrzejak
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Olga Woznicka
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Chwastek
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tapio I. Heino
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elzbieta M. Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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77
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Yamanaka K, Komine O. The multi-dimensional roles of astrocytes in ALS. Neurosci Res 2017; 126:31-38. [PMID: 29054467 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant progress in understanding the molecular and genetic aspects of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons, the precise and comprehensive pathomechanisms remain largely unknown. In addition to motor neuron involvement, recent studies using cellular and animal models of ALS indicate that there is a complex interplay between motor neurons and neighboring non-neuronal cells, such as astrocytes, in non-cell autonomous neurodegeneration. Astrocytes are key homeostatic cells that play numerous supportive roles in maintaining the brain environment. In neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS, astrocytes change their shape and molecular expression patterns and are referred to as reactive or activated astrocytes. Reactive astrocytes in ALS lose their beneficial functions and gain detrimental roles. In addition, interactions between motor neurons and astrocytes are impaired in ALS. In this review, we summarize growing evidence that astrocytes are critically involved in the survival and demise of motor neurons through several key molecules and cascades in astrocytes in both sporadic and inherited ALS. These observations strongly suggest that astrocytes have multi-dimensional roles in disease and are a viable therapeutic target for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Okiru Komine
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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78
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Milite C, Barresi E, Da Pozzo E, Costa B, Viviano M, Porta A, Messere A, Sbardella G, Da Settimo F, Novellino E, Cosconati S, Castellano S, Taliani S, Martini C. Exploiting the 4-Phenylquinazoline Scaffold for the Development of High Affinity Fluorescent Probes for the Translocator Protein (TSPO). J Med Chem 2017; 60:7897-7909. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Milite
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Barresi
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Da Pozzo
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Costa
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Viviano
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Amalia Porta
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Anna Messere
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sbardella
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sandro Cosconati
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Sabrina Castellano
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, Università di Salerno, Via Salvador Allende, I-84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Sabrina Taliani
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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79
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Mello FD, Braidy N, Marçal H, Guillemin G, Nabavi SM, Neilan BA. Mechanisms and Effects Posed by Neurotoxic Products of Cyanobacteria/Microbial Eukaryotes/Dinoflagellates in Algae Blooms: a Review. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:153-167. [PMID: 28836116 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Environmental toxins produced by cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates have increasingly become a public health concern due to their ability to damage several tissues in humans. In particular, emerging evidence has called attention to the neurodegenerative effects of the cyanobacterial toxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA). Furthermore, other toxins such as anatoxin, saxitoxin, microcystin, nodularin and ciguatoxin also have a different range of effects on human tissues, including hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity and gastrointestinal irritation. However, the vast majority of known environmental toxins have not yet been examined in the context of neurodegenerative disease. This review aims to investigate whether neurotoxic mechanisms can be demonstrated in all aforementioned toxins, and whether there exists a link to neurodegeneration. Management of toxin exposure and potential neuroprotective compounds is also discussed. Collectively, all aforementioned microbial toxins are likely to exert some form of neuronal damage, with many of their modes of action consistent with neurodegeneration. This is important in advancing our current understanding of the cytotoxic potential of environmental toxins upon human brain function, particularly in the context of age-related neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona D Mello
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Helder Marçal
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Gilles Guillemin
- Neuropharmacology group, MND and Neurodegenerative diseases Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Brett A Neilan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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80
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Kikugawa M, Ida T, Ihara H, Sakamoto T. Ferulic acid and its water-soluble derivatives inhibit nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in rat primary astrocytes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:1607-1611. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1336925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We recently reported that two water-soluble derivatives of ferulic acid (1-feruloyl glycerol, 1-feruloyl diglycerol) previously developed by our group exhibited protective effects against amyloid-β–induced neurodegeneration in vitro and in vivo. In the current study, we aimed to further understand this process by examining the derivatives’ ability to suppress abnormal activation of astrocytes, the key event of neurodegeneration. We investigated the effects of ferulic acid (FA) derivatives on nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in rat primary astrocytes. The results showed that these compounds inhibited NO production and iNOS expression in a concentration-dependent manner and that the mechanism underlying these effects was the suppression of the nuclear factor-κB pathway. This evidence suggests that FA and its derivatives may be effective neuroprotective agents and could be useful in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kikugawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ida
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Hideshi Ihara
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Tatsuji Sakamoto
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
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81
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Zhao J, Davis MD, Martens YA, Shinohara M, Graff-Radford NR, Younkin SG, Wszolek ZK, Kanekiyo T, Bu G. APOE ε4/ε4 diminishes neurotrophic function of human iPSC-derived astrocytes. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:2690-2700. [PMID: 28444230 PMCID: PMC5886091 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ε4 allele of the APOE gene encoding apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a strong genetic risk factor for aging-related cognitive decline as well as late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared to the common ε3 allele. In the central nervous system, apoE is produced primarily by astrocytes and functions in transporting lipids including cholesterol to support neuronal homeostasis and synaptic integrity. Although mouse models and corresponding primary cells have provided valuable tools for studying apoE isoform-dependent functions, recent studies have shown that human astrocytes have a distinct gene expression profile compare with rodent astrocytes. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from individuals carrying specific gene variants or mutations provide an alternative cellular model more relevant to humans upon differentiation into specific cell types. Thus, we reprogramed human skin fibroblasts from cognitively normal individuals carrying APOE ε3/ε3 or ε4/ε4 genotype to iPSC clones and further differentiated them into neural progenitor cells and then astrocytes. We found that human iPSC-derived astrocytes secreted abundant apoE with apoE4 lipoprotein particles less lipidated compared to apoE3 particles. More importantly, human iPSC-derived astrocytes were capable of promoting neuronal survival and synaptogenesis when co-cultured with iPSC-derived neurons with APOE ε4/ε4 astrocytes less effective in supporting these neurotrophic functions than those with APOE ε3/ε3 genotype. Taken together, our findings demonstrate APOE genotype-dependent effects using human iPSC-derived astrocytes and provide novel evidence that the human iPSC-based model system is a strong tool to explore how apoE isoforms contribute to neurodegenerative diseases.
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82
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Zhang ZH, Wen L, Wu QY, Chen C, Zheng R, Liu Q, Ni JZ, Song GL. Long-Term Dietary Supplementation with Selenium-Enriched Yeast Improves Cognitive Impairment, Reverses Synaptic Deficits, and Mitigates Tau Pathology in a Triple Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4970-4979. [PMID: 28578584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by multiple histopathological changes in the brain and by impairments in memory and cognitive function. Currently, there is no effective treatment that can halt or reverse the progression of this disease. Here, we explored the effects of 3 months of treatment with selenium-enriched yeast (Se-yeast), which is commonly used as a source of organic selenium (Se) for nutrition, on cognitive dysfunction and neuropathology in the triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3×Tg-AD mice). As the results revealed that Se-yeast significantly improved the spatial learning and memory retention of 3×Tg-AD mice, promoted neuronal activity, attenuated the activation of astrocytes and microglia, mitigated synaptic deficits, and reduced the levels of total tau and phosphorylated tau though inhibiting the activity of GSK-3β, dietary supplementation with Se-yeast exerted multiple beneficial effects on the prevention or treatment of AD. These findings provide evidence of a potentially viable compound for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Hao Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Lei Wen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Qiu-Yan Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Rui Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jia-Zuan Ni
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Guo-Li Song
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen, 518060, China
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83
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Foucault-Fruchard L, Doméné A, Page G, Windsor M, Emond P, Rodrigues N, Dollé F, Damont A, Buron F, Routier S, Chalon S, Antier D. Neuroprotective effect of the alpha 7 nicotinic receptor agonist PHA 543613 in an in vivo excitotoxic adult rat model. Neuroscience 2017; 356:52-63. [PMID: 28527955 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a key component of the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. The link between nicotine intake and positive outcome has been established, suggesting a role played by nicotinic receptors (nAChRs), especially α7nAChRs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential dose effects of PHA 543613 on neuron survival and striatal microglial activation in a rat model of brain excitotoxicity. A preliminary study was performed in vitro to confirm PHA 543613 agonist properties on α7nAChRs. Rats were lesioned in the right striatum with quinolinic acid (QA) and received either vehicle or PHA 543613 at 6 or 12mg/kg twice a day until sacrifice at Day 4 post-lesion. We first compared the translocator protein quantitative autoradiography in QA-lesioned brains with [3H]DPA-714 and [3H]PK-11195. The effects of PHA 543613 on microglial activation and neuronal survival were then evaluated through [3H]DPA-714 binding and immunofluorescence staining (Ox-42, NeuN) on adjacent brain sections. We demonstrated that [3H]DPA-714 provides a better signal-to-noise ratio than [3H]PK-11195. Furthermore, we showed that repeated PHA 543613 administration at a dose of 12mg/kg to QA-lesioned rats significantly protected neurons and reduced the intensity of microglial activation. This study reinforces the hypothesis that α7nAChR agonists can provide beneficial effects in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases through potential modulation of microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Foucault-Fruchard
- UMR INSERM U930, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France; CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Tours, France.
| | - Aurélie Doméné
- UMR INSERM U930, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France.
| | - Guylène Page
- EA3808 - CiMoTheMA, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.
| | | | - Patrick Emond
- UMR INSERM U930, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France.
| | - Nuno Rodrigues
- UMR CNRS 7311, Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France.
| | - Frédéric Dollé
- CEA, I2BM, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France.
| | | | - Frédéric Buron
- UMR CNRS 7311, Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France.
| | - Sylvain Routier
- UMR CNRS 7311, Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France.
| | - Sylvie Chalon
- UMR INSERM U930, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France.
| | - Daniel Antier
- UMR INSERM U930, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France; CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Tours, France.
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84
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Geraets RD, Langin LM, Cain JT, Parker CM, Beraldi R, Kovacs AD, Weimer JM, Pearce DA. A tailored mouse model of CLN2 disease: A nonsense mutant for testing personalized therapies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176526. [PMID: 28464005 PMCID: PMC5413059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCLs), also known as Batten disease, result from mutations in over a dozen genes. Although, adults are susceptible, the NCLs are frequently classified as pediatric neurodegenerative diseases due to their greater pediatric prevalence. Initial clinical presentation usually consists of either seizures or retinopathy but develops to encompass both in conjunction with declining motor and cognitive function. The NCLs result in premature death due to the absence of curative therapies. Nevertheless, preclinical and clinical trials exist for various therapies. However, the genotypes of NCL animal models determine which therapeutic approaches can be assessed. Mutations of the CLN2 gene encoding a soluble lysosomal enzyme, tripeptidyl peptidase 1 (TPP1), cause late infantile NCL/CLN2 disease. The genotype of the original mouse model of CLN2 disease, Cln2-/-, excludes mutation guided therapies like antisense oligonucleotides and nonsense suppression. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a model of CLN2 disease that allows for the assessment of all therapeutic approaches. Nonsense mutations in CLN2 disease are frequent, the most common being CLN2R208X. Thus, we created a mouse model that carries a mutation equivalent to the human p.R208X mutation. Molecular assessment of Cln2R207X/R207X tissues determined significant reduction in Cln2 transcript abundance and TPP1 enzyme activity. This reduction leads to the development of neurological impairment (e.g. tremors) and neuropathology (e.g. astrocytosis). Collectively, these assessments indicate that the Cln2R207X/R207X mouse is a valid CLN2 disease model which can be used for the preclinical evaluation of all therapeutic approaches including mutation guided therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Geraets
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Logan M. Langin
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jacob T. Cain
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Camille M. Parker
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Rosanna Beraldi
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Attila D. Kovacs
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jill M. Weimer
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - David A. Pearce
- Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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85
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Chiarini A, Armato U, Liu D, Dal Prà I. Calcium-Sensing Receptor Antagonist NPS 2143 Restores Amyloid Precursor Protein Physiological Non-Amyloidogenic Processing in Aβ-Exposed Adult Human Astrocytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1277. [PMID: 28455519 PMCID: PMC5430644 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological non-amyloidogenic processing (NAP) of amyloid precursor holoprotein (hAPP) by α-secretases (e.g., ADAM10) extracellularly sheds neurotrophic/neuroprotective soluble (s)APPα and precludes amyloid-β peptides (Aβs) production via β-secretase amyloidogenic processing (AP). Evidence exists that Aβs interact with calcium-sensing receptors (CaSRs) in human astrocytes and neurons, driving the overrelease of toxic Aβ42/Aβ42-os (oligomers), which is completely blocked by CaSR antagonist (calcilytic) NPS 2143. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying NPS 2143 beneficial effects in human astrocytes. Moreover, because Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves neuroinflammation, we examined whether NPS 2143 remained beneficial when both fibrillary (f)Aβ25-35 and a microglial cytokine mixture (CMT) were present. Thus, hAPP NAP prevailed over AP in untreated astrocytes, which extracellularly shed all synthesized sAPPα while secreting basal Aβ40/42 amounts. Conversely, fAβ25-35 alone dramatically reduced sAPPα extracellular shedding while driving Aβ42/Aβ42-os oversecretion that CMT accelerated but not increased, despite a concurring hAPP overexpression. NPS 2143 promoted hAPP and ADAM10 translocation to the plasma membrane, thereby restoring sAPPα extracellular shedding and fully suppressing any Aβ42/Aβ42-os oversecretion, but left hAPP expression unaffected. Therefore, as anti-AD therapeutics calcilytics support neuronal viability by safeguarding astrocytes neurotrophic/neuroprotective sAPPα shedding, suppressing neurons and astrocytes Aβ42/Aβ42-os build-up/secretion, and remaining effective even under AD-typical neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chiarini
- Human Histology & Embryology Unit, Medical School, University of Verona, Verona, Venetia, Italy.
| | - Ubaldo Armato
- Human Histology & Embryology Unit, Medical School, University of Verona, Verona, Venetia, Italy
| | - Daisong Liu
- The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Department of Plastic Surgery, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ilaria Dal Prà
- Human Histology & Embryology Unit, Medical School, University of Verona, Verona, Venetia, Italy.
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Vergouts M, Doyen PJ, Peeters M, Opsomer R, Michiels T, Hermans E. PKC epsilon-dependent calcium oscillations associated with metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 prevent agonist-mediated receptor desensitization in astrocytes. J Neurochem 2017; 141:387-399. [PMID: 28266711 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A critical role has been assigned to protein kinase C (PKC)ε in the control of intracellular calcium oscillations triggered upon activation of type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR5) in cultured astrocytes. Nevertheless, the physiological significance of this particular signalling profile in the response of astrocytes to glutamate remains largely unknown. Considering that kinases are frequently involved in the regulation of G protein-coupled receptors, we have examined a putative link between the nature of the calcium signals and the response regulation upon repeated exposures of astrocytes to the agonist (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine. We show that upon repeated mGluR5 activations, a robust desensitization was observed in astrocytes grown in culture conditions favouring the peak-plateau-type response. At variance, in cell cultures where calcium oscillations were predominating, the response was fully preserved even during repeated challenges with the agonist. Pharmacological inhibition of PKCε or genetic suppression of this isoform using shRNA was found to convert an oscillatory calcium profile to a sustained calcium mobilization and this latter profile was subject to desensitization upon repetitive mGluR5 activation. Our results suggest a yet undocumented scheme in which the activity of PKCε contributes to preserve the receptor sensitivity upon repeated or sustained activations. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.13797.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Vergouts
- Group of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate B1.54.10, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre J Doyen
- Group of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate B1.54.10, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michael Peeters
- Laboratory of virology, De Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate B1.74.07, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Remi Opsomer
- Alzheimer Dementia Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier B1.53.02, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Michiels
- Laboratory of virology, De Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate B1.74.07, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Hermans
- Group of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate B1.54.10, Brussels, Belgium
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Atlante A, de Bari L, Bobba A, Amadoro G. A disease with a sweet tooth: exploring the Warburg effect in Alzheimer's disease. Biogerontology 2017; 18:301-319. [PMID: 28314935 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-017-9692-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
After more than 80 years from the revolutionary discoveries of Otto Warburg, who observed high glucose dependency, with increased glycolysis and lactate production regardless of oxygen availability in most cancer cells, the 'Warburg effect' returns to the fore in neuronal cells affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD). Indeed, it seems that, in the mild phase of AD, neuronal cells "prefer" to use the energetically inefficient method of burning glucose by glycolysis, as in cancer, proving to become resistant to β-amyloid (Aβ)-dependent apoptosis. However, in the late phase, while most AD brain cells die in response to Aβ toxicity, only small populations of neurons, exhibiting increased glucose uptake and glycolytic flux, are able to survive as they are resistant to Aβ. Here we draw an overview on the metabolic shift for glucose utilization from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, focusing on the hypothesis that, as extreme attempt to oppose the impending death, mitochondria-whose dysfunction and central role in Aβ toxicity is an AD hallmark-are sent into quiescence, this likely contributing to activate mechanisms of resistance to Aβ-dependent apoptosis. Finally, the attempt turns out fruitless since the loss of the adaptive advantage afforded by elevated aerobic glycolysis exacerbates the pathophysiological processes associated with AD, making the brain susceptible to Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and leading to cell death and dementia. The understanding of how certain nerve cells become resistant to Aβ toxicity, while the majority dies, is an attractive challenge toward the identification of novel possible targets for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Atlante
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (IBBE), National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Lidia de Bari
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (IBBE), National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Bobba
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics (IBBE), National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Amadoro
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Rome, Italy
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88
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Zorec R, Parpura V, Vardjan N, Verkhratsky A. Astrocytic face of Alzheimer’s disease. Behav Brain Res 2017; 322:250-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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89
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Meyer K, Kaspar BK. Glia-neuron interactions in neurological diseases: Testing non-cell autonomy in a dish. Brain Res 2017; 1656:27-39. [PMID: 26778174 PMCID: PMC4939136 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
For the past century, research on neurological disorders has largely focused on the most prominently affected cell types - the neurons. However, with increasing knowledge of the diverse physiological functions of glial cells, their impact on these diseases has become more evident. Thus, many conditions appear to have more complex origins than initially thought. Since neurological pathologies are often sporadic with unknown etiology, animal models are difficult to create and might only reflect a small portion of patients in which a mutation in a gene has been identified. Therefore, reliable in vitro systems to studying these disorders are urgently needed. They might be a pre-requisite for improving our understanding of the disease mechanisms as well as for the development of potential new therapies. In this review, we will briefly summarize the function of different glial cell types in the healthy central nervous system (CNS) and outline their implication in the development or progression of neurological conditions. We will then describe different types of culture systems to model non-cell autonomous interactions in vitro and evaluate advantages and disadvantages. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Exploiting human neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Meyer
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brian K Kaspar
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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90
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Madhusudanan P, Reade S, Shankarappa SA. Neuroglia as targets for drug delivery systems: A review. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:667-679. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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91
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Verkhratsky A, Zorec R, Rodriguez JJ, Parpura V. Neuroglia: Functional Paralysis and Reactivity in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Pathologies. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 15:427-449. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57193-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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92
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Cytotoxic Effects of Environmental Toxins on Human Glial Cells. Neurotox Res 2016; 31:245-258. [PMID: 27796937 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9678-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Toxins produced by cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates have increasingly become a public health concern due to their degenerative effects on mammalian tissue and cells. In particular, emerging evidence has called attention to the neurodegenerative effects of the cyanobacterial toxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA). Other toxins such as the neurotoxins saxitoxin and ciguatoxin, as well as the hepatotoxic microcystin, have been previously shown to have a range of effects upon the nervous system. However, the capacity of these toxins to cause neurodegeneration in human cells has not, to our knowledge, been previously investigated. This study aimed to examine the cytotoxic effects of BMAA, microcystin-LR (MC-LR), saxitoxin (STX) and ciguatoxin (CTX-1B) on primary adult human astrocytes. We also demonstrated that α-lipoate attenuated MC-LR toxicity in primary astrocytes and characterised changes in gene expression which could potentially be caused by these toxins in primary astrocytes. Herein, we are the first to show that all of these toxins are capable of causing physiological changes consistent with neurodegeneration in glial cells, via oxidative stress and excitotoxicity, leading to a reduction in cell proliferation culminating in cell death. In addition, MC-LR toxicity was reduced significantly in astrocytes-treated α-lipoic acid. While there were no significant changes in gene expression, many of the probes that were altered were associated with neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis. Overall, this is important in advancing our current understanding of the mechanism of toxicity of MC-LR on human brain function in vitro, particularly in the context of neurodegeneration.
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Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a complex neurodegenerative disease. Limitations in animal models have impeded progress in studying disease pathology and potential drug discovery. Here, we will review recent advances in the development of stem cell models for the study of ALS. Additionally, we will discuss the progress toward therapeutic development derived from these stem cell based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sophie de Boer
- a The Howard Hughes Medical Institute; The Harvard Stem Cell Institute; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research ; The Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology ; Harvard University ; Cambridge , MA USA.,b Department of Anatomy & Embryology ; Leiden University Medical Center ; The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Eggan
- a The Howard Hughes Medical Institute; The Harvard Stem Cell Institute; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research ; The Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology ; Harvard University ; Cambridge , MA USA
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94
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ER Stress Induced by Tunicamycin Triggers α-Synuclein Oligomerization, Dopaminergic Neurons Death and Locomotor Impairment: a New Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5798-5806. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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95
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Zorec R, Parpura V, Verkhratsky A. Astroglial Vesicular Trafficking in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:905-917. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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96
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Vadakkan KI. Neurodegenerative disorders share common features of "loss of function" states of a proposed mechanism of nervous system functions. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:412-430. [PMID: 27424323 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are highly heterogeneous for the locations affected and the nature of the aggregated proteins. Nearly 80% of the neurodegenerative disorders occur sporadically, indicating that certain factors must combine to initiate the degenerative changes. The contiguous extension of degenerative changes from cell to cell, the association with viral fusion proteins, loss of dendritic spines (postsynaptic terminals), and the eventual degeneration of cells indicate the presence of a unique mechanism for inter-cellular spread of pathology. It is not known whether the "loss of function" states of the still unknown normal nervous system operations can lead to neurodegenerative disorders. Here, the possible loss of function states of a proposed normal nervous system function are examined. A reversible inter-postsynaptic functional LINK (IPL) mechanism, consisting of transient inter-postsynaptic membrane (IPM) hydration exclusion and partial to complete IPM hemifusions, was proposed as a critical step necessary for the binding process and the induction of internal sensations of higher brain functions. When various findings from different neurodegenerative disorders are systematically organized and examined, disease features match the effects of loss of function states of different IPLs. Changes in membrane composition, enlargement of dendritic spines by dopamine and viral fusion proteins are capable of altering the IPLs to form IPM fusion. The latter can lead to the observed lateral spread of pathology, inter-neuronal cytoplasmic content mixing and abnormal protein aggregation. Since both the normal mechanism of reversible IPM hydration exclusion and the pathological process of transient IPM fusion can evade detection, testing their occurrence may provide preventive and therapeutic opportunities for these disorders.
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97
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Dong W, Embury CM, Lu Y, Whitmire SM, Dyavarshetty B, Gelbard HA, Gendelman HE, Kiyota T. The mixed-lineage kinase 3 inhibitor URMC-099 facilitates microglial amyloid-β degradation. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:184. [PMID: 27401058 PMCID: PMC4940949 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0646-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Amyloid-β (Aβ)-stimulated microglial inflammatory responses engage mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Mixed-lineage kinases (MLKs) regulate upstream MAPK signaling that include p38 MAPK and c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK). However, whether MLK-MAPK pathways affect Aβ-mediated neuroinflammation is unknown. To this end, we investigated if URMC-099, a brain-penetrant small-molecule MLK type 3 inhibitor, can modulate Aβ trafficking and processing required for generating AD-associated microglial inflammatory responses. Methods Aβ1-42 (Aβ42) and/or URMC-099-treated murine microglia were investigated for phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MKK)3, MKK4 (p-MKK3, p-MKK4), p38 (p-p38), and JNK (p-JNK). These pathways were studied in tandem with the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Gene expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13, was evaluated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Aβ uptake and expression of scavenger receptors were measured. Protein trafficking was assessed by measures of endolysosomal markers using confocal microscopy. Results Aβ42-mediated microglial activation pathways were shown by phosphorylation of MKK3, MKK4, p38, and JNK and by expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. URMC-099 modulated microglial inflammatory responses with induction of IL-4 and IL-13. Phagocytosis of Aβ42 was facilitated by URMC-099 with up-regulation of scavenger receptors. Co-localization of Aβ and endolysosomal markers associated with enhanced Aβ42 degradation was observed. Conclusions URMC-099 reduced microglial inflammatory responses and facilitated phagolysosomal trafficking with associated Aβ degradation. These data demonstrate a new immunomodulatory role for URMC-099 to inhibit MLK and to induce microglial anti-inflammatory responses. Thus, URMC-099 may be developed further as a novel disease-modifying AD therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0646-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Dong
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA.,Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Christine M Embury
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA
| | - Yaman Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA
| | - Sarah M Whitmire
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA
| | - Bhagyalaxmi Dyavarshetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA
| | - Harris A Gelbard
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neural Development & Disease, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, 14642, NY, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, 68198-5880, NE, USA
| | - Tomomi Kiyota
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA.
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Arezoomandan R, Moradi M, Attarzadeh-Yazdi G, Tomaz C, Haghparast A. Administration of activated glial condition medium in the nucleus accumbens extended extinction and intensified reinstatement of methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference. Brain Res Bull 2016; 125:106-16. [PMID: 27346277 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a psychostimulant drug with significant abuse potential and neurotoxic effects. A high percentage of users relapse to use after detoxification and no effective medication has been developed for treatment of METH addiction. Developing evidences indicated the role of glial cells in drugs abused related phenomena. However, little is known about the role of these cells in the maintenance and reinstatement of METH-seeking behaviors. Therefore, the current study was conducted to clarify the role of glial cells in the maintenance and reinstatement of METH-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats. Astrocyte condition medium (ACM) and neuroglia conditioned medium (NCM) are liquid mediums prepared from primary astrocyte and neuroglia cells. These mediums seem to contain many factors that release by glia cells. CPP was induced by systemic administration of METH (1mg/kg for 5days, s.c.). Following the establishment of CPP, the rats were given daily bilateral injections (0.5μl/side) of either vehicle, ACM or NCM into the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and then were tested for the maintenance and reinstatement. Intra-NAc administration of ACM treated with METH, could extend the extinction period and also, intensified the magnitude of METH reinstatement. Furthermore, intra-accumbal administration of NCM treated with METH notably delayed the extinction period by four days and significantly increased the magnitude of CPP score in the reinstatement phase compared to the post-test phase. Collectively, these findings suggested that activation of glial cells may be involved in the maintenance and reinstatement of METH-seeking behaviors. It provides new evidence that glia cells might be considered as a potential target for the treatment of METH addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Arezoomandan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Addiction Department, Center of Excellence in Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Institute of Tehran Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Moradi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghassem Attarzadeh-Yazdi
- Molecular Medicine Research Centre, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Iran National Science Foundation, Tehran, Iran
| | - Carlos Tomaz
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iran National Science Foundation, Tehran, Iran.
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99
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Melki R. Role of Different Alpha-Synuclein Strains in Synucleinopathies, Similarities with other Neurodegenerative Diseases. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 5:217-27. [PMID: 25757830 PMCID: PMC4923763 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-150543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Misfolded protein aggregates are the hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases in humans. The main protein constituent of these aggregates and the regions within the brain that are affected differ from one neurodegenerative disorder to another. A plethora of reports suggest that distinct diseases have in common the ability of protein aggregates to spread and amplify within the central nervous system. This review summarizes briefly what is known about the nature of the protein aggregates that are infectious and the reason they are toxic to cells. The chameleon property of polypeptides which aggregation into distinct high-molecular weight assemblies is associated to different diseases, in particular, that of alpha-synuclein which aggregation is the hallmark of distinct synucleinopathies, is discussed. Finally, strategies targeting the formation and propagation of structurally distinct alpha-synuclein assemblies associated to different synucleinopathies are presented and their therapeutic and diagnostic potential is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Melki
- Correspondence to: Ronald Melki, Neuro Psi, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France. Tel.: +33 169823503; Fax: +33 169823129;
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100
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Kaminsky N, Bihari O, Kanner S, Barzilai A. Connecting Malfunctioning Glial Cells and Brain Degenerative Disorders. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2016; 14:155-165. [PMID: 27245308 PMCID: PMC4936608 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is a complex biological system activated by different types of DNA damage. Mutations in certain components of the DDR machinery can lead to genomic instability disorders that culminate in tissue degeneration, premature aging, and various types of cancers. Intriguingly, malfunctioning DDR plays a role in the etiology of late onset brain degenerative disorders such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases. For many years, brain degenerative disorders were thought to result from aberrant neural death. Here we discuss the evidence that supports our novel hypothesis that brain degenerative diseases involve dysfunction of glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes). Impairment in the functionality of glial cells results in pathological neuro-glial interactions that, in turn, generate a "hostile" environment that impairs the functionality of neuronal cells. These events can lead to systematic neural demise on a scale that appears to be proportional to the severity of the neurological deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Kaminsky
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ofer Bihari
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Sivan Kanner
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Ari Barzilai
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
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