51
|
Jayakumar S, Muralidharan S, Dhananjayan V. Organochlorine Pesticide Residues Among Colonial Nesting Birds in Tamil Nadu, India: A Maiden Assessment from Their Breeding Grounds. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:555-567. [PMID: 32008049 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Use of pesticides continues to be indiscriminate, and birds are one of the worst affected non-targeted organisms. Information on the ill effects of pesticides on birds far from desired in India. Despite the presence of a wide variety and number of birds, there is exceedingly little data on organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues in colonial nesting birds in sanctuaries of India. A total of 76 individuals belonging to 14 species of birds found dead between March 2008 and March 2010 were analyzed for pesticide residues in various tissues. Of all the OCPs analyzed, concentration of HCH was found to be the highest. Magnitude of contamination varied widely among species. Accumulation pattern of OCPs in colonial nesting birds was in the order ∑HCH > ∑endosulfan > ∑DDT > heptachlor epoxide > dieldrin. Pesticides, namely p,p-DDE and β-HCH contributed most towards the total OCPs. Concentrations of DDT and its metabolites, HCH and isomers, dieldrin, and heptachlor epoxide were lower than the concentrations reported for various species of birds elsewhere in India. Although the sanctuaries presently studied have official boundaries, physical demarcations are missing and there are no proper earthen dykes particularly in Vedanthangal and Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuaries. During monsoon, runoff not only floods the Sanctuaries but also the cultivated areas nearby. Run off brings in residues of pesticides and fertilizers from the agricultural lands into the sanctuaries. Although OCP results in this study were below threshold limits, it may be noted that the long duration exposure even to low levels of pesticides could create a significant impact at population level. Hence, earthen dykes need to be built to avoid agricultural runoff entering the Sanctuary and also help to hold sufficient amount of water for breeding birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samidurai Jayakumar
- Division of Ecotoxicology, Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Anaikatty, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 108, India.
- P.G. Research Department of Zoology and Wildlife Biology, A.V.C. College (Autonomous), Mannampandal, Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu, 609 305, India.
| | - Subramanian Muralidharan
- Division of Ecotoxicology, Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Anaikatty, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 108, India
| | - Venugopal Dhananjayan
- Division of Ecotoxicology, Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Anaikatty, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 108, India
- Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology Division, ICMR-Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), Indian Council of Medical Research, Devanahalli, Bangalore, 562 110, India
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Gibson JC. Emerging persistent chemicals in human biomonitoring for populations in the Arctic: A Canadian perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 708:134538. [PMID: 31791748 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The future of human biomonitoring in the Arctic will be influenced by the presence of emerging persistent chemicals. Many modelling studies have attempted to predict which contaminants will be of concern next in the Arctic based on chemical and physical properties as well as known risk factors from existing Arctic contaminants of concern. An amalgamated list of emerging persistent chemicals identified through predictive modelling cross referenced with Arctic wildlife monitoring results provides a basis upon which to prioritize future human biomonitoring in the Arctic. Persistent chemicals identified by this analysis are those in common across models (i.e., HCCPD, PCTP, 1,3,5-triBB, 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene, hexaBDE, pentabromochlorocyclohexane) and those both identified by models and found in Artic biota (e.g., PFNA, PFUnDA, PFDA, PFTrDA, HCBD, HBCDD, PCA, PFDoDA, BTBPE, PCNB, Endosulfan, etc.). Tracking the appearance of new chemicals in environmental monitoring will allow human biomonitoring to keep pace with emerging issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Gibson
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, AL4908D, 269 Laurier Avenue West, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Da Cuña RH, Lo Nostro FL, Shimabukuro V, Ondarza PM, Miglioranza KSB. Bioaccumulation and Distribution Behavior of Endosulfan on a Cichlid Fish: Differences Between Exposure to the Active Ingredient and a Commercial Formulation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:604-611. [PMID: 31775175 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants reach aquatic ecosystems during application and can bioconcentrate/biomagnify because of their lipophilic nature. Toxicological studies focus almost exclusively on the active ingredients of pesticides, instead of commercial formulations, whose toxicity can differ as a result of nonspecified ingredients. The intensive use of endosulfan as a wide-ranging insecticide over the last few decades makes it one of the most frequently detected contaminants in the aquatic environment, even after it has been restricted worldwide. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bioaccumulation and organ distribution of waterborne endosulfan in the freshwater fish Cichlasoma dimerus, comparing the active ingredient and a commercial formulation. Males were exposed to 0.7 μg/L endosulfan for 2 wk, which was quantified (gas chromatography with an electron capture detector) in the liver, testes, gills, brain, and muscle. The results suggest rapid metabolism of α-endosulfan and β-endosulfan isomers to endosulfan sulfate (endosulfan-S) in tissues. Isomer levels were highest in gills, indicative of recent uptake. Levels of endosulfan-S were highest in liver and testes for the active ingredient and testes and brain for the commercial formulation. For the active ingredient, endosulfan-S levels showed a positive correlation with organ-lipid percentage. No correlation was evident for the commercial formulation, indicating that the presence of adjuvants alters endosulfan distribution because gills and liver showed a higher uptake and mobilization of β-endosulfan. These differences in organ distribution may alter tissue-specific toxicity; therefore, additives cannot be considered inactive even if nontoxic. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:604-611. © 2019 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Hérnan Da Cuña
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabiana Laura Lo Nostro
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Shimabukuro
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paola Mariana Ondarza
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina Silvia Beatriz Miglioranza
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Mortensen ÅK, Mæhre S, Kristiansen K, Heimstad ES, Gabrielsen GW, Jenssen BM, Sylte I. Homology modeling to screen for potential binding of contaminants to thyroid hormone receptor and transthyretin in glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) and herring gull (Larus argentatus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2020.100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
55
|
Sorais M, Mazerolle MJ, Giroux JF, Verreault J. Landfills represent significant atmospheric sources of exposure to halogenated flame retardants for urban-adapted gulls. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 135:105387. [PMID: 31841804 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) are contaminants that are abundantly emitted from waste management facilities (WMFs) and that became ubiquitous in air of urbanized regions. Urban birds including gulls have adapted to exploiting human food resources (refuse) in WMFs, and have thus experienced population explosions worldwide. However, foraging in WMFs for birds may result in exposure to HFRs that have been shown to be toxic for animals. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of foraging near or in various WMFs on the atmospheric exposure of birds to HFRs, and to localize other sources of HFRs at the regional scale in a highly urbanized environment. We measured the atmospheric exposure to HFRs in one of the most abundant gull species in North America, the ring-billed gull (Larus delawarensis), breeding in the densely-populated Montreal area (Canada) using a novel approach combining bird-borne GPS dataloggers and miniature passive air samplers (PASs). We determined concentrations of 11 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and three emerging HFRs of high environmental concern in PASs carried by gulls. We show that the daily sampling rates (pg/day) of PBDEs in PASs were highest in gulls foraging in or around landfills, but were not influenced by meteorological variables. In contrast, the daily sampling rates of emerging HFRs were lower compared to PBDEs and were not influenced by the presence of gulls in or near WMFs. This study demonstrates that atmospheric exposure to HFRs and perhaps other semi-volatile contaminants is underestimated, yet important for birds foraging in landfills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manon Sorais
- Centre de recherche en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Marc J Mazerolle
- Centre d'étude de la forêt (CEF), Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, 2405 rue de la Terrasse, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean-François Giroux
- Groupe de recherche en écologie comportementale et animale (GRECA), Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Jonathan Verreault
- Centre de recherche en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Chen Q, Zhu P, Xiong J, Gao L, Tan K. A new dual-recognition strategy for hybrid ratiometric and ratiometric sensing perfluorooctane sulfonic acid based on high fluorescent carbon dots with ethidium bromide. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 224:117362. [PMID: 31352140 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel strategy for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) detection was established by using a ratiometric nanosensor with the combination of fluorescence and second-order scattering (SOS). The practical ratiometric nanosensor was synthesized simply by mixing fluorescent dye ethidium bromide (EB) and nitrogen doped carbon dots (N-CDs) which was synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method with Victoria Blue B, possessing three emission peaks at 472 nm, 560 nm and 600 nm under a single wavelength excitation of 280 nm, respectively. The EB served as the reference signal label, and the N-CDs, having response to the analytes, acted as the response signal label. To achieve ratiometric detection, the fluorescence emission of the N-CDs was turned off and the SOS emission was turned on with the addition of the target PFOS. To achieve colorimetric detection, with the help of EB, the fluorescence of the system changed from green to orange. Under the optimal conditions, the difference of F472/I568 of the nanosensor had good linearity against the concentrations of PFOS within a linear range of 0-2.0 μM. The limit of detection was as low as 27.8 nM, which was low enough for the detection of PFOS in water samples. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the detection of PFOS with RSD <1.67%. The results show that the as-prepared N-CDs/EB ratiometric nanosensor has potential application for the detection of PFOS in environmental monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Panpan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Jie Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Lixia Gao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Kejun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Xiong P, Yan X, Zhu Q, Qu G, Shi J, Liao C, Jiang G. A Review of Environmental Occurrence, Fate, and Toxicity of Novel Brominated Flame Retardants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:13551-13569. [PMID: 31682424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Use of legacy brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), has been reduced due to adverse effects of these chemicals. Several novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), such decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), have been developed as replacements for PBDEs. NBFRs are used in various industrial and consumer products, which leads to their ubiquitous occurrence in the environment. This article reviews occurrence and fate of a select group of NBFRs in the environment, as well as their human exposure and toxicity. Occurrence of NBFRs in both abiotic, including air, water, dust, soil, sediment and sludge, and biotic matrices, including bird, fish, and human serum, have been documented. Evidence regarding the degradation, including photodegradation, thermal degradation and biodegradation, and bioaccumulation and biomagnification of NBFRs is summarized. The toxicity data of NBFRs show that several NBFRs can cause adverse effects through different modes of action, such as hormone disruption, endocrine disruption, genotoxicity, and behavioral modification. The primary ecological risk assessment shows that most NBFRs exert no significant environmental risk, but it is worth noting that the result should be carefully used owing to the limited toxicity data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xueting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430056 , China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430056 , China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430056 , China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Wang H, Chang H, Zhang C, Wu F. Occurrence and mass balance of medium- and long-chain chlorinated paraffins in a municipal sewage treatment plant: Comparison to short-chain compounds. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105273. [PMID: 31675557 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Short-, medium-, and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs) are persistent in sediment and bioaccumulative in organisms in the coastal regions, and sewage treatment plants (STPs) play a crucial role in the control of emissions and risks of CPs in the aquatic environment. In this study, the occurrences of the three CP groups were simultaneously studied in a typical STP with anoxic/anaerobic/aerobic bioreactors as the core treatment units. MCCPs were the predominant CPs in wastewater samples tested, and SCCPs and LCCPs were in the similar concentrations. Proportions of LCCPs in solid samples increased steadily from 26% in influent to 53% in effluent, those of MCCPs decreased from 55% to 39%, while no obvious variations in the proportions (5.5-24%) of SCCPs were observed compared to the aqueous phase. The overall removal efficiencies were 93-97% for SCCPs, 75-89% for MCCPs, and 84-97% for LCCPs. A total of 50-67%, 25-64% and 55-92% of the initial mass loadings of SCCPs, MCCPs and LCCPs, respectively, were found in the dehydrated sludge, and 2.8-26% of the three CP groups were found in effluent. The removal pathway of three groups of CPs is dominated by sorption in the STP, especially for the longer chained and highly chlorinated CPs. Effluent discharge of STP is also an important source of CPs in the aqueous environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Wang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hong Chang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Cunxu Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Guo W, Pan B, Sakkiah S, Yavas G, Ge W, Zou W, Tong W, Hong H. Persistent Organic Pollutants in Food: Contamination Sources, Health Effects and Detection Methods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E4361. [PMID: 31717330 PMCID: PMC6888492 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) present in foods have been a major concern for food safety due to their persistence and toxic effects. To ensure food safety and protect human health from POPs, it is critical to achieve a better understanding of POP pathways into food and develop strategies to reduce human exposure. POPs could present in food in the raw stages, transferred from the environment or artificially introduced during food preparation steps. Exposure to these pollutants may cause various health problems such as endocrine disruption, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes, birth defects, and dysfunctional immune and reproductive systems. This review describes potential sources of POP food contamination, analytical approaches to measure POP levels in food and efforts to control food contamination with POPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Huixiao Hong
- U.S. Food & Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; (W.G.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (G.Y.); (W.G.); (W.Z.); (W.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Briels N, Torgersen LN, Castaño-Ortiz JM, Løseth ME, Herzke D, Nygård T, Bustnes JO, Ciesielski TM, Poma G, Malarvannan G, Covaci A, Jaspers VLB. Integrated exposure assessment of northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) nestlings to legacy and emerging organic pollutants using non-destructive samples. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 178:108678. [PMID: 31520824 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, concentrations of legacy and emerging contaminants were determined in three non-destructive matrices (plasma, preen oil and body feathers) of northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) nestlings. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), together with emerging pollutants, including per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) and Dechlorane Plus isomers (DPs) were targeted. Plasma, preen oil and feather samples were collected from 61 goshawk nestlings in Norway (Trøndelag and Troms) in 2015 and 2016, and pollutant concentrations were compared between the three matrices. In plasma, PFASs were detected in the highest concentrations, ranging between 1.37 and 36.0 ng/mL, which suggests that the nestlings were recently and continuously exposed to these emerging contaminants, likely through dietary input. In preen oil, OCPs (169-3560 ng/g) showed the highest concentrations among the investigated compounds, consistent with their high lipophilicity. PFRs (2.60-314 ng/g) were the dominant compounds in feathers and are thought to originate mainly from external deposition, as they were not detected in the other two matrices. NBFRs and DPs were generally not detected in the nestlings, suggesting low presence of these emerging contaminants in their environment and/or low absorption. Strong and significant correlations between matrices were found for all POPs (rs = 0.46-0.95, p < 0.001), except for hexachlorobenzene (HCB, rs = 0.20, p = 0.13). Correlations for PFASs were less conclusive: linear perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnA), perfluorododecanoate (PFDoA) and perfluorotetradecanoate (PFTeA) showed strong and significant correlations between plasma and feathers (rs = 0.42-0.72, p < 0.02), however no correlation was found for perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorononanoate (PFNA) and perfluorotridecanoate (PFTriA) (rs = 0.05-0.33, p = 0.09-0.85). A lack of consistency between the PFAS compounds (contrary to POPs), and between studies, prevents concluding on the suitability of the investigated matrices for PFAS biomonitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Briels
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Lene Norstrand Torgersen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jose Maria Castaño-Ortiz
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mari Engvig Løseth
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dorte Herzke
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), FRAM Centre, 9007, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Torgeir Nygård
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Høgskoleringen 9, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Ove Bustnes
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), FRAM Centre, 9007, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tomasz Maciej Ciesielski
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Giulia Poma
- University of Antwerp, Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- University of Antwerp, Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- University of Antwerp, Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Proctor K, Petrie B, Barden R, Arnot T, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. Multi-residue ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry method for comprehensive multi-class anthropogenic compounds of emerging concern analysis in a catchment-based exposure-driven study. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:7061-7086. [PMID: 31494686 PMCID: PMC6838033 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a new multi-residue method for the quantification of more than 142 anthropogenic compounds of emerging concern (CECs) in various environmental matrices. These CECs are from a wide range of major classes including pharmaceuticals, household, industrial and agricultural. This method utilises ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for analysis of five matrices (three liquid and two solid) from wastewater treatment processes and the surrounding environment. Relative recoveries were predominantly between 80 and 120%; however, due to the complexity of the matrices used in this work, not all compounds were recovered in all matrices, from 138/142 analytes in surface water to 96/142 analytes in digested solids. Method quantification limits (MQLs) ranged from 0.004 ng L-1 (bisoprolol in surface water) to 3118 ng L-1 (creatinine in wastewater treatment work (WwTW) influent). The overall method accuracy was 107.0%, and precision was 13.4%. To test its performance, the method was applied to the range of environmental matrices at WwTWs in South West England. Overall, this method was found to be suitable for application in catchment-based exposure-driven studies, as, of the total number of analytes quantifiable in each matrix, 61% on average was found to be above their corresponding MQL. The results confirm the need for analysing both the liquid and solid compartments within a WwTW to prevent under-reporting of concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Proctor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.,Water Innovation & Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Bruce Petrie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.,School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7JG, UK
| | - Ruth Barden
- Wessex Water Services Ltd., Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7WW, UK
| | - Tom Arnot
- Water Innovation & Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK. .,Water Innovation & Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Zhang C, Chang H, Wang H, Zhu Y, Zhao X, He Y, Sun F, Wu F. Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Short-, Medium-, and Long-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Sediment Cores from Nine Lakes in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9462-9471. [PMID: 31353896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal distributions of short-, medium-, and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs) were studied in sediment cores and surface sediment from nine lakes in China. The highest total CP concentrations in surface sediment were found in the plateau lakes of southwest China, followed by lakes in the northeast, east, and remote northwest. The concentrations of three CP groups in cores showed an increasing trend from the 1970s to 2014, with the most rapid increase occurring from the late 2000s to 2014, consistent with the statistics on historical production of CPs in China. The three CP groups showed site-specific profiles in sediments from the nine lakes, and their percentages changed with sedimentary years. In sediment samples with dated year after 1980, MCCPs were dominant in sediment from Lakes Sihailongwan maar, Taihu, Erhai, and Chenghai, and LCCPs were predominant compounds in the other five lakes. The proportions of LCCPs rapidly increased after 1980, reflecting the increasing production and usage of LCCPs in China. The total burdens of ∑SCCPs, ∑MCCPs, and ∑LCCPs in sediment prior to 2006 were estimated to be 0.26-5100, 0.29-21000, and 0.07-4300 kg, respectively, which were 1.4-440-fold higher than those of ∑PBDEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cunxu Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , Beijing Forestry University , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Hong Chang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , Beijing Forestry University , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Hongping Wang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , Beijing Forestry University , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Yuanrong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment , Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing 100012 , China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment , Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing 100012 , China
| | - Yong He
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Fuhong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment , Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing 100012 , China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment , Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing 100012 , China
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Lee DH, Porta M, Lind L, Lind PM, Jacobs DR. Neurotoxic chemicals in adipose tissue: A role in puzzling findings on obesity and dementia. Neurology 2019; 90:176-182. [PMID: 29358509 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Midlife obesity is associated with increased risk of dementia, whereas late-life obesity is commonly associated with a lower risk of dementia. Although methodologic issues are often discussed in this apparent risk reversal, chronic exposure to low-dose organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), an emerging risk factor for dementia in general populations, may contribute to a direct explanation for these differences. OCPs are strong lipophilic chemicals with very long half-lives (several years), primarily stored in adipose tissue and very slowly released and metabolized over years. As serum concentrations of neurotoxic OCPs strongly correlate with brain OCPs (r = 0.95), any condition enhancing the release of OCPs from the adipose tissue into circulation would increase the risk of dementia. Increased release of OCPs from adipose tissue typically occurs in (1) dysfunctional adipocytes accompanied by uncontrolled lipolysis and (2) weight loss. Weight gain may help sequester circulating OCPs in adipose tissue. As obesity is the most common reason that adipocytes become dysfunctional, midlife obesity can increase dementia risk through the chronic release of OCPs into circulation. However, late-life obesity potentially decreases dementia risk because weight loss after midlife will increase the release of OCPs while weight gain may actually decrease the release. These countervailing forces may underlie paradoxical associations with dementia of obesity in midlife vs late life which is influenced by weight change after midlife. This hypothesis should be tested in future experimental and human studies on obesity and dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Hee Lee
- From the Department of Preventive Medicine (D.-H.L.), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program (D.-H.L.), Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Korea; Hospital del Mar Institute of Medical Research (IMIM) (M.P.), School of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, and CIBERESP, Spain; Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology (L.L.), and Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine (P.M.L.), Uppsala University, Sweden; and Division of Epidemiology and Community Health (D.R.J.), School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
| | - Miquel Porta
- From the Department of Preventive Medicine (D.-H.L.), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program (D.-H.L.), Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Korea; Hospital del Mar Institute of Medical Research (IMIM) (M.P.), School of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, and CIBERESP, Spain; Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology (L.L.), and Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine (P.M.L.), Uppsala University, Sweden; and Division of Epidemiology and Community Health (D.R.J.), School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Lars Lind
- From the Department of Preventive Medicine (D.-H.L.), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program (D.-H.L.), Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Korea; Hospital del Mar Institute of Medical Research (IMIM) (M.P.), School of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, and CIBERESP, Spain; Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology (L.L.), and Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine (P.M.L.), Uppsala University, Sweden; and Division of Epidemiology and Community Health (D.R.J.), School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - P Monica Lind
- From the Department of Preventive Medicine (D.-H.L.), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program (D.-H.L.), Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Korea; Hospital del Mar Institute of Medical Research (IMIM) (M.P.), School of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, and CIBERESP, Spain; Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology (L.L.), and Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine (P.M.L.), Uppsala University, Sweden; and Division of Epidemiology and Community Health (D.R.J.), School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - David R Jacobs
- From the Department of Preventive Medicine (D.-H.L.), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program (D.-H.L.), Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Korea; Hospital del Mar Institute of Medical Research (IMIM) (M.P.), School of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, and CIBERESP, Spain; Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology (L.L.), and Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine (P.M.L.), Uppsala University, Sweden; and Division of Epidemiology and Community Health (D.R.J.), School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Heeb NV, Schalles S, Lehner S, Schinkel L, Schilling I, Lienemann P, Bogdal C, Kohler HPE. Biotransformation of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) with LinA2: A HCH and HBCD converting bacterial dehydrohalogenase. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 226:744-754. [PMID: 30965245 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are polyhalogenated hydrocarbons as are hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). They all have been classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) under the UN Stockholm Convention. Per se such compounds are transformed slowly in the environment, transported over long distances and accumulate in biota. Several Sphingomonadacea strains isolated from HCH dump sites have evolved to express enzymes that can transform HCHs and HBCDs. We hypothesized that LinA2, a dehydrohalogenase expressed in such bacteria, may also transform CPs to chlorinated olefins (COs). Three mixtures of penta- to deca-chlorinated undecanes (C11), dodecanes (C12) and tridecanes (C13) were exposed to LinA2. High-resolution full-scan mass spectra (R∼8'000) of CPs and COs were obtained applying a soft ionization method, enhancing chloride-adduct [M+Cl]- formation. A mathematical deconvolution procedure was used to separate interfering spectra to verify that LinA2 indeed catalyzed the conversion of CPs to COs. About 20-40% of the material was transformed in 24 h, about 50-70% was converted in 200 h. A bimodal first-order kinetic model could describe transformations of reactive and persistent CPs. Under the given conditions reactive CPs (τ1/2 = 1.4-6.9 h) were converted 30 to 190-times faster than the persistent ones (τ1/2 = 150-260 h). Proportions of persistent isomers (pp) varied from 60 to 80%. Lower chlorinated homologues contained higher proportions of persistent isomers. In conclusion, SCCP mixtures contain both, material that is readily converted by LinA2, and persistent material that is not or only slowly transformed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norbert V Heeb
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Simone Schalles
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; RWTH, Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Worringerweg 1, D-52074, Aachen, Germany; ETH, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamic, Universitätsstrasse 16, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Lehner
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; ZHAW, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Reidbach, CH-8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Lena Schinkel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Iris Schilling
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Peter Lienemann
- ZHAW, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Reidbach, CH-8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Christian Bogdal
- ETH, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamic, Universitätsstrasse 16, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland; present address: FOR, Zurich Forensic Science Institute, Zeughausstrasse 11, CH-8004, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter E Kohler
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Wang X, Wang C, Zhu T, Gong P, Fu J, Cong Z. Persistent organic pollutants in the polar regions and the Tibetan Plateau: A review of current knowledge and future prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:191-208. [PMID: 30784838 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to their low temperatures, the Arctic, Antarctic and Tibetan Plateau are known as the three polar regions of the Earth. As the most remote regions of the globe, the occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in these polar regions arouses global concern. In this paper, we review the literatures on POPs involving these three polar regions. Overall, concentrations of POPs in the environment (air, water, soil and biota) have been extensively reported, with higher levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) detected on the Tibetan Plateau. The spatial distribution of POPs in air, water and soil in the three polar regions broadly reflects their distances away from source regions. Based on long-term data, decreasing trends have been observed for most "legacy POPs". Observations of transport processes of POPs among multiple media have also been carried out, including air-water gas exchange, air-soil gas exchange, emissions from melting glaciers, bioaccumulations along food chains, and exposure risks. The impact of climate change on these processes possibly enhances the re-emission processes of POPs out of water, soil and glaciers, and reduces the bioaccumulation of POPs in food chains. Global POPs transport model have shown the Arctic receives a relatively small fraction of POPs, but that climate change will likely increase the total mass of all compounds in this polar region. Considering the impact of climate change on POPs is still unclear, long-term monitoring data and global/regional models are required, especially in the Antarctic and on the Tibetan Plateau, and the fate of POPs in all three polar regions needs to be comprehensively studied and compared to yield a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the global cycling of POPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Ma X, Wang Z, Yu L, Yao W, Xiao L, Yao Z, Na G, Wang YW, Jiang G. Mirror image between gas-particle partitioning and soil-moss distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the polar regions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 656:1199-1206. [PMID: 30625651 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and congener-specific profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated in the atmosphere, soil and moss samples were collected from Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard in the Arctic and King Georgia Island (KGI), Fildes Peninsula in Antarctica, respectively. The congener profiles of PBDEs were symmetrical between gas and moss, as well as between particles and soil at Ny-Ålesund and KGI, respectively, similar to a "mirror image". The proportions of highly brominated congeners (for example, BDE-99, -153 and -183) in the particle phase and soil were higher than those in the gas phase and moss, while tri- and tetra-BDEs possessed higher proportions in the gas phase and moss at both sites. The slopes of log-log linear correlations between the gas-particle partition coefficient (Kp) and sub-cooled liquid vapor pressures (p°L) of PBDEs were observed at both sites compared with the values in the urban areas. Moreover, the slopes of logKp vs. logp°L (-0.51 at Ny-Ålesund and - 0.29 at KGI) were notably close to the slopes of log-log linear correlations between the dimensionless soil-moss quotient (QSM) and p°L (-0.42 at Ny-Ålesund and -0.22 at KGI). Significant correlations between particle fraction (φparticle) and soil fraction (φsoil) at both sites indicated that the gas-particle partitioning of PBDEs is directly related to their distribution in moss and soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xindong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Limin Yu
- State Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Wenjun Yao
- State Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- State Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory for Marine Disaster Forecasting, National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ziwei Yao
- State Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guangshui Na
- State Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Yawei W Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Nguyen Thi H, Nguyen Thi Thu T, Pham Hai L, Nguyen Thanh H, Chu Viet H, Chu Thi H, Nghiem Xuan T, Tung NH. Emission of Unintentionally Produced Persistent Organic Pollutants from Some Industrial Processes in Northern Vietnam. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 102:287-296. [PMID: 30547219 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs), PeCB and HCB were determined in flue gas, fly ash and bottom ash samples collected from brick production, steel production, and zinc production plants, an industrial waste incinerator and a medical waste incinerator in northern Vietnam to understand the contamination levels, accumulation patterns and extent of emission. Total TEQs concentrations of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in flue gas and ash samples from these industrial plants ranged from 0.304 to 50.55 pg/Nm3 and 1.43 to 440 pg/g, respectively. PeCB and HCB residues in flue gas samples ranged from 0.839 to 46.59 ng/Nm3 and 1.16 to 60.5 ng/Nm3, respectively. The emission factors of 4.8-740 ngTEQs/tonne for PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs, 67.12-240.7 µg/ton for PeCB and 11.64-889.3 µg/ton for HCB were obtained in flue gas samples. This is among the first reports on the emission factor of PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, PeCB, HCB in brick production, zinc production and waste incineration in Vietnam.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hue Nguyen Thi
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Institute of Environmental Technology and Graduate University of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Thuy Nguyen Thi Thu
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Institute of Environmental Technology and Graduate University of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Faculty of Chemistry, TNU University of Science, Thai Nguyen University, Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
| | - Long Pham Hai
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Institute of Environmental Technology and Graduate University of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hai Nguyen Thanh
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Institute of Environmental Technology and Graduate University of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hai Chu Viet
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Institute of Environmental Technology and Graduate University of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hue Chu Thi
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, 19 Le Thanh Tong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Truong Nghiem Xuan
- Vietnam - Russia Tropical Center, Ministry of Defense, Nguyen Van Huyen Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoang Tung
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Institute of Environmental Technology and Graduate University of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Zhan F, Zhang H, Cao R, Fan Y, Xu P, Chen J. Release and Transformation of BTBPE During the Thermal Treatment of Flame Retardant ABS Plastics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:185-193. [PMID: 30516371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Thermal scenarios inevitably occur during the lifecycle of engineering plastics laden with brominated flame retardants (BFRs). However, little information on the fate of embedded BFRs during the thermal processes is available. In this study, we measured the release and transformation of a typical BFR, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), during the thermal treatment of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastics. The possible thermal scenarios were simulated by varying the heating temperature and atmosphere. The maximum release rate of BTBPE was observed at 350 °C. A release kinetic model was developed to explore the mechanism of BTBPE release while heating ABS. Material-phase diffusion was found to be the rate-determining step during release. According to the developed release model, it was estimated that 0.04-0.17% of embedded BTBPE could be released to air during the industrial processing of ABS plastics. When the heating temperature was ≥350 °C, approximately 15-56% of embedded BTBPE decomposed to bromophenols (BPs) and 1,3,5-tribromo-2-(vinyloxy) benzene (TBVOB), and the decomposition followed a first-order kinetics at 350 °C. Polybrominated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) were also significantly formed at ≥350 °C from BPs and TBVOB via a precursor mechanism. A higher temperature (≥450 °C) was favorable for the formation of PBDFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faqiang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian , 116023 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian , 116023 , China
| | - Rong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian , 116023 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yun Fan
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian , 116023 , China
| | - Pengjun Xu
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Jiping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian , 116023 , China
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Dreyer A, Nickel S, Schröder W. (Persistent) Organic pollutants in Germany: results from a pilot study within the 2015 moss survey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2018; 30:43. [PMID: 30524917 PMCID: PMC6244560 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-018-0172-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 1990, every 5 years, moss sampling is conducted within the European moss monitoring programme to assess the atmospheric deposition of airborne pollutants. Besides many other countries, Germany takes regularly part at these evaluations. Within the European moss monitoring 2015, more than 400 moss samples across Germany were taken according to a harmonized methodology for the assessment heavy metal and nitrogen input. In a pilot programme, eight of these sites were chosen for additional investigations on a broad range of organic contaminants to evaluate their accumulation in moss and thereby their presence in atmospheric deposition in Germany. Target compound classes comprised polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and -furans (PCDD/F), dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCB, ndl-PCB), polyfluorinated alkyl substances, classical flame retardants as well as emerging chlorinated and brominated flame retardants. In total, 120 target compounds were analysed. For some analytes, comparisons of accumulation in moss and tree leave samples were possible. RESULTS Except for certain flame retardants, PFAS, and ndl-PCB, substances of all other compound classes could be quantified in moss samples of all sites. Concentrations were highest for PAH (40-268 ng g-1) followed by emerging flame retardants (0.5-7.7 ng g-1), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE; 0.3-3.7 ng g-1), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD; 0.3-1.2 ng g-1), dl-PCB (0.04-0.4 ng g-1) and PCDD/F (0.008-0.06 ng g-1). CONCLUSIONS Results show the widespread atmospheric distribution and deposition of organic contaminants across Germany as well as the suitability of moss as bioaccumulation monitor for most of these compound classes. Compared to nearby tree leaf samples, accumulation potential of moss appeared to be higher for pollutants of high octanol-air partition coefficient (KOA) and octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annekatrin Dreyer
- Eurofins GfA GmbH, Air Monitoring, Stenzelring 14b, 21107 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Nickel
- University of Vechta, P.O.B. 1553, 49364 Vechta, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Vecchiato M, Barbaro E, Spolaor A, Burgay F, Barbante C, Piazza R, Gambaro A. Fragrances and PAHs in snow and seawater of Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard): Local and long-range contamination. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:1740-1747. [PMID: 30061079 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polar regions are fragile ecosystems threatened by both long-range pollution and local human contamination. In this context, the environmental distribution of the Personal Care Products (PCPs) represent a major knowledge gap. Following preliminary Antarctic studies, Fragrance Materials (FMs) were analyzed in the seawater and snow collected in the area of Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, to investigate local and long-range contamination. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), including Retene, were determined in parallel to help the identification of the governing processes. Concentrations of FMs up to 72 ng L-1 were detected in the surface snow near the settlement and at increasing distances, in relation to the prevailing winds. PAHs follow a similar scheme, with levels of Retene up to 1.8 μg L-1, likely deriving from the occurrence of this compound in the coal dust due to the previous mining activities in the area. The snow seasonal deposition of FMs and PAHs was estimated in a snowpit dug at the top of the Austre Brøggerbreen glacier, indicating the long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) of these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vecchiato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy.
| | - Elena Barbaro
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes (IDPA-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Spolaor
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes (IDPA-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Francois Burgay
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes (IDPA-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Rossano Piazza
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes (IDPA-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes (IDPA-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Li Q, Cheng X, Cui Y, Sun J, Li J, Zhang G. Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in the Henan section of the Yellow River: Occurrences, fates, and fluxes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:1312-1319. [PMID: 30021298 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) were measured in sediment and suspended particulate matter (SPM) from the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in the three seasons to elucidate their environmental behavior. The mean concentrations of ∑SCCPs and ∑MCCPs were 262 and 97.1 ng g-1 dw (dry weight) in sediment and 17,055 and 2573 ng g-1 dw in SPM, respectively, and higher SCCP levels did not clearly reflect a shift to more MCCPs in this section of the Yellow River. The predominant homologue groups were C10-CP and C11-CP for SCCPs and C14-CP for MCCPs. The CPs possibly mainly derived from the use of CP commercial mixtures, mainly included CP-42 and CP-52. The spatial distributions and principal component analysis indicated that industrial inputs, dams, and topography played important roles in influencing the environmental behavior of CPs in both sediment and SPM. In addition, decreasing fluxes of CPs were observed in SPM from Tongguan to Aishan stations, particularly in reservoirs, which implies that CPs may have accumulated in the Henan section of the Yellow River.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qilu Li
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xianghui Cheng
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Yanrui Cui
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Jianhui Sun
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Carlsson P, Vrana B, Sobotka J, Borgå K, Bohlin Nizzetto P, Varpe Ø. New brominated flame retardants and dechlorane plus in the Arctic: Local sources and bioaccumulation potential in marine benthos. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:1193-1202. [PMID: 30223335 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence and bioaccumulation of new flame retardants (nBFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus (DDC-CO) in the marine environment close to an Arctic community. Passive sampling of air and water and grab sampling of sediment and amphipods was used to obtain samples to study long-range transport versus local contributions for regulated and emerging flame retardants in Longyearbyen, Svalbard. BDE-47 and -99, α- and β-tetrabromoethylcyclohexane (DBE-DBCH), syn- and anti-dechlorane plus (DDC-CO) were detected in all investigated matrices and the DDC-COss at higher concentrations in the air than reported from other remote Arctic areas. Water concentrations of ΣDDC-COSs were low (3 pg/L) and comparable to recent Arctic studies. ΣnBFR was 37 pg/L in the water samples while ΣPBDE was 3 pg/L. In biota, ΣDDC-COSs dominated (218 pg/g ww) followed by ΣnBFR (95 pg/g ww) and ΣPBDEs (45 pg/g ww). When compared with other areas and their relative distribution patterns, contributions from local sources of the analysed compounds cannot be ruled out. This should be taken into account when assessing long-range transport of nBFRs and DDC-COs to the Arctic. High concentrations of PBDEs in the sediment indicate that they might originate from a small, local source, while the results for some of the more volatile compounds such as hexabromobenzene (HBBz) suggest long-range transport to be more important than local sources. We recommend that local sources of flame retardants in remote areas receive more attention in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Carlsson
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Tromsø Office, Fram-Centre, P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, 9296, Tromsø, Norway; Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Branislav Vrana
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Sobotka
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katrine Borgå
- University of Oslo, Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, P.O. Box 1066, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Øystein Varpe
- Akvaplan-niva, Fram-Centre, P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, 9296, Tromsø, Norway; University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Department of Arctic Biology, P.O. Box 156, 9171, Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Kallenborn R, Brorström-Lundén E, Reiersen LO, Wilson S. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in Arctic environments: indicator contaminants for assessing local and remote anthropogenic sources in a pristine ecosystem in change. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:33001-33013. [PMID: 28762048 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9726-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A first review on occurrence and distribution of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) is presented. The literature survey conducted here was initiated by the current Assessment of the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP). This first review on the occurrence and environmental profile of PPCPs in the Arctic identified the presence of 110 related substances in the Arctic environment based on the reports from scientific publications, national and regional assessments and surveys, as well as academic research studies (i.e., PhD theses). PPCP residues were reported in virtually all environmental compartments from coastal seawater to high trophic level biota. For Arctic environments, domestic and municipal wastes as well as sewage are identified as primary release sources. However, the absence of modern waste water treatment plants (WWTPs), even in larger settlements in the Arctic, is resulting in relatively high release rates for selected PPCPs into the receiving Arctic (mainly) aquatic environment. Pharmaceuticals are designed with specific biochemical functions as a part of an integrated therapeutically procedure. This biochemical effect may cause unwanted environmental toxicological effects on non-target organisms when the compound is released into the environment. In the Arctic environments, pharmaceutical residues are released into low to very low ambient temperatures mainly into aqueous environments. Low biodegradability and, thus, prolonged residence time must be expected for the majority of the pharmaceuticals entering the aquatic system. The environmental toxicological consequence of the continuous PPCP release is, thus, expected to be different in the Arctic compared to the temperate regions of the globe. Exposure risks for Arctic human populations due to consumption of contaminated local fish and invertebrates or through exposure to resistant microbial communities cannot be excluded. However, the scientific results reported and summarized here, published in 23 relevant papers and reports (see Table S1 and following references), must still be considered as indication only. Comprehensive environmental studies on the fate, environmental toxicology, and distribution profiles of pharmaceuticals applied in high volumes and released into the Nordic environment under cold Northern climate conditions should be given high priority by national and international authorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Kallenborn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences (KBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway.
- Department of Arctic Technology (AT), University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), 9176, Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway.
| | | | - Lars-Otto Reiersen
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), AMAP Secretariat, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simon Wilson
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), AMAP Secretariat, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Yan Y, Lu Y, Gao Y, Wang B, Zhao L, Liang H. Facile Preparation of Hydrophilic-Bifunctional-Groups Modified Magnetic Microspheres as a Novel Matrix for Detection of Phthalate Esters from Human Plasma Samples. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Yan
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang; 315211, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Lu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang; 315211, P. R. China
| | - Yiqian Gao
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang; 315211, P. R. China
| | - Baichun Wang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang; 315211, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang; 315211, P. R. China
| | - Hongze Liang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang; 315211, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Schinkel L, Lehner S, Heeb NV, Marchand P, Cariou R, McNeill K, Bogdal C. Dealing with strong mass interferences of chlorinated paraffins and their transformation products: An analytical guide. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
76
|
Carlsson P, Breivik K, Brorström-Lundén E, Cousins I, Christensen J, Grimalt JO, Halsall C, Kallenborn R, Abass K, Lammel G, Munthe J, MacLeod M, Odland JØ, Pawlak J, Rautio A, Reiersen LO, Schlabach M, Stemmler I, Wilson S, Wöhrnschimmel H. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as sentinels for the elucidation of Arctic environmental change processes: a comprehensive review combined with ArcRisk project results. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:22499-22528. [PMID: 29956262 PMCID: PMC6096556 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2625-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can be used as chemical sentinels for the assessment of anthropogenic influences on Arctic environmental change. We present an overview of studies on PCBs in the Arctic and combine these with the findings from ArcRisk-a major European Union-funded project aimed at examining the effects of climate change on the transport of contaminants to and their behaviour of in the Arctic-to provide a case study on the behaviour and impact of PCBs over time in the Arctic. PCBs in the Arctic have shown declining trends in the environment over the last few decades. Atmospheric long-range transport from secondary and primary sources is the major input of PCBs to the Arctic region. Modelling of the atmospheric PCB composition and behaviour showed some increases in environmental concentrations in a warmer Arctic, but the general decline in PCB levels is still the most prominent feature. 'Within-Arctic' processing of PCBs will be affected by climate change-related processes such as changing wet deposition. These in turn will influence biological exposure and uptake of PCBs. The pan-Arctic rivers draining large Arctic/sub-Arctic catchments provide a significant source of PCBs to the Arctic Ocean, although changes in hydrology/sediment transport combined with a changing marine environment remain areas of uncertainty with regard to PCB fate. Indirect effects of climate change on human exposure, such as a changing diet will influence and possibly reduce PCB exposure for indigenous peoples. Body burdens of PCBs have declined since the 1980s and are predicted to decline further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Knut Breivik
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027, Kjeller, Norway
| | | | - Ian Cousins
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, 11418, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Christensen
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), 0834, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Crispin Halsall
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences (KBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Christian Magnus Falsen Veg 1, 1432, Ås, Norway
- Department of Arctic Technology (AT), University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), 9171, Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway
| | - Khaled Abass
- Department of Pesticides, Menoufia University, P.O. Box 32511, Shebeen El-Kom, Egypt
- Arctic Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - John Munthe
- IVL Swedish Environment Research Institute, 411 33, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Matthew MacLeod
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, 11418, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon Øyvind Odland
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Janet Pawlak
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), AMAP Secretariat, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arja Rautio
- Arctic Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lars-Otto Reiersen
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), AMAP Secretariat, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Schlabach
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Irene Stemmler
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Wilson
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), AMAP Secretariat, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henry Wöhrnschimmel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Worblentalstrasse 68, 3063, Ittigen, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
|
78
|
Giraud Q, Gonçalvès J, Paris B, Joubert A, Colombano S, Cazaux D. 3D numerical modelling of a pulsed pumping process of a large DNAPL pool: In situ pilot-scale case study of hexachlorobutadiene in a keyed enclosure. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2018; 214:24-38. [PMID: 29807703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Remediation of dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) represents a challenging issue because of their persistent behaviour in the environment. This pilot-scale study investigates, by means of in situ experiments and numerical modelling, the feasibility of the pulsed pumping process of a large amount of a DNAPL in an alluvial aquifer. The main compound of the DNAPL is hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD), added in 2015 to the persistent organic pollutants list (POP). A low-permeability keyed enclosure was built at the location of the DNAPL source zone in order to isolate a finite volume of soil and a 3-month pulsed pumping process was applied inside the enclosure to exclusively extract the DNAPL. The water/DNAPL interface elevation at both the pumping well and an observation well was recorded. The cumulated pumped volume of DNAPL was also monitored. A total volume of about 20 m3 of pure DNAPL was recovered since no water was extracted during the process. The three-dimensional and multiphase flow simulator TMVOC was used and a conceptual model was elaborated and generated with the pre/post-processing tool mView. Numerical simulations reproduce the pulsed pumping process and show an excellent match between simulated and field data of DNAPL cumulated pumped volume and a reasonable agreement between modelled and observed data for the evolution of the water/DNAPL interface elevations at the two wells. This study offers a new perspective in remediation since DNAPL pumping system optimisation may be performed where a large amount of DNAPL is encountered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Giraud
- CEREGE, Europôle Méditerranéen de l'Arbois, Avenue Louis Philibert, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France; INTERA, 90 Avenue Lanessan, 69410 Champagne-au-Mont-d'Or, France.
| | - Julio Gonçalvès
- CEREGE, Europôle Méditerranéen de l'Arbois, Avenue Louis Philibert, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Benoît Paris
- INTERA, 90 Avenue Lanessan, 69410 Champagne-au-Mont-d'Or, France
| | | | | | - David Cazaux
- INOVYN, Avenue de la République, 39500 Tavaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Zhang X, Yang M, Sun X, Wang X, Wang Y. The experimental observation, mechanism and kinetic studies on the reaction of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene initiated by typical atmospheric oxidants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 627:256-263. [PMID: 29426148 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene (HCBD) is a persistent organic pollutant in the environment. When its samples were collected and observed, the levels of HCBD in its source and high mountains are higher than in urban cities, oil factories and countryside. The density functional theory is applied to the degradation mechanism of HCBD with Cl, NO3, HO2, OH and O3. Those reactions are optimized and calculated at two carbon sites of double bonds, and then the subsequent reactions of the OH-initiated intermediates with O2 and NO are taken as examples. Ozonization reactions of HCBD including the formation of primary and secondary ozonides are investigated. The Criegee intermediates created in the ozonization reactions can react with O2, SO2, NO2 and H2O. Reaction rate constants of the Cl, NO3, HO2, OH and O3 initiated reactions with HCBD are calculated within 200 to 400 K with the transition state theory method, and the rate constants of the Cl, NO3, HO2, OH and O3 at 298.15 K are 4.51 × 10-13, 1.32 × 10-20, 4.33 × 10-29, 6.33 × 10-16, 5.80 × 10-27 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, respectively. The reactions of OH and Cl radicals with HCBD are more important than those of NO3, HO2 and O3 according to the reaction rate branching ratio. Both the temperature and reaction rate could change with the height.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianghe Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Minmin Yang
- School of Environment Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Environment Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Shi Z, Zhang L, Li J, Wu Y. Legacy and emerging brominated flame retardants in China: A review on food and human milk contamination, human dietary exposure and risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 198:522-536. [PMID: 29428767 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are a large group of widely used chemicals, which have been produced and used since 1970s. As a consequence of substantial and long-term usage, BFRs have been found to be ubiquitous in humans, wildlife, and abiotic matrices around the world. Although several reports have reviewed BFRs contamination in general, none have focused specifically on foods and human milk, and the corresponding dietary exposure. Foods (including human milk) have long been recognized as a major pathway of BFRs intake for non-occupationally exposed persons. This review summarizes most available BFRs data in foods and human milk from China in recent years, and emphasizes several specific aspects, i.e., contamination levels of legacy and emerging BFRs, dietary exposure assessment and related health concerns, comparison between various BFRs, and temporal changes in BFRs contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Wu X, Diao D, Lu Z, Han Y, Xu S, Lou X. Phthalic Acid Ester-Binding DNA Aptamer Selection, Characterization, and Application to an Electrochemical Aptasensor. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29630049 DOI: 10.3791/56814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) areone of the major groups of persistent organic pollutants. The group-specific detection of PAEs is highly desired due to the rapid growing of congeners. DNA aptamers have been increasingly applied as recognition elements on biosensor platforms, but selecting aptamers toward highly hydrophobic small molecule targets, such as PAEs, is rarely reported. This work describes a bead-based method designed to select group-specific DNA aptamers to PAEs. The amino group functionalized dibutyl phthalate (DBP-NH2) as the anchor target was synthesized and immobilized on the epoxy-activated agarose beads, allowing the display of the phthalic ester group at the surface of the immobilization matrix, and therefore the selection of the group-specific binders. We determined the dissociation constants of the aptamer candidates by quantitative polymerization chain reaction coupled with magnetic separation. The relative affinities and selectivity of the aptamers to other PAEs were determined by the competitive assays, where the aptamer candidates were pre-bounded to the DBP-NH2 attached magnetic beads and released to the supernatant upon incubation with the tested PAEs or other potential interfering substances. The competitive assay was applied because it provided a facile affinity comparison among PAEs that had no functional groups for surface immobilization. Finally, we demonstrated the fabrication of an electrochemical aptasensor and used it for ultrasensitive and selective detection of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. This protocol provides insights for the aptamer discovery of other hydrophobic small molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University
| | - Donglin Diao
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University
| | - Zhangwei Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University
| | - Shi Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University
| | - Xinhui Lou
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University;
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Schinkel L, Lehner S, Knobloch M, Lienemann P, Bogdal C, McNeill K, Heeb NV. Transformation of chlorinated paraffins to olefins during metal work and thermal exposure - Deconvolution of mass spectra and kinetics. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 194:803-811. [PMID: 29253825 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are high production volume chemicals widely used as additives in metal working fluids. Thereby, CPs are exposed to hot metal surfaces which may induce degradation processes. We hypothesized that the elimination of hydrochloric acid would transform CPs into chlorinated olefins (COs). Mass spectrometry is widely used to detect CPs, mostly in the selected ion monitoring mode (SIM) evaluating 2-3 ions at mass resolutions R < 20'000. This approach is not suited to detected COs, because their mass spectra strongly overlap with CPs. We applied a mathematical deconvolution method based on full-scan MS data to separate interfered CP/CO spectra. Metal drilling indeed induced HCl-losses. CO proportions in exposed mixtures of chlorotridecanes increased. Thermal exposure of chlorotridecanes at 160, 180, 200 and 220 °C also induced dehydrohalogenation reactions and CO proportions also increased. Deconvolution of respective mass spectra is needed to study the CP transformation kinetics without bias from CO interferences. Apparent first-order rate constants (kapp) increased up to 0.17, 0.29 and 0.46 h-1 for penta-, hexa- and heptachloro-tridecanes exposed at 220 °C. Respective half-life times (τ1/2) decreased from 4.0 to 2.4 and 1.5 h. Thus, higher chlorinated paraffins degrade faster than lower chlorinated ones. In conclusion, exposure of CPs during metal drilling and thermal treatment induced HCl losses and CO formation. It is expected that CPs and COs are co-released from such processes. Full-scan mass spectra and subsequent deconvolution of interfered signals is a promising approach to tackle the CP/CO problem, in case of insufficient mass resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Schinkel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamic, Universitätsstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Lehner
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ZHAW, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Reidbach, CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Marco Knobloch
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ZHAW, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Reidbach, CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Peter Lienemann
- ZHAW, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Reidbach, CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Christian Bogdal
- ETH, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- ETH, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamic, Universitätsstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Norbert V Heeb
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Vorkamp K, Falk K, Møller S, Rigét FF, Sørensen PB. Regulated and Unregulated Halogenated Flame Retardants in Peregrine Falcon Eggs from Greenland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:474-483. [PMID: 29192494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Median levels of regulated flame retardants, i.e., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), brominated biphenyl (BB)-153, and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), in 33-48 eggs of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) from Greenland were 1909, 359, and 5.98 ng/g lipid weight (lw), respectively, and generally intermediate to levels in North America and Europe. Unregulated flame retardants had lower median concentrations of 1.06 (2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate, EH-TBB), 2.42 (1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-ethane, BTBPE), 0.52 (2,4,6-tribromophenyl 2,3-dibromopropyl ether, DPTE), and 4.78 (dechlorane plus) ng/g lw. Although these compounds are often described as recent replacements for PBDEs, they were also present in eggs from the 1980s. BDE-209 was the only compound with a significant increase (+7.2% annual change) between 1986 and 2014, while BB-153 and DPTE decreased significantly (-8.0% and -2.8% annual change, respectively). Dechlorane plus showed a nonsignificant increase. Individual birds, equipped with light-logging geolocators, confirmed the contaminant exposure over a large geographical area as the birds spent nearly equal time periods in their breeding and wintering grounds in Greenland and Central/South America, respectively, interrupted by 5-6 weeks of migration through North America.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Vorkamp
- Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University , Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Knud Falk
- Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University , Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Søren Møller
- Roskilde University Library , Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Frank F Rigét
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University , Roskilde 4000, Denmark
- Greenland Institute of Natural Resources , Nuuk 3900, Greenland
| | - Peter B Sørensen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University , Silkeborg 8600, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Letcher RJ, Morris AD, Dyck M, Sverko E, Reiner EJ, Blair DAD, Chu SG, Shen L. Legacy and new halogenated persistent organic pollutants in polar bears from a contamination hotspot in the Arctic, Hudson Bay Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:121-136. [PMID: 28803190 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A large and complex suite of 295 legacy and new halogenated persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were investigated in fat or liver tissue samples of polar bears collected in 2013-2014 from Southern (SHB) and Western (WHB) subpopulations of the Canadian Arctic contaminants hotspot of Hudson Bay. A total of 210 POPs were detected and/or quantifiable with some frequency in all fat or liver samples. POP profile and concentration differences were investigated both within (e.g. age and sex) and between the two subpopulations. Two time-point comparisons were made relative to POPs reported for Hudson Bay polar bears harvested in 2007-2008. ΣPolychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations at both time points were the most concentrated of the POP groups, and were spatially uniform with no detectable influence of sex or age, as were concentrations of the dominant congener CB153. ΣChlordanes (ΣCHLs, 74-79% oxychlordane) and the Σperfluoroalkyl substances (ΣPFASs, ≈60% perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)) had the second greatest POP group concentrations in SHB and WHB respectively, with ΣPFASs and ΣCHLs being significantly influenced by age and/or sex. ΣCHLs were spatially uniform but ΣPFASs were greater in the SHB bears, as were e.g. some flame retardants, due to e.g. local contamination and/or changes in bear behavior and diet. Endosulfans and hexabromocyclododecane were detectable in samples from 2007-2008 but not from 2013-2014, which is consistent with their global POP regulations. ΣPolychlorinated naphthalenes (ΣPCNs) were consistently detected at relatively high concentrations compared to other arctic wildlife, however these concentrations were low relative to legacy POPs. ΣShort-chain chlorinated paraffins (ΣSCCPs) were major contributors to the overall POPs burden with concentrations comparable to other legacy POPs, though there was no significant difference between or within subpopulations for PCNs or SCCPs. Except for octachlorostyrene, POPs concentrations were generally lower in female and male bears from SHB in 2013-2014 relative to 2007-2008, however those of WHB males were greater over the same timeframe for almost all POPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - A D Morris
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - M Dyck
- Government of Nunavut, Igoolik, NU, Canada
| | - E Sverko
- Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - E J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, 125 Resources Rd, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - D A D Blair
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - S G Chu
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - L Shen
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, 125 Resources Rd, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Wang Z, Fu Z, Yu Q, Chen J. Oxidation reactivity of 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) by Compound I model of cytochrome P450s. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 62:11-21. [PMID: 29289282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have become prevalent as a consequence of restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). For risk assessment of these alternatives, knowledge of their metabolism via cytochrome P450 enzymes is needed. We have previously proved that density functional theory (DFT) is able to predict the metabolism of PBDEs by revealing the molecular mechanisms. In the current study, the reactivity of 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane and structurally similar chemicals with the Compound I model representing the active site of P450 enzymes was investigated. The DFT calculations delineated reaction pathways which lead to reasonable explanations for products that were detected by wet experiments, meanwhile intermediates which cannot be determined were also proposed. Results showed that alkyl hydrogen abstraction will lead to bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethanol, which may undergo hydrolysis yielding 2,4,6-tribromophenol, a neurotoxic compound. In addition, a general pattern of oxidation reactivity regarding the 2,4,6-tribromophenyl moiety was observed among several model compounds. Our study has provided insights for convenient evaluation of the metabolism of other structurally similar BFRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Vorkamp K, Rigét FF, Bossi R, Sonne C, Dietz R. Endosulfan, Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCPs) and Octachlorostyrene in Wildlife from Greenland: Levels, Trends and Methodological Challenges. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 73:542-551. [PMID: 28667423 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Besides globally banned "legacy" persistent organic pollutants, other compounds might be present in Arctic wildlife, for which regulation was introduced recently (the insecticide endosulfan), is considered (short-chain chlorinated paraffins, SCCPs) or does not exist (octachlorostyrene, OCS, a byproduct of manufacturing and combustion processes involving chlorine). The purpose of this study was to analyze the time trend of endosulfan (1986-2012) in ringed seals and to address the levels of SCCPs and OCS in wildlife species from Greenland (black guillemot, glaucous gull, ringed seal, polar bear), while taking a critical standpoint to analytical methods typically applied. The metabolite endosulfan sulfate was the only endosulfan compound consistently above detection limits, with a median concentration of 0.23 ng/g lipid weight (lw) and a significant annual decrease of -5.6%. The low-resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS) method appeared accurate and sufficiently precise; however, the gel permeation chromatography had to balance lipid removal and analyte loss. SCCPs and OCS were present in all samples. OCS median concentrations were between 2.8 (ringed seal blubber) and 29 (glaucous gull liver) ng/g lw, determined by a straightforward dual column electron capture detection method. SCCPs were analyzed by LRMS, following removal of potential interferences, and had median concentrations of several 100 ng/g wet weight. While the method showed good precision and recovery rates as well as acceptable accuracy in control samples, the Greenland samples had high concentrations in an Arctic context, possibly indicating limited selectivity of the LRMS method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Vorkamp
- Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Frank F Rigét
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rossana Bossi
- Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Singh T, Singh DK. Phytoremediation of organochlorine pesticides: Concept, method, and recent developments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2017; 19:834-843. [PMID: 28699783 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2017.1290579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid increase in industrialization of world economy in the past century has resulted in significantly high emission of anthropogenic chemicals in the ecosystem. The organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are a great risk to the global environment and endanger the human health due to their affinity for dispersion, transportation over long distances, and bioaccumulation in the food chain. Phytoremediation is a promising technology that aims to make use of plants and associated bacteria for the treatment of groundwater and soil polluted by these contaminants. Processes known to be involved in phytoremediation of OCPs include phytoaccumulation, rhizoremediation, and phytotransformation. Vegetation has been accounted to considerably amplify OCP elimination from soil, in contrast to non-planted soil, attributable to both, uptake within plant tissues and high microbial degradation of OCP within the root zone. Developing transgenic plants is a promising approach to enhance phytoremediation capabilities. Recent advances in the application of phytoremediation technique for OCPs, including uptake by plants and plant-microbe association in the rhizosphere for the enhanced degradation and mineralization of these pollutants, is presented in this review. Additionally, some attempts to improve this technique using transgenesis and role of certain enzymes are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Singh
- a Department of Zoology , University of Delhi , Delhi , India
| | - Dileep K Singh
- a Department of Zoology , University of Delhi , Delhi , India
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Simond AE, Houde M, Lesage V, Verreault J. Temporal trends of PBDEs and emerging flame retardants in belugas from the St. Lawrence Estuary (Canada) and comparisons with minke whales and Canadian Arctic belugas. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 156:494-504. [PMID: 28419962 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An exponential level increase of the ubiquitous halogenated flame retardant (HFR) class polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) has been documented during the 1990s in endangered belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence Estuary (SLE), Eastern Canada. The recent worldwide bans and regulations of PBDE mixtures led to their replacement by alternative HFRs (so-called emerging HFRs) that are increasingly being reported in various environmental compartments. There are, however, limited knowledge on the spatial and temporal trends of PBDEs and emerging HFRs in cetaceans, especially after restrictions on PBDE usage. The first objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of HFRs (35 PBDE congeners and 13 emerging compounds) in the blubber of belugas and minke whales (Balænoptera acutorostrata) found dead in the Estuary or Gulf of St. Lawrence as well as belugas from Nunavik (Canadian Arctic) collected as part of the Inuit subsistence hunt. A second objective was to investigate the trends of HFR concentrations in SLE beluga males between 1997 and 2013. PBDEs were the most abundant HFRs in all three whale populations, while hexabromobenzene (HBB), Chlordene Plus (CPlus), Dechlorane Plus (DP), and Dechlorane 604 Component B (Dec-604 CB) were quantified in the majority of blubber samples. Overall, concentrations of emerging HFRs were notably greater in SLE belugas compared to the two other whale populations, with the exception of DP and Dec-604 CB that were found in greater concentrations in Canadian Arctic belugas. No significant trend in blubber PBDE concentrations was found in SLE belugas during this 17-year period. This suggests that global PBDE regulations are too recent to observe changes in PBDE concentrations in belugas from this highly HFR-exposed environment. In contrast, concentrations of HBB and CPlus in SLE belugas decreased slightly from 1997 to 2013, while DP increased up until 2000 and decreased slightly thereafter. The occurrence and temporal variations of PBDEs and their replacement products in these cetaceans warrant continuous monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine E Simond
- Centre de recherche en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Magali Houde
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 105 McGill Street, Montreal, QC H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - Véronique Lesage
- Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, P.O. Box 1000, 850 route de la Mer, Mont-Joli, QC G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | - Jonathan Verreault
- Centre de recherche en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Marushka L, Batal M, David W, Schwartz H, Ing A, Fediuk K, Sharp D, Black A, Tikhonov C, Chan HM. Association between fish consumption, dietary omega-3 fatty acids and persistent organic pollutants intake, and type 2 diabetes in 18 First Nations in Ontario, Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 156:725-737. [PMID: 28482294 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND First Nations (FNs) populations in Canada experience a disproportionally higher rate of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared to the general population. Recent data suggest that a high consumption of fish may help prevent T2D. On the other hand, fish might also be a potential source of environmental contaminants which could potentially be a risk factor for T2D. OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential associations between self-reported T2D and consumption of locally-harvested fish, dietary long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (n-3FAs) and persistent organic pollutants intake among adult FNs living on reserve in Ontario. DESIGN Data from the First Nations Food Nutrition and Environment Study, which included a cross-sectional study of 1429 Ontario FNs adults living in 18 communities across 4 ecozones in 2012 were analyzed. Social and lifestyle data were collected using household interviews. The consumption of locally-harvested fish was estimated using a traditional food frequency questionnaire along with portion size information obtained from 24hr recalls. Fish samples were analyzed for the presence of contaminants including dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Dietary intakes of DDE and PCBs were estimated using community-specific levels of DDE/PCBs in fish species. Multiple logistic regression models adjusted for potential covariates including age, gender, body mass index, physical activity, total energy intake, smoking, and education were developed. RESULTS The prevalence of T2D in Ontario FNs was 24.4%. A significant positive association between fish consumption of one portion per week and more and T2D compared to no fish consumption was found (OR=2.5 (95% CI: 1.38-4.58). Dietary DDE and PCBs intake was positively associated with T2D (OR=1.09 (95%CI: 1.05-1.75) for DDE and OR=1.07 (95%CI: 1.004-1.27) for PCBs) per unit increase in DDE/PCBs while n-3-FAs intake, adjusted for DDE/PCBs intake, showed an inverse effect against T2D among older individuals (OR=0.86 (95% CI: 0.46-0.99). CONCLUSION Our results support previous findings that exposure to DDE and PCBs may increase the risk of T2D. Elevated levels of contaminants in fish may counteract with potentially beneficial effects of n-3FAs from fish consumption. However, the overall health benefits of high consumption of fish with a high n-3 FAs content may outweigh the adverse effect of contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Harold Schwartz
- Health Canada, Environmental Public Health Division, First Nations and Inuit Health Branch (FNIHB), Canada
| | - Amy Ing
- Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Karen Fediuk
- Dietitian and Nutrition Researcher, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Constantine Tikhonov
- Health Canada, Environmental Public Health Division, First Nations and Inuit Health Branch (FNIHB), Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Schinkel L, Lehner S, Heeb NV, Lienemann P, McNeill K, Bogdal C. Deconvolution of Mass Spectral Interferences of Chlorinated Alkanes and Their Thermal Degradation Products: Chlorinated Alkenes. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5923-5931. [PMID: 28537371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are high production volume chemicals and ubiquitous environmental contaminants. CPs are produced and used as complex mixtures of polychlorinated n-alkanes containing thousands of isomers, leading to demanding analytical challenges. Due to their high degree of chlorination, CPs have highly complex isotopic mass patterns that often overlap, even when applying high resolution mass spectrometry. This is further complicated in the presence of degradation products such as chlorinated alkenes (CP-enes). CP-enes are formed by dehydrochlorination of CPs and are expected thermal degradation products in some applications of CPs, for example, as metal working fluids. A mathematical method is presented that allows deconvolution of the strongly interfered measured isotope clusters into linear combinations of isotope clusters of CPs and CP-enes. The analytical method applied was direct liquid injection into an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source, followed by quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (APCI-qTOF-MS), operated in full scan negative ion mode. The mathematical deconvolution method was successfully applied to a thermally aged polychlorinated tridecane formulation (Cl5-Cl9). Deconvolution of mass patterns allowed quantifying fractions of interfering CPs and CP-enes. After exposure to 220 °C for 2, 4, 8, and 24 h, fractions of CP-enes within the respective interfering clusters increased from 0-3% at 0 h up to 37-44% after 24 h. It was shown that thermolysis of CPs follows first-order kinetics. The presented deconvolution method allows CP degradation studies with mass resolution lower than 20000 and is therefore a good alternative when higher resolution is not available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Schinkel
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Empa , Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamic, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich , Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Lehner
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Empa , Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, ZHAW , Grüentalstrasse 14, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Norbert V Heeb
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Empa , Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Peter Lienemann
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, ZHAW , Grüentalstrasse 14, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamic, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich , Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Bogdal
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Kim J, Mackay D, Powell DE. Roles of steady-state and dynamic models for regulation of hydrophobic chemicals in aquatic systems: A case study of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) and PCB-180 in three diverse ecosystems. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 175:253-268. [PMID: 28226279 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We seek to contribute to the improved regulatory use of mass balance models to complement environmental monitoring data by applying the steady-state Quantitative Water Air Sediment Interactive model (QWASI) and a novel unsteady-state QWASI model. A steady-state model can yield not only a useful simulation of chemical fate under near steady-state conditions, but it can provide insights into the likely influences of increasing or decreasing emission rates, temperature changes, and unexpectedly high sensitivities to model parameters that may require additional investigation. We compared the consistency of insights from both types of model, in the expectation that while the dynamic model provides a closer simulation of actual conditions, for many purposes a simple, less computationally demanding, more transparent and less expensive model may be adequate for many regulatory purposes. We investigated the response times of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) and PCB-180 concentrations in water and sediment under three emission scenarios in three different aquatic systems, namely Lake Ontario, Oslofjord, and Lake Pepin. D5 was predicted to be removed largely by hydrolysis and volatilization in Lake Ontario and Oslofjord whereas it is subject to removal by advective loss in Lake Pepin. The half-times of D5 water concentration to a stepwise reduction in emission were <60 days in all three water bodies. In contrast, the predicted half-times were 0.53, 1.4, and 2.9 years in Lake Pepin, Oslofjord, and Lake Ontario, respectively. We also explored how uncertainties in input parameters propagate into uncertainties of concentrations in water and sediments possibly necessitating more accurate values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaeshin Kim
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA.
| | - Donald Mackay
- Canadian Centre for Environmental Modelling and Chemistry, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - David E Powell
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Han Y, Diao D, Lu Z, Li X, Guo Q, Huo Y, Xu Q, Li Y, Cao S, Wang J, Wang Y, Zhao J, Li Z, He M, Luo Z, Lou X. Selection of Group-Specific Phthalic Acid Esters Binding DNA Aptamers via Rationally Designed Target Immobilization and Applications for Ultrasensitive and Highly Selective Detection of Phthalic Acid Esters. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5270-5277. [PMID: 28414217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are ubiquitous in the environment, and some of them are recognized as endocrine disruptors that cause concerns on ecosystem functioning and public health. Due to the diversity of PAEs in the environment, there is a vital need to detect the total concentration of PAEs in a timely and low-cost way. To fulfill this requirement, it is highly desired to obtain group-specific PAE binders that are specific to the basic PAE skeleton. In this study, for the first time we have identified the group-specific PAE-binding aptamers via rationally designed target immobilization. The two target immobilization strategies were adopted to display either the phthalic ester group or the alkyl chain, respectively, at the surface of the immobilization matrix. The former enabled the rapid enrichment of aptamers after four rounds of selection. The top 100 sequences are cytosine-rich (44.7%) and differentiate from each other by only 1-4 nucleotides at limited locations. The top two aptamers all display the nanomolar dissociation constants to both the immobilized target and the free PAEs [dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)]. We further demonstrate the applications of the aptamers in the development of high-throughput PAE assays and DEHP electrochemical biosensors with exceptional sensitivity [limit of detection (LOD), 10 pM] and selectivity (>105-fold). PAE aptamers targeting one of the most sought for targets thus offer the promise of convenient, low-cost detection of total PAEs. Our study also provides insights on the aptamer selection and sensor development of highly hydrophobic small molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University , Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Donglin Diao
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University , Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zhangwei Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University , Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiaoning Li
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University , Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Qian Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University , Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yumeng Huo
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University , Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University , Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Youshan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University , Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Shengli Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University , Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jianchun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University , Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University , Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University , Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zhongfeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University , Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Miao He
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhaofeng Luo
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xinhui Lou
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University , Beijing, 100048, China
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Houde M, Wang X, Ferguson SH, Gagnon P, Brown TM, Tanabe S, Kunito T, Kwan M, Muir DCG. Spatial and temporal trends of alternative flame retardants and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in ringed seals (Phoca hispida) across the Canadian Arctic. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 223:266-276. [PMID: 28131476 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of alternative flame retardants and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed in ringed seal (Phoca hispida) blubber collected across the Canadian Arctic during subsistence hunts between 1998 and 2013. More than 80% of sampled animals were females and juvenile males. The highest mean ΣPBDE concentrations (sum of 13 congeners) were found in seals from Nain (Nunatsiavut) as well as Inukjuaq and Arviat (Hudson Bay) and the lowest mean levels were found in seals from Lancaster Sound. BDE-47 and -99 were the predominant PBDE congeners quantified in ringed seals. The most frequently detected non-PBDE flame retardants were polybrominated biphenyl 101 (BB-101, 57% of samples analyzed for this chemical), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD; 38%), hexabromobenzene (HBB, 30%), and 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTeBB, 23%). The relative trophic position of seals, estimated using stable isotopes, did not vary over time and did not influence flame retardant blubber concentrations. The relative carbon source increased over time at Arviat and Resolute Bay and weak relationships were observed with ΣPBDEs in blubber of seals. ΣPBDEs increased significantly from 1998 to 2008 in ringed seals from East Baffin and subsequently decreased in recent years. PBDE levels at other sites fluctuated slightly over time. HBCDD concentrations increased at several sites over the past decade. The presence of flame retardants in ringed seals suggests their persistence and their continuous inputs in the Canadian Arctic environment. Monitoring and research on the effects of these contaminants in seals are warranted given the importance of this species in Arctic marine food webs and for local communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Houde
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 105 McGill Street, Montreal, QC H2Y 2E7, Canada.
| | - X Wang
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - S H Ferguson
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Arctic Aquatic Research Division, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - P Gagnon
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 105 McGill Street, Montreal, QC H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - T M Brown
- Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - S Tanabe
- Ehime University, Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - T Kunito
- Shinshu University, Department of Environmental Sciences, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - M Kwan
- Nunavik Research Centre, Kuujjuaq, QC J0M 1C0, Canada
| | - D C G Muir
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Li T, Wan Y, Gao S, Wang B, Hu J. High-Throughput Determination and Characterization of Short-, Medium-, and Long-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Human Blood. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:3346-3354. [PMID: 28222594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The industrial chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are comprised of short-chain (SCCPs), medium chain (MCCPs), and long chain (LCCPs) CPs. Although SCCPs and MCCPs are environmentally ubiquitous, little is known about CPs in humans. This study established a method for simultaneous determination of 261 SCCP, MCCP, and LCCP congener groups in one injection by reversed ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with chlorine-enhanced electron spray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The method yielded good peak shapes, high sensitivities, and low coeluted interferences for all examined CPs. LCCPs with carbon numbers of 21 to 27 were detected in their standard technical mixtures, and MCCPs and LCCPs impurities were detected in the LCCP and MCCP standard technical mixtures, respectively, causing quantification deviations when these mixtures were used for calibration. After considering these impurities' contribution to the total concentrations, the quantification accuracies for ∑SCCPs, ∑MCCPs, and ∑LCCPs ranged from 95.1 ± 8.4% to 105.6 ± 9.2% in the eight CP technical mixtures. The method was successfully applied to determine CPs in about 6 g human blood samples from a general population, and estimated ∑SCCP, ∑MCCP, and ∑LCCP concentrations to be 370-35 000, 130-3200, and 22-530 ng/g lipid weight (n = 50), respectively. A comparison of blood and soil/air CP profiles from the same areas suggested a relatively higher potential for the accumulation of SCCPs, compared with MCCPs, in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Wan
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shixiong Gao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Beili Wang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianying Hu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Norrgran Engdahl J, Bignert A, Jones B, Athanassiadis I, Bergman Å, Weiss JM. Cats' Internal Exposure to Selected Brominated Flame Retardants and Organochlorines Correlated to House Dust and Cat Food. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:3012-3020. [PMID: 28192994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pet cats may be used as a biomarker for assessing exposures to organohalogen compounds (OHCs) adsorbed to household dust in home environments. This study explores two exposure routes of OHCs, ingestion of OHCs (i) via house dust and (ii) via cat food. House dust from 17 Swedish homes and serum from the participating families' pet cats were collected, and cat food was purchased matching the diet reported. Paired samples of cat serum, house dust, and cat food were analyzed for brominated flame retardants/natural products (polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromobiphenyl (BB-209), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP), OH-PBDEs) and organochlorines (polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 1,1-bis(4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane (4,4'-DDT), 1,1-bis(4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene (4,4'-DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), pentachlorophenol (PCP)). Significant correlations were found between serum and dust samples from the living rooms for BDE-47 (p < 0.035), BDE-99 (p < 0.035), and BDE-153 (p < 0.039), from the adult's bedroom for BDE-99 (p < 0.019) and from all rooms for BDE-99 (p < 0.020) and BB-209 (p < 0.048). This is the first time a correlation between cat serum levels and household dust has been established, a finding that supports the hypothesis that dust is a significant exposure route for cats. Serum levels were also significantly correlated with concentrations found in cat food for 6-OH-BDE47 (p < 0.002), 2,4,6-TBP (p < 0.035), and BB-209 (p < 0.007). DBDPE was found in high concentrations in all dust (median 154 pmol/g) and food samples (median 0.7 pmol/g lw) but was below detection in serum samples, suggesting low or no bioavailability for DBDPE in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Norrgran Engdahl
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Bignert
- Swedish Museum of Natural History , Frescativägen 40, SE-114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B Jones
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I Athanassiadis
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Å Bergman
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Centre (Swetox) , Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - J M Weiss
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Pućko M, Stern GA, Burt AE, Jantunen LM, Bidleman TF, Macdonald RW, Barber DG, Geilfus NX, Rysgaard S. Current use pesticide and legacy organochlorine pesticide dynamics at the ocean-sea ice-atmosphere interface in resolute passage, Canadian Arctic, during winter-summer transition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:1460-1469. [PMID: 28038873 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present the first detailed analysis of processes by which various current use pesticides (CUPs) and legacy organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are concentrated in melt ponds that form on Arctic sea ice in the summer, when surface snow is melting and ice eventually breaks up. Four current use pesticides (dacthal, chlorpyrifos, trifluralin, and pentachloronitrobenzene) and one legacy organochlorine pesticide (α-hexachlorocyclohexane) were detected in ponds in Resolute Passage, Canadian Arctic, in 2012. Melt-pond concentrations changed over time as a function of gas exchange, precipitation, and dilution with melting sea ice. Observed increases in melt-pond concentrations for all detected pesticides were associated with precipitation events. Dacthal reached the highest concentration of all current use pesticides in ponds (95±71pgL-1), a value exceeding measured concentrations in the under-ice (0m) and 5m seawater by >10 and >16 times, respectively. Drainage of dacthal-enriched pond water to the ocean during ice break-up provides an important ice-mediated annual delivery route, adding ~30% of inventory in the summer Mixed Layer (ML; 10m) in the Resolute Passage, and a concentrating mechanism with potential implications for exposures to organisms such as ice algae, and phytoplankton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Pućko
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Gary A Stern
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Alexis E Burt
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Liisa M Jantunen
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada, 6248 Eighth Line, Egbert, Ontario L0L 1N0, Canada
| | - Terry F Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada; Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - David G Barber
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Nicolas-X Geilfus
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada; Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Rysgaard
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada; Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada; Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resource, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Yu Q, Xie HB, Li T, Ma F, Fu Z, Wang Z, Li C, Fu Z, Xia D, Chen J. Atmospheric chemical reaction mechanism and kinetics of 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane initiated by OH radical: a computational study. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26700a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism and kinetics of OH-initiated oxidation of BTBPE, an alternative of PBDEs, were investigated.
Collapse
|
98
|
Iqbal M, Syed JH, Katsoyiannis A, Malik RN, Farooqi A, Butt A, Li J, Zhang G, Cincinelli A, Jones KC. Legacy and emerging flame retardants (FRs) in the freshwater ecosystem: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 152:26-42. [PMID: 27741446 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review article, we have compiled and reviewed the previously published available literature on environmental distribution, behaviour, fate and regional trends of legacy and emerging flame retardants (FRs) including brominated (BFRs), organo-phosphate (OPFRs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and dechlorane plus (DP) in the freshwater ecosystem. Transport and fate is discussed briefly with the evidences of de-bromination, sedimentation and accumulation in biota. De-bromination of BDE-209 is considered of concern because the lower brominated congeners are more toxic and mobile thus posing increased risk to the freshwater ecosystem. The available data on temporal and spatial trends as yet, is too few to show any consistent trends, enabling only general conclusions to be drawn. There is a lack of temporal studies in Asia, while, overall the trends are mixed, with both increasing and decreasing concentrations of BFRs and OPFRs. OPFRs and NBFRs have replaced classical BFRs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)) in some countries but the amount of PBDEs in the environment is still considerable. Knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research are discussed emphasizing on further monitoring, advanced analytical methodologies, and risk assessment studies to completely understand the science of flame retardants in the freshwater ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehreen Iqbal
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Athanasios Katsoyiannis
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) - FRAM High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, Hjalmar Johansens gt. 14 NO - 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Abida Farooqi
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Butt
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Alessandra Cincinelli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3 - 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, Italian National Research Council (IDPA-CNR), Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Jin X, Lee S, Jeong Y, Yu JP, Baek WK, Shin KH, Kannan K, Moon HB. Species-specific accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other emerging flame retardants in several species of birds from Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 219:191-200. [PMID: 27814535 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have been conducted on the alternatives to legacy flame retardants in avian species worldwide. In this study, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative flame retardants such as novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and dechlorane plus (DP) were determined in livers of 10 species of birds from Korea to elucidate species-specific accumulation, biological factors that affect accumulation, and bioaccumulation potentials of these contaminants. Among the emerging alternative flame retardants, the highest occurrence was found for bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-phthalate (BEHTBP), syn-DP, anti-DP, and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE). PBDE concentrations (median: 17.1 ng/g lipid wt) measured in our study were within the ranges reported in previous studies, while the concentrations of BEHTBP, BTBPE and DP were greater than those reported earlier. Residential predatory birds showed significantly greater concentrations of PBDEs and NBFRs than migratory predators and passerine birds. The concentrations of PBDEs, BEHTBP, and DP in residential predatory birds were significantly correlated with increasing stable nitrogen isotope ratio (δ15N), which indicated biomagnification potentials of these contaminants. Our results suggest that the concentrations and accumulation patterns of PBDEs, NBFRs, and DP depend on the feeding habits and migration patterns of avian species. This is the first report on the accumulation of emerging alternatives to PBDEs in birds from Korea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzi Jin
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunsun Jeong
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Pyoung Yu
- National Science Museum, Daejeon 305-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon Kee Baek
- National Science Museum, Daejeon 305-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, PO Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Qiao L, Xia D, Gao L, Huang H, Zheng M. Occurrences, sources and risk assessment of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in sediments from the middle reaches of the Yellow River, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 219:483-489. [PMID: 27250736 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), one class of hydrophobic and toxic compounds, are easily adsorbed into sediments and then pose potential risks to the ecosystem and human health. However, few researches on short- and medium-chain CPs (SCCPs and MCCPs) in sediments have been performed. In order to comprehensively investigate the spatial distributions, sources, and ecological risks of CPs, sediments collected from the middle reaches of the Yellow River were analyzed by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS). The concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs ranged from 11.6 to 9.76 × 103 ng/g dry weight (dw) and from 8.33 to 168 ng/g dw, respectively. No significant correlation was found between total organic carbon (TOC) and CP concentrations (P > 0.05). The spatial distributions showed that contamination levels of CPs were relevant to human activities. In addition, two types of sediment samples were classified by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and results indicated the predominant congener groups were C10Cl6-7 for SCCPs and C14Cl7-8 for MCCPs. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that SCCPs and MCCPs in the sediments may have different sources, and SCCPs are likely to come from the production and use of CP-42 and CP-52. Moreover, complex environmental processes, including long-range transportation via the atmosphere and/or river, deposition and degradation of CPs, resulted in increased abundances of short chain and low chlorinated congeners in sediment samples compared with commercial mixtures, and different homolog patterns among samples. The significant negative correlation between SCCP concentrations and MCCP/SCCP ratios could be related to long-range transport of CPs. A preliminary risk assessment indicated that CPs at current levels posed no significant ecological risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Huiting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|