51
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Geerling E, Hameed M, Weger-Lucarelli J, Pinto AK. Metabolic syndrome and aberrant immune responses to viral infection and vaccination: Insights from small animal models. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1015563. [PMID: 36532060 PMCID: PMC9747772 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1015563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This review outlines the propensity for metabolic syndrome (MetS) to induce elevated disease severity, higher mortality rates post-infection, and poor vaccination outcomes for viral pathogens. MetS is a cluster of conditions including high blood glucose, an increase in circulating low-density lipoproteins and triglycerides, abdominal obesity, and elevated blood pressure which often overlap in their occurrence. MetS diagnoses are on the rise, as reported cases have increased by greater than 35% since 1988, resulting in one-third of United States adults currently diagnosed as MetS patients. In the aftermath of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, a link between MetS and disease severity was established. Since then, numerous studies have been conducted to illuminate the impact of MetS on enhancing virally induced morbidity and dysregulation of the host immune response. These correlative studies have emphasized the need for elucidating the mechanisms by which these alterations occur, and animal studies conducted as early as the 1940s have linked the conditions associated with MetS with enhanced viral disease severity and poor vaccine outcomes. In this review, we provide an overview of the importance of considering overall metabolic health in terms of cholesterolemia, glycemia, triglyceridemia, insulin and other metabolic molecules, along with blood pressure levels and obesity when studying the impact of metabolism-related malignancies on immune function. We highlight the novel insights that small animal models have provided for MetS-associated immune dysfunction following viral infection. Such animal models of aberrant metabolism have paved the way for our current understanding of MetS and its impact on viral disease severity, dysregulated immune responses to viral pathogens, poor vaccination outcomes, and contributions to the emergence of viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Geerling
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Muddassar Hameed
- Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States,Center for Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States,Center for Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Amelia K. Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States,*Correspondence: Amelia K. Pinto,
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de Candia P, Procaccini C, Russo C, Lepore MT, Matarese G. Regulatory T cells as metabolic sensors. Immunity 2022; 55:1981-1992. [PMID: 36351373 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Compelling experimental evidence links immunity and metabolism. In this perspective, we propose forkhead-box-P3 (FoxP3)+CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells as key metabolic sensors controlling the immunological state in response to their intrinsic capacity to perceive nutritional changes. Treg cell high anabolic state in vivo, residency in metabolically crucial districts, and recirculation between lymphoid and non-lymphoid sites enable them to recognize the metabolic cues and adapt their intracellular metabolism and anti-inflammatory function at the paracrine and systemic levels. As privileged regulators at the interface between neuroendocrine and immune systems, the role of Treg cells in maintaining metabolic homeostasis makes these cells promising targets of therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring organismal homeostasis not only in autoimmune but also metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola de Candia
- Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Claudio Procaccini
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy; Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudia Russo
- Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Lepore
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy; Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy.
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53
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Lee CH, Gray V, Teo JMN, Tam AR, Fong CHY, Lui DTW, Pang P, Chan KH, Hung IFN, Tan KCB, Ling GS. Comparing the B and T cell-mediated immune responses in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving mRNA or inactivated COVID-19 vaccines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1018393. [PMID: 36304475 PMCID: PMC9592994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1018393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquiring protective immunity through vaccination is essential, especially for patients with type 2 diabetes who are vulnerable for adverse clinical outcomes during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with immune dysfunction. Here, we evaluated the impact of T2D on the immunological responses induced by mRNA (BNT162b2) and inactivated (CoronaVac) vaccines, the two most commonly used COVID-19 vaccines. The study consisted of two parts. In Part 1, the sera titres of IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) alpha receptor binding domain (RBD), their neutralizing capacity, and antigen-specific CD4+T and CD8+T cell responses at 3-6 months after vaccination were compared between BNT162b2 (n=60) and CoronaVac (n=50) vaccinees with or without T2D. Part 2 was a time-course study investigating the initial B and T cell responses induced by BNT162b2 among vaccinees (n=16) with or without T2D. Our data showed that T2D impaired both cellular and humoral immune responses induced by CoronaVac. For BNT162b2, T2D patients displayed a reduction in CD4+T-helper 1 (Th1) differentiation following their first dose. However, this initial defect was rectified by the second dose of BNT162b2, resulting in comparable levels of memory CD4+ and CD8+T cells, anti-RBD IgG, and neutralizing antibodies with healthy individuals at 3-6 months after vaccination. Hence, T2D influences the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines depending on their platform. Our findings provide a potential mechanism for the susceptibility of developing adverse outcomes observed in COVID-19 patients with T2D and received either CoronaVac or just one dose of BNT162b2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ho Lee
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Victor Gray
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jia Ming Nickolas Teo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Anthony Raymond Tam
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Carol Ho-Yi Fong
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - David Tak-Wai Lui
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Polly Pang
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kwok Hung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Guang Sheng Ling, ; Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung, ; Kathryn Choon-Beng Tan,
| | - Kathryn Choon-Beng Tan
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Guang Sheng Ling, ; Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung, ; Kathryn Choon-Beng Tan,
| | - Guang Sheng Ling
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Guang Sheng Ling, ; Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung, ; Kathryn Choon-Beng Tan,
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54
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Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has brought severe challenges to global public health. Many studies have shown that obesity plays a vital role in the occurrence and development of COVID-19. Obesity exacerbates COVID-19, leading to increased intensive care unit hospitalization rate, high demand for invasive mechanical ventilation, and high mortality. The mechanisms of interaction between obesity and COVID-19 involve inflammation, immune response, changes in pulmonary dynamics, disruptions of receptor ligands, and dysfunction of endothelial cells. Therefore, for obese patients with COVID-19, the degree of obesity and related comorbidities should be evaluated. Treatment methods such as administration of anticoagulants and anti-inflammatory drugs like glucocorticoids and airway management should be actively initiated. We should also pay attention to long-term prognosis and vaccine immunity and actively address the physical and psychological problems caused by longterm staying-at-home during the pandemic. The present study summarized the research to investigate the role of obesity in the incidence and progression of COVID-19 and the psychosocial impact and treatment options for obese patients with COVID-19, to guide the understanding and management of the disease.
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55
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Palshikar MG, Palli R, Tyrell A, Maggirwar S, Schifitto G, Singh MV, Thakar J. Executable models of immune signaling pathways in HIV-associated atherosclerosis. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2022; 8:35. [PMID: 36131068 PMCID: PMC9492768 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-022-00246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS)-associated cardiovascular disease is an important cause of mortality in an aging population of people living with HIV (PLWH). This elevated risk has been attributed to viral infection, anti-retroviral therapy, chronic inflammation, and lifestyle factors. However, the rates at which PLWH develop AS vary even after controlling for length of infection, treatment duration, and for lifestyle factors. To investigate the molecular signaling underlying this variation, we sequenced 9368 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from eight PLWH, four of whom have atherosclerosis (AS+). Additionally, a publicly available dataset of PBMCs from persons before and after HIV infection was used to investigate the effect of acute HIV infection. To characterize dysregulation of pathways rather than just measuring enrichment, we developed the single-cell Boolean Omics Network Invariant Time Analysis (scBONITA) algorithm. scBONITA infers executable dynamic pathway models and performs a perturbation analysis to identify high impact genes. These dynamic models are used for pathway analysis and to map sequenced cells to characteristic signaling states (attractor analysis). scBONITA revealed that lipid signaling regulates cell migration into the vascular endothelium in AS+ PLWH. Pathways implicated included AGE-RAGE and PI3K-AKT signaling in CD8+ T cells, and glucagon and cAMP signaling pathways in monocytes. Attractor analysis with scBONITA facilitated the pathway-based characterization of cellular states in CD8+ T cells and monocytes. In this manner, we identify critical cell-type specific molecular mechanisms underlying HIV-associated atherosclerosis using a novel computational method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukta G Palshikar
- Biophysics, Structural, and Computational Biology Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, USA
| | - Rohith Palli
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, USA
| | - Alicia Tyrell
- University of Rochester Clinical & Translational Science Institute, Rochester, USA
| | - Sanjay Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Giovanni Schifitto
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, USA
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, USA
| | - Meera V Singh
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, USA
| | - Juilee Thakar
- Biophysics, Structural, and Computational Biology Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, USA.
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56
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Starosz A, Jamiołkowska-Sztabkowska M, Głowińska-Olszewska B, Moniuszko M, Bossowski A, Grubczak K. Immunological balance between Treg and Th17 lymphocytes as a key element of type 1 diabetes progression in children. Front Immunol 2022; 13:958430. [PMID: 36091019 PMCID: PMC9449530 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.958430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of pancreatic islets. Due to complexity of that disease, the mechanisms leading to the tolerance breakdown are still not fully understood. Previous hypothesis of imbalance in the Th1 and Th2 cells as the main contributing factor has been recently changed towards role of other lymphocytes – regulatory (Treg) and IL-17A-producing (Th17). Our study aims to assess changes within Treg and Th17 cells in newly diagnosed T1D pediatric patients and their association with disease remission. Flow cytometry implementation allowed for Treg and Th17 analysis in studied groups and further combination with clinical and laboratory data. In addition, expression of diabetes-related genes was tested and evaluated in context of their association with studied lymphocytes. Initial results revealed that Treg and ratio Treg/Th17 are significantly higher in T1D than in healthy controls. Moreover, patients with lower HbA1c and daily insulin requirements demonstrated higher levels of Tregs. Similar tendency for insulin intake was also observed in reference to Th17 cells, together with high levels of these cells in patients demonstrating higher values for c-peptide after 2 years. In low-level Treg patients, that subset correlates with the c-peptide in the admission stage. In addition, higher levels of IL-10 were associated with its correlation with HbA1c and insulin dosage. In the context of gene expression, moderate associations were demonstrated in T1D subjects inter alia between CTLA4 and Treg or ratio Treg/Th17. Cumulatively, our data indicate a possible novel role of Treg and Th17 in mechanism of type 1 diabetes. Moreover, potential prognostic value of these populations has been shown in reference to diabetes remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Starosz
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Milena Jamiołkowska-Sztabkowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Division, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Barbara Głowińska-Olszewska
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Division, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marcin Moniuszko
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Artur Bossowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Division, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- *Correspondence: Kamil Grubczak, ; Artur Bossowski,
| | - Kamil Grubczak
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- *Correspondence: Kamil Grubczak, ; Artur Bossowski,
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57
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Shaikh SR, MacIver NJ, Beck MA. Obesity Dysregulates the Immune Response to Influenza Infection and Vaccination Through Metabolic and Inflammatory Mechanisms. Annu Rev Nutr 2022; 42:67-89. [PMID: 35995048 PMCID: PMC10880552 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-062320-115937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrates that obesity alone, independent of comorbidities, is a significant risk factor for severe outcomes from infection. This susceptibility mirrors a similar pattern with influenza infection; that is, obesity is a unique risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality. Therefore, it is critical to understand how obesity contributes to a reduced ability to respond to respiratory viral infections. Herein, we discuss human and animal studies with influenza infection and vaccination that show obesity impairs immunity. We cover several key mechanisms for the dysfunction. These mechanisms include systemic and cellular level changes that dysregulate immune cell metabolism and function in addition to how obesity promotes deficiencies in metabolites that control the resolution of inflammation and infection. Finally, we discuss major gaps in knowledge, particularly as they pertain to diet and mechanisms, which will drive future efforts to improve outcomes in response to respiratory viral infections in an increasingly obese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; , ,
| | - Nancie J MacIver
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; , ,
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Melinda A Beck
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; , ,
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58
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Clement CC, Osan J, Buque A, Nanaware PP, Chang YC, Perino G, Shetty M, Yamazaki T, Tsai WL, Urbanska AM, Calvo-Calle JM, Ramsamooj S, Ramsamooj S, Vergani D, Mieli-Vergani G, Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli B, Gadina M, Montagna C, Goncalves MD, Sallusto F, Galluzzi L, Soni RK, Stern LJ, Santambrogio L. PDIA3 epitope-driven immune autoreactivity contributes to hepatic damage in type 2 diabetes. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabl3795. [PMID: 35984892 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abl3795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A diet rich in saturated fat and carbohydrates causes low-grade chronic inflammation in several organs, including the liver, ultimately driving nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. In this setting, environment-driven lipotoxicity and glucotoxicity induce liver damage, which promotes dendritic cell activation and generates a major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) immunopeptidome enriched with peptides derived from proteins involved in cellular metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and the stress responses. Here, we demonstrated that lipotoxicity and glucotoxicity, as driven by a high-fat and high-fructose (HFHF) diet, promoted MHC-II presentation of nested T and B cell epitopes from protein disulfide isomerase family A member 3 (PDIA3), which is involved in immunogenic cell death. Increased MHC-II presentation of PDIA3 peptides was associated with antigen-specific proliferation of hepatic CD4+ immune infiltrates and isotype switch of anti-PDIA3 antibodies from IgM to IgG3, indicative of cellular and humoral PDIA3 autoreactivity. Passive transfer of PDIA3-specific T cells or PDIA3-specific antibodies also exacerbated hepatocyte death, as determined by increased hepatic transaminases detected in the sera of mice subjected to an HFHF but not control diet. Increased humoral responses to PDIA3 were also observed in patients with chronic inflammatory liver conditions, including autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and type 2 diabetes. Together, our data indicated that metabolic insults caused by an HFHF diet elicited liver damage and promoted pathogenic immune autoreactivity driven by T and B cell PDIA3 epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina C Clement
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jaspreet Osan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Aitziber Buque
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Padma P Nanaware
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Yoke-Chen Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Giorgio Perino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Madhur Shetty
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Takahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wanxia Li Tsai
- Translational Immunology Section, National Institute of Arthritis Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 10916, USA
| | | | | | - Shakti Ramsamooj
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Shakti Ramsamooj
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Diego Vergani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana and Epatocentro Ticino, Lugano 6900, Switzerland.,King's College London Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College Hospital, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Giorgina Mieli-Vergani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana and Epatocentro Ticino, Lugano 6900, Switzerland.,King's College London Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College Hospital, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Benedetta Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana and Epatocentro Ticino, Lugano 6900, Switzerland.,King's College London Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College Hospital, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Massimo Gadina
- Translational Immunology Section, National Institute of Arthritis Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 10916, USA
| | - Cristina Montagna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | | | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana and Epatocentro Ticino, Lugano 6900, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rajesh K Soni
- Proteomics and Macromolecular Crystallography Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lawrence J Stern
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.,Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Laura Santambrogio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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59
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Molony RD, Funk T, Trabucco G, Corcoran E, Ruddy D, Varadarajan M, Elliot G, Piquet M, Lam J, Meyer MJ, Wang HQ, Kurtulus S, Lu H. CRISPR screening identifies T cell-intrinsic regulators of CD3-bispecific antibody responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:909979. [PMID: 35990699 PMCID: PMC9388929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.909979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD3-engaging bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) enable the formation of an immune synapse between T cells and tumor cells, resulting in robust target cell killing not dependent on a preexisting tumor specific T cell receptor. While recent studies have shed light on tumor cell-specific factors that modulate BsAb sensitivity, the T cell-intrinsic determinants of BsAb efficacy and response durability are poorly understood. To better clarify the genes that shape BsAb-induced T cell responses, we conducted targeted analyses and a large-scale unbiased in vitro CRISPR/Cas9-based screen to identify negative regulators of BsAb-induced T cell proliferation. These analyses revealed that CD8+ T cells are dependent on CD4+ T cell-derived signaling factors in order to achieve sustained killing in vitro. Moreover, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and several other candidate genes were identified as intrinsic regulators of BsAb-induced T cell proliferation and/or activation, highlighting promising approaches to enhancing the utility of these potent therapeutics.
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60
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Zhang Q, Zhao J, Ni M, Shen Q, Zhou W, Liu Z. Vitamin D 3 reverses the transcriptional profile of offspring CD4 + T lymphocytes exposed to intrauterine inflammation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 221:106120. [PMID: 35533917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chorioamnionitis profoundly influences multiple fetal organs as well as the immune system. Maternal vitamin D (VitD) supplementation may modulate the immune function of offspring. Here, we sought to uncover the immunomodulatory potential of intrauterine inflammation and VitD in offspring CD4+ T cells. Pregnant C57BL/6 mice were treated with intrauterine lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections, with or without VitD. Splenic CD4+ T cells were negatively selected using anti-biotin microbeads at 28 days after birth. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the offspring CD4+ T cells were identified via RNA sequencing. In total, 181 DEGs induced by LPS exposure were identified in offspring CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, 2461 DEGs were detected after VitD supplementation in addition to LPS exposure. VitD supplementation showed an unexpected ability to counteract the LPS-induced transcriptional responses. VitD supplementation downregulated lymphocyte differentiation (GO: 0030098) and lymphocyte activation (GO: 0046649), and upregulated the responses to viruses (GO: 0009615) and bacteria (GO:0009617) in offspring CD4+ T cells with intrauterine LPS exposure. In addition, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that several pathways, including the T cell receptor signaling pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, Th17 cell differentiation, and autophagy, were downregulated by intrauterine VitD intervention following LPS exposure. Subsequently, we confirmed the counteracting effect of VitD against LPS on the expression of several genes (Insr, Foxo1, and Peli1) using qRT-PCR and western blot analyses. We also demonstrated that intrauterine VitD supplementation interferes with offspring Th17 cell differentiation induced by intrauterine LPS exposure. Our study revealed that VitD reverses the transcriptional and Th17 differential profiles of offspring CD4+ T lymphocytes induced by intrauterine LPS, and indicated the contribution of maternal VitD supplementation to immune protection in offspring affected by intrauterine inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institution, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiuru Zhao
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institution, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Ni
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institution, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianwen Shen
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institution, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Ministry of Health, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institution, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Schmidt V, Hogan AE, Fallon PG, Schwartz C. Obesity-Mediated Immune Modulation: One Step Forward, (Th)2 Steps Back. Front Immunol 2022; 13:932893. [PMID: 35844529 PMCID: PMC9279727 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.932893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, the relationship between the immune system and metabolism has become a major research focus. In this arena of immunometabolism the capacity of adipose tissue to secrete immunomodulatory molecules, including adipokines, within the underlying low-grade inflammation during obesity brought attention to the impact obesity has on the immune system. Adipokines, such as leptin and adiponectin, influence T cell differentiation into different T helper subsets and their activation during immune responses. Furthermore, within the cellular milieu of adipose tissue nutrient availability regulates differentiation and activation of T cells and changes in cellular metabolic pathways. Upon activation, T cells shift from oxidative phosphorylation to oxidative glycolysis, while the differential signaling of the kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the nuclear receptor PPARγ, amongst others, drive the subsequent T cell differentiation. While the mechanisms leading to a shift from the typical type 2-dominated milieu in lean people to a Th1-biased pro-inflammatory environment during obesity are the subject of extensive research, insights on its impact on peripheral Th2-dominated immune responses become more evident. In this review, we will summarize recent findings of how Th2 cells are metabolically regulated during obesity and malnutrition, and how these states affect local and systemic Th2-biased immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Schmidt
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrew E. Hogan
- Kathleen Lonsdale Human Health Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
- Obesity Immunology Research, St. Vincent’s University Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Padraic G. Fallon
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christian Schwartz
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christian Schwartz,
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Massarenti L, Aniol-Nielsen C, Enevold C, Toft-Hansen H, Nielsen CH. Influence of Insulin Receptor Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms on Glycaemic Control and Formation of Anti-Insulin Antibodies in Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126481. [PMID: 35742925 PMCID: PMC9223446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in insulin and insulin receptor genes may influence the interaction between the two molecules, as may anti-insulin antibodies (IAs), commonly found in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) treated with exogenous insulin. We examined the impact of two SNPs in the human insulin gene (INS), rs3842752 and rs689, and two in the insulin receptor gene (INSR) rs2245649 and rs2229429, on disease susceptibility, glycaemic control, and IAs formation in 100 T1D patients and 101 T2D patients treated with insulin. 79 individuals without diabetes were typed as healthy controls. The minor alleles of rs3842752 and rs689 in INS protected against T1D (OR: 0.50, p = 0.01 and OR: 0.44; p = 0.002, respectively). The minor alleles of both rs2245649 and rs2229429 in INSR were risk factors for poor glycaemic control (HbA1c ≥ 80 mmol/mol) in T1D (OR: 5.35, p = 0.009 and OR: 3.10, p = 0.01, respectively). Surprisingly, the minor alleles of rs2245649 and rs2229429 in INSR associated strongly with the absence of IAs in T1D (OR = 0.28, p = 0.008 and OR = 0.30, p = 0.002, respectively). In conclusion, the minor alleles of the investigated INS SNPs protect against T1D, and the minor alleles of the investigated INSR SNPs are associated with poor glycaemic control and the absence of IAs in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Massarenti
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.M.); (C.A.-N.); (C.E.)
| | - Christina Aniol-Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.M.); (C.A.-N.); (C.E.)
- Clinical Immunogenicity Analysis, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Christian Enevold
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.M.); (C.A.-N.); (C.E.)
| | - Henrik Toft-Hansen
- Immunogenicity Assay Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760 Måløv, Denmark;
| | - Claus Henrik Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.M.); (C.A.-N.); (C.E.)
- Section for Oral Biology and Immunopathology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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63
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Liu S, Fu Y, Ziebolz D, Li S, Schmalz G, Li F. Transcriptomic analysis reveals pathophysiological relationship between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and periodontitis. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:130. [PMID: 35676670 PMCID: PMC9175353 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01278-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to detect potential crosstalk genes, pathways and immune cells between periodontitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods Chronic periodontitis (CP, GSE156993) and COPD (GSE42057, GSE94916) datasets were downloaded. Differential expressed genes (DEGs; p < 0.05) were assessed and screened for overlapping results, following functional pathway enrichment analyses (p < 0.05). The xCell method was used to assess immune cell infiltration relationship between CP and COPD. Features of the detected cross-talk genes were revealed using conventional Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) algorithm in R project. Receiver-operating characteristic curves were applied to evaluate the predictive value of the genes. Furthermore, Pearson correlation analysis was performed on crosstalk markers and infiltrating immune cells in CP and COPD, respectively. Results A total of 904 DEGs of COPD and 763 DEGs of CP were acquired, showing 22 overlapping DEGs between the two diseases. Thereby 825 nodes and 923 edges were found in the related protein–protein-interaction network. Eight immune cell pairs were found to be highly correlated to both CP and COPD (|correlation coefficients |> 0.5 and p-value < 0.05). Most immune cells were differently expressed between COPD and CP. RFE identified three crosstalk genes, i.e. EPB41L4A-AS1, INSR and R3HDM1. In correlation analysis, INSR was positively correlated with Hepatocytes in CP (r = 0.6714, p = 0.01679) and COPD (r = 0.5209, p < 0.001). R3HDM was positively correlated with Th1 cells in CP (r = 0.6783, p = 0.0153) and COPD (r = 0.4120, p < 0.01). Conclusion EPB41L4A-AS1, INSR and R3HDM1 are potential crosstalk genes between COPD and periodontitis. R3HDM was positively correlated with Th1 cells in both diseases, while INSR was positively correlated with Hepatocytes in periodontitis and COPD, supporting a potential pathophysiological relationship between periodontitis and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqin Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Aiguo Road No. 152, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yun Fu
- Department of General Practice, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Aiguo Road No. 152, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Dirk Ziebolz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University Leipzig, Liebigstr. 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simin Li
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Gerhard Schmalz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University Leipzig, Liebigstr. 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Aiguo Road No. 152, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China.
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64
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Stefan N, Sippel K, Heni M, Fritsche A, Wagner R, Jakob CEM, Preißl H, von Werder A, Khodamoradi Y, Borgmann S, Rüthrich MM, Hanses F, Haselberger M, Piepel C, Hower M, Vom Dahl J, Wille K, Römmele C, Vehreschild J, Stecher M, Solimena M, Roden M, Schürmann A, Gallwitz B, Hrabe de Angelis M, Ludwig DS, Schulze MB, Jensen BEO, Birkenfeld AL. Obesity and Impaired Metabolic Health Increase Risk of COVID-19-Related Mortality in Young and Middle-Aged Adults to the Level Observed in Older People: The LEOSS Registry. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:875430. [PMID: 35646955 PMCID: PMC9131026 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.875430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced age, followed by male sex, by far poses the greatest risk for severe COVID-19. An unresolved question is the extent to which modifiable comorbidities increase the risk of COVID-19-related mortality among younger patients, in whom COVID-19-related hospitalization strongly increased in 2021. A total of 3,163 patients with SARS-COV-2 diagnosis in the Lean European Open Survey on SARS-CoV-2-Infected Patients (LEOSS) cohort were studied. LEOSS is a European non-interventional multi-center cohort study established in March 2020 to investigate the epidemiology and clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Data from hospitalized patients and those who received ambulatory care, with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test, were included in the study. An additive effect of obesity, diabetes and hypertension on the risk of mortality was observed, which was particularly strong in young and middle-aged patients. Compared to young and middle-aged (18-55 years) patients without obesity, diabetes and hypertension (non-obese and metabolically healthy; n = 593), young and middle-aged adult patients with all three risk parameters (obese and metabolically unhealthy; n = 31) had a similar adjusted increased risk of mortality [OR 7.42 (95% CI 1.55-27.3)] as older (56-75 years) non-obese and metabolically healthy patients [n = 339; OR 8.21 (95% CI 4.10-18.3)]. Furthermore, increased CRP levels explained part of the elevated risk of COVID-19-related mortality with age, specifically in the absence of obesity and impaired metabolic health. In conclusion, the modifiable risk factors obesity, diabetes and hypertension increase the risk of COVID-19-related mortality in young and middle-aged patients to the level of risk observed in advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Stefan
- Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Sippel
- Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Heni
- Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Wagner
- Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Carolin E M Jakob
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner-Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hubert Preißl
- Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander von Werder
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner-Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine II, School of Medicine, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yascha Khodamoradi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Borgmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Ingolstadt Hospital, Ingolstadt, Germany
| | | | - Frank Hanses
- Emergency Department, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Christiane Piepel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Hospital Bremen-Center, Bremen, Germany
| | - Martin Hower
- Department for Pneumology, Infectiology, Internal Medicine and Intensive Care, gGmbH, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jürgen Vom Dahl
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach, Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | - Kai Wille
- University Clinic for Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Palliative Care, University of Bochum, Minden, Germany
| | - Christoph Römmele
- Internal Medicine III - Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Janne Vehreschild
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Cologne, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Melanie Stecher
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner-Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michele Solimena
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany.,Helmholtz Center Munich, Faculty of Medicine, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, University Hospital, Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich- Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Annette Schürmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany.,Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Baptist Gallwitz
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany.,TUM School of Life Sciences (SoLS), Chair of Experimental Genetics, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - David S Ludwig
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany.,Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Bjoern Erik Ole Jensen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
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Lee M, Chu K, Chakraborty M, Kotoulas N, Akbari M, Goh C, Clemente-Casares X, Winer DA, Shrestha A, Tsai S. PDMS hydrogel-coated tissue culture plates for studying the impact of substrate stiffness on dendritic cell function. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101233. [PMID: 35313712 PMCID: PMC8933837 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of polydimethylsiloxane hydrogels can be tuned to mimic physiological tensions, an underappreciated environmental parameter in immunology studies. We describe a workflow to prepare PDMS-coated tissue culture plates with biologically relevant substrate stiffness, and the use of these hydrogel plates to condition isolated primary splenic CD11c+ dendritic cells (DC). Finally, we suggest downstream applications to study the impact of substrate stiffness on DC function and metabolism. The protocol could be adapted to study other mechanosensitive immune cell subsets. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Chakraborty et al. (2021). A protocol for using PDMS hydrogel plates to study mechanosensing in immune cells Workflow for preparing and validating PDMS hydrogel-coated culture plates Isolation and culture of tissue CD11c+ DCs for metabolic and functional analysis
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Qiu J, Ma Y, Qiu J. Regulation of intestinal immunity by dietary fatty acids. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:846-856. [PMID: 35821290 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fatty acids are absorbed through the intestine and are fundamental for cellular energy provision and structural formation. Dietary fatty acids profoundly affect intestinal immunity and influence the development and progression of inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal infections and tumors. Although different types of fatty acids exert differential roles in intestinal immunity, a western diet, rich in saturated fatty acids with abundant carbohydrates and studied as high-fat diet (HFD) in animal experiments, disturbs intestinal homeostasis and plays a pathogenic role in intestinal inflammatory diseases. Here, we review recent findings on the regulation of intestinal immunity by dietary fatty acids, focusing on HFD. We summarize HFD-altered immune responses leading to susceptibility to intestinal pathology and dissect the mechanisms involving the impact of HFD on immune cells, intestinal epithelial cells and the microbiota. Understanding the perturbation of intestinal immunity by HFD will provide new strategies for prevention and treatment of intestinal inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yanhui Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Ju Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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67
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Dang VD, Mohr E, Szelinski F, Le TA, Ritter J, Hinnenthal T, Stefanski AL, Schrezenmeier E, Ocvirk S, Hipfl C, Hardt S, Cheng Q, Hiepe F, Löhning M, Dörner T, Lino AC. CD39 and CD326 Are Bona Fide Markers of Murine and Human Plasma Cells and Identify a Bone Marrow Specific Plasma Cell Subpopulation in Lupus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:873217. [PMID: 35464469 PMCID: PMC9024045 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.873217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) contribute to immunity through production of antibodies and cytokines. Identification of specific markers of ASC would allow selective targeting of these cells in several disease contexts. Here, we performed an unbiased, large-scale protein screening, and identified twelve new molecules that are specifically expressed by murine ASCs. Expression of these markers, particularly CD39, CD81, CD130, and CD326, is stable and offers an improved resolution for ASC identification. We accessed their expression in germ-free conditions and in T cell deficient mice, showing that at least in part their expression is controlled by microbial- and T cell-derived signals. Further analysis of lupus mice revealed the presence of a subpopulation of LAG-3– plasma cells, co-expressing high amounts of CD39 and CD326 in the bone marrow. This population was IgM+ and correlated with IgM anti-dsDNA autoantibodies in sera. Importantly, we found that CD39, CD81, CD130, and CD326 are also expressed by human peripheral blood and bone marrow ASCs. Our data provide innovative insights into ASC biology and function in mice and human, and identify an intriguing BM specific CD39++CD326++ ASC subpopulation in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Duc Dang
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Elodie Mohr
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Szelinski
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tuan Anh Le
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacob Ritter
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Hinnenthal
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana-Luisa Stefanski
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Schrezenmeier
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Soeren Ocvirk
- Intestinal Microbiology Research Group, Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Christian Hipfl
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hardt
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qingyu Cheng
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Hiepe
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Löhning
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörner
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreia C. Lino
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Andreia C. Lino,
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68
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Muscogiuri G, Barrea L, Verde L, Vetrani C, Savastano S, Colao A. The "identikit" of subject with obesity and COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough. EXCLI JOURNAL 2022; 21:687-694. [PMID: 35721580 PMCID: PMC9203987 DOI: 10.17179/excli2022-4864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mRNA coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines were highly effective in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19, hospitalization, severe disease, and death. However, a minority of vaccinated individuals might become infected and experience significant morbidity. Risk factors of COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough in obesity have not been elucidated. Thus, we aimed to portray the subjects with obesity developing COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough despite vaccination. Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccines have been highly effective in preventing symptomatic COVID-19, hospitalization, severe illness and death. However, a minority of vaccinated individuals may become infected and experience considerable morbidity. The risk factors for COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough in obesity have not been elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to depict individuals with obesity who develop COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough despite vaccination. An online questionnaire was distributed to respondents via a snowball sampling method among subjects with obesity belonging to Italian Associations for people living with obesity aged 18 years and above. Two hundred and thirty-five respondents (44.5±14 years; BMI: 33.3±7.2 kg/m2) were included in the study. COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough was noted in 34 % of respondents. A higher prevalence of grade III obesity was detected in subjects with COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough compared to subjects that did not (27.5 % vs 13.5 %; p=0.014). In addition, a significant lower prevalence of respondents that completed third dose were found in respondents with COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough compared with respondents that did not develop it (33.8 % vs 72.9 %; p<0.001). After stratifying respondents with COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough according to the completed doses of vaccine, we found that, although no differences were detected in terms of clinical manifestations of COVID-19, there was a significant higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes and hypertension in respondents that completed third doses compared to respondents that completed first and second doses. In conclusion, COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough was more common in subjects with grade III obesity. The presence of type 2 diabetes and hypertension could counteract the immune potentiating effects of vaccine booster against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy,Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy,Cattedra Unesco “Educazione alla salute e allo sviluppo sostenibile”, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Giovanna Muscogiuri, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy; Tel: +390817463779, FAX: +300817463688, E-mail:
| | - Luigi Barrea
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, Università Telematica Pegaso, 80143 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ludovica Verde
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Vetrani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Savastano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy,Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy,Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy,Cattedra Unesco “Educazione alla salute e allo sviluppo sostenibile”, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Stefan N, Cusi K. A global view of the interplay between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2022; 10:284-296. [PMID: 35183303 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become an epidemic, much like other non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as cancer, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The pathophysiology of NAFLD, particularly involving insulin resistance and subclinical inflammation, is not only closely linked to that of those NCDs but also to a severe course of the communicable disease COVID-19. Genetics alone cannot explain the large increase in the prevalence of NAFLD during the past 2 decades and the increase that is projected for the next decades. Impairment of glucose and lipid metabolic pathways, which has been propelled by the worldwide increase in the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes, is most likely behind the increase in people with NAFLD. As the prevalence of NAFLD varies among subgroups of patients with diabetes and prediabetes identified by cluster analyses, stratification of people with diabetes and prediabetes by major pathological mechanistic pathways might improve the diagnosis of NAFLD and prediction of its progression. In this Review, we aim to understand how diabetes can affect the development of hepatic steatosis and its progression to advanced liver damage. First, we emphasise the extent to which NAFLD and diabetes jointly occur worldwide. Second, we address the major mechanisms that are involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and type 2 diabetes, and we discuss whether these mechanisms place NAFLD in an important position to better understand the pathogenesis of NCDs and communicable diseases, such as COVID-19. Third, we address whether this knowledge can be used for personalised treatment of NAFLD in the future. Finally, we discuss the current treatment strategies for people with type 2 diabetes and their effectiveness in treating the spectrum of hepatic diseases from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Stefan
- Department of Internal Medicine IV and Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Kenneth Cusi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Pinchera B, Scotto R, Buonomo AR, Zappulo E, Stagnaro F, Gallicchio A, Viceconte G, Sardanelli A, Mercinelli S, Villari R, Foggia M, Gentile I. Diabetes and COVID-19: The potential role of mTOR. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2022; 186:109813. [PMID: 35248653 PMCID: PMC8891119 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is the most frequent comorbidity among patients with COVID-19. COVID-19 patients with diabetes have a more severe prognosis than patients without diabetes. However, the etiopathogenetic mechanisms underlying this more unfavorable outcome in these patients are not clear. Probably the etiopathogenetic mechanisms underlying diabetes could represent a favorable substrate for a greater development of the inflammatory process already dysregulated in COVID-19 with a more severe evolution of the disease. In the attempt to shed light on the possible etiopathogenetic mechanisms, we wanted to evaluate the possible role of mTOR (mammalian Target Of Rapamycin) pathway in this context. We searched the PubMed and Scopus databases to identify articles involving diabetes and the mTOR pathway in COVID-19. The mTOR pathway could be involved in this etiopathogenetic mechanism, in particular, the activation and stimulation of this pathway could favor an inflammatory process that is already dysregulated in itself, while its inhibition could be a way to regulate this dysregulated inflammatory process. However, much remains to be clarified about the mechanisms of the mTOR pathway and its role in COVID-19. The aim of this review is to to understand the etiopathogenesis underlying COVID-19 in diabetic patients and the role of mTOR pathway in order to be able to search for new weapons to deal with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pinchera
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - R Scotto
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - A R Buonomo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - E Zappulo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - F Stagnaro
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - A Gallicchio
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - G Viceconte
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - A Sardanelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - S Mercinelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - R Villari
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - M Foggia
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - I Gentile
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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Kavazović I, Krapić M, Beumer-Chuwonpad A, Polić B, Turk Wensveen T, Lemmermann NA, van Gisbergen KPJM, Wensveen FM. Hyperglycemia and Not Hyperinsulinemia Mediates Diabetes-Induced Memory CD8 T-Cell Dysfunction. Diabetes 2022; 71:706-721. [PMID: 35044446 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) causes an increased risk of morbidity and mortality in response to viral infection. T2D is characterized by hyperglycemia and is typically associated with insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia. CD8 T cells express the insulin receptor, and previously, we have shown that insulin is able to directly modulate effector CD8 T-cell function. We therefore hypothesized that memory CD8 T-cell responsiveness in the context of T2D is negatively impacted by hyperinsulinemia or hyperglycemia. Using a mouse model for T2D, we could show that memory CD8 T-cell function was significantly reduced in response to rechallenge by viral infection or with melanoma cells. Basal insulin injection of mice increased GLUT-1 expression and glucose uptake in memory CD8 T-cell precursors early after infection, which was prevented when these cells were deficient for the insulin receptor. However, neither insulin injection nor insulin receptor deficiency resulted in a difference in metabolism, memory formation, cytokine production, or recall responses of memory CD8 T cells compared with controls. Importantly, in context of obesity, insulin receptor deficiency on CD8 T cells did not affect the functional capacity of memory CD8 T cells. In contrast, we could show in vitro and in vivo that hyperglycemia significantly impairs the antiviral capacity of memory CD8 T cells. Our findings indicate that obesity impairs the memory CD8 T-cell response against viral infection and cancer through the detrimental effects of hyperglycemia rather than hyperinsulinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Kavazović
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Mia Krapić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ammarina Beumer-Chuwonpad
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bojan Polić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tamara Turk Wensveen
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Cardiometabolism, Thalassotherapia, Opatija, Croatia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Niels A Lemmermann
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI) at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaas P J M van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Felix M Wensveen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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Obesity and Leptin Resistance in the Regulation of the Type I Interferon Early Response and the Increased Risk for Severe COVID-19. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071388. [PMID: 35406000 PMCID: PMC9002648 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity, and obesity-associated conditions such as hypertension, chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, are important risk factors for severe Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The common denominator is metaflammation, a portmanteau of metabolism and inflammation, which is characterized by chronically elevated levels of leptin and pro-inflammatory cytokines. These induce the “Suppressor Of Cytokine Signaling 1 and 3” (SOCS1/3), which deactivates the leptin receptor and also other SOCS1/3 sensitive cytokine receptors in immune cells, impairing the type I and III interferon early responses. By also upregulating SOCS1/3, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 adds a significant boost to this. The ensuing consequence is a delayed but over-reactive immune response, characterized by high-grade inflammation (e.g., cytokine storm), endothelial damage, and hypercoagulation, thus leading to severe COVID-19. Superimposing an acute disturbance, such as a SARS-CoV-2 infection, on metaflammation severely tests resilience. In the long run, metaflammation causes the “typical western” conditions associated with metabolic syndrome. Severe COVID-19 and other serious infectious diseases can be added to the list of its short-term consequences. Therefore, preventive measures should include not only vaccination and the well-established actions intended to avoid infection, but also dietary and lifestyle interventions aimed at improving body composition and preventing or reversing metaflammation.
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73
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Leitner BP, Siebel S, Akingbesote ND, Zhang X, Perry RJ. Insulin and cancer: a tangled web. Biochem J 2022; 479:583-607. [PMID: 35244142 PMCID: PMC9022985 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For a century, since the pioneering work of Otto Warburg, the interwoven relationship between metabolism and cancer has been appreciated. More recently, with obesity rates rising in the U.S. and worldwide, epidemiologic evidence has supported a link between obesity and cancer. A substantial body of work seeks to mechanistically unpack the association between obesity, altered metabolism, and cancer. Without question, these relationships are multifactorial and cannot be distilled to a single obesity- and metabolism-altering hormone, substrate, or factor. However, it is important to understand the hormone-specific associations between metabolism and cancer. Here, we review the links between obesity, metabolic dysregulation, insulin, and cancer, with an emphasis on current investigational metabolic adjuncts to standard-of-care cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooks P. Leitner
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
| | - Stephan Siebel
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
- Departments of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
| | - Ngozi D. Akingbesote
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
| | - Rachel J. Perry
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
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Zhang AMY, Chu KH, Daly BF, Ruiter T, Dou Y, Yang JCC, de Winter TJJ, Chhuor J, Wang S, Flibotte S, Zhao YB, Hu X, Li H, Rideout EJ, Schaeffer DF, Johnson JD, Kopp JL. Effects of hyperinsulinemia on pancreatic cancer development and the immune microenvironment revealed through single-cell transcriptomics. Cancer Metab 2022; 10:5. [PMID: 35189981 PMCID: PMC8862319 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-022-00282-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperinsulinemia is independently associated with increased risk and mortality of pancreatic cancer. We recently reported that genetically reduced insulin production resulted in ~ 50% suppression of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) precancerous lesions in mice. However, only female mice remained normoglycemic, and only the gene dosage of the rodent-specific Ins1 alleles was tested in our previous model. Moreover, we did not delve into the molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with modulating hyperinsulinemia. METHODS We studied how reduced Ins2 gene dosage affects PanIN lesion development in both male and female Ptf1aCreER;KrasLSL-G12D mice lacking the rodent-specific Ins1 gene (Ins1-/-). We generated control mice having two alleles of the wild-type Ins2 gene (Ptf1aCreER;KrasLSL-G12D;Ins1-/-;Ins2+/+) and experimental mice having one allele of Ins2 gene (Ptf1aCreER;KrasLSL-G12D;Ins1-/-;Ins2+/-). We then performed thorough histopathological analyses and single-cell transcriptomics for both genotypes and sexes. RESULTS High-fat diet-induced hyperinsulinemia was transiently or modestly reduced in female and male mice, respectively, with only one allele of Ins2. This occurred without dramatically affecting glucose tolerance. Genetic reduction of insulin production resulted in mice with a tendency for less PanIN and acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) lesions. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we found hyperinsulinemia affected multiple cell types in the pancreas, with the most statistically significant effects on local immune cell types that were highly represented in our sampled cell population. Specifically, hyperinsulinemia modulated pathways associated with protein translation, MAPK-ERK signaling, and PI3K-AKT signaling, which were changed in epithelial cells and subsets of immune cells. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a potential role for the immune microenvironment in hyperinsulinemia-driven PanIN development. Together with our previous work, we propose that mild suppression of insulin levels may be useful in preventing pancreatic cancer by acting on multiple cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni M Y Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ken H Chu
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Brian F Daly
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Titine Ruiter
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yan Dou
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jenny C C Yang
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Twan J J de Winter
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Justin Chhuor
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Su Wang
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Stephane Flibotte
- Life Sciences Institute Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yiwei Bernie Zhao
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Xiaoke Hu
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Elizabeth J Rideout
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - David F Schaeffer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory and Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James D Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Janel L Kopp
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Peng-Winkler Y, Wessels I, Rink L, Fischer HJ. Zinc Levels Affect the Metabolic Switch of T Cells by Modulating Glucose Uptake and Insulin Receptor Signaling. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2100944. [PMID: 35182109 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE T cell activation requires a metabolic reprogramming from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis to rapidly provide substrates for biosynthesis. An individual's zinc status plays an important role in balancing the activation of T cells and is required for a proper function of immune cells. Furthermore, zinc plays an important role during effector T cell polarization to T helper cell subsets or regulatory T cells, with effector T cells relying on glycolysis and regulatory T cells on oxidative phosphorylation. Therefore, we aimed to analyze if zinc also impacts on T cell activation on the level of intracellular metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS We used mixed lymphocyte culture and anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation as in vitro models for T cell activation to investigate the effect of zinc supplementation and deprivation on metabolic switching. We observed promoted glucose uptake, insulin receptor expression and signaling in both zinc conditions, whereas key metabolic enzymes were stimulated mainly by zinc deprivation. Alterations in cytokine production suggest an immune-activating effect of zinc deprivation and a balancing effect of zinc supplementation. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a supportive effect of both zinc supplementation and deprivation on the metabolic switch during T cell activation, adding another level of immune regulation by zinc. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Peng-Winkler
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, Aachen, D-52074, Germany
| | - Inga Wessels
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, Aachen, D-52074, Germany
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, Aachen, D-52074, Germany
| | - Henrike Josephine Fischer
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, Aachen, D-52074, Germany
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76
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Azarcoya-Barrera J, Wollin B, Veida-Silva H, Makarowski A, Goruk S, Field CJ, Jacobs RL, Richard C. Egg-Phosphatidylcholine Attenuates T-Cell Dysfunction in High-Fat Diet Fed Male Wistar Rats. Front Nutr 2022; 9:811469. [PMID: 35187037 PMCID: PMC8847771 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.811469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with immune dysfunction including an impaired T-cell function characterized by a lower IL-2 (proliferation marker) production after stimulation. Phosphatidylcholine (PC), a form of choline mostly found in eggs, has been shown to beneficially modulate T-cell responses during the lactation period by increasing the production of IL-2. To determine the impact of egg-PC as part of a high-fat diet on immune function we randomly fed male Wistar rats one of three diets containing the same amount of total choline but differing in the form of choline: 1-Control low fat [CLF, 10% wt/wt fat, 100% free choline (FC)]; 2- Control high-fat (CHF, 25% wt/wt fat, 100% FC); 3- PC high-fat (PCHF, 25% wt/wt, 100% PC). After 9 weeks of feeding, rats were euthanized. Cell phenotypes and ex vivo cytokine production by splenocytes stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus ionomycin (PMA+I), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and pokeweed (PWM) were measured by flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. Rats fed the PCHF diet had a lower proportion of CD3+ cells when compared to both the CLF and the CHF. Following PMA+I stimulation, splenocytes from the CHF group produced less IL-2 and TNF-α compared to CLF and PCHF groups. No significant differences in cytokine production were found among groups after LPS and PWM stimulation. Our results show that feeding a high-fat diet impairs T-cell responses, as measured by ex vivo cytokine production, which can be attenuated by providing egg-PC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Caroline Richard
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Abstract
Obesity and impaired metabolic health are important risk factors for severe COVID-19. Novel data indicate that these risk factors might also promote vaccine-breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections in fully vaccinated people. Here, these relationships are discussed and post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 that are related to obesity and impaired metabolic health are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Stefan
- Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
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78
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Chapman NM, Chi H. Metabolic adaptation of lymphocytes in immunity and disease. Immunity 2022; 55:14-30. [PMID: 35021054 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses mediated by T cells and B cells are crucial for protective immunity against pathogens and tumors. Differentiation and function of immune cells require dynamic reprogramming of cellular metabolism. Metabolic inputs, pathways, and enzymes display remarkable flexibility and heterogeneity, especially in vivo. How metabolic plasticity and adaptation dictate functional specialization of immune cells is fundamental to our understanding and therapeutic modulation of the immune system. Extensive progress has been made in characterizing the effects of metabolic networks on immune cell fate and function in discrete microenvironments or immunological contexts. In this review, we summarize how rewiring of cellular metabolism determines the outcome of adaptive immunity in vivo, with a focus on how metabolites, nutrients, and driver genes in immunometabolism instruct cellular programming and immune responses during infection, inflammation, and cancer in mice and humans. Understanding context-dependent metabolic remodeling will manifest legitimate opportunities for therapeutic intervention of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Watanabe M, Balena A, Masi D, Tozzi R, Risi R, Caputi A, Rossetti R, Spoltore ME, Biagi F, Anastasi E, Angeloni A, Mariani S, Lubrano C, Tuccinardi D, Gnessi L. Rapid Weight Loss, Central Obesity Improvement and Blood Glucose Reduction Are Associated with a Stronger Adaptive Immune Response Following COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10010079. [PMID: 35062740 PMCID: PMC8780354 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a poor COVID-19 prognosis, and it seems associated with reduced humoral response to vaccination. Public health campaigns have advocated for weight loss in subjects with obesity, hoping to eliminate this risk. However, no evidence proves that weight loss leads to a better prognosis or a stronger immune response to vaccination. We aimed to investigate the impact of rapid weight loss on the adaptive immune response in subjects with morbid obesity. Twenty-one patients followed a hypocaloric, very-low-carbohydrate diet one week before to one week after the two mRNA vaccine doses. The diet’s safety and efficacy were assessed, and the adaptive humoral (anti-SARS CoV-2 S antibodies, Abs) and cell-mediated responses (IFNγ secretion on stimulation with two different SARS CoV-2 peptide mixes, IFNγ-1 and IFNγ-2) were evaluated. The patients lost ~10% of their body weight with metabolic improvement. A high baseline BMI correlated with a poor immune response (R −0.558, p = 0.013 for IFNγ-1; R −0.581, p = 0.009 for IFNγ-2; R −0.512, p = 0.018 for Abs). Furthermore, there was a correlation between weight loss and higher IFNγ-2 (R 0.471, p = 0.042), and between blood glucose reduction and higher IFNγ-1 (R 0.534, p = 0.019), maintained after weight loss and waist circumference reduction adjustment. Urate reduction correlated with higher Abs (R 0.552, p = 0.033). In conclusion, obesity is associated with a reduced adaptive response to a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, and weight loss and metabolic improvement may reverse the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Watanabe
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (D.M.); (R.R.); (A.C.); (R.R.); (M.E.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.); (C.L.); (L.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Angela Balena
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (D.M.); (R.R.); (A.C.); (R.R.); (M.E.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.); (C.L.); (L.G.)
| | - Davide Masi
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (D.M.); (R.R.); (A.C.); (R.R.); (M.E.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.); (C.L.); (L.G.)
| | - Rossella Tozzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Renata Risi
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (D.M.); (R.R.); (A.C.); (R.R.); (M.E.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.); (C.L.); (L.G.)
| | - Alessandra Caputi
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (D.M.); (R.R.); (A.C.); (R.R.); (M.E.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.); (C.L.); (L.G.)
| | - Rebecca Rossetti
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (D.M.); (R.R.); (A.C.); (R.R.); (M.E.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.); (C.L.); (L.G.)
| | - Maria Elena Spoltore
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (D.M.); (R.R.); (A.C.); (R.R.); (M.E.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.); (C.L.); (L.G.)
| | - Filippo Biagi
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (D.M.); (R.R.); (A.C.); (R.R.); (M.E.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.); (C.L.); (L.G.)
| | - Emanuela Anastasi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Antonio Angeloni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Stefania Mariani
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (D.M.); (R.R.); (A.C.); (R.R.); (M.E.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.); (C.L.); (L.G.)
| | - Carla Lubrano
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (D.M.); (R.R.); (A.C.); (R.R.); (M.E.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.); (C.L.); (L.G.)
| | - Dario Tuccinardi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Lucio Gnessi
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (D.M.); (R.R.); (A.C.); (R.R.); (M.E.S.); (F.B.); (S.M.); (C.L.); (L.G.)
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Abstract
Vaccination affords protection from disease by activating pathogen-specific immune cells and facilitating the development of persistent immunologic memory toward the vaccine-specific pathogen. Current vaccine regimens are often based on the efficiency of the acute immune response, and not necessarily on the generation of memory cells, in part because the mechanisms underlying the development of efficient immune memory remain incompletely understood. This Review describes recent advances in defining memory T cell metabolism and how metabolism of these cells might be altered in patients affected by mitochondrial diseases or metabolic syndrome, who show higher susceptibility to recurrent infections and higher rates of vaccine failure. It discusses how this new understanding could add to the way we think about immunologic memory, vaccine development, and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Corrado
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Erika L. Pearce
- Department of Oncology, The Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Cruz-Pineda WD, Garibay-Cerdenares OL, Rodríguez-Ruíz HA, Matia-García I, Marino-Ortega LA, Espinoza-Rojo M, Reyes-Castillo Z, Castro-Alarcón N, Castañeda-Saucedo E, Illades-Aguiar B, Parra-Rojas I. Changes in the Expression of Insulin Pathway, Neutrophil Elastase and Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Genes from Leukocytes of Young Individuals with Insulin Resistance. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:1865-1876. [PMID: 35757193 PMCID: PMC9215908 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s362881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic hyperinsulinemia is a hallmark of insulin resistance that affects a diversity of cells, including leukocytes modifying the expression of some genes involved in insulin signaling. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate how hyperinsulinemia affects the expression of genes involved in the proximal insulin signaling pathway in leukocytes from 45 young individuals grouped: normal weight with not insulin resistance (NIR), with insulin resistance (IR) and with obesity (OB-IR). METHODS qPCR was performed to analyze the expression of insulin receptor (INSR), insulin receptor substrate 1 and 2 (IRS-1 and IRS-2), neutrophil elastase (NE), alpha 1 antitrypsin (A1AT), glucose transporters 1, 3 and 4 (GLUT-1, GLUT-3 and GLUT-4) by the 2-ΔCt method, and the correlation between the genes was determined by Spearman's test. RESULTS The mRNA expression analysis of all genes between NIR and IR individuals revealed no differences. However, when comparing NIR and IR individuals with OB-IR, an increase in NE and A1AT expression and a clear trend towards a decrease in IRS-2 expression was observed, whereas the comparison of IR and OB-IR showed a decrease in GLUT-3 expression. Overall, the correlation analysis showed that in the IR group there was a positive correlation only between NE with IRS-1 (r = 0.72, p = 0.003), while in the OB-IR group, there was a positive correlation between the NE and A1AT with INSR (r = 0.62, p = 0.01 and r = 0.74, p = 0.002, respectively) and with IRS-2 (r = 0.74, p = 0.002 and r = 0.76, p = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION These results suggest that hyperinsulinemia and obesity are associated with changes in the expression of genes in leukocytes involved in the insulin pathway that are related to NE and A1AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter David Cruz-Pineda
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Obesidad y Diabetes, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
| | - Olga Lilia Garibay-Cerdenares
- CONACyT-Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
- Olga Lilia Garibay-Cerdenares, CONACyT-Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Avenida Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, CP 39090, México, Tel/Fax +52 7474710901, Email
| | - Hugo Alberto Rodríguez-Ruíz
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Obesidad y Diabetes, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
| | - Inés Matia-García
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Obesidad y Diabetes, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
| | - Linda Anahí Marino-Ortega
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Obesidad y Diabetes, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
| | - Mónica Espinoza-Rojo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
| | - Zyanya Reyes-Castillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Comportamiento Alimentario y Nutrición, Centro Universitario del Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, México
| | - Natividad Castro-Alarcón
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
| | - Eduardo Castañeda-Saucedo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
| | - Berenice Illades-Aguiar
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
| | - Isela Parra-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Obesidad y Diabetes, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
- Correspondence: Isela Parra-Rojas, Laboratorio de Investigación en Obesidad y Diabetes, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Avenida Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, CP 39090, México, Tel/Fax +52 7474719310, Email
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82
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Herz CT, Kulterer OC, Kulifaj D, Gelas F, Franzke B, Haupenthal F, Prager G, Langer FB, Marculescu R, Haug AR, Kiefer FW, Bond G. Obesity is associated with a higher Torque Teno viral load compared to leanness. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:962090. [PMID: 36246898 PMCID: PMC9554490 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.962090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity affects a rising proportion of the population and is an important risk factor for unfavorable outcomes in viral disease including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2- associated diseases. Torque Teno virus (TTV) is a ubiquitous and apathogenic virus which reflects the immune function of its host. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between obesity and TTV load - an indirect marker of compromised viral immune response. METHODS TTV was quantified by TTV R-GENE® PCR in a total of 89 participants of which 30 were lean (BMI <25 kg/m2) and 59 were obese (BMI >30 kg/m2). For 38 subjects, follow-up was available after bariatric surgery. RESULTS TTV load was higher in individuals with obesity (median 2.39, IQR: 1.69-3.33 vs. 1.88, IQR 1.08-2.43 log10 copies/mL; p = 0.027). Multivariable linear modeling revealed an independent association between TTV load and obesity. TTV was positively correlated with waist-to-hip ratio and inversely with 25OH vitamin D levels. Interleukin 6 and fasting insulin resistance were confounders of the association between TTV and obesity, while age was an effect modifier. TTV load increased by 87% (95% CI 2-243%) in the year following bariatric surgery. DISCUSSION A higher TTV load in obese individuals may reflect compromised immune function and thus might serve for risk stratification of unfavorable outcomes during infectious disease, including coronavirus disease 2019, in this population. Our data warrant further analysis of TTV-based risk assessment in obese individuals in the context of infectious disease-associated outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten T. Herz
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oana C. Kulterer
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorian Kulifaj
- R&D Molecular Diagnostics, bioMérieux Société Anonyme (SA), Verniolle, France
| | - Fanny Gelas
- R&D Molecular Diagnostics, bioMérieux Société Anonyme (SA), Verniolle, France
| | - Bernhard Franzke
- Research Platform Active Ageing, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frederik Haupenthal
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Prager
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix B. Langer
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rodrig Marculescu
- Division of Medical-Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander R. Haug
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian W. Kiefer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Bond
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Gregor Bond,
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83
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SantaCruz-Calvo S, Bharath L, Pugh G, SantaCruz-Calvo L, Lenin RR, Lutshumba J, Liu R, Bachstetter AD, Zhu B, Nikolajczyk BS. Adaptive immune cells shape obesity-associated type 2 diabetes mellitus and less prominent comorbidities. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:23-42. [PMID: 34703027 PMCID: PMC11005058 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00575-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are increasing in prevalence owing to decreases in physical activity levels and a shift to diets that include addictive and/or high-calorie foods. These changes are associated with the adoption of modern lifestyles and the presence of an obesogenic environment, which have resulted in alterations to metabolism, adaptive immunity and endocrine regulation. The size and quality of adipose tissue depots in obesity, including the adipose tissue immune compartment, are critical determinants of overall health. In obesity, chronic low-grade inflammation can occur in adipose tissue that can progress to systemic inflammation; this inflammation contributes to the development of insulin resistance, T2DM and other comorbidities. An improved understanding of adaptive immune cell dysregulation that occurs during obesity and its associated metabolic comorbidities, with an appreciation of sex differences, will be critical for repurposing or developing immunomodulatory therapies to treat obesity and/or T2DM-associated inflammation. This Review critically discusses how activation and metabolic reprogramming of lymphocytes, that is, T cells and B cells, triggers the onset, development and progression of obesity and T2DM. We also consider the role of immunity in under-appreciated comorbidities of obesity and/or T2DM, such as oral cavity inflammation, neuroinflammation in Alzheimer disease and gut microbiome dysbiosis. Finally, we discuss previous clinical trials of anti-inflammatory medications in T2DM and consider the path forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara SantaCruz-Calvo
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences and the Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Leena Bharath
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA, USA
| | - Gabriella Pugh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lucia SantaCruz-Calvo
- Department of Chemistry and Food Technology, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raji Rajesh Lenin
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences and the Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jenny Lutshumba
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Beibei Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences and the Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Barbara S Nikolajczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences and the Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Barros L, Ferreira C, Veldhoen M. The fellowship of regulatory and tissue-resident memory cells. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:64-73. [PMID: 34608235 PMCID: PMC8488068 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00456-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
T cells located in non-lymphoid tissues have come to prominence in recent years. CD8+ tissue-resident memory (Trm) cells are important for tissue immune surveillance, provide an important line of defence against invading pathogens and show promise in cancer therapies. These cells differ in phenotype from other memory populations, are adapted to the tissue they home to where they found their cognate antigen and have different metabolic requirements for survival and activation. CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells also consist of specialised populations, found in non-lymphoid tissues, with distinct transcriptional programmes. These cells have equally adapted to function in the tissue they made their home. Both Trm and Treg cells have functions beyond immune defence, involving tissue homeostasis, repair and turnover. They are part of a multicellular communication network. Intriguingly, occupying the same niche, Treg cells are important in the establishment of Trm cells, which may have implications to harness the immune surveillance and tissue homeostasis properties of Trm cells for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Barros
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, Lisbon, 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Cristina Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, Lisbon, 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Marc Veldhoen
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, Lisbon, 1649-028, Portugal.
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Lopez-Huamanrayme E, Garate-Chirinos DD, Espinoza-Morales F, Del-Castillo-Ochoa S, Gomez-Noronha A, Salsavilca-Macavilca E, Taype-Rondan A, Pasquel FJ. Association between hyperglycemia treatment and mortality in patients with diabetes and COVID-19 in a Peruvian hospital: A retrospective cohort study. J Clin Transl Endocrinol 2021; 26:100265. [PMID: 34567978 PMCID: PMC8455160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2021.100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Very limited information about inpatient glycemic control or anti-hyperglycemic treatment strategies is available from low- and middle-income countries, such as Peru. We observed a high mortality (39,1%) among patients with diabetes and COVID-19 in a Peruvian hospital. After admission, sliding scale insulin therapy was the most common treatment approach for hospitalized patients with diabetes and COVID-19. Early and continuous use of sliding scale insulin alone was associated with higher mortality compared to fixed-dose insulin regimens. In the context of COVID-19 pandemic, the use of the sliding scale insulin alone is frequent and its early and continuous use may be associated with higher in-hospital mortality, its use should be discouraged. Fixed-dose insulin is recommended, after an individualized evaluation.
Objective To evaluate the association between hyperglycemia treatment and mortality in patients with diabetes and COVID-19 in a Peruvian hospital. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted between March and July 2020. Individual-level data were extracted from an implemented virtual platform. We included patients with type 2 diabetes hospitalized with COVID-19. The assessed outcome was in-hospital mortality. The Independent variable of interest was hyperglycemic treatment. We used Poisson regressions with robust variance to obtain crude and adjusted relative risks (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results Out of 1635 patients hospitalized for COVID-19 during the study period, 248 patients with diabetes mellitus were included. The majority were men (66.9%), the median age was 62 years. Ninety-seven patients died in the hospital (39.1%). The median glycemia on admission was 222.5 mg/dL. At 48 h after hospital admission, 125 patients (50.4%) received sliding scale insulin alone (SSI), 46 (18.5%) received a fixed-dose insulin regimen. In the adjusted analysis, the group with SSI at 48 h of hospitalization had higher mortality than those with fixed-dose insulin (adjusted RR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.01 – 2.83), and those and who continued with SSI in the following days had higher mortality compared to the group that switched to fixed-dose insulin (adjusted RR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.17 – 2.32). Conclusion Among assessed patients with diabetes and COVID-19, more than a third died during hospitalization. Early and continuous use of the sliding scale was associated with higher mortality compared to fixed-dose insulin regimens.
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86
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Kifle ZD, Woldeyohanis AE, Demeke CA. A review on protective roles and potential mechanisms of metformin in diabetic patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Metabol Open 2021; 12:100137. [PMID: 34664036 PMCID: PMC8516148 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2021.100137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is currently the leading threat to public health and a huge challenge to the healthcare systems across the globe and caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Obesity, a state of chronic inflammation, and diabetes mellitus are risk factors for severe SARS-CoV-2. Metformin is one of the most commonly used antidiabetic medications that displayed immunomodulatory activity through AMP-activated protein kinase. Metformin has sex-specific immunomodulatory and cytokine-reducing activities. Therefore, this review aimed to summarize the protective roles of Metformin and its possible molecular mechanisms for use in COVID-19 patients. To include studies, publications related to Metformin and its possible molecular mechanisms for COVID-19 were searched from the databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, Elsevier, Google Scholar, and SCOPUS, via English key terms. Maintaining proper blood glucose levels using oral antidiabetic drugs like Metformin reduced the detrimental effects of COVID-19 by different possible mechanisms such as Metformin-mediated anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities; effect on viral entry and ACE2 stability; inhibition of virus infection; alters virus survival and endosomal pH; mTOR inhibition; and influence on gut microbiota. Fascinatingly, in diabetic patients with COVID-19, treatment with Metformin was associated with a noticeable reduction in mortality rates and disease severity among infected patients. Metformin was comprehensively investigated for its anti-inflammatory, antiviral capabilities, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant, which would elucidate its capability to confer vascular and cardiopulmonary protection in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemene Demelash Kifle
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Alem Endeshaw Woldeyohanis
- Department of Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Chilot Abiyu Demeke
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Baumrucker CR, Macrina AL, Bruckmaier RM. Colostrogenesis: Role and Mechanism of the Bovine Fc Receptor of the Neonate (FcRn). J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:419-453. [PMID: 35080749 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-021-09506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Colostrogenesis is a separate and unique phase of mammary epithelial cell activity occurring in the weeks before parturition and rather abruptly ending after birth in the bovine. It has been the focus of research to define what controls this process and how it produces high concentrations of specific biologically active components important for the neonate. In this review we consider colostrum composition and focus upon components that appear in first milked colostrum in concentrations exceeding that in blood serum. The Fc Receptor of the Neonate (FcRn) is recognized as the major immunoglobulin G (IgG) and albumin binding protein that accounts for the proteins' long half-lives. We integrate the action of the pinocytotic (fluid phase) uptake of extracellular components and merge them with FcRn in sorting endosomes. We define and explore the means of binding, sorting, and the transcytotic delivery of IgG1 while recycling IgG2 and albumin. We consider the means of releasing the ligands from the receptor within the endosome and describe a new secretion mechanism of cargo release into colostrum without the appearance of FcRn itself in colostrum. We integrate the insulin-like growth factor family, some of which are highly concentrated bioactive components of colostrum, with the mechanisms related to FcRn endosome action. In addition to secretion, we highlight the recent findings of a role of the FcRn in phagocytosis and antigen presentation and relate its significant and abrupt change in cellular location after parturition to a role in the prevention and resistance to mastitis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R Baumrucker
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Ann L Macrina
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Rupert M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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88
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Shinjyo N, Kita K. Infection and Immunometabolism in the Central Nervous System: A Possible Mechanistic Link Between Metabolic Imbalance and Dementia. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:765217. [PMID: 34795562 PMCID: PMC8592913 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.765217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndromes are frequently associated with dementia, suggesting that the dysregulation of energy metabolism can increase the risk of neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. In addition, growing evidence suggests the link between infections and brain disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. The immune system and energy metabolism are in an intricate relationship. Infection triggers immune responses, which are accompanied by imbalance in cellular and organismal energy metabolism, while metabolic disorders can lead to immune dysregulation and higher infection susceptibility. In the brain, the activities of brain-resident immune cells, including microglia, are associated with their metabolic signatures, which may be affected by central nervous system (CNS) infection. Conversely, metabolic dysregulation can compromise innate immunity in the brain, leading to enhanced CNS infection susceptibility. Thus, infection and metabolic imbalance can be intertwined to each other in the etiology of brain disorders, including dementia. Insulin and leptin play pivotal roles in the regulation of immunometabolism in the CNS and periphery, and dysfunction of these signaling pathways are associated with cognitive impairment. Meanwhile, infectious complications are often comorbid with diabetes and obesity, which are characterized by insulin resistance and leptin signaling deficiency. Examples include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and periodontal disease caused by an oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. This review explores potential interactions between infectious agents and insulin and leptin signaling pathways, and discuss possible mechanisms underlying the relationship between infection, metabolic dysregulation, and brain disorders, particularly focusing on the roles of insulin and leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Shinjyo
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Laboratory of Immune Homeostasis, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kita
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Host-Defense Biochemistry, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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89
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Krapić M, Kavazović I, Wensveen FM. Immunological Mechanisms of Sickness Behavior in Viral Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112245. [PMID: 34835051 PMCID: PMC8624889 DOI: 10.3390/v13112245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickness behavior is the common denominator for a plethora of changes in normal behavioral routines and systemic metabolism during an infection. Typical symptoms include temperature, muscle weakness, and loss of appetite. Whereas we experience these changes as a pathology, in fact they are a carefully orchestrated response mediated by the immune system. Its purpose is to optimize immune cell functionality against pathogens whilst minimizing viral replication in infected cells. Sickness behavior is controlled at several levels, most notably by the central nervous system, but also by other organs that mediate systemic homeostasis, such as the liver and adipose tissue. Nevertheless, the changes mediated by these organs are ultimately initiated by immune cells, usually through local or systemic secretion of cytokines. The nature of infection determines which cytokine profile is induced by immune cells and therefore which sickness behavior ensues. In context of infection, sickness behavior is typically beneficial. However, inappropriate activation of the immune system may induce adverse aspects of sickness behavior. For example, tissue stress caused by obesity may result in chronic activation of the immune system, leading to lasting changes in systemic metabolism. Concurrently, metabolic disease prevents induction of appropriate sickness behavior following viral infection, thus impairing the normal immune response. In this article, we will revisit recent literature that elucidates both the benefits and the negative aspects of sickness behavior in context of viral infection.
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90
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Ratter-Rieck JM, Maalmi H, Trenkamp S, Zaharia OP, Rathmann W, Schloot NC, Straßburger K, Szendroedi J, Herder C, Roden M. Leukocyte Counts and T-Cell Frequencies Differ Between Novel Subgroups of Diabetes and Are Associated With Metabolic Parameters and Biomarkers of Inflammation. Diabetes 2021; 70:2652-2662. [PMID: 34462259 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Frequencies of circulating immune cells are altered in those with type 1 and type 2 diabetes compared with healthy individuals and are associated with insulin sensitivity, glycemic control, and lipid levels. This study aimed to determine whether specific immune cell types are associated with novel diabetes subgroups. We analyzed automated white blood cell counts (n = 669) and flow cytometric data (n = 201) of participants in the German Diabetes Study with recent-onset (<1 year) diabetes, who were allocated to five subgroups based on data-driven analysis of clinical variables. Leukocyte numbers were highest in severe insulin-resistant diabetes (SIRD) and mild obesity-related diabetes (MOD) and lowest in severe autoimmune diabetes (SAID). CD4+ T-cell frequencies were higher in SIRD versus SAID, MOD, and mild age-related diabetes (MARD), and frequencies of CCR4+ regulatory T cells were higher in SIRD versus SAID and MOD and in MARD versus SAID. Pairwise differences between subgroups were partially explained by differences in clustering variables. Frequencies of CD4+ T cells were positively associated with age, BMI, HOMA2 estimate of β-cell function (HOMA2-B), and HOMA2 estimate of insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR), and frequencies of CCR4+ regulatory T cells with age, HOMA2-B, and HOMA2-IR. In conclusion, different leukocyte profiles exist between novel diabetes subgroups and suggest distinct inflammatory processes in these diabetes subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Ratter-Rieck
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Haifa Maalmi
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Trenkamp
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Oana-Patricia Zaharia
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nanette C Schloot
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Straßburger
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Szendroedi
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Herder
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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91
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Budd MA, Monajemi M, Colpitts SJ, Crome SQ, Verchere CB, Levings MK. Interactions between islets and regulatory immune cells in health and type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2021; 64:2378-2388. [PMID: 34550422 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05565-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes results from defects in immune self-tolerance that lead to inflammatory infiltrate in pancreatic islets, beta cell dysfunction and T cell-mediated killing of beta cells. Although therapies that broadly inhibit immunity show promise to mitigate autoinflammatory damage caused by effector T cells, these are unlikely to permanently reset tolerance or promote regeneration of the already diminished pool of beta cells. An emerging concept is that certain populations of immune cells may have the capacity to both promote tolerance and support the restoration of beta cells by supporting proliferation, differentiation and/or regeneration. Here we will highlight three immune cell types-macrophages, regulatory T cells and innate lymphoid cells-for which there is evidence of dual roles of immune regulation and tissue regeneration. We explore how findings in this area from other fields might be extrapolated to type 1 diabetes and highlight recent discoveries in the context of type 1 diabetes. We also discuss technological advances that are supporting this area of research and contextualise new therapeutic avenues to consider for type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Budd
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mahdis Monajemi
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah J Colpitts
- Department of Immunology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Q Crome
- Department of Immunology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - C Bruce Verchere
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Megan K Levings
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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92
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Reina-Campos M, Scharping NE, Goldrath AW. CD8 + T cell metabolism in infection and cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 21:718-738. [PMID: 33981085 PMCID: PMC8806153 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells play a key role in the elimination of intracellular infections and malignant cells and can provide long-term protective immunity. In the response to infection, CD8+ T cell metabolism is coupled to transcriptional, translational and epigenetic changes that are driven by extracellular metabolites and immunological signals. These programmes facilitate the adaptation of CD8+ T cells to the diverse and dynamic metabolic environments encountered in the circulation and in the tissues. In the setting of disease, both cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic metabolic cues contribute to CD8+ T cell dysfunction. In addition, changes in whole-body metabolism, whether through voluntary or disease-induced dietary alterations, can influence CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity. Defining the metabolic adaptations of CD8+ T cells in specific tissue environments informs our understanding of how these cells protect against pathogens and tumours and maintain tissue health at barrier sites. Here, we highlight recent findings revealing how metabolic networks enforce specific CD8+ T cell programmes and discuss how metabolism is integrated with CD8+ T cell differentiation and function and determined by environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Reina-Campos
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicole E. Scharping
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ananda W. Goldrath
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,
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93
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Leutner M, Kaleta M, Bellach L, Kautzky A, Thurner S, Klimek P, Kautzky-Willer A. Insulin as Monotherapy and in Combination with Other Glucose-Lowering Drugs Is Related to Increased Risk of Diagnosis of Pneumonia: A Longitudinal Assessment over Two Years. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11100984. [PMID: 34683125 PMCID: PMC8537451 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11100984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at an increased risk of developing infectious diseases such as pneumonia. Hitherto, there has been uncertainty as to whether there is a relationship between different antidiabetic drug combinations and development of pneumonia in this specific cohort. Research Design and Methods: In this longitudinal retrospective study we used multiple logistic regression analysis to assess the odds ratios (ORs) of pneumonia during an observational period of 2 years in 31,397 patients with T2DM under previously prescribed stable antidiabetic drug combinations over a duration of 4 years in comparison to 6568 T2DM patients without drug therapy over 4 years adjusted for age, sex and hospitalization duration. Results: Of the 37,965 patients with T2DM, 3720 patients underwent stable monotherapy treatment with insulin (mean age: 66.57 ± 9.72 years), 2939 individuals (mean age: 70.62 ± 8.95 y) received stable statin and insulin therapy, and 1596 patients were treated with a stable combination therapy of metformin, insulin and statins (mean age: 68.27 ± 8.86 y). In comparison to the control group without antidiabetic drugs (mean age: 72.83 ± 9.96 y), individuals undergoing insulin monotherapy (OR: 2.07, CI: 1.54–2.79, p < 0.001); insulin and statin combination therapy (OR: 2.24, CI: 1.68–3.00, p < 0.001); metformin, insulin and statin combination therapy (OR: 2.27, CI: 1.55–3.31, p < 0.001); statin, insulin and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP-IV inhibitor) combination therapy (OR: 4.31, CI: 1.80–10.33, p = 0.001); as well as individuals treated with metformin and sulfonylureas (OR: 1.70, CI: 1.08–2.69, p = 0.02) were at increased risk of receiving a diagnosis of pneumonia. Conclusions: Stable monotherapy with insulin, but also in combination with other antidiabetic drugs, is related to an increased risk of being diagnosed with pneumonia during hospital stays in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to untreated controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Leutner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.L.); (L.B.)
| | - Michaela Kaleta
- Section for Science of Complex Systems, CeMSIIS, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.K.); (S.T.); (P.K.)
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefstaedter Strasse 39, A-1080 Vienna, Austria
| | - Luise Bellach
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.L.); (L.B.)
| | - Alexander Kautzky
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Stefan Thurner
- Section for Science of Complex Systems, CeMSIIS, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.K.); (S.T.); (P.K.)
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefstaedter Strasse 39, A-1080 Vienna, Austria
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 85701, USA
| | - Peter Klimek
- Section for Science of Complex Systems, CeMSIIS, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.K.); (S.T.); (P.K.)
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefstaedter Strasse 39, A-1080 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kautzky-Willer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.L.); (L.B.)
- Gender Institute, A-3571 Gars am Kamp, Austria
- Correspondence:
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94
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Shirakawa K, Sano M. T Cell Immunosenescence in Aging, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092435. [PMID: 34572084 PMCID: PMC8464832 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although advances in preventive medicine have greatly improved prognosis, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. This clearly indicates that there remain residual cardiovascular risks that have not been targeted by conventional therapies. The results of multiple animal studies and clinical trials clearly indicate that inflammation is the most important residual risk and a potential target for CVD prevention. The immune cell network is intricately regulated to maintain homeostasis. Ageing associated changes to the immune system occurs in both innate and adaptive immune cells, however T cells are most susceptible to this process. T-cell changes due to thymic degeneration and homeostatic proliferation, metabolic abnormalities, telomere length shortening, and epigenetic changes associated with aging and obesity may not only reduce normal immune function, but also induce inflammatory tendencies, a process referred to as immunosenescence. Since the disruption of biological homeostasis by T cell immunosenescence is closely related to the development and progression of CVD via inflammation, senescent T cells are attracting attention as a new therapeutic target. In this review, we discuss the relationship between CVD and T cell immunosenescence associated with aging and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Shirakawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138421, Japan;
| | - Motoaki Sano
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 1608582, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-(3)-5363-3874
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95
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Fontana L, Ghezzi L, Cross AH, Piccio L. Effects of dietary restriction on neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211666. [PMID: 33416892 PMCID: PMC7802371 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent and accumulating work in experimental animal models and humans shows that diet has a much more pervasive and prominent role than previously thought in modulating neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative mechanisms leading to some of the most common chronic central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Chronic or intermittent food restriction has profound effects in shaping brain and peripheral metabolism, immunity, and gut microbiome biology. Interactions among calorie intake, meal frequency, diet quality, and the gut microbiome modulate specific metabolic and molecular pathways that regulate cellular, tissue, and organ homeostasis as well as inflammation during normal brain aging and CNS neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, among others. This review discusses these findings and their potential application to the prevention and treatment of CNS neuroinflammatory diseases and the promotion of healthy brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Fontana
- Charles Perkins Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Brescia University, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Ghezzi
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO.,University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Anne H Cross
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Laura Piccio
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO.,Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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96
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Yoo JE, Kim D, Han K, Rhee SY, Shin DW, Lee H. Diabetes Status and Association With Risk of Tuberculosis Among Korean Adults. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2126099. [PMID: 34546370 PMCID: PMC8456384 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.26099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The risk of tuberculosis (TB) associated with diabetes status, considering impaired fasting glucose or duration of diabetes, has not been well established. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of diabetes status with the development of TB in the general population. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This population-based cohort study used data from the Korean National Health Insurance System database. Adult participants without a history of TB who underwent a health screening in 2009 were included. Eligible participants were followed up for incident TB cases from 1 year after the day of health screening until December 31, 2018. Data analysis was performed from September 2019 to September 2020. EXPOSURES Five levels of diabetes status were evaluated: normal glucose, impaired fasting glucose (considered as without diabetes), new-onset diabetes, diabetes duration less than 5 years, and diabetes duration 5 years or longer (considered as having diabetes). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Newly diagnosed TB. RESULTS Among 4 423 177 participants, the mean (SD) age was 46.5 (13.9) years, and there were 2 597 142 men (58.7%). A total of 26 458 participants (0.6%) received a diagnosis of TB within a median (interquartile range) of 8.3 (8.1-8.6) years of follow-up. An increased risk of TB was observed in participants with diabetes compared with those without diabetes (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.48; 95% CI, 1.42-1.53). Although participants with impaired fasting glucose did not show an increased risk of TB incidence (aHR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.93-1.01), the risk of TB incidence increased with diabetes duration (new-onset diabetes, aHR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.23-1.42; diabetes duration <5 years, aHR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.36-1.54; diabetes duration ≥5 years, aHR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.48-1.66). Among participants with new-onset diabetes, compared with those in the lowest decile (fasting plasma glucose [FPG] level ≥126 but <128 mg/dL), the risk of TB was significantly increased for those in the highest decile (FPG level ≥202 mg/dL, aHR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.42-2.26). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that longer diabetes duration is associated with development of TB, showing a dose-response association. Among participants with new-onset diabetes, incident TB was more common among those with FPG levels greater than or equal to 202 mg/dL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Yoo
- Department of Family Medicine, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahye Kim
- Department of Biostatistics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Youl Rhee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Shin
- Supportive Care Center, Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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97
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Bartleson JM, Radenkovic D, Covarrubias AJ, Furman D, Winer DA, Verdin E. SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and the Ageing Immune System. NATURE AGING 2021; 1:769-782. [PMID: 34746804 PMCID: PMC8570568 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-021-00114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a global health threat with particular risk for severe disease and death in older adults and in adults with age-related metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Recent advances in the science of ageing have highlighted how ageing pathways control not only lifespan but also healthspan, the healthy years of life. Here, we discuss the ageing immune system and its ability to respond to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We specifically focus on the intersect of severe COVID-19 and immunosenescence to highlight pathways that may be determinant for the risk of complications and death following infection with SARS-CoV-2. New or adapted therapeutics that target ageing-associated pathways may be important tools to reduce the burden of death and long-term disability caused by this pandemic. Proposed interventions aimed at immunosenescence could enhance immune function not only in the elderly but in susceptible younger individuals as well, ultimately improving complications of severe COVID-19 for all ages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dina Radenkovic
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
- Hooke, Health, Longevity Optimisation, London W1J 5RG, UK
| | - Anthony J. Covarrubias
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
| | - David Furman
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
- These authors jointly supervised this work
| | - Daniel A. Winer
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
- These authors jointly supervised this work
| | - Eric Verdin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
- These authors jointly supervised this work
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Dalamaga M, Christodoulatos GS, Karampela I, Vallianou N, Apovian CM. Understanding the Co-Epidemic of Obesity and COVID-19: Current Evidence, Comparison with Previous Epidemics, Mechanisms, and Preventive and Therapeutic Perspectives. Curr Obes Rep 2021; 10:214-243. [PMID: 33909265 PMCID: PMC8080486 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-021-00436-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A growing body of evidence suggests that obesity and increased visceral adiposity are strongly and independently linked to adverse outcomes and death due to COVID-19. This review summarizes current epidemiologic data, highlights pathogenetic mechanisms on the association between excess body weight and COVID-19, compares data from previous pandemics, discusses why COVID-19 challenges the "obesity paradox," and presents implications in prevention and treatment as well as future perspectives. RECENT FINDINGS Data from meta-analyses based on recent observational studies have indicated that obesity increases the risks of infection from SARS-CoV-2, severe infection and hospitalization, admission to the ICU and need of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), and the risk of mortality, particularly in severe obesity. The risks of IMV and mortality associated with obesity are accentuated in younger individuals (age ≤ 50 years old). The meta-inflammation in obesity intersects with and exacerbates underlying pathogenetic mechanisms in COVID-19 through the following mechanisms and factors: (i) impaired innate and adaptive immune responses; (ii) chronic inflammation and oxidative stress; (iii) endothelial dysfunction, hypercoagulability, and aberrant activation of the complement; (iv) overactivation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; (v) overexpression of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor in the adipose tissue; (vi) associated cardiometabolic comorbidities; (vii) vitamin D deficiency; (viii) gut dysbiosis; and (ix) mechanical and psychological issues. Mechanistic and large epidemiologic studies using big data sources with omics data exploring genetic determinants of risk and disease severity as well as large randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are necessary to shed light on the pathways connecting chronic subclinical inflammation/meta-inflammation with adverse COVID-19 outcomes and establish the ideal preventive and therapeutic approaches for patients with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Socrates Christodoulatos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Karampela
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Second Department of Critical Care, Attikon General University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1 Rimini St, Haidari, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Natalia Vallianou
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Evangelismos General Hospital of Athens, 45-47 Ypsilantou street, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Caroline M. Apovian
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition, and Weight Management, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Doctor’s Office Building, 720 Harrison Avenue, Suite, Boston, MA 8100 USA
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Insulin signaling establishes a developmental trajectory of adipose regulatory T cells. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:1175-1185. [DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Eberle C, James-Todd T, Stichling S. SARS-CoV-2 in diabetic pregnancies: a systematic scoping review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:573. [PMID: 34416856 PMCID: PMC8379032 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-03975-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, we suffer from an increasing diabetes pandemic and on the other hand from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Already at the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, it was quickly assumed that certain groups are at increased risk to suffer from a severe course of COVID-19. There are serious concerns regarding potential adverse effects on maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes. Diabetic pregnancies clearly need special care, but clinical implications as well as the complex interplay of diabetes and SARS-CoV-2 are currently unknown. We summarized the evidence on SARS-CoV-2 in diabetic pregnancies, including the identification of novel potential pathophysiological mechanisms and interactions as well as clinical outcomes and features, screening, and management approaches. METHODS We carried out a systematic scoping review in MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science Core Collection in September 2020. RESULTS We found that the prognosis of pregnant women with diabetes mellitus and COVID-19 may be associated with potential underlying mechanisms such as a simplified viral uptake by ACE2, a higher basal value of pro-inflammatory cytokines, being hypoxemic as well as platelet activation, embolism, and preeclampsia. In the context of "trans-generational programming" and COVID-19, life-long consequences may be "programmed" during gestation by pro-inflammation, hypoxia, over- or under-expression of transporters and enzymes, and epigenetic modifications based on changes in the intra-uterine milieu. COVID-19 may cause new onset diabetes mellitus, and that vertical transmission from mother to baby might be possible. CONCLUSIONS Given the challenges in clinical management, the complex interplay between COVID-19 and diabetic pregnancies, evidence-based recommendations are urgently needed. Digital medicine is a future-oriented and effective approach in the context of clinical diabetes management. We anticipate our review to be a starting point to understand and analyze mechanisms and epidemiology to most effectively treat women with SARS-COV-2 and diabetes in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Eberle
- Medicine with specialization in Internal Medicine and General Medicine, Hochschule Fulda - University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany
| | - Tamarra James-Todd
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Stefanie Stichling
- Medicine with specialization in Internal Medicine and General Medicine, Hochschule Fulda - University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany
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