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Renström EA, Bäck H. Emotions during the Covid-19 pandemic: Fear, anxiety, and anger as mediators between threats and policy support and political actions. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 51:861-877. [PMID: 34511637 PMCID: PMC8420191 DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic has significantly changed the lives of most people. It has been described as the most severe global health disaster of modern times by the United Nations. No doubt such a major crisis influences what citizens think of different policies, and how they become politically active, not to mention, the forceful emotional experiences that the Covid-19 pandemic brings. This study evaluates how emotions affect support for policies related to restricting the spread of the virus and economic assistance, and how emotions affect intentions to engage politically. In an experiment (N = 1,072), we manipulated emotional reactions to threat by highlighting different aspects of the pandemic. Our findings show that different experimental treatments elicit different emotions, and that fear, anxiety, and anger are all related to policy support and political action intentions, but in different ways. Fear and anger predict support for restrictive policies to limit the spread of the virus, while anxiety predicts support for economic policies. Anger and anxiety, but not fear, increase intentions to engage politically. Hence, we find support for a mechanism where different aspects of the Covid-19 crisis evoke different emotional reactions, which in turn affects policy support and political actions differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A. Renström
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Hanna Bäck
- Department of Political ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
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52
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Leen-Feldner EW, Bynion TM, Gournay R, Bonn-Miller MO, Feldner MT. Practical considerations for testing the effects of cannabidiol on human anxiety. J Anxiety Disord 2021; 82:102429. [PMID: 34058457 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Empirical evidence continues to accumulate suggesting cannabidiol (CBD) may have potential as an anxiolytic. Yet, research in the area is insufficient to support strong inferences. Accordingly, there is a need for additional empirical investigation. Research on the effects of CBD and anxiety requires a working knowledge of both. Understanding of contemporary CBD and anxiety research methods is critical to safely and convincingly test predictions regarding potential anxiolytic effects of CBD. The current paper outlines major design, methods, and safety considerations pertinent both to CBD administration and measuring effects on anxiety outcomes in order to facilitate needed research in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Matthew T Feldner
- University of Arkansas, United States; Canopy Growth Corporation, United States.
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53
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Renström EA, Bäck H. Anxiety, Compassion and Pride. How Emotions Elicited by the Government's Handling of Covid-19 Influences Health-Promoting Behavior. Psychol Belg 2021; 61:224-237. [PMID: 34394949 PMCID: PMC8300590 DOI: 10.5334/pb.1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This article explores how emotions connected to the Government's handling of the Covid-19 outbreak in Sweden relates to behaviors to stop the spread of the virus, and which emotions functions as mediators in this relationship. The Swedish approach to handling the outbreak greatly differed from how many other Western European countries handled the situation and thus makes an important case to study. In a large representative survey (N = 2449), we found that satisfaction with how the Government handled the situation was related to more positive and less negative emotions. Anxiety, compassion and pride mediated the effect of satisfaction on compliance with the national recommendations such that anxiety and compassion increased compliance, while pride decreased it. Importantly though, satisfaction increased compassion and pride, but only compassion led to more compliant behaviors. In fact, satisfaction was indirectly related to less compliant behaviors via anxiety and pride. Shame mediated the effect on the tendency to wear face masks, a behavior that was explicitly not endorsed by the Swedish Public Health Agency. We speculate if the face mask, which was intensely debated, became a politicized symbol of dissatisfaction with the Swedish approach. In sum, it seems that individuals who were dissatisfied with how the government handled the Covid-19 outbreak were in fact engaging more in health-promotional behaviors to stop the spread of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanna Bäck
- Department of political science, Lund University, SE
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54
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Quentin LL, Nelson CI, Wright CD, Arias MC, Mittinty MM, McNeil DW. Development and validation of the Brief Assessment of Distress about Pain. Eur J Pain 2021; 25:1292-1302. [PMID: 33619787 PMCID: PMC8370100 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The experience of pain is a complex interaction of somatic, behavioural, affective and cognitive components. Negative psychological states (e.g., anxiety, fear and depression) are intertwined with pain and contribute to poorer outcomes for individuals suffering from chronic and acute pain by exacerbating the overall experience of pain and leading to increased dysfunction, disability, and distress. A need exists for efficient assessment of aversive emotional states that are associated with pain. METHODS A multistage developmental process included expert judges, two undergraduate samples, and a chronic pain patient sample. The 4-item Brief Assessment of Distress about Pain (BADP) scale was developed to assess anxiety, fear, and depression related to pain, as well as an overall evaluation of distress about pain. RESULTS Principal components analyses indicated that the BADP consisted of one factor. Inter-scale correlation coefficients revealed that the BADP was highly related to other measures that assess similar constructs, suggesting evidence for convergent validity. Intra-scale correlation coefficients indicated that the items of the BADP were only moderately associated with each other. Findings also supported evidence for discriminative validity, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency of the BADP. CONCLUSIONS The BADP has good psychometric properties as a measure of negative affectivity related to pain. The scale's single negative affectivity item may be useful for screening. The BADP helps address a gap in the literature with regard to a brief measure assessing fear, anxiety, depression, and negative affect in relation to pain. Demonstrated utility in a patient sample indicates the measure is suitable for further clinical study. SIGNIFICANCE The BADP provides an efficient, psychometrically-supported means to assess affective distress (i.e., anxiety, fear, depression, and negative affect) associated with pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L. Quentin
- Department of PsychologyEberly College of Arts and SciencesWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWVUSA
| | - Cecelia I. Nelson
- Department of PsychologyEberly College of Arts and SciencesWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWVUSA
| | - Casey D. Wright
- Department of PsychologyEberly College of Arts and SciencesWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWVUSA
| | - Matthew C. Arias
- Department of PsychologyEberly College of Arts and SciencesWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWVUSA
| | - Manasi M. Mittinty
- Pain Management Research InstituteRoyal North Shore HospitalSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Daniel W. McNeil
- Department of PsychologyEberly College of Arts and SciencesWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWVUSA
- Department of Dental Practice & Rural HealthSchool of DentistryWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWVUSA
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55
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Hutten E, Jongen EMM, Verboon P, Bos AER, Smeekens S, Cillessen AHN. Trajectories of Loneliness and Psychosocial Functioning. Front Psychol 2021; 12:689913. [PMID: 34276521 PMCID: PMC8278473 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the relationship between developmental patterns of loneliness and psychosocial functioning among adolescents (9-21 years; N = 110, 52% male). Four-wave longitudinal data were obtained from the Nijmegen Longitudinal Study (NLS) on Infant and Child Development. Loneliness was measured at 9, 13, 16, and 21 years of age and anxiety, depression and self-esteem at 9 and 21 years of age. Using k-means cluster analysis, three trajectories of loneliness were identified as "stable low" (56% of the subjects), "high decreasing" (22% of the subjects), and "low increasing" (22% of the subjects). Importantly, trajectories of loneliness across adolescence significantly predicted psychosocial functioning in young adulthood. Both the "high-decreasing" and "low-increasing" loneliness clusters were associated with higher risk of depression and lower self-esteem compared to the "stable low" loneliness cluster. The "low-increasing" loneliness cluster was associated with higher risk of anxiety compared to the "stable low" loneliness cluster. These results indicate that loneliness in adolescence is a vulnerability that manifests itself in higher levels of anxiety and depression and lower self-esteem in young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elody Hutten
- Faculty of Psychology, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - Ellen M. M. Jongen
- Faculty of Psychology, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - Peter Verboon
- Faculty of Psychology, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - Arjan E. R. Bos
- Faculty of Psychology, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands
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56
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Petrie GN, Nastase AS, Aukema RJ, Hill MN. Endocannabinoids, cannabinoids and the regulation of anxiety. Neuropharmacology 2021; 195:108626. [PMID: 34116110 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis has been used for hundreds of years, with its ability to dampen feelings of anxiety often reported as a primary reason for use. Only recently has the specific role cannabinoids play in anxiety been thoroughly investigated. Here we discuss the body of evidence describing how endocannabinoids and exogenous cannabinoids are capable of regulating the generation and termination of anxiety states. Disruption of the endogenous cannabinoid (eCB) system following genetic manipulation, pharmacological intervention or stress exposure reliably leads to the generation of an anxiety state. On the other hand, upregulation of eCB signaling is capable of alleviating anxiety-like behaviors in multiple paradigms. When considering exogenous cannabinoid administration, cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) agonists have a biphasic, dose-dependent effect on anxiety such that low doses are anxiolytic while high doses are anxiogenic, a phenomenon that is evident in both rodent models and humans. Translational studies investigating a loss of function mutation in the gene for fatty acid amide hydrolase, the enzyme responsible for metabolizing AEA, have also shown that AEA signaling regulates anxiety in humans. Taken together, evidence reviewed here has outlined a convincing argument for cannabinoids being powerful regulators of both the manifestation and amelioration of anxiety symptoms, and highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting the eCB system for the development of novel classes of anxiolytics. This article is part of the special issue on 'Cannabinoids'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin N Petrie
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Education and Research, Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy & Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Andrei S Nastase
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Education and Research, Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy & Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Robert J Aukema
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Education and Research, Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy & Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Matthew N Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Education and Research, Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy & Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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57
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de Abreu MS, Giacomini ACVV, Demin KA, Galstyan DS, Zabegalov KN, Kolesnikova TO, Amstislavskaya TG, Strekalova T, Petersen EV, Kalueff AV. Unconventional anxiety pharmacology in zebrafish: Drugs beyond traditional anxiogenic and anxiolytic spectra. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 207:173205. [PMID: 33991579 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety is the most prevalent brain disorder and a common cause of human disability. Animal models are critical for understanding anxiety pathogenesis and its pharmacotherapy. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is increasingly utilized as a powerful model organism in anxiety research and anxiolytic drug screening. High similarity between human, rodent and zebrafish molecular targets implies shared signaling pathways involved in anxiety pathogenesis. However, mounting evidence shows that zebrafish behavior can be modulated by drugs beyond conventional anxiolytics or anxiogenics. Furthermore, these effects may differ from human and/or rodent responses, as such 'unconventional' drugs may affect zebrafish behavior despite having no such profiles (or exerting opposite effects) in humans or rodents. Here, we discuss the effects of several putative unconventional anxiotropic drugs (aspirin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), nicotine, naloxone and naltrexone) and their potential mechanisms of action in zebrafish. Emphasizing the growing utility of zebrafish models in CNS drug discovery, such unconventional anxiety pharmacology may provide important, evolutionarily relevant insights into complex regulation of anxiety in biological systems. Albeit seemingly complicating direct translation from zebrafish into clinical phenotypes, this knowledge may instead foster the development of novel CNS drugs, eventually facilitating innovative treatment of patients based on novel 'unconventional' targets identified in fish models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo S de Abreu
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil; Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and Neurobiology, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, LA, USA.
| | - Ana C V V Giacomini
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Konstantin A Demin
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov Medical Research Center, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - David S Galstyan
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov Medical Research Center, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia; Granov Scientific Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Konstantin N Zabegalov
- Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia; Neurobiology Program, Sirius University, Sochi, Russia
| | - Tatyana O Kolesnikova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; School of Chemistry, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia; Neurobiology Program, Sirius University, Sochi, Russia
| | - Tamara G Amstislavskaya
- Scientific Research Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatyana Strekalova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov 1st Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia; Department of Preventive Medicine, Maastricht Medical Center Annadal, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Elena V Petersen
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and Neurobiology, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; School of Chemistry, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia; Neurobiology Program, Sirius University, Sochi, Russia.
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58
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Bösselmann V, Amatriain-Fernández S, Gronwald T, Murillo-Rodríguez E, Machado S, Budde H. Physical Activity, Boredom and Fear of COVID-19 Among Adolescents in Germany. Front Psychol 2021; 12:624206. [PMID: 34012413 PMCID: PMC8126672 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.624206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effectiveness of physical activity (PA) as an intervention against anxiety disorders and depression is undeniable in clinical psychology. Therefore, the question arose whether these effects also occur when a fear stimulus, like the COVID-19 pandemic, affects otherwise healthy adolescents. Boredom is closely linked to symptoms of fear and anxiety, but the connection between PA, boredom and fear is partly unclear. Methods A cross-sectional online study was conducted that involved 122 students. Participants were 13–19 years old (Mage = 15.83, SD = 1.73). The survey was available online from April 27th to May 3rd, 2020. At this time, schools in Germany had already been closed for 6 weeks. A self-report questionnaire was used to measure physical activity, boredom, and fear of COVID-19. A multiple linear regression model was conducted. Results The reported fear of COVID-19 significantly correlates with total PA, quantity of strenuous PA, and boredom. Furthermore, a significant regression equation was found. The variables boredom, PA, and age contribute significantly to predicting the fear of COVID-19 [R2 = 0.127, F(3,118) = 6.876, p < 0.000], among adolescents. Conclusion Our results indicate that there is an association between PA, boredom and the quarantine experience of adolescents. Students who were physically more active, especially with strenuous intensity, did not feel bored and showed less fear of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Gronwald
- Department of Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eric Murillo-Rodríguez
- División Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Sergio Machado
- Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience, Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program, Salgado de Oliveira University, Niterói, Brazil.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Henning Budde
- Faculty of Human Sciences, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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59
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Gómez-Salgado J, Allande-Cussó R, Domínguez-Salas S, García-Iglesias JJ, Coronado-Vázquez V, Ruiz-Frutos C. Design of Fear and Anxiety of COVID-19 Assessment Tool in Spanish Adult Population. Brain Sci 2021; 11:328. [PMID: 33807643 PMCID: PMC8001709 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11030328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a specific scale to measure anxiety and fear levels in the general Spanish population. For this, a transcultural adaptation to Spanish of the fear of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) scale, in its original version of 10 items, was carried out. Then, the Anxiety and Fear of COVID-19 Assessment Scale (AMICO, for its acronym in Spanish) was designed by translating the tool and Delphi technique into three rounds. Ten experts participated voluntarily, and inter-observer match rates and the reliability study of the designed scale were calculated. A pilot study was carried out with the final version of the scale for the validity and reliability study. The instrument did not raise problems in semantic and cultural terms during the first and second rounds of the translation process, with an overall weighted Kappa value of 0.9. In the third round, eight new items were designed and consensual, obtaining a weighted overall value of 0.89. The pilot study sample was made up of 445 subjects, of which 60.3% were women with a mean age of 46.2 years. The final version consisted of 16 items, 2 factors, and a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.92. The AMICO scale was developed to assess the level of anxiety and fear of COVID-19 and proved to be valid and reliable for its use in the adult Spanish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gómez-Salgado
- Department of Sociology, Social Work and Public Health, Faculty of Labour Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain; (J.J.G.-I.); (C.R.-F.)
- Safety and Health Postgraduate Programme, Universidad Espíritu Santo, 092301 Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | | | - Sara Domínguez-Salas
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, 41704 Dos Hermanas, Spain;
| | - Juan Jesús García-Iglesias
- Department of Sociology, Social Work and Public Health, Faculty of Labour Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain; (J.J.G.-I.); (C.R.-F.)
| | - Valle Coronado-Vázquez
- Illescas Health Centre, Castilla-La Mancha Health Service, 45200 Toledo, Spain;
- Bioethics Group of the Society of Family and Community Medicine of Madrid (SoMaMFyC), 28004 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Ruiz-Frutos
- Department of Sociology, Social Work and Public Health, Faculty of Labour Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain; (J.J.G.-I.); (C.R.-F.)
- Safety and Health Postgraduate Programme, Universidad Espíritu Santo, 092301 Guayaquil, Ecuador
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60
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Chapa O. An examination of the Beck Anxiety Inventory structure and psychometric properties: A study of American employees. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09585192.2020.1863246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Chapa
- School of Business Administration, University of Houston Victoria, USA
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61
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Abstract
AbstractCatastrophizing thoughts may contribute to the development of anxiety, but functional emotion regulation may help to improve treatment. No study so far directly compared up- and down-regulation of fear by cognitive reappraisal. Here, healthy individuals took part in a cued fear experiment, in which multiple pictures of faces were paired twice with an unpleasant scream or presented as safety stimuli. Participants (N = 47) were asked (within-subjects) to down-regulate, to up-regulate and to maintain their natural emotional response. Valence and arousal ratings indicated successful up- and down-regulation of the emotional experience, while heart rate and pupil dilation increased during up-regulation, but showed no reduction in down-regulation. State and trait anxiety correlated with evaluations of safety but not threat stimuli, which supports the role of deficient safety learning in anxiety. Reappraisal did not modulate this effect. In conclusion, this study reveals evidence for up-regulation effects in fear, which might be even more efficient than down-regulation on a physiological level and highlights the importance of catastrophizing thoughts for the maintenance of fear and anxiety.
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62
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Merkin AG, Akinfieva SS, Martyushev-Poklad AV, Beloskurskaya OP, Dinov EN, Ostrovsky SL, Komarov AN, Zakharova OY, Kazhin VA, Nikiforov IA, Glover M. Anxiety: phenomenology, epidemiology, and risk factors during the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic. NEUROLOGY, NEUROPSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOSOMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.14412/2074-2711-2021-1-107-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic in 2020 led to significant negative social consequences associated inter alia with adverse effects on mental health. One of the most common mental illness is anxiety disorders, the rise in which is characteristic of social upheaval periods. This paper analyzes the problem of anxiety, reviews information on the epidemiology of anxiety, on the factors and mechanisms of its development. It unveils the association of anxiety with addictive disorders, lifestyle factors, and traumatic childhood experience and highlights the problem of increased anxiety in the context of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 pandemics in Russia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Merkin
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies, Federal Biomedical Agency of Russia; Centre for Precise Psychiatry and Neurosciences
| | - S. S. Akinfieva
- Doverie (Trust) National Center for Social Support and Rehabilitation Technologies
| | | | | | - E. N. Dinov
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)
| | | | - A. N. Komarov
- Doverie (Trust) National Center for Social Support and Rehabilitation Technologies
| | - O. Yu. Zakharova
- Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration
| | | | - I. A. Nikiforov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies, Federal Biomedical Agency of Russia
| | - M. Glover
- Centre of Research Excellence: Indigenous Sovereignty & Smoking
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63
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Heffer T, Lundale C, Wylie BE, Willoughby T. Investigating sensitivity to threat with the Behavioral Inhibition Scale (BIS) among children, adolescents and university students: The role of negatively-phrased questions. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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64
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Fink-Lamotte J, Widmann A, Sering K, Schröger E, Exner C. Attentional Processing of Disgust and Fear and Its Relationship With Contamination-Based Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms: Stronger Response Urgency to Disgusting Stimuli in Disgust-Prone Individuals. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:596557. [PMID: 34163378 PMCID: PMC8215551 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.596557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Disgust has recently been characterized as a low-urgency emotion, particularly compared to fear. The aim of the present study is to clarify whether behavioral inhibition during disgust engagement is characteristic of a low-urgency emotion and thus indicates self-imposed attentional avoidance in comparison to fear. Therefore, 54 healthy participants performed an emotional go/no-go task with disgust- and fear-relevant as well as neutral pictures. Furthermore, heart rate activity and facial muscle activity on the fear-specific m. corrugator supercilli and the disgust-specific m. levator labii were assessed. The results partially support the temporal urgency hypothesis of disgust. The emotion conditions significantly differed in emotional engagement and in the facial muscle activity of the m. levator labii as expected. However, contrary to our expectations, no differences between the emotion conditions regarding behavioral inhibition as well as heart rate change could be found. Furthermore, individuals with a higher-trait disgust proneness showed faster reactions and higher activity of the m. levator labii in response to disgust stimuli. The results show that different trait levels influence attentional engagement and physiological parameters but have only a small effect on behavioral inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Fink-Lamotte
- University of Leipzig, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Widmann
- University of Leipzig, Cognitive and Biological Psychology, Leipzig, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Sering
- University of Tuebingen, Quantitative Linguistics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Erich Schröger
- University of Leipzig, Cognitive and Biological Psychology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cornelia Exner
- University of Leipzig, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Leipzig, Germany
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65
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Thomaidou MA, Veldhuijzen DS, Meulders A, Evers AWM. An experimental investigation into the mediating role of pain-related fear in boosting nocebo hyperalgesia. Pain 2021; 162:287-299. [PMID: 32910630 PMCID: PMC7737877 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nocebo hyperalgesia refers to increases in perceived pain that putatively result from negative expectations regarding a nocebo stimulus (eg, an inert treatment, compared with no treatment). The precise cognitive-emotional factors contributing to the origins of nocebo effects are poorly understood. We aimed to test the effects of experimentally induced pain-related fear on the acquisition and extinction of nocebo hyperalgesia in healthy participants (N = 72). Acquisition and extinction of nocebo hyperalgesia were compared between a group receiving standard nocebo conditioning (Control group) and 2 groups receiving distinct fear inductions: high intensity of pain stimulations (High-pain group) or a threat manipulation (High-threat group). During nocebo acquisition, the Control and High-threat groups were administered thermal pain stimulations of moderate intensity paired with sham electrical stimulation (nocebo trials), whereas high pain intensity was administered to the High-pain group. During extinction, equivalent pain intensities were administered across all trials. Pain-related fear was measured by eyeblink startle electromyography and self-report. Nocebo hyperalgesia occurred in all groups. Nocebo effects were significantly larger in the High-pain group than those in the Control group. This effect was mediated by self-reported fear, but not by fear-potentiated startle. Groups did not differ in the extinction rate. However, only the High-pain group maintained significant nocebo responses at the end of extinction. Anticipatory pain-related fear induced through a threat manipulation did not amplify nocebo hyperalgesia. These findings suggest that fear of high pain may be a key contributor to the amplification of nocebo hyperalgesia, only when high pain is experienced and not when it is merely anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Athina Thomaidou
- Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain & Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Dieuwke Swaantje Veldhuijzen
- Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain & Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ann Meulders
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Walburga Maria Evers
- Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain & Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands
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66
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Wolf TG, Kellerhoff KN, Schmierer A, Schmierer G, Halsband U. Caries treatment in a four-year-old boy using hypnosis - a case report. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS 2021; 63:217-228. [PMID: 33617427 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2020.1797624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This clinical case report demonstrates the successful application of hypnosis in an anxious four-year-old boy in whom two primary molars were treated with a composite filling. The almost 16-minute pediatric dental treatment was performed without complications and without interruptions. It could be shown that hypnosis can be used for the pediatric dental treatment of decayed primary tooth lesions. In the specific individual case hypnosis was not only used adjuvant but as an alternative to local anesthesia. A dental anxiety reducing effect and an elimination of pain perception were observed, so that the treatment was possible without anesthesia. It was also found that the communication and rapport between the practitioner and the four-year-old child were improved using hypnosis. There is still a need for high quality studies on the numerous positive effects that hypnosis has on pediatric dental treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gerhard Wolf
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Nadja Kellerhoff
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Albrecht Schmierer
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gudrun Schmierer
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Halsband
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, Neuropsychology, University of Freiburg, Germany
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67
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Broche-Pérez Y, Fernández-Castillo E, Fernández-Fleites Z, Jiménez-Puig E, Vizcaíno-Escobar A, Ferrer-Lozano D, Martínez-Rodríguez L, Martín-González R. Adaptation of the Cuban version of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale. DEATH STUDIES 2020; 46:603-607. [PMID: 33276708 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2020.1855610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the psychometric properties of the Cuban version of Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS). The sample comprised 376 Cuban participants. Concurrent validity and reliability were examined. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed. The CAS showed excellent psychometric characteristics. The internal consistency was very good (α = 0.88). There was a positive correlation between the CAS and the FCV-19S and an inverse association between anxiety and self-perceived quality of health. The results confirmed the presence of a single factor. The CAS is a valid and reliable instrument to explore the experience of anxiety in the Cuban population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunier Broche-Pérez
- Psychology Department, Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, Villa Clara, Cuba
- CognitiON (Cuban Iniciative on Cognitive Health), Santa Clara, Cuba
| | - Evelyn Fernández-Castillo
- Psychology Department, Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, Villa Clara, Cuba
- CognitiON (Cuban Iniciative on Cognitive Health), Santa Clara, Cuba
| | - Zoylen Fernández-Fleites
- Psychology Department, Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, Villa Clara, Cuba
- CognitiON (Cuban Iniciative on Cognitive Health), Santa Clara, Cuba
| | - Elizabeth Jiménez-Puig
- Psychology Department, Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, Villa Clara, Cuba
- CognitiON (Cuban Iniciative on Cognitive Health), Santa Clara, Cuba
| | - Annia Vizcaíno-Escobar
- Psychology Department, Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, Villa Clara, Cuba
| | - Dunia Ferrer-Lozano
- Psychology Department, Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, Villa Clara, Cuba
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Gazendam FJ, Krypotos AM, Kamphuis JH, van der Leij AR, Huizenga HM, Eigenhuis A, Kindt M. From adaptive to maladaptive fear: Heterogeneity in threat and safety learning across response systems in a representative sample. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 158:271-287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Bacon AM, Corr PJ. Behavioral Immune System Responses to Coronavirus: A Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Explanation of Conformity, Warmth Toward Others and Attitudes Toward Lockdown. Front Psychol 2020; 11:566237. [PMID: 33324279 PMCID: PMC7725687 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral immune system (BIS) describes psychological mechanisms that detect cues to infectious pathogens in the immediate environment, trigger disease-relevant responses and facilitate behavioral avoidance/escape. BIS activation elicits a perceived vulnerability to disease (PVD) which can result in conformity with social norms. However, a response to superficial cues can result in aversive responses to people that pose no actual threat, leading to an aversion to unfamiliar others, and likelihood of prejudice. Pathogen-neutralizing behaviors, therefore, have implications for social interaction as well as illness behaviors and responses to health communications. In this study, we investigate how PVD influences conformity, attitudes to other people and to lockdown regulations through the lens of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST). RST describes personality in terms of biologically-driven approach and avoidance motivations which support personal goals. Participants from the United Kingdom public (N = 605) completed an RST personality questionnaire and then read either (a) coronavirus morbidity-mortality statistics and current United Kingdom government lifestyle regulations, (b) just the regulations (as presented in most government publicity materials), or (c) no information at all. They all completed the Perceived Vulnerability to Disease scale to assess BIS-relevant Germ Aversion and Perceived Infectability, followed by questions measuring social conformity, warmth toward others and attitudes toward lockdown measures. Significantly lower PVD scores were observed in the no-information condition, with the other conditions showing no difference. In terms of RST, approach behaviors related to goal-drive persistence work alongside fear in explaining conformity to social norms. Reward related approach behaviors partially explained warmth toward others, indicating that social rewards gained through interaction continue to be strong drivers of behavior. We found no role for RST traits in attitudes toward lockdown. Overall, coronavirus-related behavior is not driven purely by fear, but also by social and/or protection goals regulated by approach motivation. This study presents new insights into public perceptions of coronavirus and government regulated lifestyle restrictions, helping to explain social behaviors in terms of biologically driven mechanisms. Such understanding is vital if we are to successfully motivate public behavior to constrain spread of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Bacon
- School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Corr
- Department of Psychology, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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70
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de Vente W, Majdandžić M, Bögels SM. Intergenerational transmission of anxiety: linking parental anxiety to infant autonomic hyperarousal and fearful temperament. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020; 61:1203-1212. [PMID: 31994221 PMCID: PMC7687129 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autonomic hyperarousal has been proposed as a dispositional risk factor for anxiety disorders (ADs). Therefore, we studied physiological arousal in offspring of fathers and mothers with and without ADs and whether infant hyperarousal predicts subsequent fearful temperament. METHODS Infants (N = 128; age = 4 months) did a novel stimuli task (exposure to visual, olfactory, and acoustic stimuli and an unfamiliar male) and a habituation task (exposure to a repeated acoustic stimulus). Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) were measured during baseline, stimuli and post-stimuli rest. Parents' AD status and severity were measured using a diagnostic interview and their fearful temperament using a questionnaire. Child fearful temperament was measured at 4 months, 1 year and 2.5 years with observations during structured tasks. RESULTS Parents' fearful temperament (significant in the habituation task), AD status (significant in the novel stimuli task) and AD severity (significant in both tasks) predicted a higher HR in their infants. Infants' higher HR reactivity to novel stimuli and diminished HR recovery at 4 months predicted a more fearful temperament during infancy and toddlerhood. Infants' higher HR at 4 months predicted a more fearful temperament at 2.5 years. CONCLUSIONS Parental prenatal anxiety (disorders) predicted infants' autonomic arousal, which in turn predicted later fearful temperament in children. Outcomes suggest that autonomic hyperarousal is a dispositional risk factor of ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieke de Vente
- Research Institute of Child Development and EducationUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Mirjana Majdandžić
- Research Institute of Child Development and EducationUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Susan M. Bögels
- Research Institute of Child Development and EducationUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: A New Instrument to Measure Anxiety Symptoms Associated with COVID-19. INTERACCIONES: REVISTA DE AVANCES EN PSICOLOGÍA 2020. [DOI: 10.24016/2020.v6n3.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to adapt and validate the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale in a sample of Hispanic residents in Puerto Rico. This instrument is a brief mental health screening to identify anxiety symptoms associated with COVID-19. Method: An availability sampling and a sample of 327 Spanish-speaking participants were used. Results: Psychometric analyses confirmed that the scale has a one-dimensional structure and solid reliability (Ω = .93) and validity. The five items met fair discrimination values, demonstrating that the instrument can distinguish between people with anxiety symptoms associated with COVID-19 and those without symptoms. According to the analyses performed, the cut-off points to identify significant symptoms of coronavirus anxiety was ≥ 10. The prevalence of significant symptoms of coronavirus anxiety was 15.29% (n = 50). Conclusions: These results support the scale as a useful and valid tool for clinical research and practice.
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72
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Knowles KA, Olatunji BO. Specificity of trait anxiety in anxiety and depression: Meta-analysis of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 82:101928. [PMID: 33091745 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - Trait version (STAI-T) was developed to measure an individual's tendency to experience anxiety, but it may lack discriminant evidence of validity based on strong observed relationships with measures of depression. The present series of meta-analyses compares STAI-T scores among individuals with depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and nonclinical comparison groups, as well as correlations with measures of anxiety and depressive symptom severity, in order to further examine discriminant and convergent validity. A total of 388 published studies (N = 31,021) were included in the analyses. Individuals with an anxiety disorder and those with a depressive disorder displayed significantly elevated scores on the STAI-T compared to nonclinical comparison groups. Furthermore, anxiety and depressive symptom severity were similarly strongly correlated with the STAI-T (mean r = .59 - .61). However, individuals with a depressive disorder had significantly higher STAI-T scores than individuals with an anxiety disorder (Hedges's g = 0.27). Given these findings, along with previous factor analyses that have observed a depression factor on the STAI-T, describing the scale as a measure of 'trait anxiety' may be a misnomer. It is proposed that the STAI-T be considered a non-specific measure of negative affectivity rather than trait anxiety per se.
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73
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Hur J, Smith JF, DeYoung KA, Anderson AS, Kuang J, Kim HC, Tillman RM, Kuhn M, Fox AS, Shackman AJ. Anxiety and the Neurobiology of Temporally Uncertain Threat Anticipation. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7949-7964. [PMID: 32958570 PMCID: PMC7548695 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0704-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
When extreme, anxiety-a state of distress and arousal prototypically evoked by uncertain danger-can be debilitating. Uncertain anticipation is a shared feature of situations that elicit signs and symptoms of anxiety across psychiatric disorders, species, and assays. Despite the profound significance of anxiety for human health and wellbeing, the neurobiology of uncertain-threat anticipation remains unsettled. Leveraging a paradigm adapted from animal research and optimized for fMRI signal decomposition, we examined the neural circuits engaged during the anticipation of temporally uncertain and certain threat in 99 men and women. Results revealed that the neural systems recruited by uncertain and certain threat anticipation are anatomically colocalized in frontocortical regions, extended amygdala, and periaqueductal gray. Comparison of the threat conditions demonstrated that this circuitry can be fractionated, with frontocortical regions showing relatively stronger engagement during the anticipation of uncertain threat, and the extended amygdala showing the reverse pattern. Although there is widespread agreement that the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and dorsal amygdala-the two major subdivisions of the extended amygdala-play a critical role in orchestrating adaptive responses to potential danger, their precise contributions to human anxiety have remained contentious. Follow-up analyses demonstrated that these regions show statistically indistinguishable responses to temporally uncertain and certain threat anticipation. These observations provide a framework for conceptualizing anxiety and fear, for understanding the functional neuroanatomy of threat anticipation in humans, and for accelerating the development of more effective intervention strategies for pathological anxiety.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Anxiety-an emotion prototypically associated with the anticipation of uncertain harm-has profound significance for public health, yet the underlying neurobiology remains unclear. Leveraging a novel neuroimaging paradigm in a relatively large sample, we identify a core circuit responsive to both uncertain and certain threat anticipation, and show that this circuitry can be fractionated into subdivisions with a bias for one kind of threat or the other. The extended amygdala occupies center stage in neuropsychiatric models of anxiety, but its functional architecture has remained contentious. Here we demonstrate that its major subdivisions show statistically indistinguishable responses to temporally uncertain and certain threat. Collectively, these observations indicate the need to revise how we think about the neurobiology of anxiety and fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyoen Hur
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Allegra S Anderson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240
| | - Jinyi Kuang
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Hyung Cho Kim
- Departments of Psychology
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program
| | | | - Manuel Kuhn
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478
| | - Andrew S Fox
- Department of Psychology
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Alexander J Shackman
- Departments of Psychology
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program
- Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
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Berluti K, O’Connell KM, Rhoads SA, Brethel-Haurwitz KM, Cardinale EM, Vekaria KM, Robertson EL, Walitt B, VanMeter JW, Marsh AA. Reduced Multivoxel Pattern Similarity of Vicarious Neural Pain Responses in Psychopathy. J Pers Disord 2020; 34:628-649. [PMID: 33074056 PMCID: PMC9796697 DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2020.34.5.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Psychopathy is a personality construct characterized by interpersonal callousness, boldness, and disinhibition, traits that vary continuously across the population and are linked to impaired empathic responding to others' distress and suffering. Following suggestions that empathy reflects neural self-other mapping-for example, the similarity of neural responses to experienced and observed pain, measurable at the voxel level-we used a multivoxel approach to assess associations between psychopathy and empathic neural responses to pain. During fMRI scanning, 21 community-recruited participants varying in psychopathy experienced painful pressure stimulation and watched a live video of a stranger undergoing the same stimulation. As total psychopathy, coldheartedness, and self-centered impulsivity increased, multivoxel similarity of vicarious and experienced pain in the left anterior insula decreased, effects that were not observed following an empathy prompt. Our data provide preliminary evidence that psychopathy is characterized by disrupted spontaneous empathic representations of others' pain that may be reduced by instructions to empathize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Berluti
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | | | - Shawn A. Rhoads
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | | | - Elise M. Cardinale
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Emily L. Robertson
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Brian Walitt
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda. Maryland
| | - John W. VanMeter
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
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Dysregulated brain salience within a triple network model in high trait anxiety individuals: A pilot EEG functional connectivity study. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 157:61-69. [PMID: 32976888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although previous studies have reported the association between large-scale brain networks alterations and pathological anxiety, abnormalities in the dynamic interaction among the triple network model in anxiety disorders and, especially, in trait anxiety is still poorly explored. Thus, the main aim of the current study was to investigate triple network functional dynamics in subjects with high trait anxiety during resting state (RS) through electroencephalography (EEG) connectivity. Twenty-three individuals with high-trait-anxiety (HTA) and forty-five participants with low-trait-anxiety (LTA) were enrolled. EEG analyses were conducted by means of the exact Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography software (eLORETA). Compared to LTA participants, HTA subjects showed a decrease of alpha connectivity within the salience network (SN), between the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and both left and right anterior insula (AI). Furthermore, SN functional connectivity strength was negatively correlated with higher trait anxiety, even when controlling for potential confounding variables (e.g., depressive and obsessive-compulsive symptoms). Taken together, our results point out a specific functional connectivity pattern in HTA individuals, which consists in a dysfunctional communication within the SN, specifically in the AI-dACC pathway. This functional pattern could underline, at rest, saliency detection and brain correlates of altereted emotion regulation and cognitive control processes typically involved in anxiety.
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76
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Günther V, Hußlack A, Weil AS, Bujanow A, Henkelmann J, Kersting A, Quirin M, Hoffmann KT, Egloff B, Lobsien D, Suslow T. Individual differences in anxiety and automatic amygdala response to fearful faces: A replication and extension of Etkin et al. (2004). Neuroimage Clin 2020; 28:102441. [PMID: 32980596 PMCID: PMC7522800 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trait anxiety refers to the stable tendency to attend to threats and experience fears and worries across many situations. According to the widely noticed, pioneering investigation by Etkin et al. (2004) trait anxiety is strongly associated with reactivity in the right basolateral amygdala to non-conscious threat. Although this observation was based on a sample of only 17 individuals, no replication effort has been reported yet. We reexamined automatic amygdala responsiveness as a function of anxiety in a large sample of 107 participants. Besides self-report instruments, we administered an indirect test to assess implicit anxiety. To assess early, automatic stages of emotion processing, we used a color-decision paradigm presenting brief (33 ms) and backward-masked fearful facial expressions. N = 56 participants were unaware of the presence of masked faces. In this subset of unaware participants, the relationship between trait anxiety and basolateral amygdala activation by fearful faces was successfully replicated in region of interest analyses. Additionally, a relation of implicit anxiety with masked fear processing in the amygdala and temporal gyrus was observed. We provide evidence that implicit measures of affect can be valuable predictors of automatic brain responsiveness and may represent useful additions to explicit measures. Our findings support a central role of amygdala reactivity to non-consciously perceived threat in understanding and predicting dispositional anxiety, i.e. the frequency of spontaneously occurring anxiety in everyday life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Günther
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Hußlack
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna-Sophie Weil
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Bujanow
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Anette Kersting
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Quirin
- Department of Psychology, Technical University München, 80333 München, Germany; PFH Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Boris Egloff
- Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Donald Lobsien
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Suslow
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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77
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Effects of a temporary period on pasture on the welfare state of horses housed in individual boxes. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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78
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Cheung‐Blunden V. Situational insecurity versus entrenched ideologies as the source of right‐wing voters’ anti‐migrant sentiment on both sides of the Atlantic. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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79
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Wesolowska-Gorniak K, Wojtowicz M, Gierus J, Czarkowska-Paczek B. The correlation of patients' anxiety after a liver or kidney transplantation with functional and self-reported work ability. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20108. [PMID: 32358401 PMCID: PMC7440135 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ transplantation has become the treatment of choice for end-stage organ failure, including renal and liver failure. The benefits of patient employment after transplantation are numerous, but factors determining the ability to work among these patients are not clearly defined. The growing interest in these factors has strong practical implications for organizations creating vocational rehabilitation programs. Given the interconnection between psychological and physical functioning in patients after transplantation, the present study examined the impact of anxiety on vocational rehabilitation and its relationship with functional tests. A total of 100 patients after liver or kidney transplantation underwent functional tests, including the 6-minute walking test and 30-second chair stand test (30"CST), and psychological tests, specifically the Inventory of Physical Activity Objectives, Work Ability Index, and State-Train Anxiety Inventory. Working ability was affected by psychological factors. State and trait anxiety exhibited inverse relationships with subjective readiness to occupational activity (P < .001, r = -.59 and P < .001, r = -.56, respectively). The level of anxiety was negatively related to the results of the 30"CST. State-Train Anxiety Inventory, State Anxiety subscale and State-Train Anxiety Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety subscale vs 30"CST: P < .001, r = -.43 P < .001, r = -.44). Thus, state and trait anxiety influence perceived work ability and partially functional status. These observations may indicate the potential benefits of including psychologists in interdisciplinary teams for physical and especially vocational rehabilitation of patients after liver or kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Wojtowicz
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology, and Internal Diseases, Warsaw
| | - Jacek Gierus
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Pruszkow, Poland
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Chandra CM, Szwedo DE, Allen JP, Narr RK, Tan JS. Interactions between anxiety subtypes, personality characteristics, and emotional regulation skills as predictors of future work outcomes. J Adolesc 2020; 80:157-172. [PMID: 32145486 PMCID: PMC8248278 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined long-term predictive links between different types of anxiety in late adolescence and work-related outcomes in young adulthood. The presence of adaptive personality traits and positive emotion regulation and coping skills were hypothesized to buffer these associations, reducing the negative effects of anxiety on future work outcomes. METHODS Hypotheses were tested using multi-reporter data from a community sample of 184 youth in the United States followed from ages 17-30. Trait anxiety, anxious arousal, rejection sensitivity, and implicit rejection were each examined in late adolescence as predictors of work-related ambition, work performance, job satisfaction, and career satisfaction in young adulthood. Conscientiousness, grit, emotion regulation (ER) and coping skills were examined as potential moderators. RESULTS Although trait anxiety was the only anxiety variable directly predictive of work outcomes in regression analyses, personality variables and ER skills interacted with multiple types of anxiety to predict work outcomes. Interestingly, findings reflected a pattern in which a combination of greater conscientiousness and greater anxiety, and greater ER skills and greater anxiety, predicted more positive work outcomes. CONCLUSIONS These findings not only suggest that the development of traits such as conscientiousness and ER skills may be helpful for youth with higher levels of anxiety, but also that higher levels of anxiety, when appropriately balanced by other qualities, may be adaptive for promoting positive career development for some youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cerella M Chandra
- James Madison University, Department of Psychology, 91 E. Grace St./MSC 7704, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA.
| | - David E Szwedo
- James Madison University, Department of Psychology, 91 E. Grace St./MSC 7704, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA.
| | - Joseph P Allen
- University of Virginia, Department of Psychology, P.O Box 400400, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
| | - Rachel K Narr
- University of Virginia, Department of Psychology, P.O Box 400400, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
| | - Joseph S Tan
- University of Virginia, Department of Psychology, P.O Box 400400, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
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81
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Toh WX, Yang H. Similar but not quite the same: Differential unique associations of trait fear and trait anxiety with inhibitory control. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.109718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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82
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CARVALHO HUDSONWDE, COGO-MOREIRA HUGO, JANSEN KAREN, SOUZA LUCIANO, BRANCO JERÔNIMO, SILVA RICARDO, LARA DIOGOR. The latent structure and reliability of the emotional trait section of the Affective and Emotional Composite Temperament Scale (AFECTS). ARCH CLIN PSYCHIAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/0101-60830000000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - DIOGO R. LARA
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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83
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Budylin T, Guariglia SR, Duran LI, Behring BM, Shaikh Z, Neuwirth LS, Banerjee P. Ultrasonic vocalization sex differences in 5-HT-R deficient mouse pups: Predictive phenotypes associated with later-life anxiety-like behaviors. Behav Brain Res 2019; 373:112062. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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84
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Daviu N, Bruchas MR, Moghaddam B, Sandi C, Beyeler A. Neurobiological links between stress and anxiety. Neurobiol Stress 2019; 11:100191. [PMID: 31467945 PMCID: PMC6712367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress and anxiety have intertwined behavioral and neural underpinnings. These commonalities are critical for understanding each state, as well as their mutual interactions. Grasping the mechanisms underlying this bidirectional relationship will have major clinical implications for managing a wide range of psychopathologies. After briefly defining key concepts for the study of stress and anxiety in pre-clinical models, we present circuit, as well as cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in either or both stress and anxiety. First, we review studies on divergent circuits of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) underlying emotional valence processing and anxiety-like behaviors, and how norepinephrine inputs from the locus coeruleus (LC) to the BLA are responsible for acute-stress induced anxiety. We then describe recent studies revealing a new role for mitochondrial function within the nucleus accumbens (NAc), defining individual trait anxiety in rodents, and participating in the link between stress and anxiety. Next, we report findings on the impact of anxiety on reward encoding through alteration of circuit dynamic synchronicity. Finally, we present work unravelling a new role for hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in controlling anxiety-like and stress-induce behaviors. Altogether, the research reviewed here reveals circuits sharing subcortical nodes and underlying the processing of both stress and anxiety. Understanding the neural overlap between these two psychobiological states, might provide alternative strategies to manage disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Daviu
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute. Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Michael R. Bruchas
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine. Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion. University of Washington. 1959 NE Pacific Street, J-wing Health Sciences. Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Bita Moghaddam
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Carmen Sandi
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 19, CH, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Beyeler
- Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM 1215, Université de Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France
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85
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Predicting the affective tone of everyday dreams: A prospective study of state and trait variables. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14780. [PMID: 31611647 PMCID: PMC6791936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50859-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although emotions are reported in a large majority of dreams, little is known about the factors that account for night-to-night and person-to-person variations in people’s experience of dream affect. We investigated the relationship between waking trait and state variables and dream affect by testing multilevel models intended to predict the affective valence of people’s everyday dreams. Participants from the general population completed measures of personality and trauma history followed by a three-week daily journal in which they noted dream recall, valence of dreamed emotions and level of perceived stress for the day as well as prior to sleep onset. Within-subject effects accounted for most of the explained variance in the reported valence of dream affect. Trait anxiety was the only variable that significantly predicted dream emotional valence at the between-subjects level. In addition to highlighting the need for more fine-grained measures in this area of research, our results point to methodological limitations and biases associated with retrospective estimates of general dream affect and bring into focus state variables that may best explain observed within-subject variance in emotions experienced in everyday dreams.
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86
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Clarifying the associations between Big Five personality domains and higher-order psychopathology dimensions in youth. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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87
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Placebo analgesia induced by verbal suggestion in the context of experimentally induced fear and anxiety. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222805. [PMID: 31550290 PMCID: PMC6759192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of state anxiety and state fear in placebo effects is still to be determined. We aimed to investigate the effect of fear of movement-related pain (FMRP) and contextual pain related anxiety (CPRA) on the magnitude of placebo analgesia induced by verbal suggestion. Fifty-six female participants completed a modified voluntary joystick movement paradigm (VJMP) where half participated in a predictable pain condition (PC), in which one of the joystick movements is always followed by pain and the other movement is never followed by pain, and half in an unpredictable pain condition (UC), in which pain was delivered unpredictably. By varying the level of pain predictability, FMRP and CPRA were induced in PC and UC respectively. Colour stimuli were presented at the beginning of each trail. Half of the participants were verbally informed that the green or red colour indicated less painful stimuli (experimental groups), the other half did not receive any suggestion (control groups). We measured self-reported pain intensity, expectancy of pain intensity (PC only), pain related fear and anxiety (eyeblink startle response and self-ratings) and avoidance behaviour (movement-onset latency and duration). The results indicate that the placebo effect was successfully induced in both experimental conditions. In the PC, the placebo effect was predicted by expectancy. Despite the fact that FMRP and CPRA were successfully induced, no difference was found in the magnitude of the placebo effect between PC and UC. Concluding, we did not find a divergent effect of fear and anxiety on placebo analgesia.
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88
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Latzman RD, Palumbo IM, Krueger RF, Drislane LE, Patrick CJ. Modeling Relations Between Triarchic Biobehavioral Traits and DSM Internalizing Disorder Dimensions. Assessment 2019; 27:1100-1115. [PMID: 31535574 DOI: 10.1177/1073191119876022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The biobehavioral traits of the triarchic model of psychopathy have well-known correlates with externalizing psychopathology. Although evidence also suggests associations with internalizing disorders, research has yet to formally model relationships between dimensions of internalizing psychopathology and triarchic traits. Employing a sample of 218 adults (50.2% female), the current study used confirmatory factor analysis to characterize how triarchic trait dimensions-delineated using different scale operationalizations-relate to internalizing when modeled as a single broad factor, and as distinct fear and distress subfactors. Findings demonstrated (a) robust opposing relations for triarchic boldness (+) and disinhibition (-), and an interactive association for the two, with general internalizing, along with a modest negative relationship for meanness; and (b) distinct associations for the three triarchic trait dimensions with fear and distress subfactors of internalizing. This work clarifies how facets of psychopathy relate to the internalizing psychopathology spectrum and provides a means for interfacing this spectrum with biological variables.
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89
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Increased similarity of neural responses to experienced and empathic distress in costly altruism. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10774. [PMID: 31341206 PMCID: PMC6656917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Empathy—affective resonance with others’ sensory or emotional experiences—is hypothesized to be an important precursor to altruism. However, it is not known whether real-world altruists’ heightened empathy reflects true self-other mapping of multi-voxel neural response patterns. We investigated this relationship in adults who had engaged in extraordinarily costly real-world altruism: donating a kidney to a stranger. Altruists and controls completed fMRI testing while anticipating and experiencing pain, and watching as a stranger anticipated and experienced pain. Machine learning classifiers tested for shared representation between experienced and observed distress. Altruists exhibited more similar representations of experienced and observed fearful anticipation spontaneously and following an empathy prompt in anterior insula and anterior/middle cingulate cortex, respectively, suggesting heightened empathic proclivities and abilities for fear. During pain epochs, altruists were distinguished by spontaneous empathic responses in anterior insula, anterior/mid-cingulate cortex and supplementary motor area, but showed no difference from controls after the empathy prompt. These findings (1) link shared multi-voxel representations of the distress of self and others to real-world costly altruism, (2) reinforce distinctions between empathy for sensory states like pain and anticipatory affective states like fear, and (3) highlight the importance of differentiating between the proclivity and ability to empathize.
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90
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O'Connell MA, Leahy-Warren P, Kenny LC, Khashan AS. Pregnancy outcomes in women with severe fear of childbirth. J Psychosom Res 2019; 120:105-109. [PMID: 30929700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare pregnancy outcomes for women with and without severe fear of childbirth (FOC) reported in the second trimester of pregnancy. METHODS In a prospective cohort study, 389 singleton pregnancies were followed up using medical records of participants in a study investigating FOC in Cork, Republic of Ireland. FOC was measured using the Wijma Delivery Experience Questionnaire Part A (W-DEQ A). Severe FOC was defined as W-DEQ A ≥ 85, moderate FOC, W-DEQ-A 66-84 and low FOC, W-DEQ A 0-65. Outcome measures were birthweight, birthweight centile, gestational age, and Apgar scores at 1 min and Apgar at 5 min. Linear regression was used to assess the association between FOC and each outcome measure with adjustment for maternal age, smoking, parity and marital status. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in mean birthweight (mean difference = -0.03; [95% CI: -444.69, 315.82]), mean birthweight centile (mean difference = 0.03; [95%CI: -15.97, 23.53]), or mean gestational age (mean difference = -0.06; [95%CI: -11.69, 4.82]) in women with severe FOC (n = 18) compared with women with low FOC (n = 371). In the adjusted models, there was only a slight correlation between severe FOC and Apgar scores at 1 min (mean difference = -0.09 [95%CI: -1.28, 0.32]) and Apgar scores at 5 min (mean difference = -0.18 [95%CI: -1.16, 1.08]). CONCLUSION While a slight association was noted between severe FOC and Apgar scores, overall findings are reassuring and could inform educational interventions which may alleviate FOC. Awareness of FOC for health care professionals is vital to consider women's mental well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeve A O'Connell
- Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT Centre) & Dept. of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | | | - Louise C Kenny
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ali S Khashan
- Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT Centre) & Dept. of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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91
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Castagna PJ, Calamia M, Davis Iii TE. Can worry and physiological anxiety uniquely predict children and adolescents' academic achievement and intelligence? APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2019; 10:53-64. [PMID: 30987449 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2019.1596809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
When exploring the relationship anxiety has with IQ, academic achievement studies often rely on diagnostic groups or total scores for an anxiety measure. The differential effects caused by anxiety dimensions, as well as their interactions, were examined with an exploratory method. This study examined the main effect of worry and physiological anxiety as predictors of youths' academic and cognitive functioning. Two samples of youth that presented to an out-patient clinic (n = 121, M = 10.59, SD = 2.78, range = 6-16; n = 92, M = 10.07, SD = 2.76, range = 6-16) were administered well-established performance measures of academic and intellectual functioning, along with a measurement of anxiety. In an exploratory analysis, the interaction between worry and physiological anxiety was the only significant effect, robust across all academic composites and intelligence indices. Physiological anxiety had a differential relationship with academic achievement domains (and processing speed) dependent on levels of worry; low-levels of worry were predictive of improved scores at high, but not low-, levels of physiological anxiety. In contrast, high-, but not low-, levels of physiological anxiety were associated with lower scores when accompanied by elevated levels of worry when predicting intelligence indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Castagna
- College of Agriculture, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Matthew Calamia
- College of Agriculture, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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92
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Suslow T, Hußlack A, Bujanow A, Henkelmann J, Kersting A, Hoffmann KT, Egloff B, Lobsien D, Günther V. Implicitly and explicitly assessed anxiety: No relationships with recognition of and brain response to facial emotions. Neuroscience 2019; 408:1-13. [PMID: 30953669 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trait anxiety, the disposition to experience anxiety, is known to facilitate perception of threats. Trait anxious individuals seem to identify threatening stimuli such as fearful facial expressions more accurately, especially when presented under temporal constraints. In past studies on anxiety and emotion face recognition, only self-report or explicit measures of anxiety have been administered. Implicit measures represent indirect tests allowing to circumvent problems associated with self-report. In our study, we made use of implicit in addition to explicit measures to investigate the relationships of trait anxiety with recognition of and brain response to emotional faces. 75 healthy young volunteers had to identify briefly presented (67 ms) fearful, angry, happy, and neutral facial expressions masked by neutral faces while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. The Implicit Association Test, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Beck Anxiety Inventory were applied as implicit and explicit measures of trait anxiety. After corrections for multiple testing, neither implicitly nor explicitly measured anxiety correlated with recognition of emotional facial expressions. Moreover, implicitly and explicitly assessed anxiety was not linked to brain response to emotional faces. Our data suggest links between discrimination accuracy and brain response to facial emotions. Activation of the caudate nucleus seems be of particular importance for recognizing fear and happiness from facial expressions. Processes of somatosensory resonance appear to be involved in identifying fear from facial expressions. The present data indicate that, regardless of assessment method, trait anxiety does not affect the recognition of fear or other emotions as has been proposed previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Suslow
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr, 10, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
| | - Anja Hußlack
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr, 10, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Anna Bujanow
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr, 10, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Jeanette Henkelmann
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Anette Kersting
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr, 10, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Karl-Titus Hoffmann
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Boris Egloff
- Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Binger Str. 14-16, Mainz 55122, Germany
| | - Donald Lobsien
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Vivien Günther
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr, 10, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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93
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Latzman RD, Palumbo IM, Sauvigné KC, Hecht LK, Lilienfeld SO, Patrick CJ. Psychopathy and Internalizing Psychopathology: A Triarchic Model Perspective. J Pers Disord 2019; 33:262-287. [PMID: 29469665 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2018_32_347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Methodological and conceptual differences across studies have impeded our understanding of the relationship between psychopathy and internalizing psychopathology. To shed further light on this question, we undertook correlational and structural-modeling analyses of data from two samples to characterize how facets of psychopathy relate to internalizing psychopathology when assessed using multidimensional measures of each construct (i.e., Triarchic Psychopathy Measure, Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms). Participants for Study 1 were 470 undergraduates and community-dwelling adults who completed these measures in self-report form; participants for Study 2 were 301 community-dwelling adults who completed informant-rating versions of these measures (as applied to a known-other). Across samples, analyses revealed sharply contrasting associations for the three triarchic-model facets with internalizing psychopathology and its subdomains, with boldness relating negatively in most cases, disinhibition relating positively in most cases, and meanness exhibiting mostly null associations. Results provide a nuanced picture of associations between psychopathic symptomatology and internalizing problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Scott O Lilienfeld
- Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, and the University of Melbourne, Australia
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94
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Mazzocco K, Masiero M, Carriero MC, Pravettoni G. The role of emotions in cancer patients' decision-making. Ecancermedicalscience 2019; 13:914. [PMID: 31123497 PMCID: PMC6467455 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2019.914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the attempt to make decisions based on evidence, doctors still have to consider patients' choices which often involve other factors. In particular, emotions seem to influence the way that options and the surrounding information are interpreted and used. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present review is to provide a brief overview of research on decision making and cancer with a specific focus on the role of emotions. METHOD Thirty-nine studies were identified and analysed. Most of the studies investigated anxiety and fear. Worry was the other psychological factor that, together with anxiety, played a crucial role in cancer-related decision-making. RESULTS The roles of fear, anxiety and worry were described for detection behaviour, diagnosis, choice about prevention and curative treatments and help-seeking behaviour. Results were inconsistent among the studies. Results stressed that cognitive appraisal and emotional arousal (emotion's intensity level) interact in shaping the decision. Moderate levels of anxiety and worry improved decision-making, while low and high levels tended to have no effect or a hindering effect on decision making. Moderating factors played an under-investigated role. CONCLUSIONS Decision making is a complex non-linear process that is affected by several factors, such as, for example, personal knowledge, past experiences, individual differences and certainly emotions. Research studies should investigate further potential moderators of the effect of emotions on cancer-related choice. Big data and machine learning could be a good opportunity to test the interaction between a large amount of factors that is not feasible in traditional research. New technologies such as eHealth and virtual reality can offer support for the regulation of emotions and decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketti Mazzocco
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Marianna Masiero
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Carriero
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pravettoni
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
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95
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Polmann H, Domingos FL, Melo G, Stuginski‐Barbosa J, Guerra ENDS, Porporatti AL, Dick BD, Flores‐Mir C, De Luca Canto G. Association between sleep bruxism and anxiety symptoms in adults: A systematic review. J Oral Rehabil 2019; 46:482-491. [DOI: 10.1111/joor.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Polmann
- Department of Dentistry, Brazilian Centre for Evidence‐Based Research Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Fabio Luiz Domingos
- Department of Dentistry, Brazilian Centre for Evidence‐Based Research Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Gilberto Melo
- Department of Dentistry, Brazilian Centre for Evidence‐Based Research Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) Florianópolis Brazil
| | | | | | - André Luís Porporatti
- Department of Dentistry, Brazilian Centre for Evidence‐Based Research Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Bruce D. Dick
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Carlos Flores‐Mir
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Graziela De Luca Canto
- Department of Dentistry, Brazilian Centre for Evidence‐Based Research Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) Florianópolis Brazil
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96
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Mezzomo NJ, Fontana BD, Müller TE, Duarte T, Quadros VA, Canzian J, Pompermaier A, Soares SM, Koakoski G, Loro VL, Rosemberg DB, Barcellos LJG. Taurine modulates the stress response in zebrafish. Horm Behav 2019; 109:44-52. [PMID: 30742830 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is used as an emergent model organism to investigate the behavioral and physiological responses to stress. The anxiolytic-like effects of taurine in zebrafish support the existence of different mechanisms of action, which can play a role in preventing stress-related disorders (i.e., modulation of GABAA, strychnine-sensitive glycine, and NMDA receptors, as well as antioxidant properties). Herein, we investigate whether taurine modulates some behavioral and biochemical responses in zebrafish acutely submitted to chemical and mechanical stressors. We pretreated zebrafish for 1 h in beakers at 42, 150, and 400 mg/L taurine. Fish were later acutely exposed to a chemical stressor (conspecific alarm substance) or to a mechanical stressor (net chasing), which elicits escaping responses and aversive behaviors. Locomotion, exploration, and defensive-like behaviors were measured using the novel tank and the light-dark tests. Biochemical (brain oxidative stress-related parameters) and whole-body cortisol levels were also quantified. We showed that taurine prevents anxiety/fear-like behaviors and protein carbonylation and dampens the cortisol response following acute stress in zebrafish. In summary, our results demonstrate a protective role of taurine against stress-induced behavioral and biochemical changes, thereby reinforcing the growing utility of zebrafish models to investigate the neuroprotective actions of taurine in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathana J Mezzomo
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Barbara D Fontana
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Talise E Müller
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Tâmie Duarte
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa A Quadros
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Julia Canzian
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Aline Pompermaier
- Graduate Program in Bio-Experimentation, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), BR 285, Passo Fundo, RS 99052-900, Brazil
| | - Suelen M Soares
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Gessi Koakoski
- Graduate Program in Bio-Experimentation, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), BR 285, Passo Fundo, RS 99052-900, Brazil
| | - Vania L Loro
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Denis B Rosemberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA
| | - Leonardo J G Barcellos
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Bio-Experimentation, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), BR 285, Passo Fundo, RS 99052-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), BR 285, Passo Fundo, RS 99052-900, Brazil
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Default mode network alterations in individuals with high-trait-anxiety: An EEG functional connectivity study. J Affect Disord 2019; 246:611-618. [PMID: 30605880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several researches investigated Default Mode Network (DMN) alterations in individuals with anxiety disorders, up to now no studies have investigated DMN functional connectivity in non-clinical individuals with high-trait-anxiety using quantitative electroencephalography (EEG). Here, the main aim was to extend previous findings investigating the association between trait anxiety and DMN EEG functional connectivity. METHODS Twenty-three individuals with high-trait-anxiety and twenty-four controls were enrolled. EEG was recorded during 5 min of resting state (RS). EEG analyses were conducted by means of the exact Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography software (eLORETA). RESULTS Compared to controls, individuals with high-trait-anxiety showed a decrease of theta connectivity between right medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and right posterior cingulate/retrosplenial cortex. A decrease of beta connectivity was also observed between right mPFC and right anterior cingulate cortex. Furthermore, DMN functional connectivity strength was negatively related with STAI-T total score (i.e., lower connectivity was associated with higher trait anxiety), even when controlling for potential confounding variables (i.e., sex, age, and general psychopathology). LIMITATIONS Small sample size makes it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. Furthermore, we did not assess state variation of anxiety, which make our interpretation specific to trait anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggest that high-trait-anxiety individuals fail to synchronize DMN during RS, reflecting a possible top-down cognitive control deficit. These results may help in the understanding of the individual differences in functional brain networks associated with trait anxiety, a crucial aim in the prevention and in the early etiology understanding of clinical anxiety and related sequelae.
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98
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Çalışkan G, Stork O. Hippocampal network oscillations at the interplay between innate anxiety and learned fear. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:321-338. [PMID: 30417233 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5109-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus plays a central role as a hub for episodic memory and as an integrator of multimodal sensory information in time and space. Thereby, it critically determines contextual setting and specificity of episodic memories. It is also a key site for the control of innate anxiety states and involved in psychiatric diseases with heightened anxiety and generalized fear memory such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Expression of both innate "unlearned" anxiety and "learned" fear requires contextual processing and engagement of a brain-wide network including the hippocampus together with the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex. Strikingly, the hippocampus is also the site of emergence of oscillatory rhythms that coordinate information processing and filtering in this network. Here, we review data on how the hippocampal network oscillations and their coordination with amygdalar and prefrontal oscillations are engaged in innate threat evaluation. We further explore how such innate oscillatory communication might have an impact on contextualization and specificity of "learned" fear. We illustrate the partial overlap of fear and anxiety networks that are built by the hippocampus in conjunction with amygdala and prefrontal cortex. We further propose that (mal)-adaptive interplay via (dis)-balanced oscillatory communication between the anxiety network and the fear network may determine the strength of fear memories and their resistance to extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gürsel Çalışkan
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany. .,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Oliver Stork
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
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99
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Tyler P, White SF, Thompson RW, Blair R. Applying a Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective to Disruptive Behavior Disorders: Implications for Schools. Dev Neuropsychol 2019; 44:17-42. [PMID: 29432037 PMCID: PMC6283690 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2017.1334782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A cognitive neuroscience perspective seeks to understand behavior, in this case disruptive behavior disorders (DBD), in terms of dysfunction in cognitive processes underpinned by neural processes. While this type of approach has clear implications for clinical mental health practice, it also has implications for school-based assessment and intervention with children and adolescents who have disruptive behavior and aggression. This review articulates a cognitive neuroscience account of DBD by discussing the neurocognitive dysfunction related to emotional empathy, threat sensitivity, reinforcement-based decision-making, and response inhibition. The potential implications for current and future classroom-based assessments and interventions for students with these deficits are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Tyler
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Boys Town National Research Institute, Boys Town, Nebraska, USA
| | - Stuart F. White
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - R.J.R. Blair
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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100
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Huggins AA, Belleau EL, Miskovich TA, Pedersen WS, Larson CL. Moderating Effects of Harm Avoidance on Resting-State Functional Connectivity of the Anterior Insula. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:447. [PMID: 30483082 PMCID: PMC6240578 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
As an index of behavioral inhibition and an individual’s propensity to avoid, rather than seek, potentially dangerous situations, harm avoidance has been linked to internalizing psychopathology. Altered connectivity within intrinsic functional neural networks (i.e., default mode [DMN], central executive [CEN] and salience networks [SN]) has been related to internalizing psychopathology; however, less is known about the effects of harm avoidance on functional connectivity within and between these networks. Importantly, harm avoidance may be distinguishable from trait anxiety and have clinical relevance as a risk factor for internalizing psychopathology. A sample of young adults (n = 99) completed a resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan and self-report measures of harm avoidance and trait anxiety. Whole brain seed-to-voxel and seed-to-network connectivity analyses were conducted using anterior insula seeds to examine associations between harm avoidance/trait anxiety and connectivity. After adjusting for sex and age, there was a significant negative effect of harm avoidance on connectivity between the anterior insula and clusters in the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) left superior/middle frontal gyrus, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and bilateral inferior parietal lobule (IPL)/angular gyrus. Seed-to-network analyses indicated a negative effect of harm avoidance on connectivity between the right anterior insula and anterior and posterior DMN. There were no effects of trait anxiety on functional connectivity of the anterior insula. Overall, the results indicate that individual differences in harm avoidance relate to disruptions in internetwork connectivity that may contribute to deficits in appropriately modulating attentional focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Huggins
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Emily L Belleau
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Tara A Miskovich
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Walker S Pedersen
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Christine L Larson
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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