51
|
Rutten J, van den Berg T, Tusscher KT. Modeling Auxin Signaling in Roots: Auxin Computations. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:a040089. [PMID: 34001532 PMCID: PMC8805645 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Auxin signaling and patterning is an inherently complex process, involving polarized auxin transport, metabolism, and signaling, its effect on developmental zones, as well as growth rates, and the feedback between all these different aspects. This complexity has led to an important role for computational modeling in unraveling the multifactorial roles of auxin in plant developmental and adaptive processes. Here we discuss the basic ingredients of auxin signaling and patterning models for root development as well as a series of key modeling studies in this area. These modeling studies have helped elucidate how plants use auxin signaling to compute the size of their root meristem, the direction in which to grow, and when and where to form lateral roots. Importantly, these models highlight how auxin, through patterning of and collaborating with other factors, can fulfill all these roles simultaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaap Rutten
- Computational Developmental Biology Group, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Thea van den Berg
- Computational Developmental Biology Group, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten Ten Tusscher
- Computational Developmental Biology Group, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Turley EK, Etchells JP. Laying it on thick: a study in secondary growth. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:665-679. [PMID: 34655214 PMCID: PMC8793872 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of secondary vascular tissue enhances the transport capacity and mechanical strength of plant bodies, while contributing a huge proportion of the world's biomass in the form of wood. Cell divisions in the cambium, which constitutes the vascular meristem, provide progenitors from which conductive xylem and phloem are derived. The cambium is a somewhat unusual stem cell population in two respects, making it an interesting subject for developmental research. Firstly, it arises post-germination, and thus represents a model for understanding stem cell initiation beyond embryogenesis. Secondly, xylem and phloem differentiate on opposing sides of cambial stem cells, making them bifacial in nature. Recent discoveries in Arabidopsis thaliana have provided insight into the molecular mechanisms that regulate the initiation, patterning, and maintenance of the cambium. In this review, the roles of intercellular signalling via mobile transcription factors, peptide-receptor modules, and phytohormones are described. Crosstalk between these regulatory pathways is becoming increasingly apparent, yet the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Future study of the interaction between multiple independently identified regulators, as well as the functions of their orthologues in trees, will deepen our understanding of radial growth in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Turley
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - J Peter Etchells
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Xu C, Zhang Y, Zhao M, Liu Y, Xu X, Li T. Transcriptomic analysis of melon/squash graft junction reveals molecular mechanisms potentially underlying the graft union development. PeerJ 2022; 9:e12569. [PMID: 34993019 PMCID: PMC8675255 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Oriental melon (Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino) has become a widely planted horticultural crop in China especially in recent years and has been subjected to the grafting technique for the improvement of cultivation and stress resistance. Although grafting has a long history in horticulture, there is little known about the molecular mechanisms of the graft healing process in oriental melon. This study aims to reveal the molecular changes involved in the graft healing process. In the present work, anatomical observations indicated that the 2, 6, and 9 DAG were three critical stages for the graft healing and therefore, were selected for the subsequent high-throughput RNA-seq analysis. A total of 1,950 and 1,313 DEGs were identified by comparing IL vs. CA and CA vs. VB libraries, respectively. More DEGs in the melon scion exhibited abundant transcriptional changes compared to the squash rootstock, providing increased metabolic activity and thus more material basis for the graft healing formation in the scion. Several DEGs were enriched in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and carbon metabolism. In addition, the results showed that concentrations of IAA, GA3, and ZR were induced in the graft junctions. In conclusion, our study determined that genes involved in the hormone-signaling pathway and lignin biosynthesis played the essential roles during graft healing. These findings expand our current understandings of the molecular basis of the graft junction formation and facilitate the improvement and success of melon grafting in future production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqiang Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Protected Vegetable Surround Bohai Gulf Region, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University) Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Protected Vegetable Surround Bohai Gulf Region, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University) Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Mingzhe Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yiling Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Protected Vegetable Surround Bohai Gulf Region, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University) Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Protected Vegetable Surround Bohai Gulf Region, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University) Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Tianlai Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Protected Vegetable Surround Bohai Gulf Region, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University) Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Wang C, Liu N, Geng Z, Ji M, Wang S, Zhuang Y, Wang D, He G, Zhao S, Zhou G, Chai G. Integrated transcriptome and proteome analysis reveals brassinosteroid-mediated regulation of cambium initiation and patterning in woody stem. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:6497794. [PMID: 35031795 PMCID: PMC8788366 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wood formation involves sequential developmental events requiring the coordination of multiple hormones. Brassinosteroids (BRs) play a key role in wood development, but little is known about the cellular and molecular processes that underlie wood formation in tree species. Here, we generated transgenic poplar lines with edited PdBRI1 genes, which are orthologs of Arabidopsis vascular-enriched BR receptors, and showed how inhibition of BR signaling influences wood development at the mRNA and/or proteome level. Six Populus PdBRI1 genes formed three gene pairs, each of which was highly expressed in basal stems. Simultaneous mutation of PdBRI1-1, -2, -3 and - 6, which are orthologs of the Arabidopsis vascular-enriched BR receptors BRI1, BRL1 and BRL3, resulted in severe growth defects. In particular, the stems of these mutant lines displayed a discontinuous cambial ring and patterning defects in derived secondary vascular tissues. Abnormal cambial formation within the cortical parenchyma was also observed in the stems of pdbri1-1;2;3;6. Transgenic poplar plants expressing edited versions of PdBRI1-1 or PdBRI1-1;2;6 exhibited phenotypic alterations in stem development at 4.5 months of growth, indicating that there is functional redundancy among these PdBRI1 genes. Integrated analysis of the transcriptome and proteome of pdbri1-1;2;3;6 stems revealed differential expression of a number of genes/proteins associated with wood development and hormones. Concordant (16%) and discordant (84%) regulation of mRNA and protein expression, including wood-associated mRNA/protein expression, was found in pdbri1-1;2;3;6 stems. This study found a dual role of BRs in procambial cell division and xylem differentiation and provides insights into the multiple layers of gene regulation that contribute to wood formation in Populus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Congpeng Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Academy of Dongying Efficient Agricultural Technology and Industry on Saline and Alkaline Land in Collaboration with Qingdao Agricultural University, Dongying 257000, China
| | - Naixu Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Zhao Geng
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Meijing Ji
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Shumin Wang
- Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yamei Zhuang
- Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Dian Wang
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Guo He
- Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Shutang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Gongke Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Academy of Dongying Efficient Agricultural Technology and Industry on Saline and Alkaline Land in Collaboration with Qingdao Agricultural University, Dongying 257000, China
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ,
| | - Guohua Chai
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Academy of Dongying Efficient Agricultural Technology and Industry on Saline and Alkaline Land in Collaboration with Qingdao Agricultural University, Dongying 257000, China
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ,
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Rivas MÁ, Friero I, Alarcón MV, Salguero J. Auxin-Cytokinin Balance Shapes Maize Root Architecture by Controlling Primary Root Elongation and Lateral Root Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:836592. [PMID: 35548278 PMCID: PMC9081935 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.836592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The root system is responsible for water and nutrients uptake from the soil, and therefore, its extension is basic for an efficient acquisition. The maize root system is formed by different types of roots, and the lateral root branching substantially increases the surface for nutrient uptake. Therefore, the regulation of lateral root formation is fundamental in the development of root functions. Root architecture is basically controlled by auxin and cytokinins, which antagonize in the formation of lateral roots (LR) along the primary root axis, with auxin, a stimulator, and cytokinins inhibitors of LR development. This interaction has been analyzed in several zones along the primary root where LRs in different developmental stages were located. The root has been divided into several zones, such as meristem, elongation zone, and mature zone, according to the developmental processes occurring in each one. As Arabidopsis root elongated more slowly than maize root, these zones are shorter, and its delimitation is more difficult. However, these zones have previously been delimitated clearly in maize, and therefore, they analyze the effect of exogenous hormones in several LR developmental stages. The inhibitory effect of cytokinin on lateral root formation was observed in already elongated primary root zones in which initial events to form new lateral roots are taking place. Contrarily, auxin increased LR formation in the primary root segments elongated in the presence of the hormone. The inhibitory effect of cytokinin was reversed by auxin in a concentration-dependent manner when both hormones were combined. However, auxin is unable to recover LR development in primary root zones that have been previously elongated only in the presence of cytokinin. This antagonistic auxin-cytokinin effect on LR development depended on the balance between both hormones, which controls the root system architecture and determines the formation of LR during the process of initiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ángeles Rivas
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Ecología y Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Iván Friero
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Ecología y Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - M. Victoria Alarcón
- Departamento de Hortofruticultura, Instituto de Investigaciones Agrarias “La Orden-Valdesequera”, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura (CICYTEX), Junta de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Julio Salguero
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Ecología y Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
- *Correspondence: Julio Salguero,
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Kashkan I, Hrtyan M, Retzer K, Humpolíčková J, Jayasree A, Filepová R, Vondráková Z, Simon S, Rombaut D, Jacobs TB, Frilander MJ, Hejátko J, Friml J, Petrášek J, Růžička K. Mutually opposing activity of PIN7 splicing isoforms is required for auxin-mediated tropic responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:329-343. [PMID: 34637542 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Advanced transcriptome sequencing has revealed that the majority of eukaryotic genes undergo alternative splicing (AS). Nonetheless, little effort has been dedicated to investigating the functional relevance of particular splicing events, even those in the key developmental and hormonal regulators. Combining approaches of genetics, biochemistry and advanced confocal microscopy, we describe the impact of alternative splicing on the PIN7 gene in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. PIN7 encodes a polarly localized transporter for the phytohormone auxin and produces two evolutionarily conserved transcripts, PIN7a and PIN7b. PIN7a and PIN7b, differing in a four amino acid stretch, exhibit almost identical expression patterns and subcellular localization. We reveal that they are closely associated and mutually influence each other's mobility within the plasma membrane. Phenotypic complementation tests indicate that the functional contribution of PIN7b per se is minor, but it markedly reduces the prominent PIN7a activity, which is required for correct seedling apical hook formation and auxin-mediated tropic responses. Our results establish alternative splicing of the PIN family as a conserved, functionally relevant mechanism, revealing an additional regulatory level of auxin-mediated plant development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kashkan
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 16502, Czech Republic
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Mónika Hrtyan
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Katarzyna Retzer
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 16502, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Humpolíčková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Aswathy Jayasree
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Roberta Filepová
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 16502, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Vondráková
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 16502, Czech Republic
| | - Sibu Simon
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 16502, Czech Republic
| | - Debbie Rombaut
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Thomas B Jacobs
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Mikko J Frilander
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Jan Hejátko
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 16502, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Růžička
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 16502, Czech Republic
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Liu C, Ma D, Wang Z, Chen N, Ma X, He XQ. MiR395c Regulates Secondary Xylem Development Through Sulfate Metabolism in Poplar. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:897376. [PMID: 35755696 PMCID: PMC9218717 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.897376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Secondary xylem development requires the coordination of multiple regulatory factors, including plant hormones, transcription factors, and microRNAs (miRNAs). MiR395 is an important regulator involved in sulfate metabolism, but its function in plant development is unclear. This study investigated the functions of miR395c in the secondary xylem development in Populus alba × P. glandulosa. MiR395c was highly expressed in the shoot apex and secondary xylem. The overexpression of miR395c resulted in an increase in both secondary xylem width and vessel dimension, as well as a decrease in the thickness of the secondary cell wall of the xylem fiber. Further analysis showed that miR395c inhibited biosynthesis of sulfate metabolic products by targeting ATPS genes, which led to the reduction of Abscisic acid (ABA) synthesis and down-regulation of MYB46 expression. Our results indicate that miR395c regulates the secondary xylem development process via sulfate metabolism in Populus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xin-Qiang He
- *Correspondence: Xin-Qiang He, , orcid.org/0000-0002-1755-008X
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Sato M, Akashi H, Sakamoto Y, Matsunaga S, Tsuji H. Whole-Tissue Three-Dimensional Imaging of Rice at Single-Cell Resolution. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:40. [PMID: 35008463 PMCID: PMC8744978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) arrangement of cells in tissues provides an anatomical basis for analyzing physiological and biochemical aspects of plant and animal cellular development and function. In this study, we established a protocol for tissue clearing and 3D imaging in rice. Our protocol is based on three improvements: clearing with iTOMEI (clearing solution suitable for plants), developing microscopic conditions in which the Z step is optimized for 3D reconstruction, and optimizing cell-wall staining. Our protocol successfully 3D imaged rice shoot apical meristems, florets, and root apical meristems at cellular resolution throughout whole tissues. Using fluorescent reporters of auxin signaling in rice root tips, we also revealed the 3D distribution of auxin signaling events that are activated in the columella, quiescent center, and multiple rows of cells in the stele of the root apical meristem. Examination of cells with higher levels of auxin signaling revealed that only the central row of cells was connected to the quiescent center. Our method provides opportunities to observe the 3D arrangement of cells in rice tissues.
Collapse
Grants
- 19J21998 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- 16H06464 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 16H06466 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 16H02532 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JPMJCR16O4 Japan Science and Technology Agency
- 21H04728 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moeko Sato
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Maioka 641-12, Totsuka, Yokohama 244-0813, Kanagawa, Japan; (M.S.); (H.A.)
| | - Hiroko Akashi
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Maioka 641-12, Totsuka, Yokohama 244-0813, Kanagawa, Japan; (M.S.); (H.A.)
| | - Yuki Sakamoto
- Imaging Frontier Center, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan; (Y.S.); (S.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama-cho 1-1, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sachihiro Matsunaga
- Imaging Frontier Center, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan; (Y.S.); (S.M.)
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8562, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuji
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Maioka 641-12, Totsuka, Yokohama 244-0813, Kanagawa, Japan; (M.S.); (H.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Cytokinin Perception in Ancient Plants beyond Angiospermae. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313077. [PMID: 34884882 PMCID: PMC8657898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) control many plant developmental processes and responses to environmental cues. Although the CK signaling is well understood, we are only beginning to decipher its evolution. Here, we investigated the CK perception apparatus in early-divergent plant species such as bryophyte Physcomitrium patens, lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii, and gymnosperm Picea abies. Of the eight CHASE-domain containing histidine kinases (CHKs) examined, two CHKs, PpCHK3 and PpCHK4, did not bind CKs. All other CHK receptors showed high-affinity CK binding (KD of nM range), with a strong preference for isopentenyladenine over other CK nucleobases in the moss and for trans-zeatin over cis-zeatin in the gymnosperm. The pH dependences of CK binding for these six CHKs showed a wide range, which may indicate different subcellular localization of these receptors at either the plasma- or endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Thus, the properties of the whole CK perception apparatuses in early-divergent lineages were demonstrated. Data show that during land plant evolution there was a diversification of the ligand specificity of various CHKs, in particular, the rise in preference for trans-zeatin over cis-zeatin, which indicates a steadily increasing specialization of receptors to various CKs. Finally, this distinct preference of individual receptors to different CK versions culminated in vascular plants, especially angiosperms.
Collapse
|
60
|
Dhar S, Kim H, Segonzac C, Lee JY. The Danger-Associated Peptide PEP1 Directs Cellular Reprogramming in the Arabidopsis Root Vascular System. Mol Cells 2021; 44:830-842. [PMID: 34764230 PMCID: PMC8627833 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
When perceiving microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) or plant-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), plants alter their root growth and development by displaying a reduction in the root length and the formation of root hairs and lateral roots. The exogenous application of a MAMP peptide, flg22, was shown to affect root growth by suppressing meristem activity. In addition to MAMPs, the DAMP peptide PEP1 suppresses root growth while also promoting root hair formation. However, the question of whether and how these elicitor peptides affect the development of the vascular system in the root has not been explored. The cellular receptors of PEP1, PEPR1 and PEPR2 are highly expressed in the root vascular system, while the receptors of flg22 (FLS2) and elf18 (EFR) are not. Consistent with the expression patterns of PEP1 receptors, we found that exogenously applied PEP1 has a strong impact on the division of stele cells, leading to a reduction of these cells. We also observed the alteration in the number and organization of cells that differentiate into xylem vessels. These PEP1-mediated developmental changes appear to be linked to the blockage of symplastic connections triggered by PEP1. PEP1 dramatically disrupts the symplastic movement of free green fluorescence protein (GFP) from phloem sieve elements to neighboring cells in the root meristem, leading to the deposition of a high level of callose between cells. Taken together, our first survey of PEP1-mediated vascular tissue development provides new insights into the PEP1 function as a regulator of cellular reprogramming in the Arabidopsis root vascular system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Dhar
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyoujin Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 00826, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Seo DH, Jeong H, Choi YD, Jang G. Auxin controls the division of root endodermal cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1577-1586. [PMID: 34618030 PMCID: PMC8566267 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The root endodermis forms a selective barrier that prevents the free diffusion of solutes into the vasculature; to make this barrier, endodermal cells deposit hydrophobic compounds in their cell walls, forming the Casparian strip. Here, we showed that, in contrast to vascular and epidermal root cells, endodermal root cells do not divide alongside the root apical meristem in Arabidopsis thaliana. Auxin treatment induced division of endodermal cells in wild-type plants, but not in the auxin signaling mutant auxin resistant3-1. Endodermis-specific activation of auxin responses by expression of truncated AUXIN-RESPONSIVE FACTOR5 (ΔARF5) in root endodermal cells under the control of the ENDODERMIS7 promoter (EN7::ΔARF5) also induced endodermal cell division. We used an auxin transport inhibitor to cause accumulation of auxin in endodermal cells, which induced endodermal cell division. In addition, knockout of P-GLYCOPROTEIN1 (PGP1) and PGP19, which mediate centripetal auxin flow, promoted the division of endodermal cells. Together, these findings reveal a tight link between the endodermal auxin response and endodermal cell division, suggesting that auxin is a key regulator controlling the division of root endodermal cells, and that PGP1 and PGP19 are involved in regulating endodermal cell division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deok Hyun Seo
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Haewon Jeong
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Do Choi
- The National Academy of Sciences, Seoul 06579, Republic of Korea
| | - Geupil Jang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Ma Y, Wolf S, Lohmann JU. Casting the Net-Connecting Auxin Signaling to the Plant Genome. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a040006. [PMID: 33903151 PMCID: PMC8559546 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Auxin represents one of the most potent and most versatile hormonal signals in the plant kingdom. Built on a simple core of only a few dedicated components, the auxin signaling system plays important roles for diverse aspects of plant development, physiology, and defense. Key to the diversity of context-dependent functional outputs generated by cells in response to this small molecule are gene duplication events and sub-functionalization of signaling components on the one hand, and a deep embedding of the auxin signaling system into complex regulatory networks on the other hand. Together, these evolutionary innovations provide the mechanisms to allow each cell to display a highly specific auxin response that suits its individual requirements. In this review, we discuss the regulatory networks connecting auxin with a large number of diverse pathways at all relevant levels of the signaling system ranging from biosynthesis to transcriptional response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Ma
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Cell Wall Signalling Group, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan U Lohmann
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Yang B, Minne M, Brunoni F, Plačková L, Petřík I, Sun Y, Nolf J, Smet W, Verstaen K, Wendrich JR, Eekhout T, Hoyerová K, Van Isterdael G, Haustraete J, Bishopp A, Farcot E, Novák O, Saeys Y, De Rybel B. Non-cell autonomous and spatiotemporal signalling from a tissue organizer orchestrates root vascular development. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:1485-1494. [PMID: 34782768 PMCID: PMC7612341 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-01017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
During plant development, a precise balance of cytokinin is crucial for correct growth and patterning, but it remains unclear how this is achieved across different cell types and in the context of a growing organ. Here we show that in the root apical meristem, the TMO5/LHW complex increases active cytokinin levels via two cooperatively acting enzymes. By profiling the transcriptomic changes of increased cytokinin at single-cell level, we further show that this effect is counteracted by a tissue-specific increase in CYTOKININ OXIDASE 3 expression via direct activation of the mobile transcription factor SHORTROOT. In summary, we show that within the root meristem, xylem cells act as a local organizer of vascular development by non-autonomously regulating cytokinin levels in neighbouring procambium cells via sequential induction and repression modules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- BaoJun Yang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Max Minne
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Federica Brunoni
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Petřík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Yanbiao Sun
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonah Nolf
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wouter Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Verstaen
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Data Mining and Modelling for Biomedicine, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jos R Wendrich
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Eekhout
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Klára Hoyerová
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gert Van Isterdael
- VIB Flow Core, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jurgen Haustraete
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Protein Service Facility, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anthony Bishopp
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
| | - Etienne Farcot
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Yvan Saeys
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Data Mining and Modelling for Biomedicine, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert De Rybel
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Singh D, Singla-Pareek SL, Pareek A. Two-component signaling system in plants: interaction network and specificity in response to stress and hormones. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:2037-2046. [PMID: 34109469 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02727-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants are exposed to various environmental challenges that can hamper their growth, development, and productivity. Being sedentary, plants cannot escape from these unfavorable environmental conditions and have evolved various signaling cascades to endure them. The two-component signaling (TCS) system is one such essential signaling circuitry present in plants regulating responses against multiple abiotic and biotic stresses. It is among the most ancient and evolutionary conserved signaling pathways in plants, which include membrane-bound histidine kinases (HKs), cytoplasmic histidine phosphotransfer proteins (Hpts), and nuclear or cytoplasmic response regulators (RRs). At the same time, TCS also involved in many signaling circuitries operative in plants in response to diverse hormones. These plant growth hormones play a significant role in diverse physiological and developmental processes, and their contribution to plant stress responses is coming up in a big way. Therefore, it is intriguing to know how TCS and various plant growth regulators, along with the key transcription factors, directly or indirectly control the responses of plants towards diverse stresses. The present review attempts to explore this relationship, hoping that this knowledge will contribute towards developing crop plants with enhanced climate resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Singh
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, Delhi, India
| | - Sneh Lata Singla-Pareek
- Plant Stress Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, Delhi, India
| | - Ashwani Pareek
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, Delhi, India.
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Bertolotti G, Scintu D, Dello Ioio R. A small cog in a large wheel: crucial role of miRNAs in root apical meristem patterning. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6755-6767. [PMID: 34350947 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In both animal and plants, establishment of body axes is fundamental for proper organ development. Plant roots show two main developmental axes: the proximo-distal axis, which spans from the hypocotyl-root junction to the root tip; and the radial axis, which traverses from the vascular tissue to the epidermis. Root axes are determined in the root meristem. The root meristem occupies the tip of the root and contains self-renewing stem cells, which continuously produce new root cells. An intricate network of signalling pathways regulates meristem function and patterning to ensure proper root development and growth. In the last decade, miRNAs, 20-21 nucleotide-long molecules with morphogenetic activity, emerged as central regulators of root cell patterning. Their activity intersects with master regulators of meristematic activity, including phytohormones. In this review, we discuss the latest findings about the activity of miRNAs and their interaction with other molecular networks in the formation of root meristem axes. Furthermore, we describe how these small molecules allow root growth to adapt to changes in the environment, while maintaining the correct patterning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Bertolotti
- University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Department of Biology and Biotechnology, 'Charles Darwin', Via dei Sardi 70, Rome, Italy
| | - Daria Scintu
- University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Department of Biology and Biotechnology, 'Charles Darwin', Via dei Sardi 70, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Dello Ioio
- University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Department of Biology and Biotechnology, 'Charles Darwin', Via dei Sardi 70, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Mazzoni-Putman SM, Brumos J, Zhao C, Alonso JM, Stepanova AN. Auxin Interactions with Other Hormones in Plant Development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a039990. [PMID: 33903155 PMCID: PMC8485746 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a039990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Auxin is a crucial growth regulator that governs plant development and responses to environmental perturbations. It functions at the heart of many developmental processes, from embryogenesis to organ senescence, and is key to plant interactions with the environment, including responses to biotic and abiotic stimuli. As remarkable as auxin is, it does not act alone, but rather solicits the help of, or is solicited by, other endogenous signals, including the plant hormones abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, ethylene, gibberellic acid, jasmonates, salicylic acid, and strigolactones. The interactions between auxin and other hormones occur at multiple levels: hormones regulate one another's synthesis, transport, and/or response; hormone-specific transcriptional regulators for different pathways physically interact and/or converge on common target genes; etc. However, our understanding of this crosstalk is still fragmentary, with only a few pieces of the gigantic puzzle firmly established. In this review, we provide a glimpse into the complexity of hormone interactions that involve auxin, underscoring how patchy our current understanding is.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serina M Mazzoni-Putman
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Javier Brumos
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Chengsong Zhao
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Jose M Alonso
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Anna N Stepanova
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Refahi Y, Zardilis A, Michelin G, Wightman R, Leggio B, Legrand J, Faure E, Vachez L, Armezzani A, Risson AE, Zhao F, Das P, Prunet N, Meyerowitz EM, Godin C, Malandain G, Jönsson H, Traas J. A multiscale analysis of early flower development in Arabidopsis provides an integrated view of molecular regulation and growth control. Dev Cell 2021; 56:540-556.e8. [PMID: 33621494 PMCID: PMC8519405 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed the link between the gene regulation and growth during the early stages of flower development in Arabidopsis. Starting from time-lapse images, we generated a 4D atlas of early flower development, including cell lineage, cellular growth rates, and the expression patterns of regulatory genes. This information was introduced in MorphoNet, a web-based platform. Using computational models, we found that the literature-based molecular network only explained a minority of the gene expression patterns. This was substantially improved by adding regulatory hypotheses for individual genes. Correlating growth with the combinatorial expression of multiple regulators led to a set of hypotheses for the action of individual genes in morphogenesis. This identified the central factor LEAFY as a potential regulator of heterogeneous growth, which was supported by quantifying growth patterns in a leafy mutant. By providing an integrated view, this atlas should represent a fundamental step toward mechanistic models of flower development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yassin Refahi
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France; Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, 51097 Reims, France.
| | - Argyris Zardilis
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Gaël Michelin
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, I3S, France
| | - Raymond Wightman
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Bruno Leggio
- Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Jonathan Legrand
- Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France
| | | | - Laetitia Vachez
- Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Alessia Armezzani
- Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Anne-Evodie Risson
- Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Feng Zhao
- Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Pradeep Das
- Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Nathanaël Prunet
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Elliot M Meyerowitz
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Christophe Godin
- Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France
| | | | - Henrik Jönsson
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14A, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Jan Traas
- Laboratoire RDP, Université de Lyon 1, ENS-Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, UCBL, 69364 Lyon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Auxin and Cytokinin Interplay during Leaf Morphogenesis and Phyllotaxy. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081732. [PMID: 34451776 PMCID: PMC8400353 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Auxins (IAA) and cytokinins (CKs) are the most influential phytohormones, having multifaceted roles in plants. They are key regulators of plant growth and developmental processes. Additionally, their interplay exerts tight control on plant development and differentiation. Although several reviews have been published detailing the auxin-cytokinin interplay in controlling root growth and differentiation, their roles in the shoot, particularly in leaf morphogenesis are largely unexplored. Recent reports have provided new insights on the roles of these two hormones and their interplay on leaf growth and development. In this review, we focus on the effect of auxins, CKs, and their interactions in regulating leaf morphogenesis. Additionally, the regulatory effects of the auxins and CKs interplay on the phyllotaxy of plants are discussed.
Collapse
|
69
|
Wang D, Chen Y, Li W, Li Q, Lu M, Zhou G, Chai G. Vascular Cambium: The Source of Wood Formation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:700928. [PMID: 34484265 PMCID: PMC8416278 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.700928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Wood is the most abundant biomass produced by land plants and is mainly used for timber, pulping, and paper making. Wood (secondary xylem) is derived from vascular cambium, and its formation encompasses a series of developmental processes. Extensive studies in Arabidopsis and trees demonstrate that the initiation of vascular stem cells and the proliferation and differentiation of the cambial derivative cells require a coordination of multiple signals, including hormones and peptides. In this mini review, we described the recent discoveries on the regulation of the three developmental processes by several signals, such as auxin, cytokinins, brassinosteroids, gibberellins, ethylene, TDIF peptide, and their cross talk in Arabidopsis and Populus. There exists a similar but more complex regulatory network orchestrating vascular cambium development in Populus than that in Arabidopsis. We end up with a look at the future research prospects of vascular cambium in perennial woody plants, including interfascicular cambium development and vascular stem cell regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dian Wang
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Quanzi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Mengzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gongke Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guohua Chai
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Hormonal Regulation and Crosstalk of Auxin/Cytokinin Signaling Pathways in Potatoes In Vitro and in Relation to Vegetation or Tuberization Stages. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158207. [PMID: 34360972 PMCID: PMC8347663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxins and cytokinins create versatile regulatory network controlling virtually all aspects of plant growth and development. These hormonal systems act in close contact, synergistically or antagonistically, determining plant phenotype, resistance and productivity. However, the current knowledge about molecular interactions of these systems is still scarce. Our study with potato plants aimed at deciphering potential interactions between auxin and cytokinin signaling pathways at the level of respective gene expression. Potato plants grown on sterile medium with 1.5% (vegetation) or 5% (tuberization) sucrose were treated for 1 h with auxin or cytokinin. Effects of these two hormones on expression profiles of genes belonging to main signaling pathways of auxin and cytokinin were quantified by RT-qPCR. As a result, several signaling genes were found to respond to auxin and/or cytokinin by up- or down-regulation. The observed effects were largely organ-specific and depended on sucrose content. Auxin strongly reduced cytokinin perception apparatus while reciprocal cytokinin effect was ambiguous and sucrose-dependent. In many cases, functional clustering of genes of the same family was observed. Promoters in some clusters are enriched with canonic hormone-response cis-elements supporting their direct sensitivity to hormones. Collectively, our data shed new light on the crosstalk between auxin- and cytokinin signaling pathways.
Collapse
|
71
|
Jiang C, Wang J, Leng HN, Wang X, Liu Y, Lu H, Lu MZ, Zhang J. Transcriptional Regulation and Signaling of Developmental Programmed Cell Death in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:702928. [PMID: 34394156 PMCID: PMC8358321 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.702928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Developmental programmed cell death (dPCD) has multiple functions in plant growth and development, and is of great value for industrial production. Among them, wood formed by xylem dPCD is one of the most widely used natural materials. Therefore, it is crucial to explore the molecular mechanism of plant dPCD. The dPCD process is tightly regulated by genetic networks and is involved in the transduction of signaling molecules. Several key regulators have been identified in diverse organisms and individual PCD events. However, complex molecular networks controlling plant dPCD remain highly elusive, and the original triggers of this process are still unknown. This review summarizes the recent progress on the transcriptional regulation and signaling of dPCD during vegetative and reproductive development. It is hoped that this review will provide an overall view of the molecular regulation of dPCD in different developmental processes in plants and identify specific mechanisms for regulating these dPCD events. In addition, the application of plants in industrial production can be improved by manipulating dPCD in specific processes, such as xylogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Ni Leng
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Xiaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yijing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Zhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Zierer W, Rüscher D, Sonnewald U, Sonnewald S. Tuber and Tuberous Root Development. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:551-580. [PMID: 33788583 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-080720-084456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Root and tuber crops have been an important part of human nutrition since the early days of humanity, providing us with essential carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins. Today, they are especially important in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, where they help to feed an ever-growing population. Early induction and storage organ size are important agricultural traits, as they determine yield over time. During potato tuberization, environmental and metabolic status are sensed, ensuring proper timing of tuberization mediated by phloem-mobile signals. Coordinated cellular restructuring and expansion growth, as well as controlled storage metabolism in the tuber, are executed. This review summarizes our current understanding of potato tuber development and highlights similarities and differences to important tuberous root crop species like sweetpotato and cassava. Finally, we point out knowledge gaps that need to be filled before a complete picture of storage organ development can emerge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Zierer
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; , , ,
| | - David Rüscher
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; , , ,
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; , , ,
| | - Sophia Sonnewald
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; , , ,
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Reeger JE, Wheatley M, Yang Y, Brown KM. Targeted mutation of transcription factor genes alters metaxylem vessel size and number in rice roots. PLANT DIRECT 2021; 5:e00328. [PMID: 34142002 PMCID: PMC8204146 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Root metaxylem vessels are responsible for axial water transport and contribute to hydraulic architecture. Variation in metaxylem vessel size and number can impact drought tolerance in crop plants, including rice, a crop that is particularly sensitive to drought. Identifying and validating candidate genes for metaxylem development would aid breeding efforts for improved varieties for drought tolerance. We identified three transcription factor candidate genes that potentially regulate metaxylem vessel size and number in rice based on orthologous annotations, published expression data, and available root and drought-related QTL data. Single gene knockout mutants were generated for each candidate using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing. Root metaxylem vessel area and number were analyzed in 6-week-old knockout mutants and wild-type plants under well-watered and drought conditions in the greenhouse. Compared with wild type, LONESOME HIGHWAY (OsLHW) mutants had fewer, smaller metaxylem vessels in shallow roots and more, larger vessels in deep roots in drought conditions, indicating that OsLHW may be a repressor of drought-induced metaxylem plasticity. The AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 15 mutants showed fewer but larger metaxylem vessel area in well-watered conditions, but phenotypes were inconsistent under drought treatment. ORYZA SATIVA HOMEBOX 6 (OSH6) mutants had fewer, smaller metaxylem vessels in well-watered conditions with greater effects on xylem number than size. OSH6 mutants had larger shoots and more, deeper roots than the wild type in well-watered conditions, but there were no differences in performance under drought between mutants and wild type. Though these candidate gene mutants did not exhibit large phenotypic effects, the identification and investigation of candidate genes related to metaxylem traits in rice deepen our understanding of metaxylem development and are needed to facilitate incorporation of favorable alleles into breeding populations to improve drought stress tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna E. Reeger
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant BiologyHuck Institutes of the Life SciencesPenn State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| | - Matthew Wheatley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental MicrobiologyHuck Institute of the Life SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| | - Yinong Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental MicrobiologyHuck Institute of the Life SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| | - Kathleen M. Brown
- Department of Plant ScienceThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Horner W, Brunkard JO. Cytokinins Stimulate Plasmodesmatal Transport in Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:674128. [PMID: 34135930 PMCID: PMC8201399 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.674128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells are connected by plasmodesmata (PD), nanoscopic channels in cell walls that allow diverse cytosolic molecules to move between neighboring cells. PD transport is tightly coordinated with physiology and development, although the range of signaling pathways that influence PD transport has not been comprehensively defined. Several plant hormones, including salicylic acid (SA) and auxin, are known to regulate PD transport, but the effects of other hormones have not been established. In this study, we provide evidence that cytokinins promote PD transport in leaves. Using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) movement assay in the epidermis of Nicotiana benthamiana, we have shown that PD transport significantly increases when leaves are supplied with exogenous cytokinins at physiologically relevant concentrations or when a positive regulator of cytokinin responses, ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE PHOSPHOTRANSFER PROTEIN 5 (AHP5), is overexpressed. We then demonstrated that silencing cytokinin receptors, ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE 3 (AHK3) or AHK4 or overexpressing a negative regulator of cytokinin signaling, AAHP6, significantly decreases PD transport. These results are supported by transcriptomic analysis of mutants with increased PD transport (ise1-4), which show signs of enhanced cytokinin signaling. We concluded that cytokinins contribute to dynamic changes in PD transport in plants, which will have implications in several aspects of plant biology, including meristem patterning and development, regulation of the sink-to-source transition, and phytohormone crosstalk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Horner
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, United States
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jacob O. Brunkard
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, United States
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Oosterbeek M, Lozano-Torres JL, Bakker J, Goverse A. Sedentary Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Alter Auxin Homeostasis via Multiple Strategies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668548. [PMID: 34122488 PMCID: PMC8193132 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary endoparasites such as cyst and root-knot nematodes infect many important food crops and are major agro-economical pests worldwide. These plant-parasitic nematodes exploit endogenous molecular and physiological pathways in the roots of their host to establish unique feeding structures. These structures function as highly active transfer cells and metabolic sinks and are essential for the parasites' growth and reproduction. Plant hormones like indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are a fundamental component in the formation of these feeding complexes. However, their underlying molecular and biochemical mechanisms are still elusive despite recent advances in the field. This review presents a comprehensive overview of known functions of various auxins in plant-parasitic nematode infection sites, based on a systematic analysis of current literature. We evaluate multiple aspects involved in auxin homeostasis in plants, including anabolism, catabolism, transport, and signalling. From these analyses, a picture emerges that plant-parasitic nematodes have evolved multiple strategies to manipulate auxin homeostasis to establish a successful parasitic relationship with their host. Additionally, there appears to be a potential role for auxins other than IAA in plant-parasitic nematode infections that might be of interest to be further elucidated.
Collapse
|
76
|
Harnvanichvech Y, Gorelova V, Sprakel J, Weijers D. The Arabidopsis embryo as a quantifiable model for studying pattern formation. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 2:e3. [PMID: 37077211 PMCID: PMC10095805 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2021.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic diversity of flowering plants stems from common basic features of the plant body pattern with well-defined body axes, organs and tissue organisation. Cell division and cell specification are the two processes that underlie the formation of a body pattern. As plant cells are encased into their cellulosic walls, directional cell division through precise positioning of division plane is crucial for shaping plant morphology. Since many plant cells are pluripotent, their fate establishment is influenced by their cellular environment through cell-to-cell signaling. Recent studies show that apart from biochemical regulation, these two processes are also influenced by cell and tissue morphology and operate under mechanical control. Finding a proper model system that allows dissecting the relationship between these aspects is the key to our understanding of pattern establishment. In this review, we present the Arabidopsis embryo as a simple, yet comprehensive model of pattern formation compatible with high-throughput quantitative assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosapol Harnvanichvech
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vera Gorelova
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Physcomitrium patens: A Single Model to Study Oriented Cell Divisions in 1D to 3D Patterning. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052626. [PMID: 33807788 PMCID: PMC7961494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Development in multicellular organisms relies on cell proliferation and specialization. In plants, both these processes critically depend on the spatial organization of cells within a tissue. Owing to an absence of significant cellular migration, the relative position of plant cells is virtually made permanent at the moment of division. Therefore, in numerous plant developmental contexts, the (divergent) developmental trajectories of daughter cells are dependent on division plane positioning in the parental cell. Prior to and throughout division, specific cellular processes inform, establish and execute division plane control. For studying these facets of division plane control, the moss Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens has emerged as a suitable model system. Developmental progression in this organism starts out simple and transitions towards a body plan with a three-dimensional structure. The transition is accompanied by a series of divisions where cell fate transitions and division plane positioning go hand in hand. These divisions are experimentally highly tractable and accessible. In this review, we will highlight recently uncovered mechanisms, including polarity protein complexes and cytoskeletal structures, and transcriptional regulators, that are required for 1D to 3D body plan formation.
Collapse
|
78
|
He L, Zhang J, Guo D, Tian H, Cao Y, Ji X, Zhan Y. Establishment of the technology of cambial meristematic cells (CMCs) culture from shoots and high expression of FmPHV (PHAVOLUTA) functions in identification and differentiation of CMCs and promoting the shoot regeneration by hypocotyl in Fraxinus mandshurica. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 160:352-364. [PMID: 33548802 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In Fraxinus mandshurica, we successfully isolated and identified the loose, uniform and creamy-white cambial meristematic cells (CMCs) from newborn shoots, and established a culture technology for induction, proliferation and differentiation of CMCs. In this technology, higher induction rate (83.0%, 0.57-fold to the control) was obtained by an effective pretreatment after 28-day induction culture, CMCs can be better proliferation cultured than common calli and maintain same growth states after several times of cultures and 3.3% CMCs primarily realized differentiation. Gene expressions in the differentiated CMCs revealed that, low expression of FmWOX5 (regulator in establishment of competence for shoot formation, 0.09-fold to the control) and high expressions of FmWOX4 (cambium stem cell regulator, 16.7-fold to the control) and 9 key genes in shoot regeneration (2.4-fold-72.1-fold to the control) function in CMCs differentiation. In addition to the function of high expression of PHAVOLUTA (FmPHV) in CMCs differentiation (5.4-fold-157.3-fold to undifferentiated CMCs), functions of high expression of FmPHV in CMCs identification (22.4-fold to common calli) and generating more shoots (2.3-fold to the control) by significantly changing expressions of key regulators in HD-Zip Class III related shoot regeneration networks in positive transgenic plants through the hypocotyl transforming system in F. mandshurica, were further revealed. These works were of profound significance in providing the culture technology of CMCs from newborn shoots in F. mandshurica for the first time and revealing the positive functions of FmPHV in CMCs identification and differentiation in F. mandshurica and promoting the shoot regeneration by hypocotyls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liming He
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkaline Vegetation Ecology Restoration (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; Department of Forest Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Department of Forest Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Dongwei Guo
- Department of Forest Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Hongmei Tian
- Forest Botanical Garden of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkaline Vegetation Ecology Restoration (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; Department of Forest Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Xintong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkaline Vegetation Ecology Restoration (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; Department of Forest Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yaguang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkaline Vegetation Ecology Restoration (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; Department of Forest Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Hartmann FP, Rathgeber CBK, Badel É, Fournier M, Moulia B. Modelling the spatial crosstalk between two biochemical signals explains wood formation dynamics and tree-ring structure. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1727-1737. [PMID: 33247732 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In conifers, xylogenesis during a growing season produces a very characteristic tree-ring structure: large, thin-walled earlywood cells followed by narrow, thick-walled latewood cells. Although many factors influence the dynamics of differentiation and the final dimensions of xylem cells, the associated patterns of variation remain very stable from one year to the next. While radial growth is characterized by an S-shaped curve, the widths of xylem differentiation zones exhibit characteristic skewed bell-shaped curves. These elements suggest a strong internal control of xylogenesis. It has long been hypothesized that much of this regulation relies on a morphogenetic gradient of auxin. However, recent modelling studies have shown that while this hypothesis could account for the dynamics of stem radial growth and the zonation of the developing xylem, it failed to reproduce the characteristic tree-ring structure. Here, we investigated the hypothesis of regulation by a crosstalk between auxin and a second biochemical signal, by using computational morphodynamics. We found that, in conifers, such a crosstalk is sufficient to simulate the characteristic features of wood formation dynamics, as well as the resulting tree-ring structure. In this model, auxin controls cell enlargement rates while another signal (e.g. cytokinin, tracheary element differentiation inhibitory factor) drives cell division and auxin polar transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Félix P Hartmann
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Éric Badel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Meriem Fournier
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, Nancy, France
| | - Bruno Moulia
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Yang Z, Zhou B, Ge X, Cao Y, Brunner I, Shi J, Li MH. Species-Specific Responses of Root Morphology of Three Co-existing Tree Species to Nutrient Patches Reflect Their Root Foraging Strategies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:618222. [PMID: 33569072 PMCID: PMC7868422 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.618222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Root foraging strategies of plants may be critical to the competition for nutrient resources in the nutrient patches, but little is known about these of co-existing tree species in subtropical regions. This study aimed to elucidate root foraging strategies of three co-existing tree species in nutrient heterogeneous soils by exploring their root distribution, root morphology, photosynthates allocation and nutrient accumulation. Seedlings of the three tree species [moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), and masson pine (Pinus massoniana)] were grown for 8months under one homogeneous soil [uniform nitrogen (N) plus phosphorus (P)] and three heterogeneous soils (localized N supply, localized P supply, or localized N plus P supply). The biomass, root morphological parameters (i.e., root length and root surface area), specific root length (SRL), non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs, i.e., mobile sugar and starch) in roots, total N and total P of plants were measured. The plasticity and distribution of root system were analyzed by calculating the root response ratio (RRR) and root foraging precision (FP), respectively. The results are as follows (i) Chinese fir tended to forage more N by promoting root proliferation in the N-rich patch, while root proliferation of bamboo and pine did not change. For P, bamboo absorbed more P by promoting root proliferation in the P-rich patch. The total P content of Pine and Chinese fir under localized P supply treatment remain the same despite the fact that the root length in the P-rich patch and the FP increased. (ii) Chinese fir foraged more N by increasing root length and decreasing SRL in the NP-rich patch; bamboo foraged more N and P by increasing root length and SRL in the NP-rich patch. The FP and foraging scale (FS) of both bamboo and Chinese fir were significantly improved under localized N plus P treatment. (iii) The concentrations of NSC were positively correlated with root morphological plasticity for moso bamboo and Chinese fir. Our results indicated that higher morphological plasticity is exhibited in moso bamboo and Chinese fir than masson pine in nutrient heterogeneous soils, allowing them to successfully forage for more nutrients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenya Yang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Bamboo Research, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
- Qianjiangyuan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Hangzhou, China
| | - Benzhi Zhou
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
- Qianjiangyuan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaogai Ge
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
- Qianjiangyuan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yonghui Cao
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
- Qianjiangyuan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ivano Brunner
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jiuxi Shi
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
- Qianjiangyuan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mai-He Li
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Nenadić M, Vermeer JEM. Dynamic cytokinin signalling landscapes during lateral root formation in Arabidopsis. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 2:e13. [PMID: 37077210 PMCID: PMC10095801 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2021.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
By forming lateral roots, plants expand their root systems to improve anchorage and absorb more water and nutrients from the soil. Each phase of this developmental process in Arabidopsis is tightly regulated by dynamic and continuous signalling of the phytohormones cytokinin and auxin. While the roles of auxin in lateral root organogenesis and spatial accommodation by overlying cell layers have been well studied, insights on the importance of cytokinin is still somewhat limited. Cytokinin is a negative regulator of lateral root formation with versatile modes of action being activated at different root developmental zones. Here, we review the latest progress made towards our understanding of these spatially separated mechanisms of cytokinin-mediated signalling that shape lateral root initiation, outgrowth and emergence and highlight some of the enticing open questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milica Nenadić
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Centre, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joop E. M. Vermeer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Centre, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Author for correspondence: Joop E. M. Vermeer, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Seo M, Lee JY. Dissection of Functional Modules of AT-HOOK MOTIF NUCLEAR LOCALIZED PROTEIN 4 in the Development of the Root Xylem. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:632078. [PMID: 33889164 PMCID: PMC8056045 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.632078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Xylem development in the Arabidopsis root apical meristem requires a complex cross talk between plant hormone signaling and transcriptional factors (TFs). The key processes involve fine-tuning between neighboring cells, mediated via the intercellular movement of signaling molecules. As an example, we previously reported that AT-HOOK MOTIF NUCLEAR LOCALIZED PROTEIN (AHL) 4 (AHL4), a member of the 29 AT-hook family TFs in Arabidopsis, moves into xylem precursors from their neighbors to determine xylem differentiation. As part of the effort to understand the molecular functions of AHL4, we performed domain swapping analyses using AHL1 as a counterpart, finding that AHL4 has three functionally distinctive protein modules. The plant and prokaryotes conserved (PPC) domain of AHL4 acts as a mediator of protein-protein interactions with AHL members. The N-terminus of AHL4 is required for the regulation of xylem development likely via its unique DNA-binding activity. The C-terminus of AHL4 confers intercellular mobility. Our characterization of modules in the AHL4 protein will augment our understanding of the complexity of regulation and the evolution of intercellular mobility in AHL4 and its relatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minji Seo
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Ji-Young Lee,
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
De Zio E, Montagnoli A, Karady M, Terzaghi M, Sferra G, Antoniadi I, Scippa GS, Ljung K, Chiatante D, Trupiano D. Reaction Wood Anatomical Traits and Hormonal Profiles in Poplar Bent Stem and Root. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:590985. [PMID: 33363556 PMCID: PMC7754185 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.590985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Reaction wood (RW) formation is an innate physiological response of woody plants to counteract mechanical constraints in nature, reinforce structure and redirect growth toward the vertical direction. Differences and/or similarities between stem and root response to mechanical constraints remain almost unknown especially in relation to phytohormones distribution and RW characteristics. Thus, Populus nigra stem and root subjected to static non-destructive mid-term bending treatment were analyzed. The distribution of tension and compression forces was firstly modeled along the main bent stem and root axis; then, anatomical features, chemical composition, and a complete auxin and cytokinin metabolite profiles of the stretched convex and compressed concave side of three different bent stem and root sectors were analyzed. The results showed that in bent stems RW was produced on the upper stretched convex side whereas in bent roots it was produced on the lower compressed concave side. Anatomical features and chemical analysis showed that bent stem RW was characterized by a low number of vessel, poor lignification, and high carbohydrate, and thus gelatinous layer in fiber cell wall. Conversely, in bent root, RW was characterized by high vessel number and area, without any significant variation in carbohydrate and lignin content. An antagonistic interaction of auxins and different cytokinin forms/conjugates seems to regulate critical aspects of RW formation/development in stem and root to facilitate upward/downward organ bending. The observed differences between the response stem and root to bending highlight how hormonal signaling is highly organ-dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Zio
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy
| | - Antonio Montagnoli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Michal Karady
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Mattia Terzaghi
- Department of Chemistry and Biology ‘A. Zambelli’, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Gabriella Sferra
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy
| | - Ioanna Antoniadi
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gabriella S. Scippa
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Donato Chiatante
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Dalila Trupiano
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Seo M, Kim H, Lee JY. Information on the move: vascular tissue development in space and time during postembryonic root growth. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 57:110-117. [PMID: 32905917 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cascades of temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression play crucial roles in the vascular development in plant roots. Once vascular cell fates are determined, the timing of their differentiation is tightly controlled in a cell-autonomous manner. In contrast, extensive cell-to-cell communication contributes to the positioning and specifying of vascular cell types in the root meristem. Diverse factors moving short distances in a radial direction were found to be key contributors to these processes. Furthermore, signals from differentiated phloem were found to influence the phloem precursor and determine how the corresponding asymmetric cell division proceeded. These findings highlight the potential importance of underexplored types of intercellular communication in relation to vascular tissue development during postembryonic root growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minji Seo
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoujin Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Bagdassarian KS, Brown CM, Jones ET, Etchells P. Connections in the cambium, receptors in the ring. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 57:96-103. [PMID: 32866742 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In plants, pluripotent cells in meristems divide to provide cells for the formation of postembryonic tissues. The cambium is the meristem from which the vascular tissue is derived and is the main driver for secondary (radial) growth in dicots. Xylem and phloem are specified on opposing sides of the cambium, and tightly regulated cell divisions ensure their spatial separation. Peptide ligands, phytohormones, and their receptors are central to maintaining this patterning and regulating proliferation. Here, we describe recent advances in our understanding of how these signals are integrated to control vascular development and secondary growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine M Brown
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan T Jones
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Etchells
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Agustí J, Blázquez MA. Plant vascular development: mechanisms and environmental regulation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3711-3728. [PMID: 32193607 PMCID: PMC11105054 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03496-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plant vascular development is a complex process culminating in the generation of xylem and phloem, the plant transporting conduits. Xylem and phloem arise from specialized stem cells collectively termed (pro)cambium. Once developed, xylem transports mainly water and mineral nutrients and phloem transports photoassimilates and signaling molecules. In the past few years, major advances have been made to characterize the molecular, genetic and physiological aspects that govern vascular development. However, less is known about how the environment re-shapes the process, which molecular mechanisms link environmental inputs with developmental outputs, which gene regulatory networks facilitate the genetic adaptation of vascular development to environmental niches, or how the first vascular cells appeared as an evolutionary innovation. In this review, we (1) summarize the current knowledge of the mechanisms involved in vascular development, focusing on the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, (2) describe the anatomical effect of specific environmental factors on the process, (3) speculate about the main entry points through which the molecular mechanisms controlling of the process might be altered by specific environmental factors, and (4) discuss future research which could identify the genetic factors underlying phenotypic plasticity of vascular development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Agustí
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Blázquez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Feng S, Liu Z, Hu Y, Tian J, Yang T, Wei A. Genomic analysis reveals the genetic diversity, population structure, evolutionary history and relationships of Chinese pepper. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:158. [PMID: 33082965 PMCID: PMC7527552 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Chinese pepper, mainly including Zanthoxylum bungeanum and Zanthoxylum armatum, is an economically important crop popular in Asian countries due to its unique taste characteristics and potential medical uses. Numerous cultivars of Chinese pepper have been developed in China through long-term domestication. To better understand the population structure, demographic history, and speciation of Chinese pepper, we performed a comprehensive analysis at a genome-wide level by analyzing 38,395 genomic SNPs that were identified in 112 cultivated and wild accessions using a high-throughput genome-wide genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach. Our analysis provides genetic evidence of multiple splitting events occurring between and within species, resulting in at least four clades in Z. bungeanum and two clades in Z. armatum. Despite no evidence of recent admixture between species, we detected substantial gene flow within species. Estimates of demographic dynamics and species distribution modeling suggest that climatic oscillations during the Pleistocene (including the Penultimate Glaciation and the Last Glacial Maximum) and recent domestication events together shaped the demography and evolution of Chinese pepper. Our analyses also suggest that southeastern Gansu province is the most likely origin of Z. bungeanum in China. These findings provide comprehensive insights into genetic diversity, population structure, demography, and adaptation in Zanthoxylum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shijing Feng
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Zhenshan Liu
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Yang Hu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Jieyun Tian
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Tuxi Yang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Anzhi Wei
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Xiao Y, Yi F, Ling J, Yang G, Lu N, Jia Z, Wang J, Zhao K, Wang J, Ma W. Genome-wide analysis of lncRNA and mRNA expression and endogenous hormone regulation during tension wood formation in Catalpa bungei. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:609. [PMID: 32891118 PMCID: PMC7487903 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytohormones are the key factors regulating vascular development in plants, and they are also involved in tension wood (TW) formation. Although the theory of hormone distribution in TW formation is widely supported, the effects of endogenous hormones on TW formation have not yet been assessed. In this study, TW formation was induced in Catalpa bungei by artificial bending. The phytohormone content of TW, opposite wood (OW) and normal wood (NW) was determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and transcriptome sequencing was performed. The hormone content and related gene expression data were comprehensively analyzed. RESULTS The results of analyses of the plant hormone contents indicated significantly higher levels of cis-zeatin (cZ), indoleacetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in TW than in OW. Genes involved in the IAA and ABA synthesis pathways, such as ALDH (evm. MODEL group5.1511) and UGT (evm. MODEL scaffold36.20), were significantly upregulated in TW. and the expression levels of ARF (evm. MODEL group5.1332), A-ARR (evm. MODEL group0.1600), and TCH4 (evm. MODEL group2.745), which participate in IAA, cZ and Brassinolide (BR) signal transduction, were significantly increased in TW. In particular, ARF expression may be regulated by long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and the HD-ZIP transcription factor ATHB-15. CONCLUSIONS We constructed a multiple hormone-mediated network of C. bungei TW formation based on hormone levels and transcriptional expression profiles were identified during TW formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Fei Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Guijuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Na Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Zirui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Junchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Luoyang Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Luoyang, 471002, Henan Province, China
| | - Junhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Wenjun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Montesinos JC, Abuzeineh A, Kopf A, Juanes-Garcia A, Ötvös K, Petrášek J, Sixt M, Benková E. Phytohormone cytokinin guides microtubule dynamics during cell progression from proliferative to differentiated stage. EMBO J 2020; 39:e104238. [PMID: 32667089 PMCID: PMC7459425 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019104238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell production and differentiation for the acquisition of specific functions are key features of living systems. The dynamic network of cellular microtubules provides the necessary platform to accommodate processes associated with the transition of cells through the individual phases of cytogenesis. Here, we show that the plant hormone cytokinin fine‐tunes the activity of the microtubular cytoskeleton during cell differentiation and counteracts microtubular rearrangements driven by the hormone auxin. The endogenous upward gradient of cytokinin activity along the longitudinal growth axis in Arabidopsis thaliana roots correlates with robust rearrangements of the microtubule cytoskeleton in epidermal cells progressing from the proliferative to the differentiation stage. Controlled increases in cytokinin activity result in premature re‐organization of the microtubule network from transversal to an oblique disposition in cells prior to their differentiation, whereas attenuated hormone perception delays cytoskeleton conversion into a configuration typical for differentiated cells. Intriguingly, cytokinin can interfere with microtubules also in animal cells, such as leukocytes, suggesting that a cytokinin‐sensitive control pathway for the microtubular cytoskeleton may be at least partially conserved between plant and animal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anas Abuzeineh
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University and Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Aglaja Kopf
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Alba Juanes-Garcia
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Krisztina Ötvös
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria.,Bioresources Unit, Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Eva Benková
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Liu Z, Giehl RFH, Hartmann A, Hajirezaei MR, Carpentier S, von Wirén N. Seminal and Nodal Roots of Barley Differ in Anatomy, Proteome and Nitrate Uptake Capacity. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1297-1308. [PMID: 32379871 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The root system of barley plants is composed of embryogenic, seminal roots as well as lateral and nodal roots that are formed postembryonically from seminal roots and from the basal part of shoots, respectively. Due to their distinct developmental origin, seminal and nodal roots may differ in function during plant development; however, a clear comparison between these two root types has not yet been undertaken. In this study, anatomical, proteomic and physiological traits were compared between seminal and nodal roots of similar developmental stages. Nodal roots have larger diameter, larger metaxylem area and a larger number of metaxylem vessels than seminal roots. Proteome profiling uncovered a set of root-type-specific proteins, including proteins related to the cell wall and cytoskeleton organization, which could potentially be implicated with differential metaxylem development. We also found that nodal roots have higher levels of auxin, which is known to trigger metaxylem development. At millimolar nitrate supply, nodal roots had approximately 2-fold higher nitrate uptake and root-to-shoot translocation capacities than seminal roots, whereas no differences were found at micromolar nitrate supply. Since these marked differences were not reflected by the transcript levels of low-affinity nitrate transporter genes, we hypothesize that the larger metaxylem volume of nodal roots enhances predominantly the low-affinity uptake and translocation capacities of nutrients that are transported with the bulk flow of water, like nitrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Liu
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ricardo Fabiano Hettwer Giehl
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Anja Hartmann
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Mohammad Reza Hajirezaei
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Sebastien Carpentier
- Proteomics Core Facility, SYBIOMA, KU Leuven, O&N II Herestraat 49, Bus 901, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Box 2455, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Wallner ES, Tonn N, Shi D, Jouannet V, Greb T. SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1-LIKE 5 promotes secondary phloem formation during radial stem growth. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:903-915. [PMID: 31910293 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
As a pre-requisite for constant growth, plants produce vascular tissues at different sites within their post-embryonic body. Interestingly, the formation of vascular tissues during longitudinal and radial expansion of shoot and root axes differs fundamentally with respect to its anatomical configuration. This raises the question to which level regulatory mechanisms of vascular tissue formation are shared throughout plant development. Here, we show that, similar to primary phloem formation during longitudinal growth, the cambium-based formation of secondary phloem depends on the function of SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1-LIKE (SMXL) genes. In particular, local SMXL5 deficiency results in the absence of secondary phloem. Moreover, the additional disruption of SMXL4 activity increases tissue production in the cambium region without secondary phloem being formed. Using promoter-reporter lines, we observed that SMXL4 and SMXL5 activities are associated with different stages of secondary phloem formation in the Arabidopsis stem. Based on genome-wide transcriptional profiling and expression analyses of phloem-related markers, we concluded that early steps of phloem formation are impaired in smxl4;smxl5 double mutants and that the additional cambium-derived cells fail to establish phloem-related features. Our results showed that molecular mechanisms determining primary and secondary phloem formation share important properties, but differ slightly with SMXL5 playing a more dominant role in the formation of secondary phloem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Sophie Wallner
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5020, USA
| | - Nina Tonn
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dongbo Shi
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Virginie Jouannet
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Greb
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Lin W, Sun L, Huang RZ, Liang W, Liu X, He H, Fukuda H, He XQ, Qian W. Active DNA demethylation regulates tracheary element differentiation in Arabidopsis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz2963. [PMID: 32637594 PMCID: PMC7319731 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz2963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
DNA demethylation is important for the erasure of DNA methylation. The role of DNA demethylation in plant development remains poorly understood. Here, we found extensive DNA demethylation in the CHH context around pericentromeric regions and DNA demethylation in the CG, CHG, and CHH contexts at discrete genomic regions during ectopic xylem tracheary element (TE) differentiation. While loss of pericentromeric methylation occurs passively, DNA demethylation at a subset of regions relies on active DNA demethylation initiated by DNA glycosylases ROS1, DML2, and DML3. The ros1 and rdd mutations impair ectopic TE differentiation and xylem development in the young roots of Arabidopsis seedlings. Active DNA demethylation targets and regulates many genes for TE differentiation. The defect of xylem development in rdd is proposed to be caused by dysregulation of multiple genes. Our study identifies a role of active DNA demethylation in vascular development and reveals an epigenetic mechanism for TE differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Linhua Sun
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Run-Zhou Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenjie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hang He
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hiroo Fukuda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Xin-Qiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Corresponding author. (X.-Q.H.); (W.Q.)
| | - Weiqiang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Corresponding author. (X.-Q.H.); (W.Q.)
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Ramachandran P, Augstein F, Nguyen V, Carlsbecker A. Coping With Water Limitation: Hormones That Modify Plant Root Xylem Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:570. [PMID: 32499804 PMCID: PMC7243681 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Periods of drought, that threaten crop production, are expected to become more prominent in large parts of the world, making it necessary to explore all aspects of plant growth and development, to breed, modify and select crops adapted to such conditions. One such aspect is the xylem, where influencing the size and number of the water-transporting xylem vessels, may impact on hydraulic conductance and drought tolerance. Here, we focus on how plants adjust their root xylem as a response to reduced water availability. While xylem response has been observed in a wide array of species, most of our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying xylem plasticity comes from studies on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. When grown under water limiting conditions, Arabidopsis rapidly adjusts its development to produce more xylem strands with altered identity in an abscisic acid (ABA) dependent manner. Other hormones such as auxin and cytokinin are essential for vascular patterning and differentiation. Their balance can be perturbed by stress, as evidenced by the effects of enhanced jasmonic acid signaling, which results in similar xylem developmental alterations as enhanced ABA signaling. Furthermore, brassinosteroids and other signaling molecules involved in drought tolerance can also impact xylem development. Hence, a multitude of signals affect root xylem properties and, potentially, influence survival under water limiting conditions. Here, we review the likely entangled signals that govern root vascular development, and discuss the importance of taking root anatomical traits into account when breeding crops for enhanced resilience toward changes in water availability.
Collapse
|
94
|
Portillo Lemus L, Tricard J, Duclercq J, Coulette Q, Giron D, Hano C, Huguet E, Lamblin F, Cherqui A, Sallé A. Salivary proteins of Phloeomyzus passerinii, a plant-manipulating aphid, and their impact on early gene responses of susceptible and resistant poplar genotypes. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 294:110468. [PMID: 32234233 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Successful plant colonization by parasites requires the circumvention of host defenses, and sometimes a reprogramming of host metabolism, mediated by effector molecules delivered into the host. Using transcriptomic and enzymatic approaches, we characterized salivary glands and saliva of Phloeomyzus passerinii, an aphid exhibiting an atypical feeding strategy. Plant responses to salivary extracts of P. passerinii and Myzus persicae were assessed with poplar protoplasts of a susceptible and a resistant genotype, and in a heterologous Arabidopsis system. We predict that P. passerinii secretes a highly peculiar saliva containing effectors potentially interfering with host defenses, biotic stress signaling and plant metabolism, notably phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinases which seemed specific to P. passerinii. Gene expression profiles indicated that salivary extracts of M. persicae markedly affected host defenses and biotic stress signaling, while salivary extracts of P. passerinii induced only weak responses. The effector-triggered susceptibility was characterized by downregulations of genes involved in cytokinin signaling and auxin homeostasis. This suggests that P. passerinii induces an intracellular accumulation of auxin in susceptible host genotypes, which is supported by histochemical assays in Arabidopsis. This might in turn affect biotic stress signaling and contribute to host tissue manipulation by the aphid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Portillo Lemus
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRA, Université d'Orléans, 45067, Orléans, France; Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés, EDYSAN UMR CNRS-UPJV 7058, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Jessy Tricard
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRA, Université d'Orléans, 45067, Orléans, France; Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés, EDYSAN UMR CNRS-UPJV 7058, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Jérôme Duclercq
- Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés, EDYSAN UMR CNRS-UPJV 7058, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Quentin Coulette
- Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés, EDYSAN UMR CNRS-UPJV 7058, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - David Giron
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS/Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRA, Université d'Orléans, 45067, Orléans, France
| | - Elisabeth Huguet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS/Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Frédéric Lamblin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRA, Université d'Orléans, 45067, Orléans, France
| | - Anas Cherqui
- Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés, EDYSAN UMR CNRS-UPJV 7058, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Aurélien Sallé
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRA, Université d'Orléans, 45067, Orléans, France.
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Smit ME, Llavata-Peris CI, Roosjen M, van Beijnum H, Novikova D, Levitsky V, Sevilem I, Roszak P, Slane D, Jürgens G, Mironova V, Brady SM, Weijers D. Specification and regulation of vascular tissue identity in the Arabidopsis embryo. Development 2020; 147:dev186130. [PMID: 32198154 DOI: 10.1242/dev.186130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Development of plant vascular tissues involves tissue identity specification, growth, pattern formation and cell-type differentiation. Although later developmental steps are understood in some detail, it is still largely unknown how the tissue is initially specified. We used the early Arabidopsis embryo as a simple model to study this process. Using a large collection of marker genes, we found that vascular identity was specified in the 16-cell embryo. After a transient precursor state, however, there was no persistent uniform tissue identity. Auxin is intimately connected to vascular tissue development. We found that, although an AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR5/MONOPTEROS (ARF5/MP)-dependent auxin response was required, it was not sufficient for tissue specification. We therefore used a large-scale enhanced yeast one-hybrid assay to identify potential regulators of vascular identity. Network and functional analysis of candidate regulators suggest that vascular identity is under robust, complex control. We found that one candidate regulator, the G-class bZIP transcription factor GBF2, can modulate vascular gene expression by tuning MP output through direct interaction. Our work uncovers components of a gene regulatory network that controls the initial specification of vascular tissue identity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margot E Smit
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708WE, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina I Llavata-Peris
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708WE, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Roosjen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708WE, The Netherlands
| | - Henriette van Beijnum
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708WE, The Netherlands
| | - Daria Novikova
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708WE, The Netherlands
- Novosibirsk State University, LCT&EB, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Victor Levitsky
- Novosibirsk State University, LCT&EB, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Iris Sevilem
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE/Organismal and Evolurionary Biology Research Programma, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Pawel Roszak
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE/Organismal and Evolurionary Biology Research Programma, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Daniel Slane
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Cell Biology, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Gerd Jürgens
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Cell Biology, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Victoria Mironova
- Novosibirsk State University, LCT&EB, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Siobhan M Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708WE, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Hai NN, Chuong NN, Tu NHC, Kisiala A, Hoang XLT, Thao NP. Role and Regulation of Cytokinins in Plant Response to Drought Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E422. [PMID: 32244272 PMCID: PMC7238249 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are key phytohormones that not only regulate plant growth and development but also mediate plant tolerance to drought stress. Recent advances in genome-wide association studies coupled with in planta characterization have opened new avenues to investigate the drought-responsive expression of CK metabolic and signaling genes, as well as their functions in plant adaptation to drought. Under water deficit, CK signaling has evolved as an inter-cellular communication network which is essential to crosstalk with other types of phytohormones and their regulating pathways in mediating plant stress response. In this review, we revise the current understanding of CK involvement in drought stress tolerance. Particularly, a genetic framework for CK signaling and CK crosstalk with abscisic acid (ABA) in the precise monitoring of drought responses is proposed. In addition, the potential of endogenous CK alteration in crops towards developing drought-tolerant crops is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Ngoc Hai
- Applied Biotechnology for Crop Development Research Unit, School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (N.N.H.); (N.N.C.); (N.H.C.T.)
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Environmental and Life Science, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2 Canada
| | - Nguyen Nguyen Chuong
- Applied Biotechnology for Crop Development Research Unit, School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (N.N.H.); (N.N.C.); (N.H.C.T.)
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Huu Cam Tu
- Applied Biotechnology for Crop Development Research Unit, School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (N.N.H.); (N.N.C.); (N.H.C.T.)
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Anna Kisiala
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada;
| | - Xuan Lan Thi Hoang
- Applied Biotechnology for Crop Development Research Unit, School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (N.N.H.); (N.N.C.); (N.H.C.T.)
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Phuong Thao
- Applied Biotechnology for Crop Development Research Unit, School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (N.N.H.); (N.N.C.); (N.H.C.T.)
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Mellor NL, Voß U, Janes G, Bennett MJ, Wells DM, Band LR. Auxin fluxes through plasmodesmata modify root-tip auxin distribution. Development 2020; 147:dev181669. [PMID: 32229613 PMCID: PMC7132777 DOI: 10.1242/dev.181669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a key signal regulating plant growth and development. It is well established that auxin dynamics depend on the spatial distribution of efflux and influx carriers on the cell membranes. In this study, we employ a systems approach to characterise an alternative symplastic pathway for auxin mobilisation via plasmodesmata, which function as intercellular pores linking the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. To investigate the role of plasmodesmata in auxin patterning, we developed a multicellular model of the Arabidopsis root tip. We tested the model predictions using the DII-VENUS auxin response reporter, comparing the predicted and observed DII-VENUS distributions using genetic and chemical perturbations designed to affect both carrier-mediated and plasmodesmatal auxin fluxes. The model revealed that carrier-mediated transport alone cannot explain the experimentally determined auxin distribution in the root tip. In contrast, a composite model that incorporates both carrier-mediated and plasmodesmatal auxin fluxes re-capitulates the root-tip auxin distribution. We found that auxin fluxes through plasmodesmata enable auxin reflux and increase total root-tip auxin. We conclude that auxin fluxes through plasmodesmata modify the auxin distribution created by efflux and influx carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan L Mellor
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ute Voß
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - George Janes
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Darren M Wells
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Leah R Band
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine and Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Stem Secondary Growth of Grafted Rosa rugosa 'Rosea' Scion and R. multiflora 'Innermis' Rootstock. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11020228. [PMID: 32098112 PMCID: PMC7073730 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Grafted plant is a chimeric organism formed by the connection of scion and rootstock through stems, so stem growth and development become one of the important factors to affect grafted plant state. However, information regarding the molecular responses of stems secondary growth after grafting is limited. A grafted Rosa plant, with R. rugosa 'Rosea' as the scion (Rr_scion) grafted onto R. multiflora 'Innermis' as the stock (Rm_stock), has been shown to significantly improve stem thickness. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of stem secondary growth in grafted plant, a genome-wide transcription analysis was performed using an RNA sequence (RNA-seq) method between the scion and rootstock. Comparing ungrafted R. rugosa 'Rosea' (Rr) and R. multiflora 'Innermis' (Rm) plants, there were much more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in Rr_scion (6887) than Rm_stock (229). Functional annotations revealed that DEGs in Rr_scion are involved in two Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways: the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis metabolism and plant hormone signal transduction, whereas DEGs in Rm_stock were associated with starch and sucrose metabolism pathway. Moreover, different kinds of signal transduction-related DEGs, e.g., receptor-like serine/threonine protein kinases (RLKs), transcription factor (TF), and transporters, were identified and could affect the stem secondary growth of both the scion and rootstock. This work provided new information regarding the underlying molecular mechanism between scion and rootstock after grafting.
Collapse
|
99
|
Stavrinides AK, Dussert S, Combes MC, Fock-Bastide I, Severac D, Minier J, Bastos-Siqueira A, Demolombe V, Hem S, Lashermes P, Joët T. Seed comparative genomics in three coffee species identify desiccation tolerance mechanisms in intermediate seeds. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1418-1433. [PMID: 31790120 PMCID: PMC7031068 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to desiccation-tolerant 'orthodox' seeds, so-called 'intermediate' seeds cannot survive complete drying and are short-lived. All species of the genus Coffea produce intermediate seeds, but they show a considerable variability in seed desiccation tolerance (DT), which may help to decipher the molecular basis of seed DT in plants. We performed a comparative transcriptome analysis of developing seeds in three coffee species with contrasting desiccation tolerance. Seeds of all species shared a major transcriptional switch during late maturation that governs a general slow-down of metabolism. However, numerous key stress-related genes, including those coding for the late embryogenesis abundant protein EM6 and the osmosensitive calcium channel ERD4, were up-regulated during DT acquisition in the two species with high seed DT, C. arabica and C. eugenioides. By contrast, we detected up-regulation of numerous genes involved in the metabolism, transport, and perception of auxin in C. canephora seeds with low DT. Moreover, species with high DT showed a stronger down-regulation of the mitochondrial machinery dedicated to the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Accordingly, respiration measurements during seed dehydration demonstrated that intermediate seeds with the highest DT are better prepared to cease respiration and avoid oxidative stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dany Severac
- MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, c/o Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | - Vincent Demolombe
- BPMP, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sonia Hem
- BPMP, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Thierry Joët
- IRD, Université Montpellier, UMR DIADE, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Atif MJ, Ahanger MA, Amin B, Ghani MI, Ali M, Cheng Z. Mechanism of Allium Crops Bulb Enlargement in Response to Photoperiod: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1325. [PMID: 32079095 PMCID: PMC7072895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The photoperiod marks a varied set of behaviors in plants, including bulbing. Bulbing is controlled by inner signals, which can be stimulated or subdued by the ecological environment. It had been broadly stated that phytohormones control the plant development, and they are considered to play a significant part in the bulb formation. The past decade has witnessed significant progress in understanding and advancement about the photoperiodic initiation of bulbing in plants. A noticeable query is to what degree the mechanisms discovered in bulb crops are also shared by other species and what other qualities are also dependent on photoperiod. The FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) protein has a role in flowering; however, the FT genes were afterward reported to play further functions in other biological developments (e.g., bulbing). This is predominantly applicable in photoperiodic regulation, where the FT genes seem to have experienced significant development at the practical level and play a novel part in the switch of bulb formation in Alliums. The neofunctionalization of FT homologs in the photoperiodic environments detects these proteins as a new class of primary signaling mechanisms that control the growth and organogenesis in these agronomic-related species. In the present review, we report the underlying mechanisms regulating the photoperiodic-mediated bulb enlargement in Allium species. Therefore, the present review aims to systematically review the published literature on the bulbing mechanism of Allium crops in response to photoperiod. We also provide evidence showing that the bulbing transitions are controlled by phytohormones signaling and FT-like paralogues that respond to independent environmental cues (photoperiod), and we also show that an autorelay mechanism involving FT modulates the expression of the bulbing-control gene. Although a large number of studies have been conducted, several limitations and research gaps have been identified that need to be addressed in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jawaad Atif
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.J.A.); (B.A.); (M.I.G.); (M.A.)
- Vegetable Crops Program, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | | | - Bakht Amin
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.J.A.); (B.A.); (M.I.G.); (M.A.)
| | - Muhammad Imran Ghani
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.J.A.); (B.A.); (M.I.G.); (M.A.)
- College of Natural Resource and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.J.A.); (B.A.); (M.I.G.); (M.A.)
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.J.A.); (B.A.); (M.I.G.); (M.A.)
| |
Collapse
|