51
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Easwaran M, Dananjaya SHS, Park SC, Lee J, Shin HJ, De Zoysa M. Characterization of bacteriophage pAh-1 and its protective effects on experimental infection of Aeromonas hydrophila in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:841-846. [PMID: 27454188 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Easwaran
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - S H S Dananjaya
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - S C Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, Korea
- Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, Korea
| | - H-J Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - M De Zoysa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
- Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, Korea
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52
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Kong W, Huang C, Tang Y, Zhang D, Wu Z, Chen X. Effect of Bacillus subtilis on Aeromonas hydrophila-induced intestinal mucosal barrier function damage and inflammation in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Sci Rep 2017; 7:1588. [PMID: 28484272 PMCID: PMC5431481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study explored the effect of oral intubation of Bacillus subtilis on Aeromonas hydrophila-induced intestinal mucosal barrier function damage and inflammation in grass carp. The mid-intestine mucosal tissue was collected for ATPase activity measurement. Intestinal mucosa was also ultrastructurally examined with transmission electron microscope (TEM), and its permeability was determined using Evans blue (EB) and D-lactic acid. The mid-intestine pro-inflammation cytokine, MyD88 and tight junction (TJ) protein mRNA expression levels were measured using real-time quantitative PCR. The results revealed that B. subtilis was found to prevent the decrease in the activity of Na+, K+-ATPase and Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase, as well as the increase in EB and D-lactic acid concentration and inflammation induced by A. hydrophila in grass carp. Compared with A. hydrophila groups, B. subtilis safeguarded the integrity of intestinal villi and tight junction structure and restrained A. hydrophila-induced down-regulation of TJ proteins zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin. B. subtilis also restrained up-regulation of TJ protein claudin b, pro-inflammation cytokine tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), cytokine interleukin 8 (IL-8), IL-1β, and adaptor protein myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) mRNA levels. Thus, oral intubation of B. subtilis could reduce A. hydrophila-induced intestinal mucosal barrier function damage and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguang Kong
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Can Huang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ding Zhang
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhixin Wu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Xiaoxuan Chen
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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53
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Romero A, Saraceni PR, Merino S, Figueras A, Tomás JM, Novoa B. The Animal Model Determines the Results of Aeromonas Virulence Factors. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1574. [PMID: 27757107 PMCID: PMC5048442 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The selection of an experimental animal model is of great importance in the study of bacterial virulence factors. Here, a bath infection of zebrafish larvae is proposed as an alternative model to study the virulence factors of Aeromonas hydrophila. Intraperitoneal infections in mice and trout were compared with bath infections in zebrafish larvae using specific mutants. The great advantage of this model is that bath immersion mimics the natural route of infection, and injury to the tail also provides a natural portal of entry for the bacteria. The implication of T3SS in the virulence of A. hydrophila was analyzed using the AH-1::aopB mutant. This mutant was less virulent than the wild-type strain when inoculated into zebrafish larvae, as described in other vertebrates. However, the zebrafish model exhibited slight differences in mortality kinetics only observed using invertebrate models. Infections using the mutant AH-1ΔvapA lacking the gene coding for the surface S-layer suggested that this protein was not totally necessary to the bacteria once it was inside the host, but it contributed to the inflammatory response. Only when healthy zebrafish larvae were infected did the mutant produce less mortality than the wild-type. Variations between models were evidenced using the AH-1ΔrmlB, which lacks the O-antigen lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the AH-1ΔwahD, which lacks the O-antigen LPS and part of the LPS outer-core. Both mutants showed decreased mortality in all of the animal models, but the differences between them were only observed in injured zebrafish larvae, suggesting that residues from the LPS outer core must be important for virulence. The greatest differences were observed using the AH-1ΔFlaB-J (lacking polar flagella and unable to swim) and the AH-1::motX (non-motile but producing flagella). They were as pathogenic as the wild-type strain when injected into mice and trout, but no mortalities were registered in zebrafish larvae. This study demonstrates that zebrafish larvae can be used as a host model to assess the virulence factors of A. hydrophila. This model revealed more differences in pathogenicity than the in vitro models and enabled the detection of slight variations in pathogenesis not observed using intraperitoneal injections of mice or fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Romero
- Department of Immunology and Genomics, Marine Research Institute-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Vigo Spain
| | - Paolo R Saraceni
- Department of Immunology and Genomics, Marine Research Institute-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Vigo Spain
| | - Susana Merino
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona Spain
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Department of Immunology and Genomics, Marine Research Institute-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Vigo Spain
| | - Juan M Tomás
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Department of Immunology and Genomics, Marine Research Institute-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Vigo Spain
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54
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Coscelli G, Bermúdez R, Ronza P, Losada AP, Quiroga MI. Immunohistochemical study of inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumour necrosis factor alpha response in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) experimentally infected with Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 56:294-302. [PMID: 27431586 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida represents one of the major threats in aquaculture, especially in salmonid fish and turbot farming. In order to fight bacterial infections, fish have an immune system composed by innate and specific cellular and humoral elements analogous to those present in mammals. However, innate immunity plays a primordial role against bacterial infections in teleost fish. Among these non-specific mechanisms, the production of nitric oxide (NO) by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) pathway and the tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) produced by mononuclear phagocytes, are two of the main immune effectors to eliminate bacterial pathogens. In this study, the distribution and kinetic of iNOS and TNFα-producing cells of kidney and spleen of turbot experimentally inoculated with A. salmonicida was assessed by immunohistochemistry. In control and challenged fish, individual iNOS(+) and TNFα(+) cells, showing a similar pattern of distribution, were detected. In challenged fish, the number of immunoreactive cells was significantly increased in the evaluated organs, as well as the melanomacrophage centres showed variable positivity for both antigens. These results indicate that A. salmonicida induced an immune response in challenged turbot, which involved the increase of the activity of iNOS and TNFα in the leukocytic population from kidney and spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Coscelli
- Cátedra de Patología General y Especial Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Boulevard Ovidio Lagos y Ruta 33 s/n, 2170, Casilda, Argentina.
| | - Roberto Bermúdez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Paolo Ronza
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Ana Paula Losada
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - María Isabel Quiroga
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain
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55
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Saraceni PR, Romero A, Figueras A, Novoa B. Establishment of Infection Models in Zebrafish Larvae (Danio rerio) to Study the Pathogenesis of Aeromonas hydrophila. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1219. [PMID: 27540375 PMCID: PMC4972827 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen of fish and terrestrial animals. In humans, A. hydrophila mainly causes gastroenteritis, septicaemia, and tissue infections. The mechanisms of infection, the main virulence factors and the host immune response triggered by A. hydrophila have been studied in detail using murine models and adult fish. However, the great limitation of studying adult animals is that the animal must be sacrificed and its tissues/organs extracted, which prevents the study of the infectious processes in the whole living animal. Zebrafish larvae are being used for the analysis of several infectious diseases, but their use for studying the pathogenesis of A. hydrophila has never been explored. The great advantage of zebrafish larvae is their transparency during the first week after fertilization, which allows detailed descriptions of the infectious processes using in vivo imaging techniques such as differential interferential contrast (DIC) and fluorescence microscopy. Moreover, the availability of fluorescent pathogens and transgenic reporter zebrafish lines expressing fluorescent immune cells, immune marker genes or cytokines/chemokines allows the host-pathogen interactions to be characterized. The present study explores the suitability of zebrafish larvae to study the pathogenesis of A. hydrophila and the interaction mechanisms between the bacterium and the innate immune responses through an infection model using different routes for infection. We used an early-embryo infection model at 3 days post-fertilization (dpf) through the microinjection of A. hydrophila into the duct of Cuvier, caudal vein, notochord, or muscle and two bath infection models using 4 dpf healthy and injured larvae. The latter resembled the natural conditions under which A. hydrophila produces infectious diseases in animals. We compared the cellular processes after infection in each anatomical site by confocal fluorescence imaging and determined the implication of inflammatory immune genes by measuring gene expression by qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Beatriz Novoa
- Immunology and Genomics, Institute of Marine Research (IIM) – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), VigoSpain
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56
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Qin Y, Lin G, Chen W, Xu X, Yan Q. Flagellar motility is necessary for Aeromonas hydrophila adhesion. Microb Pathog 2016; 98:160-6. [PMID: 27432325 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion to host surface or cells is the initial step in bacterial pathogenesis, and the adhesion mechanisms of the fish pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila were investigated in this study. First, a mutagenesis library of A. hydrophila that contained 332 random insertion mutants was constructed via mini-Tn10 Km mutagenesis. Four mutants displayed the most attenuated adhesion. Sequence analysis revealed that the mini-Tn10 insertion sites in the four mutant strains were flgC(GenBank accession numbers KX261880), cytb4(GenBank accession numbers JN133621), rbsR(GenBank accession numbers KX261881) and flgE(GenBank accession numbers JQ974982). To further study the roles of flgC and flgE in the adhesion of A. hydrophila, some biological characteristics of the wild-type strain B11, the mutants M121 and M240, and the complemented strains C121 and C240 were investigated. The results showed that the mutation in flgC or flgE led to the flagellar motility of A. hydrophila significant reduction or abolishment. flgC was not necessary for flagellar biosynthesis but was necessary for the full motility of A. hydrophila, flgE was involved in both flagellar biosynthesis and motility. The flagellar motility is necessary for A. hydrophila to adhere to the host mucus, which suggests flagellar motility plays crucial roles in the early infection process of this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Qin
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guifang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenbo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaojin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qingpi Yan
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.
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57
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Korbut R, Mehrdana F, Kania PW, Larsen MH, Frees D, Dalsgaard I, Jørgensen LVG. Antigen Uptake during Different Life Stages of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Using a GFP-Tagged Yersinia ruckeri. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158968. [PMID: 27404564 PMCID: PMC4942034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Immersion-vaccines (bacterins) are routinely used for aquacultured rainbow trout to protect against Yersinia ruckeri (Yr). During immersion vaccination, rainbow trout take up and process the antigens, which induce protection. The zebrafish was used as a model organism to study uptake mechanisms and subsequent antigen transport in fish. A genetically modified Yr was developed to constitutively express green fluorescent protein (GFP) and was used for bacterin production. Larval, juvenile and adult transparent zebrafish (tra:nac mutant) received a bath in the bacterin for up to 30 minutes. Samples were taken after 1 min, 15 min, 30 min, 2 h, 12 h and 24 h. At each sampling point fish were used for live imaging of the uptake using a fluorescence stereomicroscope and for immunohistochemistry (IHC). In adult fish, the bacterin could be traced within 30 min in scale pockets, skin, oesophagus, intestine and fins. Within two hours post bath (pb) Yr-antigens were visible in the spleen and at 24 h in liver and kidney. Bacteria were associated with the gills, but uptake at this location was limited. Antigens were rarely detected in the blood and never in the nares. In juvenile fish uptake of the bacterin was seen in the intestine 30 min pb and in the nares 2 hpb but never in scale pockets. Antigens were detected in the spleen 12 hpb. Zebrafish larvae exhibited major Yr uptake only in the mid-intestine enterocytes 24 hpb. The different life stages of zebrafish varied with regard to uptake locations, however the gut was consistently a major uptake site. Zebrafish and rainbow trout tend to have similar uptake mechanisms following immersion or bath vaccination, which points towards zebrafish as a suitable model organism for this aquacultured species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozalia Korbut
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Foojan Mehrdana
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Per Walter Kania
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Marianne Halberg Larsen
- Food Safety and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Dorte Frees
- Food Safety and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Inger Dalsgaard
- Section for Bacteriology and Pathology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Louise von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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58
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Collymore C, Crim MJ, Lieggi C. Recommendations for Health Monitoring and Reporting for Zebrafish Research Facilities. Zebrafish 2016; 13 Suppl 1:S138-48. [PMID: 26991393 PMCID: PMC4932782 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2015.1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of subclinical infection or clinical disease in laboratory zebrafish may have a significant impact on research results, animal health and welfare, and transfer of animals between institutions. As use of zebrafish as a model of disease increases, a harmonized method for monitoring and reporting the health status of animals will facilitate the transfer of animals, allow institutions to exclude diseases that may negatively impact their research programs, and improve animal health and welfare. All zebrafish facilities should implement a health monitoring program. In this study, we review important aspects of a health monitoring program, including choice of agents, samples for testing, available testing methodologies, housing and husbandry, cost, test subjects, and a harmonized method for reporting results. Facilities may use these recommendations to implement their own health monitoring program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chereen Collymore
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Christine Lieggi
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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59
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Liu L, Pan L, Li K, Zhang Y, Zhu Z, Sun Y. Zebrafish Health Conditions in the China Zebrafish Resource Center and 20 Major Chinese Zebrafish Laboratories. Zebrafish 2016; 13 Suppl 1:S8-S18. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2015.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liyue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, China Zebrafish Resource Center, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Luyuan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, China Zebrafish Resource Center, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Kuoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, China Zebrafish Resource Center, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, China Zebrafish Resource Center, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, China Zebrafish Resource Center, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yonghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, China Zebrafish Resource Center, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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60
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Borges AC, Pereira N, Franco M, Vale L, Pereira M, Cunha MV, Amaro A, Albuquerque T, Rebelo M. Implementation of a Zebrafish Health Program in a Research Facility: A 4-Year Retrospective Study. Zebrafish 2016; 13 Suppl 1:S115-26. [PMID: 27186875 PMCID: PMC4931741 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2015.1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, zebrafish (Danio rerio)-based research has contributed to significant scientific advances. Still, husbandry and health programs did not evolve at the same pace, as evidenced by the absence of general guidelines. Health monitoring is essential to animal welfare, to permit animal exchanges across facilities, to contribute to robust experimental results, and for data reproducibility. In this study, we report a health program implemented in a zebrafish research facility to prevent, monitor, and control pathogen, and disease dissemination. This program includes quarantine, routine health screening of sentinels, and nonroutine screenings of retired animals and sick/moribund individuals. An extensive list of clinical signs, lesions, and pathogens was monitored based on: daily observation of fish, necropsy, histology, and bacterial culture. The results indicate that the combined analysis of sentinels with the evaluation of sick/moribund animals enables a comprehensive description not only of pathogen prevalence but also of clinical and histopathologic lesions of resident animals. The establishment of a quarantine program revealed to be effective in the reduction of Pseudoloma neurophilia frequency in the main aquaria room. Finally, characterization of the colony health status based on this multiapproach program shows a low prevalence of lesions and pathogens in the facility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nuno Pereira
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- ISPA—Instituto Universitário, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maysa Franco
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Liliana Vale
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Mónica V. Cunha
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- INIAV, IP- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Amaro
- INIAV, IP- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Teresa Albuquerque
- INIAV, IP- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Oeiras, Portugal
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61
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Huang X, Wang H, Meng L, Wang Q, Yu J, Gao Q, Wang D. Role of eosinophils and apoptosis in PDIMs/PGLs deficient mycobacterium elimination in adult zebrafish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 59:199-206. [PMID: 26855012 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall lipids phthiocerol dimycocerosates (PDIMs) and its structurally-related compound, phenolic glycolipids (PGLs) are major virulence factors of mycobacterium, as shown by the reduced growth of PDIMs/PGLs deficient mutants in various animal models. PDIMs/PGLs play active roles in modulating host immune responses. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of how PDIMs/PGLs deficient mutant was eliminated in vivo are still elusive. Our aim was to investigate what host immune responses have effect on mycobacterium elimination in vivo. Using microarray, we find PDIMs/PGLs modulate divergent host responses, including chemotaxis and focal adhesion's downstream pathway and apoptosis. We examine these two host responses by Diff-Quik stain, coupled with transmission electron microscopy and TUNEL stain respectively. The ultrastructure observation showed that eosinophils appeared in WT-infected zebrafish at day 1, however eosinophils arrived was delayed to day 7 in PDIMs/PGLs-deficient mutant-infected animals. More intriguingly, apoptosis was markedly increased in PDIMs/PGLs-mutant infected zebrafish at day 1 after infection, compared to WT-infected fishes at this time. However, apoptosis trend was fully reversed by day 7, with increased apoptosis were detected in WT-infected zebrafish compared with the PDIMs/PGLs-deficient mutant, especially more apoptosis within the granuloma. This study shows that the anti-apoptotic effects of PDIMs/PGLs and the recruitment of eosinophils in tissue during the early infection in zebrafish might promote bacterium growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 PR China
| | - Lu Meng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 PR China
| | - Qinglan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 PR China
| | - Jia Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 PR China
| | - Qian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 PR China
| | - Decheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 PR China; Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Hubei, 443002 PR China.
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Patel B, Kumar P, Banerjee R, Basu M, Pal A, Samanta M, Das S. Lactobacillus acidophilus attenuates Aeromonas hydrophila induced cytotoxicity in catla thymus macrophages by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation. Mol Immunol 2016; 75:69-83. [PMID: 27262084 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Aeromonas hydrophila, a potent fish pathogen, is attributed to its ability to cause motile aeromonad septicaemia leading to apoptosis in a myriad of fish species, including freshwater carp Catla catla. However, the underlying mechanism of antagonistic activity of probiotics against A. hydrophila induced apoptosis is not elucidated due to lack of appropriate in-vitro models. This study reported that the exposure of catla thymus macrophages (CTM) to A. hydrophila markedly induced cellular injuries as evidenced by elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), increased apoptosis, DNA damage and decreased cellular viability. Flow cytometry analysis and Annexin-V/propidium iodide assay further confirmed increased ROS positive cells leading to cell death after infection. The quantitative real-time PCR analysis, also revealed upregulation of inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS), pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNFα), cyclooxygenase2 (COX-2) and downregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). Pretreatment of cells with probiotic, Lactobacillus acidophilus attenuated A. hydrophila induced apoptosis as evident from the decrease in the levels of ROS, RNS and DNA damage. Significant increase (P≤0.05) in expression of TNFα and IL-10 and decrease in iNOS and COX-2 was observed on probiotic stimulation. In-vivo study using catla fingerlings confirmed similar pattern of ROS, iNOS, NO production and cytokine expression in thymus. This study provides a comprehensive insight into the mechanistic basis of L. acidophilus induced macrophage mediated inflammatory response against A. hydrophila in CTM cells. Further, it speculates the possibility of using cost-effective in-vitro models for screening probiotic candidates of therapeutic potential in aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakti Patel
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769 008, Odisha, India
| | - Premranjan Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Rajanya Banerjee
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769 008, Odisha, India
| | - Madhubanti Basu
- Fish Health Management Division, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyanga, Bhubaneswar, 751002, Odisha, India
| | - Arttatrana Pal
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Mrinal Samanta
- Fish Health Management Division, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyanga, Bhubaneswar, 751002, Odisha, India
| | - Surajit Das
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769 008, Odisha, India.
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Zhang Q, Dong X, Chen B, Zhang Y, Zu Y, Li W. Zebrafish as a useful model for zoonotic Vibrio parahaemolyticus pathogenicity in fish and human. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:159-168. [PMID: 26519599 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important aquatic zoonotic pathogen worldwide that causes vibriosis in many marine fish, and sepsis, gastroenteritis and wound infection in humans. However, the pathogenesis of different sources of V. parahaemolyticus is not fully understood. Here, we examined the pathogenicity and histopathology of fish (V. parahaemolyticus 1.2164) and human (V. parahaemolyticus 17) strains in a zebrafish (Danio rerio). We found that different infection routes resulted in different mortality in zebrafish. Moreover, death due to V. parahaemolyticus 1.2164 infection occurred quicker than that caused by V. parahaemolyticus 17 infection. Hematoxylin-eosin staining of liver, kidney and intestine sections showed histological lesions in all three organs after infection with either strain. V. parahaemolyticus 1.2164 caused more severe damage than V. parahaemolyticus 17. In particular, V. parahaemolyticus 1.2164 treatment induced more serious hydropic degeneration and venous sinus necrosis in the liver than V. parahaemolyticus 17 treatment. The expression levels of three proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin 1β (il1β), interferon phi 1 (ifnϕ1) and tumor necrosis factor α (tnfα), as determined by quantitative real-time PCR, were upregulated in all examined tissues of infected fish. Notably, the peak levels of tnfα were significantly higher than those of il1β and ifnϕ1, suggesting, together with pathological results, that tnfα and il1β play an important role in acute sepsis. High amounts of tnfα may be related to acute liver necrosis, while ifnϕ1 may respond to V. parahaemolyticus and play an antibacterial role for chronically infected adult zebrafish. Taken together, our results suggest that the zebrafish model of V. parahaemolyticus infection is useful for studying strain differences in V. parahaemolyticus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xuehong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Biao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yonghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yao Zu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Weiming Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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64
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Zheng Q, Wu Y, Xu H, Wang H, Tang H, Xia X, Feng J. Immune responses to Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Schizothorax prenanti fed with oxidized konjac glucomannan and its acidolysis products. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 49:260-267. [PMID: 26748343 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of dietary oxidized konjac glucomannan (OKGM) and its acidolysis products (L-OKGM) on the immune parameters and the gene expression profile of some inflammatory-related cytokines from Schizothorax prenanti during the early stages of injection with Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish were orally administered with seven different diets containing 0 g kg(-1) (control diet), 8.0, 16.0 and 32.0 g kg(-1) OKGM and L-OKGM diets for 60 days prior to injection. After 60 days, the control and the treated fish were intraperitoneally injected with 0.2 ml PBS or 2 × 10(7) cfu/ml bacteria per fish and sampled at time 6 h post-injection. The results showed that the serum lysozyme activity and complement C3 level of fish fed 8.0 g kg(-1) L-OKGM was significantly increased after bacterial infection. Moreover, the injection with A. hydrophila generally up-regulated the expression of all measured genes when compared to their corresponding controls. When compared with the control group, the expression of TLR22, TNF-α and IL-1β was significantly increased in fish fed OKGM and L-OKGM diet after bacterial injection. Furthermore, the L-OKGM diet showed higher activity to trigger the immune response against bacteria, especially the low dosage L-OKGM diet. The results suggested that both of OKGM and L-OKGM are promising feed additive for S. prenanti in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoran Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan, PR China; Life Science and Technology Institute, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling, 408100, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yinglong Wu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Huailiang Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hongjie Wang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Haolan Tang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiaojie Xia
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jiao Feng
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan, PR China
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Jia N, Liu N, Cheng W, Jiang YL, Sun H, Chen LL, Peng J, Zhang Y, Ding YH, Zhang ZH, Wang X, Cai G, Wang J, Dong MQ, Zhang Z, Wu H, Wang HW, Chen Y, Zhou CZ. Structural basis for receptor recognition and pore formation of a zebrafish aerolysin-like protein. EMBO Rep 2015; 17:235-48. [PMID: 26711430 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Various aerolysin-like pore-forming proteins have been identified from bacteria to vertebrates. However, the mechanism of receptor recognition and/or pore formation of the eukaryotic members remains unknown. Here, we present the first crystal and electron microscopy structures of a vertebrate aerolysin-like protein from Danio rerio, termed Dln1, before and after pore formation. Each subunit of Dln1 dimer comprises a β-prism lectin module followed by an aerolysin module. Specific binding of the lectin module toward high-mannose glycans triggers drastic conformational changes of the aerolysin module in a pH-dependent manner, ultimately resulting in the formation of a membrane-bound octameric pore. Structural analyses combined with computational simulations and biochemical assays suggest a pore-forming process with an activation mechanism distinct from the previously characterized bacterial members. Moreover, Dln1 and its homologs are ubiquitously distributed in bony fishes and lamprey, suggesting a novel fish-specific defense molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jia
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Cheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yong-Liang Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lan-Lan Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Junhui Peng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yue-He Ding
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xuejuan Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Gang Cai
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Meng-Qiu Dong
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Departments of Microbiology and Pediatric Dentistry, Schools of Dentistry and Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Cong-Zhao Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Cobbina SJ, Xu H, Zhao T, Mao G, Zhou Z, Wu X, Liu H, Zou Y, Wu X, Yang L. A multivariate assessment of innate immune-related gene expressions due to exposure to low concentration individual and mixtures of four kinds of heavy metals on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:1032-1042. [PMID: 26549173 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Concerns over the potential health effects of mixtures of low concentration heavy metals on living organisms keep growing by the day. However, the toxicity of low concentration metal mixtures on the immune system of fish species has rarely been investigated. In this study, the zebrafish model was employed to investigate the effect on innate immune and antioxidant-related gene expressions, on exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of individual and mixtures of Pb (0.01 mg/L), Hg (0.001 mg/L), As (0.01 mg/L) and Cd (0.005 mg/L). Messenger-RNA (mRNA) levels of IL1β, TNF-α, IFNγ, Mx, Lyz, C3B and CXCL-Clc which are closely associated with the innate immune system were affected after exposing zebrafish embryos to metals for 120 h post fertilization (hpf). Individual and mixtures of metals exhibited different potentials to modulate innate-immune gene transcription. IL1β genes were significantly up regulated on exposure to Pb + As (2.01-fold) and inhibited on exposure to Pb + Hg + Cd (0.13-fold). TNF-α was significantly inhibited on exposure to As (0.40-fold) and Pb + As (0.32-fold) compared to control. Metal mixtures generally up regulated IFNγ compared to individual metals. Additionally, antioxidant genes were affected, as CAT and GPx gene expressions generally increased, whiles Mn-SOD and Zn/Cu-SOD reduced. Multivariate analysis showed that exposure to individual metals greatly influenced modulation of innate immune genes; whiles metal mixtures influenced antioxidant gene expressions. This suggests that beside oxidative stress, there may be other pathways influencing gene expressions of innate immune and antioxidant-related genes. Low concentration heavy metals also affect expression of development-related (wnt8a and vegf) genes. Altogether, the results of this study clearly demonstrate that low concentration individual and mixtures of metals in aquatic systems will greatly influence the immune system. It is indicative that mechanisms associated with toxicity of metal mixtures is complex, however, further studies to elucidate them are ongoing in our research laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Jerry Cobbina
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai Xu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Guanghua Mao
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xueshan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hongyang Liu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanmin Zou
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Liuqing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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Sun T, Zhan B, Gao Y. A novel cathelicidin from Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor showed specific activity to its habitat bacteria. Gene 2015; 571:172-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Jovanović B, Whitley EM, Kimura K, Crumpton A, Palić D. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles enhance mortality of fish exposed to bacterial pathogens. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 203:153-164. [PMID: 25884347 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nano-TiO2 is immunotoxic to fish and reduces the bactericidal function of fish neutrophils. Here, fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to low and high environmentally relevant concentration of nano-TiO2 (2 ng g(-1) and 10 μg g(-1) body weight, respectively), and were challenged with common fish bacterial pathogens, Aeromonas hydrophila or Edwardsiella ictaluri. Pre-exposure to nano-TiO2 significantly increased fish mortality during bacterial challenge. Nano-TiO2 concentrated in the kidney and spleen. Phagocytosis assay demonstrated that nano-TiO2 has the ability to diminish neutrophil phagocytosis of A. hydrophila. Fish injected with TiO2 nanoparticles displayed significant histopathology when compared to control fish. The interplay between nanoparticle exposure, immune system, histopathology, and infectious disease pathogenesis in any animal model has not been described before. By modulating fish immune responses and interfering with resistance to bacterial pathogens, manufactured nano-TiO2 has the potential to affect fish survival in a disease outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Jovanović
- Chair for Fish Diseases and Fisheries Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), LMU, Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Kayoko Kimura
- Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Adam Crumpton
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Dušan Palić
- Chair for Fish Diseases and Fisheries Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Molecular characterization of the liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP-2) in a teleost fish, Plecoglossus altivelis: Antimicrobial activity and molecular mechanism. Mol Immunol 2015; 65:406-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Lü AJ, Hu XC, Wang Y, Zhu AH, Shen LL, Tian J, Feng ZZ, Feng ZJ. Skin immune response in the zebrafish, Danio rerio (Hamilton), to Aeromonas hydrophila infection: a transcriptional profiling approach. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2015; 38:137-150. [PMID: 24517469 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Skin plays an important role in innate immune responses to bacterial infection, but its molecular mechanism remains unclear in fish. The transcriptional profiling of the skin immune response to Aeromonas hydrophila infection of the zebrafish, Danio rerio (Hamilton), was performed by Affymetrix microarray analysis. The results showed that 538 genes were differentially expressed, of which 388 genes were up-regulated and 150 genes were down-regulated. The expression patterns for 106 representative genes were observed to be up-regulated in zebrafish skin at 24 and 36 h post-infection, and gene expression changes were clearly greater at 36 h. Gene Ontology classification indicated that 222 genes were significantly associated with the skin immunity, including complement activation, acute-phase response, stress response, chemotaxis and apoptosis. Further Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that the significant pathways included MAPK, p53, Wnt, TGF-β, Notch, ErbB, JAK-STAT, VEGF, mTOR and Calcium signalling in skin immune responses, and several genes (e.g. akt2l, frap1, nras, rac1, xiap) were found to be involved in signalling networks. Moreover, expression changes in nine selected genes were verified by real-time qPCR analysis. This is the first known report on transcriptome analysis in the skin of zebrafish against the pathogen A. hydrophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-J Lü
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
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Arockiaraj J, Palanisamy R, Bhatt P, Kumaresan V, Gnanam AJ, Pasupuleti M, Kasi M. A novel murrel Channa striatus mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase: gene silencing, SOD activity, superoxide anion production and expression. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 40:1937-1955. [PMID: 25183231 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-014-9981-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We have reported the molecular characterization including gene silencing, superoxide activity, superoxide anion production, gene expression and molecular characterization of a mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (mMnSOD) from striped murrel Channa striatus (named as CsmMnSOD). The CsmMnSOD polypeptide contains 225 amino acids with a molecular weight of 25 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of 8.3. In the N-terminal region, CsmMnSOD carries a mitochondrial targeting sequence and a superoxide dismutases (SOD) Fe domain (28-109), and in C-terminal region, it carries another SOD Fe domain (114-220). The CsmMnSOD protein sequence shared significant similarity with its homolog of MnSOD from rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus (96%). The phylogenetic analysis showed that the CsmMnSOD fell in the clade of fish mMnSOD group. The monomeric structure of CsmMnSOD possesses 9 α-helices (52.4%), 3 β-sheets (8.8%) and 38.8% random coils. The highest gene expression was noticed in liver, and its expression was inducted with fungal (Aphanomyces invadans) and bacterial (Aeromonas hydrophila) infections. The gene silencing results show that the fish that received dsRNA exhibited significant (P < 0.05) changes in expression when compared to their non-injected and fish physiological saline-injected controls. The SOD activity shows that the activity increases with the spread of infection and decreases once the molecule controls the pathogen. The capacity of superoxide anion production was determined by calculating the granular blood cell count during infection in murrel. It shows that the infection influenced the superoxide radical production which plays a major role in killing the pathogens. Overall, this study indicated the defense potentiality of CsmMnSOD; however, further research is necessary to explore its capability at protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesu Arockiaraj
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India,
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Liu H, Li Z, Tan B, Lao Y, Duan Z, Sun W, Dong X. Isolation of a putative probiotic strain S12 and its effect on growth performance, non-specific immunity and disease-resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:300-7. [PMID: 25218684 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The common pathogens in aquaculture are very different from those in terrestrial animals. The objective of this study was to isolate probiotic strain (s) from the digestive tract of healthy white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei which was effective against aquatic animal pathogens. The putative probiotic strain S12 was identified as Bacillus subtilis based on the morphological and biochemical properties and 16S rDNA gene sequencing. The L. vannamei were fed with five different diets: control (basal diet with no probiotics or antibiotics), antibiotic control (basal diet supplemented with 0.3% florfenicol), basal diet supplemented with 5 × 10(9) cfu kg(-1) , 5 × 10(10) cfu kg(-1) and 5 × 10(11) cfu kg(-1) probiotic S12 (PS1-3). Each diet was randomly fed to quadruplication groups of 40 shrimps (0.4 ± 0.01 g) reared in tanks. After an 8-week feeding, the survival rate of shrimps fed with PS1 and PS3 were the highest among all treatments (P < 0.05). The moisture content of shrimps fed with florfenicol was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The supplement of probiotic S12 decreased the body crude lipid significantly (P < 0.05). The activities of phagocytic rate, lysozyme (LZ), superoxide dismutase phenoloxidase (SOD) and antibacterial activity were significantly higher than those in the control (P < 0.05), and the activities of SOD and the antibacterial activity in PS2 and PS3 were significantly higher than those in antibiotic control (P < 0.05). When infected with Vibrio harveyi at 4-weeks, the mortality was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in PS2 and PS3 groups than that in the control. After being infected with V. harveyi at 8-weeks, the mortality was significantly lower in the probiotic and antibiotic groups than that in the control (P < 0.05). This study suggested that probiotics could be used as an effective immunopotentiator, the optimal dose of the probiotic strain S12 is 5 × 10(10) cfu kg(-1) diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Liu
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, PR China
| | - Zheng Li
- Kemin Industries (Zhuhai) Co. Ltd, Zhuhai 519110, PR China
| | - Beiping Tan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, PR China.
| | - Ye Lao
- Kemin Industries (Zhuhai) Co. Ltd, Zhuhai 519110, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Duan
- Kemin Industries (Zhuhai) Co. Ltd, Zhuhai 519110, PR China
| | - Wuwei Sun
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Dong
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, PR China
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Fu GH, Liu F, Xia JH, Yue GH. The LBP gene and its association with resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in tilapia. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:22028-41. [PMID: 25470022 PMCID: PMC4284692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151222028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to pathogens is important for the sustainability and profitability of food fish production. In immune-related genes, the lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) gene is an important mediator of the inflammatory reaction. We analyzed the cDNA and genomic structure of the LBP gene in tilapia. The full-length cDNA (1901 bp) of the gene contained a 1416 bp open reading frame, encoding 471 amino acid residues. Its genomic sequence was 5577 bp, comprising 15 exons and 14 introns. Under normal conditions, the gene was constitutively expressed in all examined tissues. The highest expression was detected in intestine and kidney. We examined the responses of the gene to challenges with two bacterial pathogens Streptcoccus agalactiae and Aeromonas hydrophila. The gene was significantly upregulated in kidney and spleen post-infection with S. agalactiae and A. hydrophila, respectively. However, the expression profiles of the gene after the challenge with the two pathogens were different. Furthermore, we identified three SNPs in the gene. There were significant associations (p < 0.05) of two of the three SNPs with the resistance to A. hydrophila, but not with the resistance to S. agalactiae or growth performance. These results suggest that the LBP gene is involved in the acute-phase immunologic response to the bacterial infections, and the responses to the two bacterial pathogens are different. The two SNPs associated with the resistance to A. hydrophila may be useful in the selection of tilapia resistant to A. hydrophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui Hong Fu
- Molecular Population Genetics & Breeding Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
| | - Feng Liu
- Molecular Population Genetics & Breeding Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
| | - Jun Hong Xia
- Molecular Population Genetics & Breeding Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
| | - Gen Hua Yue
- Molecular Population Genetics & Breeding Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
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74
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Xie J, He JB, Shi JW, Xiao Q, Li L, Woo PC. An adult zebrafish model for Laribacter hongkongensis infection: Koch's postulates fulfilled. Emerg Microbes Infect 2014; 3:e73. [PMID: 26038498 PMCID: PMC4217094 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2014.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Laribacter hongkongensis is a gram-negative emerging bacterium associated with invasive bacteremic infections in patients with liver disease and fish-borne community-acquired gastroenteritis and traveler's diarrhea. Although the complete genome of L. hongkongensis has been sequenced, no animal model is available for further study of its pathogenicity mechanisms. In this study, we showed that adult zebrafish infected with L. hongkongensis by immersion following dermal abrasion or intraperitoneal injection suffered mortality in a dose-dependent manner, with lethal dose 50 (LD50) of 2.1×10(4) and 1.9×10(4) colony-forming units (CFU)/mL, respectively. All mortalities occurred in the first four days post-infection. Zebrafish that died showed characteristic clinicopathological features: swimming near water surface, marked lethargy and sidestroke; abdominal hemorrhage, ulcers and marked swelling with ascites; and hydropic degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes around central vein and inflammatory cells infiltration. L. hongkongensis was recovered from the ascitic fluid and tissues of zebrafish that died. Of the 30 zebrafish infected with 2.1×10(4) CFU/mL (LD50) L. hongkongensis isolated from dead zebrafish using the immersion following dermal abrasion method, 18 (60%) died. All zebrafish that died also showed the characteristic clinical and pathological features. Histopathological studies also showed dilation of hepatic central vein and hydropic degeneration. L. hongkongensis was isolated from the zebrafish that died. The Koch's postulates for L. hongkongensis as an infectious agent have been fulfilled. This highly reproducible and effective zebrafish model is of crucial importance for future studies on virulence factors for L. hongkongensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xie
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jia-Bei He
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jia-Wei Shi
- The First Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ling Li
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Patrick Cy Woo
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
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75
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Sirimanapong W, Thompson KD, Kledmanee K, Thaijongrak P, Collet B, Ooi EL, Adams A. Optimisation and standardisation of functional immune assays for striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) to compare their immune response to live and heat killed Aeromonas hydrophila as models of infection and vaccination. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:374-383. [PMID: 25064539 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture production of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus is growing rapidly in South East Asia, especially in Vietnam. As it is a relatively new aquaculture species there are few reports evaluating its immune response to pathogens. Thus, functional assays for P. hypophthalmus were optimised to evaluate both innate and adaptive immune responses, and were then used to examine immune response following stimulation with live and heat-killed Aeromonas hydrophila. These were used as models of infection and vaccination, respectively. Four treatment groups were used, including a control group, a group injected intraperitonally (IP) with adjuvant only, a group injected with heat-killed A. hydrophila (1 × 10(9) cfu ml(-1) mixed with adjuvant), and a group injected with a subclinical dose of live A. hydrophila. Samples were collected at 0, 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days post-injection (d.p.i.) to assess their immune response. The results indicated that challenge with live or dead bacteria stimulated the immune response in P. hypophthalmus significantly above the levels observed in control groups with respect to specific antibody titre, plasma lysozyme and peroxidase activity, and phagocytosis by head kidney macrophages at 7 or/and 14 d.p.i. At 21 d.p.i., total and specific antibody (IgM) levels and plasma lysozyme activity in fish injected with either live or dead A. hydrophila were significantly different to the control groups. Differential immune responses were observed between fish injected with either live or dead bacteria, with live A. hydrophila significantly stimulating an increase in WBC counts and plasma peroxidase activity at 3 d.p.i., with the greatest increase in WBC counts noted at 21 d.p.i. and in phagocytosis at 14 d.p.i. By 21 d.p.i. only the macrophages from fish injected with dead A. hydrophila showed significantly stimulation in their respiratory burst activity. This study provides basic information on the immune response in pangasius catfish that can be useful in the health control of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanna Sirimanapong
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, United Kingdom; Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Kim D Thompson
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Kan Kledmanee
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Prawporn Thaijongrak
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Bertrand Collet
- Marine Scotland Science, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ei Lin Ooi
- Novus International, Novus Aqua Research Center, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Alexandra Adams
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, United Kingdom
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76
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Gagnaire B, Bado-Nilles A, Sanchez W. Depleted uranium disturbs immune parameters in zebrafish, Danio rerio: an ex vivo/in vivo experiment. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 67:426-435. [PMID: 24723161 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of depleted uranium (DU), the byproduct of nuclear enrichment of uranium, on several parameters related to defence system in the zebrafish, Danio rerio, using flow cytometry. Several immune cellular parameters were followed on kidney leucocytes: cell proportion, cell mortality, phagocytosis activity and associated oxidative burst and lysosomal membrane integrity (LMI). Effects of DU were tested ex vivo after 17 h of contact between DU and freshly isolated leucocytes from 0 to 500 µg DU/L. Moreover, adult zebrafish were exposed in vivo during 3 days at 20 and 250 µg DU/L. Oxidative burst results showed that DU increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) basal level and therefore reduced ROS stimulation index in both ex vivo and in vivo experiments. ROS PMA-stimulated level was also increased at 250 µg DU/L in vivo only. Furthermore, a decrease of LMI was detected after in vivo experiments. Cell mortality was also decreased at 20 µg DU/L in ex vivo experiment. However, phagocytosis activity was not modified in both ex vivo and in vivo experiments. A reduction of immune-related parameters was demonstrated in zebrafish exposed to DU. DU could therefore decrease the ability of fish to stimulate its own immune system which could, in turn, enhance the susceptibility of fish to infection. These results encourage the development and the use of innate immune analysis by flow cytometry in order to understand the effects of DU and more generally radionuclides on fish immune system and response to infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Gagnaire
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-ENV, SERIS, LECO, Centre de Cadarache, Bât 186, B.P. 3, 13115, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France,
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77
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Rowe HM, Withey JH, Neely MN. Zebrafish as a model for zoonotic aquatic pathogens. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:96-107. [PMID: 24607289 PMCID: PMC4096445 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic habitats harbor a multitude of bacterial species. Many of these bacteria can act as pathogens to aquatic species and/or non-aquatic organisms, including humans, that come into contact with contaminated water sources or colonized aquatic organisms. In many instances, the bacteria are not pathogenic to the aquatic species they colonize and are only considered pathogens when they come into contact with humans. There is a general lack of knowledge about how the environmental lifestyle of these pathogens allows them to persist, replicate and produce the necessary pathogenic mechanisms to successfully transmit to the human host and cause disease. Recently, the zebrafish infectious disease model has emerged as an ideal system for examining aquatic pathogens, both in the aquatic environment and during infection of the human host. This review will focus on how the zebrafish has been used successfully to analyze the pathogenesis of aquatic bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Rowe
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Jeffrey H Withey
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Melody N Neely
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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78
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Dash P, Sahoo PK, Gupta PK, Garg LC, Dixit A. Immune responses and protective efficacy of recombinant outer membrane protein R (rOmpR)-based vaccine of Aeromonas hydrophila with a modified adjuvant formulation in rohu (Labeo rohita). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 39:512-523. [PMID: 24937805 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance and success of developing a candidate vaccine against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in fish, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of the vaccine-induced immunoprotection in Indian major carp, Labeo rohita, primarily due to lack of information on most of the immune related genes of the species. In this study, a novel candidate antigen recombinant outer membrane protein R (rOmpR) of A. hydrophila was evaluated as a vaccine candidate along with a modified adjuvant formulation. Protective efficacy of the rOmpR immunization was assessed in terms of survival against A. hydrophila challenge as well as modulation of immune response in vaccinated fish after 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 72 h and 10 days post-injection (using immune gene expression analysis) and 10, 28, 56 and 140 days post-injection (serum immune parameter analysis). The generated immune response was compared with a formalin-killed A. hydrophila antigen preparation using mineral oil only and modified adjuvant alone. We report a variable up-regulation of the immune-related genes viz., lysozyme G, complement factor 4, immunoglobulin M, β2-microglobulin, major histocompatibility complex I and II, and interleukin-1β in anterior kidney and spleen tissues at early time points post-immunization in all the groups, when compared to the control fish. The vaccinated fish also showed an increase in serum natural hemolysin titer, lysozyme and myeloperoxidase activities, and antibody titer irrespective of vaccine formulations as compared to control fish on days 10, 28 and 56. However, the increase in the serum parameters was more pronounced on day 140 in rOmpR-modified adjuvant injected group, indicating the modulatory role of this new vaccine formulation. Upon challenge with live A. hydrophila on days 56 and 140 post-immunization, significantly reduced percent mortality was noted in the group immunized with modified adjuvant based rOmpR vaccine formulation. Taken together, our results suggest that rOmpR along with modified adjuvant could potentially be used as a vaccine formulation to handle A. hydrophila infection on a long-term basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dash
- Fish Health Management Division, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, India
| | - P K Sahoo
- Fish Health Management Division, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, India.
| | - P K Gupta
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - L C Garg
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - A Dixit
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India
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79
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Grayfer L, Hodgkinson JW, Belosevic M. Antimicrobial responses of teleost phagocytes and innate immune evasion strategies of intracellular bacteria. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:223-42. [PMID: 23954721 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During infection, macrophage lineage cells eliminate infiltrating pathogens through a battery of antimicrobial responses, where the efficacy of these innate immune responses is pivotal to immunological outcomes. Not surprisingly, many intracellular pathogens have evolved mechanisms to overcome macrophage defenses, using these immune cells as residences and dissemination strategies. With pathogenic infections causing increasing detriments to both aquacultural and wild fish populations, it is imperative to garner greater understanding of fish phagocyte antimicrobial responses and the mechanisms by which aquatic pathogens are able to overcome these teleost macrophage barriers. Insights into the regulation of macrophage immunity of bony fish species will lend to the development of more effective aquacultural prophylaxis as well as broadening our understanding of the evolution of these immune processes. Accordingly, this review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of teleost macrophage antimicrobial responses and the strategies by which intracellular fish pathogens are able to avoid being killed by phagocytes, with a focus on Mycobacterium marinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Grayfer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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80
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Molecular cloning and characterization of the lipopolysaccharide and β-1,3-glucan binding protein from oriental river prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:3935-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3261-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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81
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Biller-Takahashi JD, Takahashi LS, Saita MV, Gimbo RY, Urbinati EC. Leukocytes respiratory burst activity as indicator of innate immunity of pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus. BRAZ J BIOL 2014; 73:425-9. [PMID: 23917573 DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842013000200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the assay to quantify the respiratory burst activity of blood leukocytes of pacu as an indicator of the innate immune system, using the reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) to formazan as a measure of the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In order to assess the accuracy of the assay, fish were challenged by Aeromonas hydrophila and sampled one week after challenge. The A. hydrophila infection increased the leukocyte respiratory burst activity. The protocol showed a reliable and easy assay, appropriate to determine the respiratory burst activity of blood leukocytes of pacu, a neotropical fish, in the present experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Biller-Takahashi
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
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82
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Lü A, Hu X, Wang Y, Shen X, Li X, Zhu A, Tian J, Ming Q, Feng Z. iTRAQ analysis of gill proteins from the zebrafish (Danio rerio) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 36:229-239. [PMID: 24269520 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The gills are large mucosal surfaces and very important portals for pathogen entry in fish. The aim of this study was to determine the gill immune response at the protein levels, the differential proteomes of the zebrafish gill response to Aeromonas hydrophila infection were identified with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) labeling followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A total of 1338 proteins were identified and classified into the categories primarily related to cellular process (15.36%), metabolic process (11.95%) and biological regulation (8.29%). Of these, 82 differentially expressed proteins were reliably quantified by iTRAQ analysis, 57 proteins were upregulated and 25 proteins were downregulated upon bacterial infection. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that approximately 33 (8.8%) of the differential proteins in gills were involved in the stress and immune responses. Several upregulated proteins were observed such as complement component 5, serpin peptidase inhibitor clade A member 7, annexin A3a, histone H4, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and peroxiredoxin. These protein expression changes were further validated at the transcript level using microarray analysis. Moreover, complement and coagulation cascades, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection and phagosome were the significant pathways identified by KEGG enrichment analysis. This is first report on proteome of fish gills against A. hydrophila infection, which contribute to understanding the defense mechanisms of the gills in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Lü
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China.
| | - Xiucai Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Xiaojing Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Xue Li
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Aihua Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Jun Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Qinglei Ming
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Zhaojun Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
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83
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Xu H, Shao X, Zhang Z, Zou Y, Wu X, Yang L. Oxidative stress and immune related gene expression following exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate in zebrafish embryos. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 93:39-44. [PMID: 23676468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we analyzed the oxidative stress related indices and immune related gene expression of zebrafish embryos after a short-term exposure to various concentrations of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP) and their mixture (DBP-DEP) from 4h post-fertilization (hpf) to 96hpf. Exposure to the chemicals was found to enhance the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in a concentration-dependent manner. Simultaneously, adaptive responses to DBP/DEP-induced oxidative stress were observed. The activity of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were all increased in a concentration-dependent manner. The transcription of innate immune related genes including interferon γ (IFNγ), interleukin-1β (IL1β), Myxovirus resistance (Mx), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), CC-chemokine, CXCL-clc, lysozyme (Lyz) and complement factor C3B (C3) were up-regulated upon DBP, DEP and their mixture exposure, suggesting the induction of immune response. In addition, co-exposure to DBP-DEP also induced antioxidant defense and immune response in zebrafish embryo. The results demonstrat that DBP/DEP exposure could induce the antioxidant and immune responses in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Xu
- School of the Environment, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road 301, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
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84
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Li C, Wang R, Su B, Luo Y, Terhune J, Beck B, Peatman E. Evasion of mucosal defenses during Aeromonas hydrophila infection of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) skin. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 39:447-455. [PMID: 23219904 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal surfaces of fish serve as the first line of defense against the myriad of aquatic pathogens present in the aquatic environment. The immune repertoire functioning at these interfaces is still poorly understood. The skin, in particular, must process signals from several fronts, sensing and integrating environmental, nutritional, social, and health cues. Pathogen invasion can disrupt this delicate homeostasis with profound impacts on signaling throughout the organism. Here, we investigated the transcriptional effects of virulent Aeromonas hydrophila infection in channel catfish skin, Ictalurus punctatus. We utilized a new 8 × 60 K Agilent microarray for catfish to examine gene expression profiles at critical early timepoints following challenge--2 h, 8 h, and 12 h. Expression of a total of 2,168 unique genes was significantly perturbed during at least one timepoint. We observed dysregulation of genes involved in antioxidant, cytoskeletal, immune, junctional, and nervous system pathways. In particular, A. hydrophila infection rapidly altered a number of potentially critical lectins, chemokines, interleukins, and other mucosal factors in a manner predicted to enhance its ability to adhere to and invade the catfish host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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85
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Tetrahymena: an alternative model host for evaluating virulence of Aeromonas strains. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48922. [PMID: 23145022 PMCID: PMC3493589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
An easier assessment model would be helpful for high-throughput screening of Aeromonas virulence. The previous study indicated the potential of Tetrahymena as a permissive model to examine virulence of Aeromonas hydrophila. Here our aim was to assess virulence of Aeromonas spp. using two model hosts, a zebrafish assay and Tetrahymena-Aeromonas co-culture, and to examine whether data from the Tetrahymena thermophila model reflects infections in the well-established animal model. First, virulence of 39 Aeromonas strains was assessed by determining the 50% lethal dose (LD(50)) in zebrafish. LD(50) values ranging from 1.3×10(2) to 3.0×10(7) indicated that these strains represent a high to moderate degree of virulence and could be useful to assess virulence in the Tetrahymena model. In Tetrahymena-Aeromonas co-culture, we evaluated the virulence of Aeromonas by detecting relative survival of Aeromonas and Tetrahymena. An Aeromonas isolate was considered virulent when its relative survival was greater than 60%, while the Aeromonas isolate was considered avirulent if its relative survival was below 40%. When relative survival of T. thermophila was lower than 40% after co-culture with an Aeromonas isolate, the bacterial strain was regarded as virulent. In contrast, the strain was classified as avirulent if relative survival of T. thermophila was greater than 50%. Encouragingly, data from the 39 Aeromonas strains showed good correlation in zebrafish and Tetrahymena-Aeromonas co-culture models. The results provide sufficient data to demonstrate that Tetrahymena can be a comparable alternative to zebrafish for determining the virulence of Aeromonas isolates.
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86
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Estensoro I, Jung-Schroers V, Álvarez-Pellitero P, Steinhagen D, Sitjà-Bobadilla A. Effects of Enteromyxum leei (Myxozoa) infection on gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) (Teleostei) intestinal mucus: glycoprotein profile and bacterial adhesion. Parasitol Res 2012; 112:567-76. [PMID: 23086443 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal myxosporean parasite Enteromyxum leei causes severe desquamative enteritis in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) (Teleostei) that impairs nutrient absorption causing anorexia and cachexia. In fish, as in terrestrial vertebrates, intestinal goblet cells are responsible for the adherent mucus secretion overlying epithelial cells, which constitutes a first line of innate immune defense against offending microorganisms but serves also as substrate and nutrient source for the commensal microflora. The secreted intestinal mucus of parasitized (n = 6) and unexposed (n = 8) gilthead sea bream was isolated, concentrated, and subjected to downward gel chromatography. Carbohydrate and protein contents (via PAS and Bradford stainings), terminal glycosylation (via lectin ELISA), and Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio alginolyticus adhesion were analyzed for the isolated intestinal mucins. Parasitized fish, compared with unexposed fish, presented intestinal mucus mucins with a lower glycoprotein content and glycosylation degree at the anterior and middle intestine, whereas both glycoprotein content and glycosylation degree increased at the posterior intestine section, though only significantly for the total carbohydrate content. Additionally, a slight molecular size increase was detected in the mucin glycoproteins of parasitized fish. Terminal glycosylation of the mucus glycoproteins in parasitized fish pointed to an immature mucin secretion (N-acetyl-α-D-galactosamine increase, α-L-fucose, and neuraminic-acid-α-2-6-galactose reduction). Bacterial adhesion to large-sized mucus glycoproteins (>2,000 kDa) of parasitized fish was significantly lower than in unexposed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Estensoro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Torre de Sal s/n, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain.
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87
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Ding Y, Liu X, Bu L, Li H, Zhang S. Antimicrobial-immunomodulatory activities of zebrafish phosvitin-derived peptide Pt5. Peptides 2012; 37:309-13. [PMID: 22841856 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A phosvitin (Pv)-derived peptide, Pt5, which consists of the C-terminal 55 residues of Pv in zebrafish, has been shown to function as an antimicrobial agent capable of killing microbes in vitro. However, its in vivo role in zebrafish remains unknown. In this study, we clearly demonstrated that Pt5 protected adult zebrafish from pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila attack, capable of significantly enhancing the survival rate of zebrafish after the pathogenic challenge. Pt5 also caused a marked decrease in the numbers of A. hydrophila in the blood, spleen, kidney, liver and muscle, suggesting that Pt5 was able to block multiplication/dissemination of A. hydrophila in zebrafish. Additionally, Pt5 markedly suppressed the expression of the proinflammatory cytokine genes IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ in the spleen and head kidney of A. hydrophila-infected zebrafish, but it considerably enhanced the expressions of the antiinflammatory cytokine genes IL-10 and IL-4 in the same tissues. Taken together, these data indicate that Pt5 plays a dual role in zebrafish as an antimicrobial and immunomodulatory agent, capable of protecting zebrafish against pathogenic A. hydrophila through its antimicrobial activity as well as preventing zebrafish from the detrimental effects of an excessive inflammatory response via modulating immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Ding
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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88
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Cantas L, Sørby JRT, Aleström P, Sørum H. Culturable gut microbiota diversity in zebrafish. Zebrafish 2012; 9:26-37. [PMID: 22428747 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2011.0712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an increasingly used laboratory animal model in basic biology and biomedicine, novel drug development, and toxicology. The wide use has increased the demand for optimized husbandry protocols to ensure animal health care and welfare. The knowledge about the correlation between culturable zebrafish intestinal microbiota and health in relation to environmental factors and management procedures is very limited. A semi-quantitative level of growth of individual types of bacteria was determined and associated with sampling points. A total of 72 TAB line zebrafish from four laboratories (Labs A-D) in the Zebrafish Network Norway were used. Diagnostic was based on traditional bacterial culture methods and biochemical characterization using commercial kits, followed by 16S rDNA gene sequencing from pure subcultures. Also selected Gram-negative isolates were analyzed for antibiotic susceptibility to 8 different antibiotics. A total of 13 morphologically different bacterial species were the most prevalent: Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas sobria, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Photobacterium damselae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas luteola, Comamonas testosteroni, Ochrobactrum anthropi, Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus capitis, and Staphylococcus warneri. Only Lab B had significantly higher levels of total bacterial growth (OR=2.03), whereas numbers from Lab C (OR=1.01) and Lab D (OR=1.12) were found to be similar to the baseline Lab A. Sexually immature individuals had a significantly higher level of harvested total bacterial growth than mature fish (OR=0.82), no statistically significant differences were found between male and female fish (OR=1.01), and the posterior intestinal segment demonstrated a higher degree of culturable bacteria than the anterior segment (OR=4.1). Multiple antibiotic (>3) resistance was observed in 17% of the strains. We propose that a rapid conventional diagnostic bacteriological assay on the culturable microbiota profiles can be designed and used as quality measure of the husbandry routines of a zebrafish facility to ensure a bacterial standard safeguarding the zebrafish health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Cantas
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
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89
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Rendueles O, Ferrières L, Frétaud M, Bégaud E, Herbomel P, Levraud JP, Ghigo JM. A new zebrafish model of oro-intestinal pathogen colonization reveals a key role for adhesion in protection by probiotic bacteria. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002815. [PMID: 22911651 PMCID: PMC3406073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial contribution of commensal bacteria to host health and homeostasis led to the concept that exogenous non-pathogenic bacteria called probiotics could be used to limit disease caused by pathogens. However, despite recent progress using gnotobiotic mammal and invertebrate models, mechanisms underlying protection afforded by commensal and probiotic bacteria against pathogens remain poorly understood. Here we developed a zebrafish model of controlled co-infection in which germ-free zebrafish raised on axenic living protozoa enabled the study of interactions between host and commensal and pathogenic bacteria. We screened enteric fish pathogens and identified Edwardsiella ictaluri as a virulent strain inducing a strong inflammatory response and rapid mortality in zebrafish larvae infected by the natural oro-intestinal route. Using mortality induced by infection as a phenotypic read-out, we pre-colonized zebrafish larvae with 37 potential probiotic bacterial strains and screened for survival upon E. ictaluri infection. We identified 3 robustly protective strains, including Vibrio parahaemolyticus and 2 Escherichia coli strains. We showed that the observed protective effect of E. coli was not correlated with a reduced host inflammatory response, nor with the release of biocidal molecules by protective bacteria, but rather with the presence of specific adhesion factors such as F pili that promote the emergence of probiotic bacteria in zebrafish larvae. Our study therefore provides new insights into the molecular events underlying the probiotic effect and constitutes a potentially high-throughput in vivo approach to the study of the molecular basis of pathogen exclusion in a relevant model of vertebrate oro-intestinal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaya Rendueles
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique des Biofilms, Département de Microbiologie, Paris, France
| | - Lionel Ferrières
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique des Biofilms, Département de Microbiologie, Paris, France
| | - Maxence Frétaud
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Département de Biologie du Développement, Paris, France
- CNRS, URA2578, Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Bégaud
- Institut Pasteur, Centre de Ressources Biologiques de l'Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Herbomel
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Département de Biologie du Développement, Paris, France
- CNRS, URA2578, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Levraud
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Département de Biologie du Développement, Paris, France
- CNRS, URA2578, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Ghigo
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique des Biofilms, Département de Microbiologie, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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90
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Zhang Z, Wu H, Xiao J, Wang Q, Liu Q, Zhang Y. Immune responses of zebrafish (Danio rerio) induced by bath-vaccination with a live attenuated Vibrio anguillarum vaccine candidate. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:36-41. [PMID: 22507197 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A fish vaccine candidate, live attenuated Vibrio anguillarum, which can protect fish from vibriosis, was established in our laboratory. In this study, the protective immunological mechanism of live attenuated V. anguillarum was investigated in zebrafish as a model animal. After bath-vaccinated with the live attenuated strain, zebrafish were challenged with wild pathogenic strain to test the immunoprotection of the live attenuated strain. As the results, specific antibody response of fish against V. anguillarum was found to gradually increase during 28 days post-vaccination, and remarkable protection was showed with a high relative protection survival (RPS) of about 90%. Moreover, the vaccination changed the expressions of several immune-related genes in the spleens and livers of zebrafish. Among them, the expressions of pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-1 and IL-8 were tenderly up-regulated with about 3-4 fold in 1-7 days post-vaccination, while MHC II rose to a peak level of 4-fold in 7th day post-vaccination. These results gave some important messages about the mechanism of specific protection induced by live attenuated V. anguillarum and showed the availability of zebrafish model in the evaluation of the vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
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91
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Oyarbide U, Rainieri S, Pardo MA. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae as a system to test the efficacy of polysaccharides as immunostimulants. Zebrafish 2012; 9:74-84. [PMID: 22489616 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2011.0724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was carried out to examine the use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a preliminary screening model for testing the effect of potential immunostimulant substances on the innate immune system. β-Glucan, a polysaccharide used widely as an immunostimulant, was used as a representative molecule and tested on zebrafish embryos and larvae. The efficacy of the molecule was evaluated by determining the differential expression of some selected genes related to the immune system by RT-qPCR. Larvae from 72 hours post fertilization were found at the optimal developmental stage for assessing the expression of the selected genes. To verify if the β-glucan entered the larvae and therefore was responsible for the effects produced, the molecule was labeled fluorescently to check its localization by using microscopy. For estimating the effects of β-glucan on gene expression, zebrafish embryos and larvae were immersed in three different concentrations of β-glucan (50, 100, and 150 μg/mL) using five different exposure times. A stronger gene induction was observed when longer times of exposure and older larvae were used. The most evident effects of β-glucan were the overexpression of the genes TNFα, MPO, TRF, and LYZ. Moreover, slight changes in MPO expression were detected using a transgenic line of zebrafish (MPO::GFP), and a temporal increase in resistance against Vibrio anguillarum was found after β-glucan immersion. The assay used in this study permits the testing potential of immunostimulants in a simple and cost-effective way.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Oyarbide
- Azti-Tecnalia, Food Research Division, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio-Bizkaia, Spain.
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92
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Cantas L, Midtlyng PJ, Sørum H. Impact of antibiotic treatments on the expression of the R plasmid tra genes and on the host innate immune activity during pRAS1 bearing Aeromonas hydrophila infection in zebrafish (Danio rerio). BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:37. [PMID: 22429905 PMCID: PMC3340321 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transfer of R plasmids between bacteria has been well studied under laboratory conditions and the transfer frequency has been found to vary between plasmids and under various physical conditions. For the first time, we here study the expression of the selected plasmid mobility genes traD, virB11 and virD4 in the 45 kb IncU plasmid, pRAS1, conferring resistance to tetracycline, trimethoprim and sulphonamide, using an in vivo zebrafish infection- treatment model. RESULTS Three days after oral infection of adult zebrafish with Aeromonas hydrophila harboring pRAS1, elevated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF α, IL-1β and IL-8) and complement C3 genes in the intestine coincided with disease symptoms. Tetracycline, trimethoprim and an ineffective concentration of flumequine given 48 h prior to sampling, strongly increased expression of plasmid mobility genes, whereas an effective dosage of flumequine resulted in lower levels of mRNA copies of these genes relative to placebo treatment. Following effective treatment with flumequine, and ineffective treatments with a low concentration of flumequine, with trimethoprim or with sulphonamide, the intestinal expression of immune genes was strongly induced compared to placebo treated control fish. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of zebrafish infected with an antibiotic resistant (TcR, TmR, SuR) A. hydrophila with ineffective concentrations of flumequine or the ineffective antimicrobials tetracycline and trimethoprim strongly induced expression of genes mediating conjugative transfer of the R-plasmid pRAS1. Simultaneously, there was a strong induction of selected inflammatory and immune response genes, which was again evident in fish subjected to ineffective treatment protocols. Our findings point to the essential role of therapeutic practices in escalation or control of antibiotic resistance transfer, and suggest that antibiotic substances, even in sub-inhibitory concentrations, may stimulate innate defenses against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Cantas
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Ullevålsveien 72, PO 8146, 0033 Oslo, Norway.
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93
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Novoa B, Figueras A. Zebrafish: model for the study of inflammation and the innate immune response to infectious diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 946:253-75. [PMID: 21948373 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0106-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been extensively used in biomedical research as a model to study vertebrate development and hematopoiesis and recently, it has been adopted into varied fields including immunology. After fertilization, larvae survive with only the innate immune responses because adaptive immune system is morphologically and functionally mature only after 4-6 weeks postfertilization. This temporal separation provides a suitable system to study the vertebrate innate immune response in vivo, independently from the adaptive immune response. The transparency of early life stages allows a useful real-time visualization. Adult zebrafish which have complete (innate and adaptative) immune systems offer also advantages over other vertebrate infection models: small size, relatively rapid life cycle, ease of breeding, and a growing list of molecular tools for the study of infectious diseases. In this review, we have tried to give some examples of the potential of zebrafish as a valuable model in innate immunity and inflammation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
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94
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Milligan-Myhre K, Charette JR, Phennicie RT, Stephens WZ, Rawls JF, Guillemin K, Kim CH. Study of host-microbe interactions in zebrafish. Methods Cell Biol 2012; 105:87-116. [PMID: 21951527 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381320-6.00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
All animals are ecosystems, home to diverse microbial populations. Animal-associated microbes play important roles in the normal development and physiology of their hosts, but can also be agents of infectious disease. Traditionally, mice have been used to study pathogenic and beneficial associations between microbes and vertebrate animals. The zebrafish is emerging as a valuable new model system for host-microbe interaction studies, affording researchers with the opportunity to survey large populations of hosts and to visualize microbe-host associations at a cellular level in living animals. This chapter provides detailed protocols for the analysis of zebrafish-associated microbial communities, the derivation and husbandry of germ-free zebrafish, and the modeling of infectious disease in different stages of zebrafish development via different routes of inoculation. These protocols offer a starting point for researchers to address a multitude of questions about animals' coexistence with microorganisms.
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95
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Reyes-Becerril M, López-Medina T, Ascencio-Valle F, Esteban MÁ. Immune response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) following experimental infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:564-570. [PMID: 21767651 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila is a heterogeneous organism that causes the disease known as motile aeromonad septicaemia, which is responsible for serious economic loss in seabream culture due to bacterial infections. However, the immune mechanisms involved in this disease in fish are still poorly understood. For the purpose of this study, gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) specimens received a double intraperitoneal injection of bacterial inoculums: a primary infection with 1 × 10(7) cell ml(-1) A. hydrophila, followed by a secondary infection with 1 × 10(8) cell ml(-1) fourteen days later. Changes in cellular innate immune parameters - phagocytosis, respiratory burst activity and peroxidase leucocyte content - were evaluated 24 and 48 h after each injection. Simultaneously, the expression levels of nine immune-relevant genes (TLR, NCCRP-1, HEP, TCR, IgM, MHC-IIα, IL-1β, C3 and CSF-1R) were measured in the head-kidney, spleen, intestine and liver, by using q-PCR. Generally, the results showed a significant decrease in cellular immune responses during the primary infection and a significant enhanced during the second infection, principally in respiratory burst and peroxidase activity, thus indicating a recovery of the immune system against this bacterial pathogen. Finally, transcript levels of immune genes were down-regulated during the first infection, except for the IL-1β gene. In contrast, mRNA expression levels during the re-infection were significantly up-regulated. The results seem to suggest a relatively fast elimination of the bacteria and recovery of fish during the secondary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Reyes-Becerril
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, Mexico
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96
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Meijer AH, Spaink HP. Host-pathogen interactions made transparent with the zebrafish model. Curr Drug Targets 2011; 12:1000-17. [PMID: 21366518 PMCID: PMC3319919 DOI: 10.2174/138945011795677809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish holds much promise as a high-throughput drug screening model for immune-related diseases, including inflammatory and infectious diseases and cancer. This is due to the excellent possibilities for in vivo imaging in combination with advanced tools for genomic and large scale mutant analysis. The context of the embryo’s developing immune system makes it possible to study the contribution of different immune cell types to disease progression. Furthermore, due to the temporal separation of innate immunity from adaptive responses, zebrafish embryos and larvae are particularly useful for dissecting the innate host factors involved in pathology. Recent studies have underscored the remarkable similarity of the zebrafish and human immune systems, which is important for biomedical applications. This review is focused on the use of zebrafish as a model for infectious diseases, with emphasis on bacterial pathogens. Following a brief overview of the zebrafish immune system and the tools and methods used to study host-pathogen interactions in zebrafish, we discuss the current knowledge on receptors and downstream signaling components that are involved in the zebrafish embryo’s innate immune response. We summarize recent insights gained from the use of bacterial infection models, particularly the Mycobacterium marinum model, that illustrate the potential of the zebrafish model for high-throughput antimicrobial drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie H Meijer
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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97
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Zimmerman AM, Moustafa FM, Romanowski KE, Steiner LA. Zebrafish immunoglobulin IgD: unusual exon usage and quantitative expression profiles with IgM and IgZ/T heavy chain isotypes. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:2220-3. [PMID: 21820179 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.06.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2010] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish is an emerging model for comparative immunology and biomedical research. In contrast to the five heavy chain isotype system of mice and human (IgD, IgM, IgA, IgG, IgE), zebrafish harbor gene segments for IgD, IgM, and novel heavy chain isotype called IgZ/T which appears restricted to bony fishes. The purpose of this study was to design and validate a suite of quantitative real time RT-PCR protocols to measure IgH expression in a vertebrate model which has considerable promise for modeling both pathogenic infection and chronic conditions leading to immune dysfunction. Specific primers were designed and following verification of their specificty, relative expression levels of IgD, IgM, and IgZ/T were measured in triplicate for zebrafish raised under standard laboratory conditions. During embryonic stages, low levels of each heavy chain isotype (IgH) were detected with each increasing steadily between 2 and 17 weeks post fertilization. Overall IgM>IgZ>IgD throughout zebrafish development with the copy number of IgM being several fold higher than that of IgD or IgZ/T. IgD exon usage was also characterized, as its extremely long size and presence of a stop codon in the second IgD exon in zebrafish, raised questions as to how this antibody might be expressed. Zebrafish IgD was found to be a chimeric immunoglobulin, with the third IgD exon spliced to the first IgM constant exon thereby circumventing the first and second IgD exons. Collectively, the qRT-PCR results represent the first comparative profile of IgD, IgM, IgZ/T expression over the lifespan of any fish species and the primers and assay parameters reported should prove useful in enabling researchers to rapidly quantify changes in IgH expression in zebrafish models of disease where altered IgH expression is manifested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia M Zimmerman
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, 66 George Street, Charleston, SC 29424, USA.
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98
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Das A, Sahoo P, Mohanty B, Jena J. Pathophysiology of experimental Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Puntius sarana: Early changes in blood and aspects of the innate immune-related gene expression in survivors. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 142:207-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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99
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Zhou Z, He S, Liu Y, Cao Y, Meng K, Yao B, Ringø E, Yoon I. Gut microbial status induced by antibiotic growth promoter alters the prebiotic effects of dietary DVAQUA® on Aeromonas hydrophila-infected tilapia: Production, intestinal bacterial community and non-specific immunity. Vet Microbiol 2011; 149:399-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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100
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Romero A, Dios S, Bremont M, Figueras A, Novoa B. Interaction of the attenuated recombinant rIHNV-Gvhsv GFP virus with macrophages from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 140:119-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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