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Kavazović I, Dimitropoulos C, Gašparini D, Rončević Filipović M, Barković I, Koster J, Lemmermann NA, Babić M, Cekinović Grbeša Đ, Wensveen FM. Vaccination provides superior in vivo recall capacity of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory CD8 T cells. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112395. [PMID: 37099427 PMCID: PMC10070771 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory CD8 T cells play an important role in the protection against breakthrough infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Whether the route of antigen exposure impacts these cells at a functional level is incompletely characterized. Here, we compare the memory CD8 T cell response against a common SARS-CoV-2 epitope after vaccination, infection, or both. CD8 T cells demonstrate comparable functional capacity when restimulated directly ex vivo, independent of the antigenic history. However, analysis of T cell receptor usage shows that vaccination results in a narrower scope than infection alone or in combination with vaccination. Importantly, in an in vivo recall model, memory CD8 T cells from infected individuals show equal proliferation but secrete less tumor necrosis factor (TNF) compared with those from vaccinated people. This difference is negated when infected individuals have also been vaccinated. Our findings shed more light on the differences in susceptibility to re-infection after different routes of SARS-CoV-2 antigen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Kavazović
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Dora Gašparini
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Igor Barković
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jan Koster
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Niels A Lemmermann
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI) at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Marina Babić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Centre-a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Felix M Wensveen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
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Getzler AJ, Frederick MA, Milner JJ, Venables T, Diao H, Toma C, Nagaraja SD, Albao DS, Bélanger S, Tsuda SM, Kim J, Crotty S, Goldrath AW, Pipkin ME. Mll1 pioneers histone H3K4me3 deposition and promotes formation of CD8 + T stem cell memory. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.18.524461. [PMID: 37090503 PMCID: PMC10120707 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.18.524461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
CD8 + T cells with stem cell-like properties (T SCM ) sustain adaptive immunity to intracellular pathogens and tumors. However, the developmental origins and chromatin regulatory factors (CRFs) that establish their differentiation are unclear. Using an RNA interference screen of all CRFs we discovered the histone methylase Mll1 was required during T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation for development of a T SCM precursor state and mature memory (T MEM ) cells, but not short-lived or transitory effector cell-like states, in response to viral infections and tumors. Mll1 was essential for widespread de novo deposition of histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) upon TCR stimulation, which accounted for 70% of all activation-induced sites in mature T MEM cells. Mll1 promoted both H3K4me3 deposition and reduced TCR-induced Pol II pausing at genes whose single-cell transcriptional dynamics explained trajectories into nascent T SCM precursor states during viral infection. Our results suggest Mll1-dependent control of Pol II elongation and H3K4me3 establishes and maintains differentiation of CD8 + T SCM cell states.
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53
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Sharma M, Niu L, Zhang X, Huang S. Comparative transcriptomes reveal pro-survival and cytotoxic programs of mucosal-associated invariant T cells upon Bacillus Calmette-Guérin stimulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1134119. [PMID: 37091679 PMCID: PMC10116416 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1134119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are protective against tuberculous and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections with poorly understood mechanisms. Despite an innate-like nature, MAIT cell responses remain heterogeneous in bacterial infections. To comprehensively characterize MAIT activation programs responding to different bacteria, we stimulated MAIT cells with E. coli to compare with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), which remains the only licensed vaccine and a feasible tool for investigating anti-mycobacterial immunity in humans. Upon sequencing mRNA from the activated and inactivated CD8+ MAIT cells, results demonstrated the altered MAIT cell gene profiles by each bacterium with upregulated expression of activation markers, transcription factors, cytokines, and cytolytic mediators crucial in anti-mycobacterial responses. Compared with E. coli, BCG altered more MAIT cell genes to enhance cell survival and cytolysis. Flow cytometry analyses similarly displayed a more upregulated protein expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 and T-box transcription factor Eomesodermin in BCG compared to E.coli stimulations. Thus, the transcriptomic program and protein expression of MAIT cells together displayed enhanced pro-survival and cytotoxic programs in response to BCG stimulation, supporting BCG induces cell-mediated effector responses of MAIT cells to fight mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shouxiong Huang
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Nanjireddy PM, Olejniczak SH, Buxbaum NP. Targeting of chimeric antigen receptor T cell metabolism to improve therapeutic outcomes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1121565. [PMID: 36999013 PMCID: PMC10043186 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1121565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells can cure patients with cancers that are refractory to standard therapeutic approaches. To date, adoptive cell therapies have been less effective against solid tumors, largely due to impaired homing and function of immune cells within the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Cellular metabolism plays a key role in T cell function and survival and is amenable to manipulation. This manuscript provides an overview of known aspects of CAR T metabolism and describes potential approaches to manipulate metabolic features of CAR T to yield better anti-tumor responses. Distinct T cell phenotypes that are linked to cellular metabolism profiles are associated with improved anti-tumor responses. Several steps within the CAR T manufacture process are amenable to interventions that can generate and maintain favorable intracellular metabolism phenotypes. For example, co-stimulatory signaling is executed through metabolic rewiring. Use of metabolic regulators during CAR T expansion or systemically in the patient following adoptive transfer are described as potential approaches to generate and maintain metabolic states that can confer improved in vivo T cell function and persistence. Cytokine and nutrient selection during the expansion process can be tailored to yield CAR T products with more favorable metabolic features. In summary, improved understanding of CAR T cellular metabolism and its manipulations have the potential to guide the development of more effective adoptive cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Maridhi Nanjireddy
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Pediatric Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Immunology Department, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Scott H. Olejniczak
- Immunology Department, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Nataliya Prokopenko Buxbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Nataliya Prokopenko Buxbaum,
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55
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Stankey CT, Lee JC. Translating non-coding genetic associations into a better understanding of immune-mediated disease. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:297044. [PMID: 36897113 PMCID: PMC10040244 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified hundreds of genetic loci that are associated with immune-mediated diseases. Most disease-associated variants are non-coding, and a large proportion of these variants lie within enhancers. As a result, there is a pressing need to understand how common genetic variation might affect enhancer function and thereby contribute to immune-mediated (and other) diseases. In this Review, we first describe statistical and experimental methods to identify causal genetic variants that modulate gene expression, including statistical fine-mapping and massively parallel reporter assays. We then discuss approaches to characterise the mechanisms by which these variants modulate immune function, such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based screens. We highlight examples of studies that, by elucidating the effects of disease variants within enhancers, have provided important insights into immune function and uncovered key pathways of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina T Stankey
- Genetic Mechanisms of Disease Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - James C Lee
- Genetic Mechanisms of Disease Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
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Ng T, Malavet VF, Mansoor MA, Arvelo AC, Dhume K, Prokop E, McKinstry KK, Strutt TM. Intermediate Levels of Pre-Existing Protective Antibody Allow Priming of Protective T Cell Immunity against Influenza. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:628-639. [PMID: 36645384 PMCID: PMC9998374 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Overcoming interfering impacts of pre-existing immunity to generate universally protective influenza A virus (IAV)-specific T cell immunity through vaccination is a high priority. In this study, we passively transfer varied amounts of H1N1-IAV-specific immune serum before H1N1-IAV infection to determine how different levels of pre-existing Ab influence the generation and protective potential of heterosubtypic T cell responses in a murine model. Surprisingly, IAV nucleoprotein-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses are readily detected in infected recipients of IAV-specific immune serum regardless of the amount transferred. When compared with responses in control groups and recipients of low and intermediate levels of convalescent serum, nucleoprotein-specific T cell responses in recipients of high levels of IAV-specific serum, which prevent overt weight loss and reduce peak viral titers in the lungs, are, however, markedly reduced. Although detectable at priming, this response recalls poorly and is unable to mediate protection against a lethal heterotypic (H3N2) virus challenge at later memory time points. A similar failure to generate protective heterosubtypic T cell immunity during IAV priming is seen in offspring of IAV-primed mothers that naturally receive high titers of IAV-specific Ab through maternal transfer. Our findings support that priming of protective heterosubtypic T cell responses can occur in the presence of intermediate levels of pre-existing Ab. These results have high relevance to vaccine approaches aiming to incorporate and evaluate cellular and humoral immunity towards IAV and other viral pathogens against which T cells can protect against variants escaping Ab-mediated protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Ng
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, FL, USA
| | - Valeria Flores Malavet
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, FL, USA
| | - Mishfak A.M. Mansoor
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, FL, USA
| | - Andrea C. Arvelo
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, FL, USA
| | - Kunal Dhume
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, FL, USA
| | - Emily Prokop
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, FL, USA
| | - K. Kai McKinstry
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, FL, USA
| | - Tara M. Strutt
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, FL, USA
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57
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Zhang Y, Lu Y, Gao Y, Liang X, Zhang R, Wang X, Zou X, Yang W. Effects of Aire on perforin expression in BMDCs via TLR7/8 and its therapeutic effect on type 1 diabetes. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109890. [PMID: 36805202 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Type 1 diabetes, as a kind of autoimmune diseases, usually results from the broken-down of self-tolerance. Autoimmune regulator (Aire), as a transcription factor, induces peripheral tolerance by regulating Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression in dendritic cells (DCs). Several studies have recently identified a small population of perforin-expressing DCs, which is an important population of tolerogenic DCs (tolDCs) that restricts autoreactive T cells in vivo through a perforin-mediated mechanism. Thus, the present study explored the specific relationship among Aire, perforin-expressing DCs and immune tolerance, as well as their roles in type 1 diabetes. METHODS We conducted studies based on the Aire-overexpressing bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (BMDC) model. And through in vitro and in vivo experiments to observe that Aire-overexpressing BMDCs which express perforin induce immune tolerance and treat type 1 diabetes via TLR7/8. RESULTS Aire enhances the expression of perforin in BMDCs after treatment with the TLR7/8 ligand as well as promotes the expression of TLR7/8 and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-dependent pathway molecules. Aire-overexpressing BMDCs mediate apoptosis of allogeneic CD8+ T cells via perforin in vitro. Moreover, Aire-overexpressing BMDCs enhance the therapeutic effect of type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice via perforin and induce apoptosis of autoreactive CD8+ T cells in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These results provide an experimental basis for comprehensively elucidating the role and significance of Aire expression in peripheral DCs, thereby providing new ideas for the treatment of autoimmune diseases by using Aire as a target to induce the production of perforin-expressing DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yaoping Lu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaojing Liang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rongchao Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoya Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueyang Zou
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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58
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Zagorulya M, Yim L, Morgan DM, Edwards A, Torres-Mejia E, Momin N, McCreery CV, Zamora IL, Horton BL, Fox JG, Wittrup KD, Love JC, Spranger S. Tissue-specific abundance of interferon-gamma drives regulatory T cells to restrain DC1-mediated priming of cytotoxic T cells against lung cancer. Immunity 2023; 56:386-405.e10. [PMID: 36736322 PMCID: PMC10880816 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Local environmental factors influence CD8+ T cell priming in lymph nodes (LNs). Here, we sought to understand how factors unique to the tumor-draining mediastinal LN (mLN) impact CD8+ T cell responses toward lung cancer. Type 1 conventional dendritic cells (DC1s) showed a mLN-specific failure to induce robust cytotoxic T cells responses. Using regulatory T (Treg) cell depletion strategies, we found that Treg cells suppressed DC1s in a spatially coordinated manner within tissue-specific microniches within the mLN. Treg cell suppression required MHC II-dependent contact between DC1s and Treg cells. Elevated levels of IFN-γ drove differentiation Treg cells into Th1-like effector Treg cells in the mLN. In patients with cancer, Treg cell Th1 polarization, but not CD8+/Treg cell ratios, correlated with poor responses to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. Thus, IFN-γ in the mLN skews Treg cells to be Th1-like effector Treg cells, driving their close interaction with DC1s and subsequent suppression of cytotoxic T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zagorulya
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Leon Yim
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Duncan M Morgan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Austin Edwards
- Biological Imaging Development CoLab, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elen Torres-Mejia
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Noor Momin
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Chloe V McCreery
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Izabella L Zamora
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brendan L Horton
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Comparative Medicine, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - K Dane Wittrup
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - J Christopher Love
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stefani Spranger
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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59
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Zeng Y, Escalona-Rayo O, Knol R, Kros A, Slütter B. Lipid nanoparticle-based mRNA candidates elicit potent T cell responses. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:964-974. [PMID: 36537916 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01581a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The induction of a potent T cell response is essential for successful tumor immunotherapy and protection against many infectious diseases. In the past few years, mRNA vaccines have emerged as potent immune activators and inducers of a robust T cell immune response. The recent approval of the Moderna and the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines based on lipid nanoparticles (LNP) encapsulating antigen-encoding mRNA has revolutionized the field of vaccines. The advantages of LNPs are their ease of design and formulation resulting in potent, effective, and safe vaccines. However, there is still plenty of room for improvement with respect to LNP efficacy, for instance, by optimizing the lipid composition and tuning LNP for specific purposes. mRNA delivery is known to be strongly dependent on the lipid composition of LNPs and the efficiency is mainly determined by the ionizable lipids. Besides that, cholesterol and helper lipids also play important roles in mRNA transfection potency. Here, a panel of LNP formulations was studied by keeping the ionizable lipids constant, replacing cholesterol with β-sitosterol, and changing the fusogenic helper lipid DOPE content. We studied the ability of this LNP library to induce antigen presentation and T cell proliferation to identify superior LNP candidates eliciting potent T cell immune responses. We hypothesize that using β-sitosterol and increasing DOPE content would boost the mRNA transfection on immune cells and result in enhanced immune responses. Transfection of immortal immune cell lines and bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs) with LNPs was studied. Delivery of mRNA coding for the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA-mRNA) to BMDCs with a number of LNP formulations, resulted in a high level of activation, as evidenced by the upregulation of the co-stimulatory receptors (CD40 and CD86) and IL-12 in BMDCs. The enhancement of BMDC activation and T cell proliferation induced by the introduction of β-sitosterol and fusogenic DOPE lipids were cell dependent. Four LNP formulations (C12-200-cho-10%DOPE, C12-200-sito-10%DOPE, cKK-E12-cho-10%DOPE and cKK-E12-sito-30%DOPE) were identified that induced robust T cell proliferation and enhanced IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2 expression. These results demonstrate that T cell proliferation is strongly dependent on LNP composition and promising LNP-mRNA vaccine formulations were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zeng
- Department of Supramolecular & Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
| | - Oscar Escalona-Rayo
- Department of Supramolecular & Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
| | - Renzo Knol
- Department of Supramolecular & Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
| | - Alexander Kros
- Department of Supramolecular & Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
| | - Bram Slütter
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
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60
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Zhang B, Sun J, Yuan Y, Ji D, Sun Y, Liu Y, Li S, Zhu X, Wu X, Hu J, Xie Q, Wu L, Liu L, Cheng B, Zhang Y, Jiang L, Zhao L, Yu F, Song W, Wang M, Xu Y, Ma S, Fei Y, Zhang L, Zhou D, Zhang X. Proximity-enabled covalent binding of IL-2 to IL-2Rα selectively activates regulatory T cells and suppresses autoimmunity. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:28. [PMID: 36690610 PMCID: PMC9871032 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a pleiotropic cytokine that orchestrates bidirectional immune responses via regulatory T cells (Tregs) and effector cells, leading to paradoxical consequences. Here, we report a strategy that exploited genetic code expansion-guided incorporation of the latent bioreactive artificial amino acid fluorosulfate-L-tyrosine (FSY) into IL-2 for proximity-enabled covalent binding to IL-2Rα to selectively promote Treg activation. We found that FSY-bearing IL-2 variants, such as L72-FSY, covalently bound to IL-2Rα via sulfur-fluoride exchange when in proximity, resulting in persistent recycling of IL-2 and selectively promoting the expansion of Tregs but not effector cells. Further assessment of L72-FSY-expanded Tregs demonstrated that L72-FSY maintained Tregs in a central memory phenotype without driving terminal differentiation, as demonstrated by simultaneously attenuated expression of lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) and enhanced expression of programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1). Subcutaneous administration of L72-FSY in murine models of pristane-induced lupus and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) resulted in enhanced and sustained therapeutic efficacy compared with wild-type IL-2 treatment. The efficacy of L72-FSY was further improved by N-terminal PEGylation, which increased its circulatory retention for preferential and sustained effects. This proximity-enabled covalent binding strategy may accelerate the development of pleiotropic cytokines as a new class of immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yeshuang Yuan
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Clinical Immunology Center, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Dezhong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yeting Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yudong Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Clinical Immunology Center, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Shengjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xingxing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xunyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Qiu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Boyang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuanjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lingjuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lidan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Fei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Clinical Immunology Center, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Clinical Immunology Center, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Shiliang Ma
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Clinical Immunology Center, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yunyun Fei
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lihe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Demin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Clinical Immunology Center, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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61
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Zoghi S, Masoumi F, Rezaei N. The immune system. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818006-8.00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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62
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Oladipo OO, Adedeji BO, Adedokun SP, Gbadamosi JA, Salaudeen M. Regulation of effector and memory CD8 + T cell differentiation: a focus on orphan nuclear receptor NR4A family, transcription factor, and metabolism. Immunol Res 2022; 71:314-327. [PMID: 36571657 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CD8 + T cells undergo rapid expansion followed by contraction and the development of memory cells after their receptors are activated. The development of immunological memory following acute infection is a complex phenomenon that involves several molecular, transcriptional, and metabolic mechanisms. As memory cells confer long-term protection and respond to secondary stimulation with strong effector function, understanding the mechanisms that influence their development is of great importance. Orphan nuclear receptors, NR4As, are immediate early genes that function as transcription factors and bind with the NBRE region of chromatin. Interestingly, the NBRE region of activated CD8 + T cells is highly accessible at the same time the expression of NR4As is induced. This suggests a potential role of NR4As in the early events post T cell activation that determines cell fate decisions. In this review, we will discuss the influence of NR4As on the differentiation of CD8 + T cells during the immune response to acute infection and the development of immunological memory. We will also discuss the signals, transcription factors, and metabolic mechanisms that control cell fate decisions. HIGHLIGHTS: Memory CD8 + T cells are an essential subset that mediates long-term protection after pathogen encounters. Some specific environmental cues, transcriptional factors, and metabolic pathways regulate the differentiation of CD8 + T cells and the development of memory cells. Orphan nuclear receptor NR4As are early genes that act as transcription factors and are highly expressed post-T cell receptor activation. NR4As influence the effector function and differentiation of CD8 + T cells and also control the development of immunological memory following acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladapo O Oladipo
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
- College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Bernard O Adedeji
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Samson P Adedokun
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Jibriil A Gbadamosi
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Marzuq Salaudeen
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
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63
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Allen GM, Frankel NW, Reddy NR, Bhargava HK, Yoshida MA, Stark SR, Purl M, Lee J, Yee JL, Yu W, Li AW, Garcia KC, El-Samad H, Roybal KT, Spitzer MH, Lim WA. Synthetic cytokine circuits that drive T cells into immune-excluded tumors. Science 2022; 378:eaba1624. [PMID: 36520915 PMCID: PMC9970000 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are ineffective against solid tumors with immunosuppressive microenvironments. To overcome suppression, we engineered circuits in which tumor-specific synNotch receptors locally induce production of the cytokine IL-2. These circuits potently enhance CAR T cell infiltration and clearance of immune-excluded tumors, without systemic toxicity. The most effective IL-2 induction circuit acts in an autocrine and T cell receptor (TCR)- or CAR-independent manner, bypassing suppression mechanisms including consumption of IL-2 or inhibition of TCR signaling. These engineered cells establish a foothold in the target tumors, with synthetic Notch-induced IL-2 production enabling initiation of CAR-mediated T cell expansion and cell killing. Thus, it is possible to reconstitute synthetic T cell circuits that activate the outputs ultimately required for an antitumor response, but in a manner that evades key points of tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg M. Allen
- Department of Medicine, UCSF; San Francisco, United States
- Cell Design Institute; UCSF, San Francisco, United States
| | - Nicholas W. Frankel
- Cell Design Institute; UCSF, San Francisco, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF; San Francisco, United States
| | - Nishith R. Reddy
- Cell Design Institute; UCSF, San Francisco, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF; San Francisco, United States
| | - Hersh K. Bhargava
- Cell Design Institute; UCSF, San Francisco, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF; San Francisco, United States
- Biophysics Graduate Program, UCSF; San Francisco, United States
| | - Maia A. Yoshida
- Cell Design Institute; UCSF, San Francisco, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF; San Francisco, United States
| | - Sierra R. Stark
- Cell Design Institute; UCSF, San Francisco, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF; San Francisco, United States
| | - Megan Purl
- Cell Design Institute; UCSF, San Francisco, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF; San Francisco, United States
| | - Jungmin Lee
- Cell Design Institute; UCSF, San Francisco, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF; San Francisco, United States
| | - Jacqueline L. Yee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF; San Francisco, United States
| | - Wei Yu
- Cell Design Institute; UCSF, San Francisco, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF; San Francisco, United States
| | - Aileen W. Li
- Cell Design Institute; UCSF, San Francisco, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF; San Francisco, United States
| | - K. Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University; Stanford, United States
| | - Hana El-Samad
- Cell Design Institute; UCSF, San Francisco, United States
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF; San Francisco, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UCSF; San Francisco, United States
| | - Kole T. Roybal
- Cell Design Institute; UCSF, San Francisco, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF; San Francisco, United States
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, UCSF; San Francisco, United States
| | - Matthew H. Spitzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF; San Francisco, United States
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, UCSF; San Francisco, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UCSF; San Francisco, United States
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF; San Francisco, United States
| | - Wendell A. Lim
- Cell Design Institute; UCSF, San Francisco, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF; San Francisco, United States
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, UCSF; San Francisco, United States
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF; San Francisco, United States
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64
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Di Trani CA, Cirella A, Arrizabalaga L, Bella Á, Fernandez-Sendin M, Russo-Cabrera JS, Gomar C, Olivera I, Bolaños E, González-Gomariz J, Álvarez M, Etxeberria I, Palencia B, Teijeira Á, Melero I, Berraondo P, Aranda F. Intracavitary adoptive transfer of IL-12 mRNA-engineered tumor-specific CD8 + T cells eradicates peritoneal metastases in mouse models. Oncoimmunology 2022; 12:2147317. [PMID: 36531687 PMCID: PMC9757485 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2147317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that local delivery of tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes engineered to transiently express single-chain IL-12 mRNA is highly efficacious. Peritoneal dissemination of cancer is a frequent and often fatal patient condition usually diagnosed when the tumor burden is too large and hence uncontrollable with current treatment options. In this study, we have modeled intracavitary adoptive T cell therapy with OVA-specific OT-I T cells electroporated with IL-12 mRNA to treat B16-OVA and PANC02-OVA tumor spread in the peritoneal cavity. Tumor localization in the omentum and the effects of local T-cell encounter with the tumor antigens were monitored, the gene expression profile evaluated, and the phenotypic reprogramming of several immune subsets was characterized. Intraperitoneal administration of T cells promoted homing to the omentum more effectively than intravenous administration. Transient IL-12 expression was responsible for a favorable reprogramming of the tumor immune microenvironment, longer persistence of transferred T lymphocytes in vivo, and the development of immunity to endogenous antigens following primary tumor eradication. The efficacy of the strategy was at least in part recapitulated with the adoptive transfer of lower affinity transgenic TCR-bearing PMEL-1 T lymphocytes to treat the aggressive intraperitoneally disseminated B16-F10 tumor. Locoregional adoptive transfer of transiently IL-12-armored T cells appears to offer promising therapeutic advantages in terms of anti-tumor efficacy to treat peritoneal carcinomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Augusta Di Trani
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Assunta Cirella
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leire Arrizabalaga
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ángela Bella
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Myriam Fernandez-Sendin
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joan Salvador Russo-Cabrera
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Celia Gomar
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irene Olivera
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Bolaños
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - José González-Gomariz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Álvarez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain,Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Iñaki Etxeberria
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Belen Palencia
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Teijeira
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain,Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain,Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain,Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,CONTACT Fernando Aranda Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain,Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
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65
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Gaggero S, Martinez-Fabregas J, Cozzani A, Fyfe PK, Leprohon M, Yang J, Thomasen FE, Winkelmann H, Magnez R, Conti AG, Wilmes S, Pohler E, van Gijsel Bonnello M, Thuru X, Quesnel B, Soncin F, Piehler J, Lindorff-Larsen K, Roychoudhuri R, Moraga I, Mitra S. IL-2 is inactivated by the acidic pH environment of tumors enabling engineering of a pH-selective mutein. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eade5686. [PMID: 36459543 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.ade5686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Cytokines interact with their receptors in the extracellular space to control immune responses. How the physicochemical properties of the extracellular space influence cytokine signaling is incompletely elucidated. Here, we show that the activity of interleukin-2 (IL-2), a cytokine critical to T cell immunity, is profoundly affected by pH, limiting IL-2 signaling within the acidic environment of tumors. Generation of lactic acid by tumors limits STAT5 activation, effector differentiation, and antitumor immunity by CD8+ T cells and renders high-dose IL-2 therapy poorly effective. Directed evolution enabled selection of a pH-selective IL-2 mutein (Switch-2). Switch-2 binds the IL-2 receptor subunit IL-2Rα with higher affinity, triggers STAT5 activation, and drives CD8+ T cell effector function more potently at acidic pH than at neutral pH. Consequently, high-dose Switch-2 therapy induces potent immune activation and tumor rejection with reduced on-target toxicity in normal tissues. Last, we show that sensitivity to pH is a generalizable property of a diverse range of cytokines with broad relevance to immunity and immunotherapy in healthy and diseased tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gaggero
- Inserm UMR1277, CNRS UMR9020-CANTHER, Université de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | | | - Adeline Cozzani
- Inserm UMR1277, CNRS UMR9020-CANTHER, Université de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Paul K Fyfe
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Malo Leprohon
- Inserm UMR1277, CNRS UMR9020-CANTHER, Université de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UAR 2014 - PLBS, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - F Emil Thomasen
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hauke Winkelmann
- Department of Biology/Chemistry and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, Barbarastr. 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Romain Magnez
- Inserm UMR1277, CNRS UMR9020-CANTHER, Université de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Alberto G Conti
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephan Wilmes
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Elizabeth Pohler
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Xavier Thuru
- Inserm UMR1277, CNRS UMR9020-CANTHER, Université de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Bruno Quesnel
- Inserm UMR1277, CNRS UMR9020-CANTHER, Université de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Fabrice Soncin
- CNRS/IIS/Centre Oscar Lambret/Lille University SMMiL-E Project, CNRS Délégation Hauts-de-France, Lille, France
- CNRS IRL 2820; Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Department of Biology/Chemistry and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, Barbarastr. 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Kresten Lindorff-Larsen
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rahul Roychoudhuri
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ignacio Moraga
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Suman Mitra
- Inserm UMR1277, CNRS UMR9020-CANTHER, Université de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
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66
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Influenza Virus Infection during Pregnancy as a Trigger of Acute and Chronic Complications. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122729. [PMID: 36560733 PMCID: PMC9786233 DOI: 10.3390/v14122729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection during pregnancy disrupts maternal and fetal health through biological mechanisms, which are to date poorly characterised. During pregnancy, the viral clearance mechanisms from the lung are sub-optimal and involve hyperactive innate and adaptive immune responses that generate wide-spread inflammation. Pregnancy-related adaptations of the immune and the cardiovascular systems appear to result in delayed recovery post-viral infection, which in turn promotes a prolonged inflammatory phenotype, increasing disease severity, and causing maternal and fetal health problems. This has immediate and long-term consequences for the mother and fetus, with complications including acute cardiopulmonary distress syndrome in the mother that lead to perinatal complications such as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and birth defects; cleft lip, cleft palate, neural tube defects and congenital heart defects. In addition, an increased risk of long-term neurological disorders including schizophrenia in the offspring is reported. In this review we discuss the pathophysiology of IAV infection during pregnancy and its striking similarity to other well-established complications of pregnancy such as preeclampsia. We discuss general features of vascular disease with a focus on vascular inflammation and define the "Vascular Storm" that is triggered by influenza infection during pregnancy, as a pivotal disease mechanism for short and long term cardiovascular complications.
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67
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Parker H, Gravagnuolo AM, Vranic S, Crica LE, Newman L, Carnell O, Bussy C, Dookie RS, Prestat E, Haigh SJ, Lozano N, Kostarelos K, MacDonald AS. Graphene oxide modulates dendritic cell ability to promote T cell activation and cytokine production. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:17297-17314. [PMID: 36374249 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02169b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An important aspect of immunotherapy is the ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to prime T cell immunity, an approach that has yielded promising results in some early phase clinical trials. However, novel approaches are required to improve DC therapeutic efficacy by enhancing their uptake of, and activation by, disease relevant antigens. The carbon nano-material graphene oxide (GO) may provide a unique way to deliver antigen to innate immune cells and modify their ability to initiate effective adaptive immune responses. We have assessed whether GO of various lateral sizes affects DC activation and function in vitro and in vivo, including their ability to take up, process and present the well-defined model antigen ovalbumin (OVA). We have found that GO flakes are internalised by DCs, while having minimal effect on their viability, activation phenotype or cytokine production. Although adsorption of OVA protein to either small or large GO flakes promoted its uptake into DCs, large GO interfered with OVA processing. In terms of modulation of DC function, delivery of OVA via small GO flakes significantly enhanced DC ability to induce proliferation of OVA-specific CD4+ T cells, promoting granzyme B secretion in vitro. On the other hand, delivery of OVA via large GO flakes augmented DC ability to induce proliferation of OVA-specific CD8+ T cells, and their production of IFN-γ and granzyme B. Together, these data demonstrate the capacity of GO of different lateral dimensions to act as a promising delivery platform for DC modulation of distinct facets of the adaptive immune response, information that could be exploited for future development of targeted immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Parker
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Alfredo Maria Gravagnuolo
- Nanomedicine Lab, University of Manchester, UK.
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Sandra Vranic
- Nanomedicine Lab, University of Manchester, UK.
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Livia Elena Crica
- Nanomedicine Lab, University of Manchester, UK.
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Leon Newman
- Nanomedicine Lab, University of Manchester, UK.
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Oliver Carnell
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Cyrill Bussy
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, UK.
- Nanomedicine Lab, University of Manchester, UK.
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Rebecca S Dookie
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Eric Prestat
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, UK
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Daresbury, WA4 4AD, UK
| | - Sarah J Haigh
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, UK
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Neus Lozano
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab, University of Manchester, UK.
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, UK
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew S MacDonald
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, UK.
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68
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Crine SL, Acharya KR. Molecular basis of C-mannosylation - a structural perspective. FEBS J 2022; 289:7670-7687. [PMID: 34741587 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The structural and functional diversity of proteins can be enhanced by numerous post-translational modifications. C-mannosylation is a rare form of glycosylation consisting of a single alpha or beta D-mannopyranose forming a carbon-carbon bond with the pyrrole ring of a tryptophan residue. Despite first being discovered in 1994, C-mannosylation is still poorly understood and 3D structures are available for only a fraction of the total predicted C-mannosylated proteins. Here, we present the first comprehensive review of C-mannosylated protein structures by analysing the data for all 10 proteins with C-mannosylation/s deposited in the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics Protein Data Bank (RCSB PDB). We analysed in detail the WXXW/WXXWXXW consensus motif and the highly conserved pair of arginine residues in thrombospondin type 1 repeat C-mannosylation sites or homologous arginine residues in other domains. Furthermore, we identified a conserved PXP sequence C-terminal of the C-mannosylation site. The PXP motif forms a tight turn region in the polypeptide chain and its universal conservation in C-mannosylated protein is worthy of further experimental study. The stabilization of C-mannopyranosyl groups was demonstrated through hydrogen bonding with arginine and other charged or polar amino acids. Where possible, the structural findings were linked to other functional studies demonstrating the role of C-mannosylation in protein stability, secretion or function. With the current technological advances in structural biology, we hope to see more progress in the study of C-mannosylation that may correspond to discoveries of novel C-mannosylation pathways and functions with implications for human health and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L Crine
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK
| | - K Ravi Acharya
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK
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69
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Dopaminergic Signalling Enhances IL-2 Production and Strengthens Anti-Tumour Response Exerted by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in a Melanoma Mouse Model. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223536. [PMID: 36428964 PMCID: PMC9688276 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine has emerged as an important regulator of immunity. Recent evidence has shown that signalling through low-affinity dopamine receptors exerts anti-inflammatory effects, whilst stimulation of high-affinity dopamine receptors potentiates immunity in different models. However, the dopaminergic regulation of CD8+ T-cells in anti-tumour immunity remains poorly explored. Here, we studied the role of dopamine receptor D3 (DRD3), which displays the highest affinity for dopamine, in the function of CD8+ T-cells and its consequences in the anti-tumour immune response. We observed that the deficiency of Drd3 (the gene encoding DRD3) in CD8+ T-cells limits their in vivo expansion, leading to an impaired anti-tumour response in a mouse melanoma model. Mechanistic analyses suggest that DRD3 stimulation favours the production of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and the surface expression of CD25, the α-chain IL-2 receptor, which are required for expansion and effector differentiation of CD8+ T-cells. Thus, our results provide genetic and pharmacologic evidence indicating that DRD3 favours the production of IL-2 by CD8+ T-cells, which is associated with higher expansion and acquisition of effector function of these cells, promoting a more potent anti-tumour response in a melanoma mouse model. These findings contribute to understanding how dopaminergic signalling affects the cellular immune response and represent an opportunity to improve melanoma therapy.
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70
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Zhao B, Gong W, Ma A, Chen J, Velegraki M, Dong H, Liu Z, Wang L, Okimoto T, Jones DM, Lei YL, Long M, Oestreich KJ, Ma Q, Xin G, Carbone DP, He K, Li Z, Wen H. SUSD2 suppresses CD8 + T cell antitumor immunity by targeting IL-2 receptor signaling. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1588-1599. [PMID: 36266363 PMCID: PMC9669207 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional CD8+ T cells, which have defective production of antitumor effectors, represent a major mediator of immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Here, we show that SUSD2 is a negative regulator of CD8+ T cell antitumor function. Susd2-/- effector CD8+ T cells showed enhanced production of antitumor molecules, which consequently blunted tumor growth in multiple syngeneic mouse tumor models. Through a quantitative mass spectrometry assay, we found that SUSD2 interacted with interleukin (IL)-2 receptor α through sushi domain-dependent protein interactions and that this interaction suppressed the binding of IL-2, an essential cytokine for the effector functions of CD8+ T cells, to IL-2 receptor α. SUSD2 was not expressed on regulatory CD4+ T cells and did not affect the inhibitory function of these cells. Adoptive transfer of Susd2-/- chimeric antigen receptor T cells induced a robust antitumor response in mice, highlighting the potential of SUSD2 as an immunotherapy target for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Zhao
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Weipeng Gong
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anjun Ma
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jianwen Chen
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Maria Velegraki
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hong Dong
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zihao Liu
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lingling Wang
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tamio Okimoto
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Devin M Jones
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yu L Lei
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Meixiao Long
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kenneth J Oestreich
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Qin Ma
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gang Xin
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David P Carbone
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kai He
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zihai Li
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Haitao Wen
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific and Nonspecific Immune Responses in Women with Tuberculosis Infection during Pregnancy. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0117822. [PMID: 35969076 PMCID: PMC9603000 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01178-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune control of tuberculosis (TB) infection could be influenced by pregnancy. To elucidate this, we longitudinally characterized Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-specific and nonspecific immune responses in women during pregnancy and postpartum. HIV-uninfected women without past or current active TB, and with blood samples available from the 1st/2nd trimester, 3rd trimester, and 9 months postpartum, were identified at Ethiopian antenatal care clinics. Twenty-two TB+ women and 10 TB- women, defined according to Mtb-stimulated interferon-γ levels (≥0.35 and <0.20 IU/mL, respectively, in the Quantiferon-TB Gold-Plus assay), were included in the study. Longitudinal dynamics of six cytokines (IL-1ra, IL-2, IP-10, MCP-2, MCP-3, and TGF-β1) were analyzed in supernatants from Mtb-stimulated and unstimulated whole blood. In TB+ women, Mtb-specific expression of IL-2 and IP-10 was higher at 3rd compared to 1st/2nd trimester (median 139 pg/mL versus 62 pg/mL, P = 0.006; 4,999 pg/mL versus 2,310 pg/mL, P = 0.031, respectively), whereas level of Mtb-triggered TGF-β1 was lower at 3rd compared to 1st/2nd trimester (-6.8 ng/mL versus 2.3 ng/mL, P = 0.020). Unstimulated IL-2, IP-10, and MCP-2 levels were increased postpartum, compared with those noted during pregnancy, in TB+ women. Additionally, postpartum levels of proinflammatory cytokines in unstimulated blood were higher in TB+ women, than in TB- women. None of the women developed active TB during follow-up. Taken together, dynamic changes of Mtb-specific cytokine expression revealed during the 3rd trimester in TB+ women indicate increased Mtb-antigen stimulation at later stages of pregnancy. This could reflect elevated bacterial activity, albeit without transition to active TB, during pregnancy. IMPORTANCE Tuberculosis (TB) is globally one of the most common causes of death, and a quarter of the world's population is estimated to have TB infection. The risk of active TB is increased in connection to pregnancy, a phenomenon that could be due to physiological immune changes. Here, we studied the effect of pregnancy on immune responses triggered in HIV-uninfected women with TB infection, by analyzing blood samples obtained longitudinally during pregnancy and after childbirth. We found that the dynamics of Mtb-specific and nonspecific immune responses changed during pregnancy, especially in later stages of pregnancy, although none of the women followed in this study developed active TB. This suggests that incipient TB, with elevated bacterial activity, occurs during pregnancy, but progression of infection appears to be counteracted by Mtb-specific immune responses. Thus, this study sheds light on immune control of TB during pregnancy, which could be of importance for future intervention strategies.
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Ai K, Li K, Jiao X, Zhang Y, Li J, Zhang Q, Wei X, Yang J. IL-2-mTORC1 signaling coordinates the STAT1/T-bet axis to ensure Th1 cell differentiation and anti-bacterial immune response in fish. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010913. [PMID: 36282845 PMCID: PMC9595569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Utilization of specialized Th1 cells to resist intracellular pathogenic infection represents an important innovation of adaptive immunity. Although transcriptional evidence indicates the potential presence of Th1-like cells in some fish species, the existence of CD3+CD4+IFN-γ+ T cells, their detailed functions, and the mechanism determining their differentiation in these early vertebrates remain unclear. In the present study, we identified a population of CD3+CD4-1+IFN-γ+ (Th1) cells in Nile tilapia upon T-cell activation in vitro or Edwardsiella piscicida infection in vivo. By depleting CD4-1+ T cells or blocking IFN-γ, Th1 cells and their produced IFN-γ were found to be essential for tilapia to activate macrophages and resist the E. piscicida infection. Mechanistically, activated T cells of tilapia produce IL-2, which enhances the STAT5 and mTORC1 signaling that in turn trigger the STAT1/T-bet axis-controlled IFN-γ transcription and Th1 cell development. Additionally, mTORC1 regulates the differentiation of these cells by promoting the proliferation of CD3+CD4-1+ T cells. Moreover, IFN-γ binds to its receptors IFNγR1 and IFNγR2 and further initiates a STAT1/T-bet axis-mediated positive feedback loop to stabilize the Th1 cell polarization in tilapia. These findings demonstrate that, prior to the emergence of tetrapods, the bony fish Nile tilapia had already evolved Th1 cells to fight intracellular bacterial infection, and support the notion that IL-2-mTORC1 signaling coordinates the STAT1/T-bet axis to determine Th1 cell fate, which is an ancient mechanism that has been programmed early during vertebrate evolution. Our study is expected to provide novel perspectives into the evolution of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kete Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinying Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiumei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail:
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73
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Wang B, Hu S, Fu X, Li L. CD4
+
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 7:e2200169. [PMID: 36193961 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells have the ability to differentiate into relatively specialized effector subsets after exposure to innate immune signals. The remarkable plasticity of CD4+ T cells is required to achieve immune responses in different tissues and against various pathogens. Numerous studies have shown that CD4+ T cells can play direct and indispensable roles in protective immunity by killing infected or transformed cells. Although the lineage decision of commitment to the CD4+ or CD8+ cell lineage is once thought to be inflexible, the identification of antigen-experienced CD4+ T cells with cytotoxic activity suggests the existence of unexpected plasticity for these cells. The recognition of CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and the mechanisms driving the differentiation of this particular cell subset create opportunities to explore the roles of these effector cells in protective immunity and immune-related pathology. CD4+ CTLs are proven to play a protective role in antiviral immunity. Here, the latest investigations on the phenotypic and functional features of CD4+ CTLs and their roles in antitumor immunity and immunotherapy are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Wang
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory Department of Thoracic Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Hubei 430030 P. R. China
| | - Shaojie Hu
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory Department of Thoracic Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Hubei 430030 P. R. China
| | - Xiangning Fu
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory Department of Thoracic Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Hubei 430030 P. R. China
| | - Lequn Li
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory Department of Thoracic Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Hubei 430030 P. R. China
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Hernandez R, Põder J, LaPorte KM, Malek TR. Engineering IL-2 for immunotherapy of autoimmunity and cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:614-628. [PMID: 35217787 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00680-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies of the T cell growth factor activity of IL-2 resulted in this cytokine becoming the first immunotherapy to be approved nearly 30 years ago by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of cancer. Since then, we have learnt the important role of IL-2 in regulating tolerance through regulatory T cells (Treg cells) besides promoting immunity through its action on effector T cells and memory T cells. Another pivotal event in the history of IL-2 research was solving the crystal structure of IL-2 bound to its tripartite receptor, which spurred the development of cell type-selective engineered IL-2 products. These new IL-2 analogues target Treg cells to counteract the dysregulated immune system in the context of autoimmunity and inflammatory disorders or target effector T cells, memory T cells and natural killer cells to enhance their antitumour responses. IL-2 biologics have proven to be effective in preclinical studies and clinical assessment of some is now underway. These studies will soon reveal whether engineered IL-2 biologics are truly capable of harnessing the IL-2-IL-2 receptor pathway as effective monotherapies or combination therapies for autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosmely Hernandez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Janika Põder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kathryn M LaPorte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Thomas R Malek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
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Gong W, Liang Y, Mi J, Xue Y, Wang J, Wang L, Zhou Y, Sun S, Wu X. A peptide-based vaccine ACP derived from antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induced Th1 response but failed to enhance the protective efficacy of BCG in mice. Indian J Tuberc 2022; 69:482-495. [PMID: 36460380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2021.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is a global infectious disease, but there is no ideal vaccine against TB except the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. METHODS Herein, 25 candidate peptides were predicted from four antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis based on their high-affinity binding capacity for the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DRB1∗0101. Three T-helper 1 (Th1) immunodominant peptides (Ag85B12-26, CFP2112-26, and PPE18149-163) were identified by ELISPOT assays in the humanized C57BL/6 mice. They resulted in a novel Th1 peptide-based vaccine ACP named by the first letter of the three peptides. In addition, the protective efficacy was evaluated in humanized or wild-type C57BL/6 mice and the humoral and cellular immune responses were confirmed in vitro. RESULTS Compared with the PBS group, the ACP vaccinated mice showed slight decreases in colony-forming units (CFUs) and pathological lesions. However, when using it as a booster, the ACP vaccine did not significantly enhance the protective efficacy of BCG in humanized or wild-type mice. Interestingly, we found that ACP vaccination significantly increased the number of interferon-γ positive (IFN-γ+) T lymphocytes and the levels of IFN-γ cytokines as well as antibodies. Furthermore, the IL-2 level was significantly higher in humanized mice prime-boosted with BCG and ACP. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that ACP vaccination could stimulate higher levels of cytokines and antibodies but failed to improve the protective efficacy of BCG in mice, indicating that the secretion level of IFN-γ may not be positively correlated with the protection efficiency of the vaccine. These findings provided important information on the feasibility of a peptide vaccine as a booster for enhancing the protective efficacy of BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Gong
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jie Mi
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yong Xue
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yusen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Shihui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xueqiong Wu
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091, China.
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Highly tailorable gellan gum nanoparticles as a platform for the development of T cell activator systems. Biomater Res 2022; 26:48. [PMID: 36180901 PMCID: PMC9523970 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-022-00297-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T cell priming has been shown to be a powerful immunotherapeutic approach for cancer treatment in terms of efficacy and relatively weak side effects. Systems that optimize the stimulation of T cells to improve therapeutic efficacy are therefore in constant demand. A way to achieve this is through artificial antigen presenting cells that are complexes between vehicles and key molecules that target relevant T cell subpopulations, eliciting antigen-specific T cell priming. In such T cell activator systems, the vehicles chosen to deliver and present the key molecules to the targeted cell populations are of extreme importance. In this work, a new platform for the creation of T cell activator systems based on highly tailorable nanoparticles made from the natural polymer gellan gum (GG) was developed and validated. Methods GG nanoparticles were produced by a water in oil emulsion procedure, and characterized by dynamic light scattering, high resolution scanning electronic microscopy and water uptake. Their biocompatibility with cultured cells was assessed by a metabolic activity assay. Surface functionalization was performed with anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies via EDC/NHS or NeutrAvidin/Biotin linkage. Functionalized particles were tested for their capacity to stimulate CD4+ T cells and trigger T cell cytotoxic responses. Results Nanoparticles were approximately 150 nm in size, with a stable structure and no detectable cytotoxicity. Water uptake originated a weight gain of up to 3200%. The functional antibodies did efficiently bind to the nanoparticles, as confirmed by SDS-PAGE, which then targeted the desired CD4+ populations, as confirmed by confocal microscopy. The developed system presented a more sustained T cell activation over time when compared to commercial alternatives. Concurrently, the expression of higher levels of key cytotoxic pathway molecules granzyme B/perforin was induced, suggesting a greater cytotoxic potential for future application in adoptive cancer therapy. Conclusions Our results show that GG nanoparticles were successfully used as a highly tailorable T cell activator system platform capable of T cell expansion and re-education. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40824-022-00297-z.
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Silveira CRF, Corveloni AC, Caruso SR, Macêdo NA, Brussolo NM, Haddad F, Fernandes TR, de Andrade PV, Orellana MD, Guerino-Cunha RL. Cytokines as an important player in the context of CAR-T cell therapy for cancer: Their role in tumor immunomodulation, manufacture, and clinical implications. Front Immunol 2022; 13:947648. [PMID: 36172343 PMCID: PMC9512053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.947648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
CAR-T cell therapies have been recognized as one of the most advanced and efficient strategies to treat patients with hematologic malignancies. However, similar results have not been observed for the treatment of solid tumors. One of the explanations is the fact that tumors have extremely hostile microenvironments for the infiltration and effector activity of T-cells, mainly due to the presence of highly suppressive cytokines, hypoxia, and reactive oxygen species. Taking advantage of cytokines functionally, new fourth-generation CAR constructs have been developed to target tumor cells and additionally release cytokines that can contribute to the cytotoxicity of T-cells. The manufacturing process, including the use of cytokines in the expansion and differentiation of T cells, is also discussed. Finally, the clinical aspects and the influence of cytokines on the clinical condition of patients, such as cytokine release syndrome, who receive treatment with CAR-T cells are addressed. Therefore, this review aims to highlight how important cytokines are as one of the major players of cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sâmia Rigotto Caruso
- Cell Therapy Laboratory, Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathália Araújo Macêdo
- Advanced Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe Haddad
- Advanced Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Pamela Viani de Andrade
- Advanced Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Luiz Guerino-Cunha
- Advanced Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medical Images, Hematology and Clinical Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Renato Luiz Guerino-Cunha,
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Liu H, Wang X, Ding R, Jiao A, Zheng H, Zhang C, Feng Z, Su Y, Yang X, Lei L, Sun L, Zhang L, Sun C, Zhang B. The Transcription Factor Zfp335 Promotes Differentiation and Persistence of Memory CD8 +T Cells by Regulating TCF-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 209:886-895. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Varghese PM, Kishore U, Rajkumari R. Innate and adaptive immune responses against Influenza A Virus: Immune evasion and vaccination strategies. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jiao A, Liu H, Ding R, Zheng H, Zhang C, Feng Z, Lei L, Wang X, Su Y, Yang X, Sun C, Zhang L, Bai L, Sun L, Zhang B. Med1 Controls Effector CD8+ T Cell Differentiation and Survival through C/EBPβ-Mediated Transcriptional Control of T-bet. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 209:855-863. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Effector CD8+ T cells are crucial players in adaptive immunity for effective protection against invading pathogens. The regulatory mechanisms underlying CD8+ T cell effector differentiation are incompletely understood. In this study, we defined a critical role of mediator complex subunit 1 (Med1) in controlling effector CD8+ T cell differentiation and survival during acute bacterial infection. Mice with Med1-deficient CD8+ T cells exhibited significantly impaired expansion with evidently reduced killer cell lectin-like receptor G1+ terminally differentiated and Ly6c+ effector cell populations. Moreover, Med1 deficiency led to enhanced cell apoptosis and expression of multiple inhibitory receptors (programmed cell death 1, T cell Ig and mucin domain–containing-3, and T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains). RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that T-bet– and Zeb2-mediated transcriptional programs were impaired in Med1-deficient CD8+ T cells. Overexpression of T-bet could rescue the differentiation and survival of Med1-deficient CD8+ effector T cells. Mechanistically, the transcription factor C/EBPβ promoted T-bet expression through interacting with Med1 in effector T cells. Collectively, our findings revealed a novel role of Med1 in regulating effector CD8+ T cell differentiation and survival in response to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjun Jiao
- *Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- †Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- ‡Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- §Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- *Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- †Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Renyi Ding
- *Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- †Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huiqiang Zheng
- *Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- †Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cangang Zhang
- *Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- †Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhao Feng
- *Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- †Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Lei
- *Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- †Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- ‡Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- §Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Wang
- *Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- †Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- ‡Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- §Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanhong Su
- *Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- †Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- *Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- †Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- ‡Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- §Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chenming Sun
- *Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- †Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- ‡Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- §Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lianjun Zhang
- ¶Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- ‖Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China; and
| | - Liang Bai
- #Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lina Sun
- *Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- †Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- ‡Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- §Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baojun Zhang
- *Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- †Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- ‡Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- §Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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Tamura Y, Yamane K, Kawano Y, Bullinger L, Wirtz T, Weber T, Sander S, Ohki S, Kitajima Y, Okada S, Rajewsky K, Yasuda T. Concomitant Cytotoxic Effector Differentiation of CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells in Response to EBV-Infected B Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174118. [PMID: 36077655 PMCID: PMC9454722 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a γ-herpes virus that primarily infects human B cells, and more than 90% of adults have experienced infection. EBV+ B cells express several viral proteins, transmitting signals important for the transformation and tumorigenesis of the infected B cells. Immune surveillance by the host immune system is important to suppress such abnormal expansion of EBV-infected B cells. Here we found that both CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells show similar gene expression patterns relating to cytotoxicity towards EBV-infected B cells. EBV-specific cytotoxic CD4+ T cells markedly expressed T-bet, Granzyme B, and Perforin alongside killing activity, which could reflect mechanisms shared with cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Our findings support the concept that, upon EBV and perhaps other viral infections, T cells of different subsets can be drawn into common pathways mediating immune surveillance through cytotoxicity. Abstract Most people infected by EBV acquire specific immunity, which then controls latent infection throughout their life. Immune surveillance of EBV-infected cells by cytotoxic CD4+ T cells has been recognized; however, the molecular mechanism of generating cytotoxic effector T cells of the CD4+ subset remains poorly understood. Here we compared phenotypic features and the transcriptome of EBV-specific effector-memory CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in mice and found that both T cell types show cytotoxicity and, to our surprise, widely similar gene expression patterns relating to cytotoxicity. Similar to cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, EBV-specific cytotoxic CD4+ T cells from human peripheral blood expressed T-bet, Granzyme B, and Perforin and upregulated the degranulation marker, CD107a, immediately after restimulation. Furthermore, T-bet expression in cytotoxic CD4+ T cells was highly correlated with Granzyme B and Perforin expression at the protein level. Thus, differentiation of EBV-specific cytotoxic CD4+ T cells is possibly controlled by mechanisms shared by cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. T-bet-mediated transcriptional regulation may explain the similarity of cytotoxic effector differentiation between CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells, implicating that this differentiation pathway may be directed by environmental input rather than T cell subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Tamura
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Keita Yamane
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yohei Kawano
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Lars Bullinger
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Chariteé-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tristan Wirtz
- Immune Regulation and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Timm Weber
- Immune Regulation and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandrine Sander
- Immune Regulation and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Shun Ohki
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kitajima
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okada
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Klaus Rajewsky
- Immune Regulation and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomoharu Yasuda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
- Immune Regulation and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-82-257-5175
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82
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Aguilar-Cazares D, Chavez-Dominguez R, Marroquin-Muciño M, Perez-Medina M, Benito-Lopez JJ, Camarena A, Rumbo-Nava U, Lopez-Gonzalez JS. The systemic-level repercussions of cancer-associated inflammation mediators produced in the tumor microenvironment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:929572. [PMID: 36072935 PMCID: PMC9441602 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.929572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a dynamic, complex, and redundant network of interactions between tumor, immune, and stromal cells. In this intricate environment, cells communicate through membrane-membrane, ligand-receptor, exosome, soluble factors, and transporter interactions that govern cell fate. These interactions activate the diverse and superfluous signaling pathways involved in tumor promotion and progression and induce subtle changes in the functional activity of infiltrating immune cells. The immune response participates as a selective pressure in tumor development. In the early stages of tumor development, the immune response exerts anti-tumor activity, whereas during the advanced stages, the tumor establishes mechanisms to evade the immune response, eliciting a chronic inflammation process that shows a pro-tumor effect. The deregulated inflammatory state, in addition to acting locally, also triggers systemic inflammation that has repercussions in various organs and tissues that are distant from the tumor site, causing the emergence of various symptoms designated as paraneoplastic syndromes, which compromise the response to treatment, quality of life, and survival of cancer patients. Considering the tumor-host relationship as an integral and dynamic biological system, the chronic inflammation generated by the tumor is a communication mechanism among tissues and organs that is primarily orchestrated through different signals, such as cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and exosomes, to provide the tumor with energetic components that allow it to continue proliferating. In this review, we aim to provide a succinct overview of the involvement of cancer-related inflammation at the local and systemic level throughout tumor development and the emergence of some paraneoplastic syndromes and their main clinical manifestations. In addition, the involvement of these signals throughout tumor development will be discussed based on the physiological/biological activities of innate and adaptive immune cells. These cellular interactions require a metabolic reprogramming program for the full activation of the various cells; thus, these requirements and the by-products released into the microenvironment will be considered. In addition, the systemic impact of cancer-related proinflammatory cytokines on the liver-as a critical organ that produces the leading inflammatory markers described to date-will be summarized. Finally, the contribution of cancer-related inflammation to the development of two paraneoplastic syndromes, myelopoiesis and cachexia, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Aguilar-Cazares
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosio Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Chavez-Dominguez
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosio Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario Marroquin-Muciño
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosio Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Quimioterapia Experimental, Departamento de Bioquimica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario Perez-Medina
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosio Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Quimioterapia Experimental, Departamento de Bioquimica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesus J. Benito-Lopez
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosio Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angel Camarena
- Laboratorio de Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA), Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosio Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Uriel Rumbo-Nava
- Clinica de Neumo-Oncologia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosio Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jose S. Lopez-Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosio Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
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83
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Richard AC. Divide and Conquer: Phenotypic and Temporal Heterogeneity Within CD8 + T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:949423. [PMID: 35911755 PMCID: PMC9334874 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.949423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of technologies that can characterize the phenotypes, functions and fates of individual cells has revealed extensive and often unexpected levels of diversity between cells that are nominally of the same subset. CD8+ T cells, also known as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), are no exception. Investigations of individual CD8+ T cells both in vitro and in vivo have highlighted the heterogeneity of cellular responses at the levels of activation, differentiation and function. This review takes a broad perspective on the topic of heterogeneity, outlining different forms of variation that arise during a CD8+ T cell response. Specific attention is paid to the impact of T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation strength on heterogeneity. In particular, this review endeavors to highlight connections between variation at different cellular stages, presenting known mechanisms and key open questions about how variation between cells can arise and propagate.
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84
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Pichler AC, Cannons JL, Schwartzberg PL. The Road Less Taken: Less Appreciated Pathways for Manipulating CD8 + T Cell Exhaustion. Front Immunol 2022; 13:926714. [PMID: 35874734 PMCID: PMC9297918 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.926714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhausted CD8+ T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell population that arise during persistent antigen exposure in the context of chronic infections and cancers. Although characterized by progressive loss of effector functions, high and sustained inhibitory receptor expression and distinct transcriptional and epigenetic programs, Tex cells are heterogeneous. Among these, a self-renewing TCF-1+ Tex population, having unique characteristics and the ability to respond to immune-checkpoint blockade, gives rise to TCF-1- terminally Tex cells. These TCF-1+ cells have stem cell-like properties similar to memory T cell populations, but the signals that regulate the developmental pathways and relationships among exhausted cell populations are still unclear. Here, we review our current understanding of Tex cell biology, and discuss some less appreciated molecules and pathways affecting T cell exhaustion. We highlight two co-stimulatory receptors, CD226 and CD137, and their role in inducing or restraining T cell exhaustion, as well as signaling pathways that may be amenable to pharmacological inhibition with a focus on Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase and IL-2 partial agonists. Finally, we discuss novel methods that may increase TCF-1+ populations and therefore improve immunotherapy responsiveness. Understanding features of and pathways to exhaustion has important implications for the success of immunotherapy, including checkpoint blockade and adoptive T-cell transfer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C. Pichler
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Cannons
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Pamela L. Schwartzberg
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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85
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Jeon EY, Choi D, Choi S, Won J, Jo Y, Kim H, Jung Y, Shin SC, Min H, Choi HW, Lee MS, Park Y, Chung JJ, Jin H. Enhancing adoptive T-cell therapy with fucoidan-based IL-2 delivery microcapsules. Bioeng Transl Med 2022; 8:e10362. [PMID: 36684086 PMCID: PMC9842027 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with antigen-specific T cells is a promising treatment approach for solid cancers. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) has been utilized in boosting the efficacy of ACT. However, the clinical applications of IL-2 in combination with ACT is greatly limited by short exposure and high toxicities. Herein, a complex coacervate was designed to intratumorally deliver IL-2 in a sustained manner and protect against proteolysis. The complex coacervate consisted of fucoidan, a specific IL-2 binding glycosaminoglycan, and poly-l-lysine, a cationic counterpart (FPC2). IL-2-laden FPC2 exhibited a preferential bioactivity in ex vivo expansion of CD8+T cells over Treg cells. Additionally, FPC2 was embedded in pH modulating injectable gel (FPC2-IG) to endure the acidic tumor microenvironment. A single intratumoral administration of FPC2-IG-IL-2 increased expansion of tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic lymphocytes and reduced frequencies of myeloid populations. Notably, the activation and persistency of tumor-reactive T cells were observed only in the tumor site, not in the spleen, confirming a localized effect of FPC2-IG-IL-2. The immune-favorable tumor microenvironment induced by FPC2-IG-IL-2 enabled adoptively transferred TCR-engineered T cells to effectively eradicate tumors. FPC2-IG delivery system is a promising strategy for T-cell-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Jeon
- Center for BiomaterialsBiomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)SeoulSouth Korea
| | - Da‐som Choi
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical CenterUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Seunghyun Choi
- Theragnosis CenterBiomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)SeoulSouth Korea,Department of Life SciencesKorea UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Ju‐young Won
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical CenterUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Yunju Jo
- Theragnosis CenterBiomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)SeoulSouth Korea,Department of Life SciencesKorea UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Hye‐bin Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical CenterUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Youngmee Jung
- Center for BiomaterialsBiomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)SeoulSouth Korea,School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea,Yonsei‐KIST Convergence Research InstituteSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Sang Chul Shin
- Technology Support CenterKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)SeoulSouth Korea
| | - Hophil Min
- Doping Control CenterKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)SeoulSouth Korea
| | - Hae Woong Choi
- Department of Life SciencesKorea UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Myeong Sup Lee
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Yoon Park
- Theragnosis CenterBiomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)SeoulSouth Korea
| | - Justin J. Chung
- Transdisciplinary Department of Medicine and Advanced TechnologySeoul National University HospitalSeoulSouth Korea,Department of MedicineSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Hyung‐seung Jin
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical CenterUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
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86
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Li Y, Li X, Geng X, Zhao H. The IL-2A receptor pathway and its role in lymphocyte differentiation and function. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 67:66-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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87
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Jin D, Jiang Y, Chang L, Wei J, Sun J. New therapeutic strategies based on biasing IL-2 mutants for cancers and autoimmune diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:108935. [PMID: 35732097 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an immunomodulatory multifunctional cytokine. High-dose IL-2 was first approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the 1990s for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma. However, the short half-life of IL-2 and its toxicity caused by high-dose IL-2 limit the clinical use of IL-2. Recently, the development of cell-type-selective engineered IL-2 products become a hot research filed, mainly because IL-2 stimulates both regulatory T cells (Treg) and effector T cells (Teff) in vivo. The selective effect of IL-2 on Treg and Teff can be improved by designing biased IL-2 mutants, which showed reduced toxicity while being more effective in stimulating anti-tumor effector immunity or ameliorating autoimmune diseases. In this review we summarize the biological properties of IL-2 mutants reported so far. The design process and principle of IL-2 mutants, IL-2 mutant antibody complexes and IL-2 fusion proteins were discussed, which provided research basis for the design and application of IL-2 mutants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfu Jin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PRChina
| | - Yaxin Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PRChina
| | - Lu Chang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PRChina
| | - Jing Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PRChina.
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PRChina; Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PRChina.
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88
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Neitzke-Montinelli V, Calôba C, Melo G, Frade BB, Caramez E, Mazzoccoli L, Gonçalves ANA, Nakaya HI, Pereira RM, Werneck MBF, Viola JPB. Differentiation of Memory CD8 T Cells Unravel Gene Expression Pattern Common to Effector and Memory Precursors. Front Immunol 2022; 13:840203. [PMID: 35677061 PMCID: PMC9168330 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.840203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term immunological protection relies on the differentiation and maintenance of memory lymphocytes. Since the knowledge of memory generation has been centered on in vivo models of infection, there are obstacles to deep molecular analysis of differentiating subsets. Here we defined a novel in vitro CD8 T cell activation and culture regimen using low TCR engagement and cytokines to generate differentiated cells consistent with central memory-like cells, as shown by surface phenotype, gene expression profile and lack of cytotoxic function after challenge. Our results showed an effector signature expressed by in vitro memory precursors and their plasticity under specific conditions. Moreover, memory CD8 T cells conferred long-term protection against bacterial infection and slowed in vivo tumor growth more efficiently than effector cells. This model may allow further understanding of CD8 T cell memory molecular differentiation subsets and be suited for generating cells to be used for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Neitzke-Montinelli
- Program of Immunology and Tumor Biology, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina Calôba
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Melo
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca B Frade
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Enzo Caramez
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciano Mazzoccoli
- Program of Immunology and Tumor Biology, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André N A Gonçalves
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helder I Nakaya
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata M Pereira
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Miriam B F Werneck
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João P B Viola
- Program of Immunology and Tumor Biology, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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89
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Khan AI, Rehman AU, Farooqui NA, Siddiqui NZ, Ayub Q, Ramzan MN, Zexu W, Zhang X, Yu Y, Xin Y, Wang L. Shrimp peptide hydrolysate modulates the immune response in cyclophosphamide immunosuppressed mice model. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14251. [PMID: 35633198 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive peptides are naturally found in various foods and were shown to have various distinct physiological as well as medicinal benefits. In this study shrimp peptide hydrolysate (SPH) was prepared to investigate its immunomodulatory effect against cyclophosphamide (CTX) induced immunosuppressed mice. The SPH effect was also analyzed on murine macrophage (RAW264.7 cells). The findings show that SPH stimulates macrophages to form multiple pseudopodia, has no cytotoxic effect, and increases phagocytic activity in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, the immunosuppressed in-vivo model illustrates the improvement in various aspects, that is body weight, escalation in immune organ index, and ameliorates histopathological transformation of thymus along with the spleen. SPH enhances cell-mediated immunity by facilitating splenocyte proliferation and inhibit excessive apoptosis. Moreover, the significant outcome had been observed with the upregulation of cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN-ϒ), interleukin-2 (IL-2) level and simultaneously downregulate certain genes include interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). Additionally, SPH expedites cellular immunity by enhancing the regulation of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM). However, these findings support the hypothesis that SPH is an effective immunomodulatory agent capable of preventing immune system hypofunction. It is necessary to investigate the detailed mechanism to rule out any unforeseen effects of SPH in future research. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Chemotherapy medications, despite their dominating detrimental effects of damaging immunological organs such as the spleen and thymus, extend the treatment process as well as the destruction of the self-immune system. This study found that SPH is an effective immunomodulatory agent capable of avoiding immune organ hypofunction and improving cell mediate immunity by enhancing macrophage activation, phagocytosis, spleenocyte proliferation, suppressing apoptosis, and elevating cytokines and antibodies. As a result, SPH can be utilized as a nutritional and functional dietary supplement to boost immunological modulation in combination with chemotherapy medications in order to lessen their adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Iqbal Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Ata Ur Rehman
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Nabeel Ahmed Farooqui
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Nimra Zafar Siddiqui
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Qamar Ayub
- College of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Noman Ramzan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Zexu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingshuo Yu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Xin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Wang
- National Joint Engineering Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
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90
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Lv M, Qiu X, Wang J, Wang Y, Liu Q, Zhou H, Zhang A, Wang X. Regulation of Il-2 on the expression of granzyme B- and perforin-like genes and its functional implication in grass carp peripheral blood neutrophils. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 124:472-479. [PMID: 35483596 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Granzyme (Gzm) B and perforin, both as cytotoxic proteins, can collaborate to induce the death of target cells as well as the microbes. They were originally discovered in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells and confer the cytotoxic activities of these cells. In the present study, the coding sequences of a granzyme b-like (gcgzmbl) and a perforin-like (gcprfl) genes were cloned from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and their specific antibodies were subsequently prepared and validated. The mRNA and protein expression of these two cytotoxic proteins in grass carp peripheral blood neutrophils was demonstrated by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. In the same cell model, expression of gcGzmbl and gcPrfl was stimulated by grass carp interleukin (Il)-2 in a dose- and time-dependent manners and Erk, NF-κB and Stat5 pathways were found to be involved in the regulation of Il-2 on the genes' expression. Additionally, glycolysis was proved to play a role in the stimulation of Il-2 on gcGzmbl and gcPrfl expression in peripheral blood neutrophils. As combating the invading microorganisms is one of the main functions of neutrophils, the roles of gcGzmbl and gcPrfl in the anti-bacterial activities of grass carp peripheral blood neutrophils were explored. Results showed that immunoneutralization of gcGzmbl or gcPrfl significantly attenuated the antimicrobial abilities of the neutrophils enhanced by Il-2. These findings shed a light on the expression, regulation and functions of granzyme B- and perforin-like proteins in fish peripheral blood neutrophils and enrich the understanding of Il-2 function in fish innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Lv
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xingyang Qiu
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jiankang Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yawen Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Anying Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China.
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91
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Rehm A, Wirges A, Hoser D, Fischer C, Herda S, Gerlach K, Sauer S, Willimsky G, Höpken UE. EBAG9 controls CD8+ T cell memory formation responding to tumor challenge in mice. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155534. [PMID: 35482418 PMCID: PMC9220939 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insight into processes that determine CD8+ T cell memory formation has been obtained from infection models. These models are biased toward an inflammatory milieu and often use high-avidity CD8+ T cells in adoptive-transfer procedures. It is unclear whether these conditions mimic the differentiation processes of an endogenous repertoire that proceed upon noninflammatory conditions prevailing in premalignant tumor lesions. We examined the role of cytolytic capacity on CD8+ T cell fate decisions when primed by tumor cells or by minor histocompatibility antigen–mismatched leukocytes. CD8+ memory commitment was analyzed in Ebag9-deficient mice that exhibited enhanced tumor cell lysis. This property endowed Ebag9–/– mice with extended control of Tcl-1 oncogene–induced chronic lymphocytic leukemia progression. In Ebag9–/– mice, an expanded memory population was obtained for anti-HY and anti–SV-40 T antigen–specific T cells, despite unchanged effector frequencies in the primary response. By comparing the single-cell transcriptomes of CD8+ T cells responding to tumor cell vaccination, we found differential distribution of subpopulations between Ebag9+/+ and Ebag9–/– T cells. In Ebag9–/– cells, these larger clusters contained genes encoding transcription factors regulating memory cell differentiation and anti-apoptotic gene functions. Our findings link EBAG9-controlled cytolytic activity and the commitment to the CD8+ memory lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Rehm
- Department of Translational Tumorimmunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anthea Wirges
- Department of Translational Tumorimmunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dana Hoser
- Institute of Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelius Fischer
- Scientific Infrastructure Department, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Herda
- Department of Translational Tumorimmunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Gerlach
- Department of Translational Tumorimmunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Sauer
- Scientific Infrastructure Department, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerald Willimsky
- Institute of Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uta E Höpken
- Department of Microenvironmental Regulation of Autoimmunity and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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92
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Petkau G, Mitchell TJ, Chakraborty K, Bell SE, D Angeli V, Matheson L, Turner DJ, Saveliev A, Gizlenci O, Salerno F, Katsikis PD, Turner M. The timing of differentiation and potency of CD8 effector function is set by RNA binding proteins. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2274. [PMID: 35477960 PMCID: PMC9046422 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cell differentiation into effector cells is initiated early after antigen encounter by signals from the T cell antigen receptor and costimulatory molecules. The molecular mechanisms that establish the timing and rate of differentiation however are not defined. Here we show that the RNA binding proteins (RBP) ZFP36 and ZFP36L1 limit the rate of differentiation of activated naïve CD8+ T cells and the potency of the resulting cytotoxic lymphocytes. The RBP function in an early and short temporal window to enforce dependency on costimulation via CD28 for full T cell activation and effector differentiation by directly binding mRNA of NF-κB, Irf8 and Notch1 transcription factors and cytokines, including Il2. Their absence in T cells, or the adoptive transfer of small numbers of CD8+ T cells lacking the RBP, promotes resilience to influenza A virus infection without immunopathology. These findings highlight ZFP36 and ZFP36L1 as nodes for the integration of the early T cell activation signals controlling the speed and quality of the CD8+ T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Petkau
- Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Twm J Mitchell
- Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Krishnendu Chakraborty
- Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Sarah E Bell
- Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Vanessa D Angeli
- Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Louise Matheson
- Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - David J Turner
- Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Alexander Saveliev
- Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Ozge Gizlenci
- Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Fiamma Salerno
- Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Peter D Katsikis
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martin Turner
- Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK.
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93
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Chin SS, Guillen E, Chorro L, Achar S, Ng K, Oberle S, Alfei F, Zehn D, Altan-Bonnet G, Delahaye F, Lauvau G. T cell receptor and IL-2 signaling strength control memory CD8 + T cell functional fitness via chromatin remodeling. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2240. [PMID: 35474218 PMCID: PMC9042912 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29718-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognate antigen signal controls CD8+ T cell priming, expansion size and effector versus memory cell fates, but it is not known if and how it modulates the functional features of memory CD8+ T cells. Here we show that the strength of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling controls the requirement for interleukin-2 (IL-2) signals to form a pool of memory CD8+ T cells that competitively re-expand upon secondary antigen encounter. Combining strong TCR and intact IL-2 signaling during priming synergistically induces genome-wide chromatin accessibility in regions targeting a wide breadth of biological processes, consistent with greater T cell functional fitness. Chromatin accessibility in promoters of genes encoding for stem cell, cell cycle and calcium-related proteins correlates with faster intracellular calcium accumulation, initiation of cell cycle and more robust expansion. High-dimensional flow-cytometry analysis of these T cells also highlights higher diversity of T cell subsets and phenotypes with T cells primed with stronger TCR and IL-2 stimulation than those primed with weaker strengths of TCR and/or IL-2 signals. These results formally show that epitope selection in vaccine design impacts memory CD8+ T cell epigenetic programming and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Shien Chin
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Erik Guillen
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Laurent Chorro
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Sooraj Achar
- National Cancer Institute, Cancer & Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, ImmunoDynamics Group, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Karina Ng
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Susanne Oberle
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Francesca Alfei
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland and Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland and Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire Altan-Bonnet
- National Cancer Institute, Cancer & Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, ImmunoDynamics Group, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Fabien Delahaye
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR1283/8199, 59000, Lille, France.
| | - Grégoire Lauvau
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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94
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Toumi R, Yuzefpolskiy Y, Vegaraju A, Xiao H, Smith KA, Sarkar S, Kalia V. Autocrine and paracrine IL-2 signals collaborate to regulate distinct phases of CD8 T cell memory. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110632. [PMID: 35417685 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential interleukin-2 (IL-2) signaling and production are associated with disparate effector and memory fates. Whether the IL-2 signals perceived by CD8 T cells come from autocrine or paracrine sources, the timing of IL-2 signaling and their differential impact on CD8 T cell responses remain unclear. Using distinct models of germline and conditional IL-2 ablation in post-thymic CD8 T cells, this study shows that paracrine IL-2 is sufficient to drive optimal primary expansion, effector and memory differentiation, and metabolic function. In contrast, autocrine IL-2 is uniquely required during primary expansion to program robust secondary expansion potential in memory-fated cells. This study further shows that IL-2 production by antigen-specific CD8 T cells is largely independent of CD4 licensing of dendritic cells (DCs) in inflammatory infections with robust DC activation. These findings bear implications for immunizations and adoptive T cell immunotherapies, where effector and memory functions may be commandeered through IL-2 programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryma Toumi
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Yevgeniy Yuzefpolskiy
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; M3D Graduate Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Adithya Vegaraju
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Hanxi Xiao
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Kendall A Smith
- Division of Immunology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Surojit Sarkar
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; M3D Graduate Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Vandana Kalia
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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95
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Pathni A, Özçelikkale A, Rey-Suarez I, Li L, Davis S, Rogers N, Xiao Z, Upadhyaya A. Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Activation Signals Modulate Cytoskeletal Dynamics and Mechanical Force Generation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:779888. [PMID: 35371019 PMCID: PMC8966475 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.779888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play an integral role in the adaptive immune response by killing infected cells. Antigen presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells, present pathogenic peptides to the T cell receptor on the CTL surface and co-stimulatory signals required for complete activation. Activated CTLs secrete lytic granules containing enzymes that trigger target cell death at the CTL-target contact, also known as the immune synapse (IS). The actin and microtubule cytoskeletons are instrumental in the killing of CTL targets. Lytic granules are transported along microtubules to the IS, where granule secretion is facilitated by actin depletion and recovery. Furthermore, actomyosin contractility promotes target cell death by mediating mechanical force exertion at the IS. Recent studies have shown that inflammatory cytokines produced by APCs, such as interleukin-12 (IL-12), act as a third signal for CTL activation and enhance CTL proliferation and effector function. However, the biophysical mechanisms mediating such enhanced effector function remain unclear. We hypothesized that the third signal for CTL activation, IL-12, modulates cytoskeletal dynamics and force exertion at the IS, thus potentiating CTL effector function. Here, we used live cell total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy to study actomyosin and microtubule dynamics at the IS of murine primary CTLs activated in the presence of peptide-MHC and co-stimulation alone (two signals), or additionally with IL-12 (three signals). We found that three signal-activated CTLs have altered actin flows, myosin dynamics and microtubule growth rates as compared to two signal-activated CTLs. We further showed that lytic granules in three-signal activated CTLs are less clustered and have lower velocities than in two-signal activated CTLs. Finally, we used traction force microscopy to show that three signal-activated CTLs exert greater traction forces than two signal-activated CTLs. Our results demonstrate that activation of CTLs in the presence of IL-12 leads to differential modulation of the cytoskeleton, thereby augmenting the mechanical response of CTLs to their targets. This indicates a potential physical mechanism via which the third signal can enhance the CTL response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashli Pathni
- Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Altuğ Özçelikkale
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ivan Rey-Suarez
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Scott Davis
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Nate Rogers
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Zhengguo Xiao
- Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.,Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Arpita Upadhyaya
- Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.,Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.,Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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96
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Mu P, Huo J, Li X, Li W, Li X, Ao J, Chen X. IL-2 Signaling Couples the MAPK and mTORC1 Axes to Promote T Cell Proliferation and Differentiation in Teleosts. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1616-1631. [PMID: 35321881 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
IL-2 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is critical for T cell immunity. Although the IL-2-mediated regulation of T cell immunity in mammals is relatively well understood, it remains largely unknown whether and how IL-2 regulates T cell immunity in lower vertebrates. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated the role played by IL-2 in the regulation of T cell response, as well as the associated underlying mechanisms in a teleost fish, large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). We found that large yellow croaker (L. crocea) IL-2 (LcIL-2) significantly promoted T cell proliferation both in vivo and in vitro; significantly induced the differentiation of Th1, Th2, regulatory T, and cytotoxic T cells while inhibiting Th17 differentiation; and participated in the elimination of invading pathogenic bacteria. Mechanistically, the binding of LcIL-2 to its heterotrimer receptor complex (LcIL-15Rα/LcIL-2Rβ/Lcγc) triggered the conserved JAK-STAT5 pathway, which in turn regulated the expression of genes involved in T cell expansion, differentiation, and biological function. The MAPK and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) axes, which are involved in TCR-mediated signaling, were also required for LcIL-2-mediated T cell response. Collectively, our results demonstrated that fish IL-2 plays a comprehensive regulatory role in T cell response and highlighted the complex and delicate network regulating T cell-driven immune response. We propose that T cell immunity is regulated by the interplay between TCR signaling and cytokine signaling, and that this basic strategy evolved before the emergence of the tetrapod lineage. Our findings provide valuable insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying T cell response in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Mu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China; and
| | - Jieying Huo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China; and
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wanru Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingqun Ao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China; and
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China;
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China; and
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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97
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Park K, Veena MS, Shin DS. Key Players of the Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:830208. [PMID: 35345849 PMCID: PMC8957227 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.830208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex, dynamic battlefield for both immune cells and tumor cells. The advent of the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) since 2011, such as the anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein (CTLA)-4 and anti-programmed cell death receptor (PD)-(L)1 antibodies, provided powerful weapons in the arsenal of cancer treatments, demonstrating unprecedented durable responses for patients with many types of advanced cancers. However, the response rate is generally low across tumor types and a substantial number of patients develop acquired resistance. These primary or acquired resistance are attributed to various immunosuppressive elements (soluble and cellular factors) and alternative immune checkpoints in the TME. Therefore, a better understanding of the TME is absolutely essential to develop therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance. Numerous clinical studies are underway using ICIs and additional agents that are tailored to the characteristics of the tumor or the TME. Some of the combination treatments are already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), such as platinum-doublet chemotherapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) -targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) combined with anti-PD-(L)1 antibodies or immuno-immuno combinations (anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1). In this review, we will discuss the key immunosuppressive cells, metabolites, cytokines or chemokines, and hypoxic conditions in the TME that contribute to tumor immune escape and the prospect of relevant clinical trials by targeting these elements in combination with ICIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Park
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mysore S Veena
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Sanghoon Shin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Molecular Biology Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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98
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Sin JH, Kashyap S, Acenas D, Cortez JT, Lee J, Marson A, Matloubian M, Waterfield MR. ATF7ip Targets Transposable Elements for H3K9me3 Deposition to Modify CD8 + T Cell Effector and Memory Responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1155-1169. [PMID: 35110421 PMCID: PMC8881383 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are critical for the immune response to pathogens and tumors, and CD8+ T cell memory protects against repeat infections. In this study, we identify the activating transcription factor 7 interacting protein (ATF7ip) as a critical regulator of CD8+ T cell immune responses. Mice with a T cell-specific deletion of ATF7ip have a CD8+ T cell-intrinsic enhancement of Il7r expression and Il2 expression leading to enhanced effector and memory responses. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing studies identified ATF7ip as a repressor of Il7r and Il2 gene expression through the deposition of the repressive histone mark H3K9me3 at the Il7r gene and Il2-Il21 intergenic region. Interestingly, ATF7ip targeted transposable elements for H3K9me3 deposition at both the IL7r locus and the Il2-Il21 intergenic region, indicating that ATF7ip silencing of transposable elements is important for regulating CD8+ T cell function. These results demonstrate a new epigenetic pathway by which IL-7R and IL-2 production are constrained in CD8+ T cells, and this may open up new avenues for modulating their production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hyung Sin
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0795, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0795, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sujit Kashyap
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0795, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0795, USA
| | - Dante Acenas
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0795, USA
| | - Jessica T. Cortez
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0795, USA,Present Address: Sonoma Biotherapeutics, 400 E. Jamie Ct, Suite 250, South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - James Lee
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0795, USA
| | - Alexander Marson
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA,Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0795, USA,J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94129, USA,UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mehrdad Matloubian
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0795, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0795, USA
| | - Michael R. Waterfield
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0795, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0795, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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99
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Titov A, Kaminskiy Y, Ganeeva I, Zmievskaya E, Valiullina A, Rakhmatullina A, Petukhov A, Miftakhova R, Rizvanov A, Bulatov E. Knowns and Unknowns about CAR-T Cell Dysfunction. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14041078. [PMID: 35205827 PMCID: PMC8870103 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14041078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The primary issue of adoptive cell therapy is the poor in vivo persistence. In this context, it is necessary to clarify the fundamental mechanisms of T cell dysfunction. Here we review common dysfunctional states, including exhaustion and senescence, and discuss the challenges associated with phenotypical characterization of these T cell subsets. We overview the heterogeneity among exhausted T cells as well as mechanisms by which T cells get reinvigorated by checkpoint inhibitors. We emphasize that some cancers not responding to such treatment may activate distinct T cell dysfunction programs. Finally, we describe the dysfunction-promoting mechanisms specific for CAR-T cells and the ways to mitigate them. Abstract Immunotherapy using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells is a promising option for cancer treatment. However, T cells and CAR-T cells frequently become dysfunctional in cancer, where numerous evasion mechanisms impair antitumor immunity. Cancer frequently exploits intrinsic T cell dysfunction mechanisms that evolved for the purpose of defending against autoimmunity. T cell exhaustion is the most studied type of T cell dysfunction. It is characterized by impaired proliferation and cytokine secretion and is often misdefined solely by the expression of the inhibitory receptors. Another type of dysfunction is T cell senescence, which occurs when T cells permanently arrest their cell cycle and proliferation while retaining cytotoxic capability. The first section of this review provides a broad overview of T cell dysfunctional states, including exhaustion and senescence; the second section is focused on the impact of T cell dysfunction on the CAR-T therapeutic potential. Finally, we discuss the recent efforts to mitigate CAR-T cell exhaustion, with an emphasis on epigenetic and transcriptional modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei Titov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (I.G.); (E.Z.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Centre for Hematology, 125167 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Yaroslav Kaminskiy
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Centre for Hematology, 125167 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Irina Ganeeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (I.G.); (E.Z.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Ekaterina Zmievskaya
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (I.G.); (E.Z.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Aygul Valiullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (I.G.); (E.Z.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Aygul Rakhmatullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (I.G.); (E.Z.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Alexey Petukhov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (I.G.); (E.Z.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
- Institute of Hematology, Almazov National Medical Research Center, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Regina Miftakhova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (I.G.); (E.Z.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (I.G.); (E.Z.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Emil Bulatov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (I.G.); (E.Z.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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100
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Kahan SM, Bakshi RK, Ingram JT, Hendrickson RC, Lefkowitz EJ, Crossman DK, Harrington LE, Weaver CT, Zajac AJ. Intrinsic IL-2 production by effector CD8 T cells affects IL-2 signaling and promotes fate decisions, stemness, and protection. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabl6322. [PMID: 35148200 PMCID: PMC8923238 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abl6322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Here, we show that the capacity to manufacture IL-2 identifies constituents of the expanded CD8 T cell effector pool that display stem-like features, preferentially survive, rapidly attain memory traits, resist exhaustion, and control chronic viral challenges. The cell-intrinsic synthesis of IL-2 by CD8 T cells attenuates the ability to receive IL-2-dependent STAT5 signals, thereby limiting terminal effector formation, endowing the IL-2-producing effector subset with superior protective powers. In contrast, the non-IL-2-producing effector cells respond to IL-2 signals and gain effector traits at the expense of memory formation. Despite having distinct properties during the effector phase, IL-2-producing and nonproducing CD8 T cells appear to converge transcriptionally as memory matures to form populations with equal recall abilities. Therefore, the potential to produce IL-2 during the effector, but not memory stage, is a consequential feature that dictates the protective capabilities of the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M. Kahan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States,Present address: NextCure, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States,These authors contributed equally
| | - Rakesh K. Bakshi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States,Present address: NextCure, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States,Deceased
| | - Jennifer T. Ingram
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - R. Curtis Hendrickson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Elliot J. Lefkowitz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - David K. Crossman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Laurie E. Harrington
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Casey T. Weaver
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Allan J. Zajac
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States,Corresponding Author: Allan J. Zajac
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