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Docking of peptide candidates to HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 basket as a tool for predicting potential immunotoxic peptides toward celiac diseased people. REVUE FRANCAISE D ALLERGOLOGIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reval.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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52
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Robson KJ, Ooi JD, Holdsworth SR, Rossjohn J, Kitching AR. HLA and kidney disease: from associations to mechanisms. Nat Rev Nephrol 2018; 14:636-655. [DOI: 10.1038/s41581-018-0057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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53
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Gunnarsen KS, Høydahl LS, Neumann RS, Bjerregaard-Andersen K, Nilssen NR, Sollid LM, Sandlie I, Løset GÅ. Soluble T-cell receptor design influences functional yield in an E. coli chaperone-assisted expression system. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195868. [PMID: 29649333 PMCID: PMC5897000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a quest for production of soluble protein of high quality for the study of T-cell receptors (TCRs), but expression often results in low yields of functional molecules. In this study, we used an E. coli chaperone-assisted periplasmic production system and compared expression of 4 different soluble TCR formats: single-chain TCR (scTCR), two different disulfide-linked TCR (dsTCR) formats, and chimeric Fab (cFab). A stabilized version of scTCR was also included. Additionally, we evaluated the influence of host (XL1-Blue or RosettaBlueTM) and the effect of IPTG induction on expression profiles. A celiac disease patient-derived TCR with specificity for gluten was used, and we achieved detectable expression for all formats and variants. We found that expression in RosettaBlueTM without IPTG induction resulted in the highest periplasmic yields. Moreover, after large-scale expression and protein purification, only the scTCR format was obtained in high yields. Importantly, stability engineering of the scTCR was a prerequisite for obtaining reliable biophysical characterization of the TCR-pMHC interaction. The scTCR format is readily compatible with high-throughput screening approaches that may enable both development of reagents allowing for defined peptide MHC (pMHC) characterization and discovery of potential novel therapeutic leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Støen Gunnarsen
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lene Støkken Høydahl
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ralf Stefan Neumann
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Nicolay Rustad Nilssen
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludvig Magne Sollid
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Åge Løset
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Nextera AS, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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55
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Ramarathinam SH, Gras S, Alcantara S, Yeung AWS, Mifsud NA, Sonza S, Illing PT, Glaros EN, Center RJ, Thomas SR, Kent SJ, Ternette N, Purcell DFJ, Rossjohn J, Purcell AW. Identification of Native and Posttranslationally Modified HLA-B*57:01-Restricted HIV Envelope Derived Epitopes Using Immunoproteomics. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1700253. [PMID: 29437277 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of pathogen-derived peptides by T lymphocytes is the cornerstone of adaptive immunity, whereby intracellular antigens are degraded in the cytosol and short peptides assemble with class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules in the ER. These peptide-HLA complexes egress to the cell surface and are scrutinized by cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells leading to the eradication of the infected cell. Here, naturally presented HLA-B*57:01 bound peptides derived from the envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIVenv) are identified. HIVenv peptides are present at a very small percentage of the overall HLA-B*57:01 peptidome (<0.1%) and both native and posttranslationally modified forms of two distinct HIV peptides are identified. Notably, a peptide bearing a natively encoded C-terminal tryptophan residue is also present in a modified form containing a kynurenine residue. Kynurenine is a major product of tryptophan catabolism and is abundant during inflammation and infection. Binding of these peptides at a molecular level and their immunogenicity in preliminary functional studies are examined. Modest immune responses are observed to the modified HIVenv peptide, highlighting a potential role for kynurenine-modified peptides in the immune response to HIV and other viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri H Ramarathinam
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Sheilajen Alcantara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Amanda W S Yeung
- Mechanisms of Disease and Translational Medicine, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicole A Mifsud
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Secondo Sonza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Patricia T Illing
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Elias N Glaros
- Mechanisms of Disease and Translational Medicine, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert J Center
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shane R Thomas
- Mechanisms of Disease and Translational Medicine, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Nicola Ternette
- The Jenner Institute, Target Discovery Institute Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Damian F J Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Ostrov DA, Alkanani A, McDaniel KA, Case S, Baschal EE, Pyle L, Ellis S, Pöllinger B, Seidl KJ, Shah VN, Garg SK, Atkinson MA, Gottlieb PA, Michels AW. Methyldopa blocks MHC class II binding to disease-specific antigens in autoimmune diabetes. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1888-1902. [PMID: 29438107 DOI: 10.1172/jci97739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility (MHC) class II molecules are strongly associated with many autoimmune disorders. In type 1 diabetes (T1D), the DQ8 molecule is common, confers significant disease risk, and is involved in disease pathogenesis. We hypothesized that blocking DQ8 antigen presentation would provide therapeutic benefit by preventing recognition of self-peptides by pathogenic T cells. We used the crystal structure of DQ8 to select drug-like small molecules predicted to bind structural pockets in the MHC antigen-binding cleft. A limited number of the predicted compounds inhibited DQ8 antigen presentation in vitro, with 1 compound preventing insulin autoantibody production and delaying diabetes onset in an animal model of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes. An existing drug with a similar structure, methyldopa, specifically blocked DQ8 in patients with recent-onset T1D and reduced inflammatory T cell responses to insulin, highlighting the relevance of blocking disease-specific MHC class II antigen presentation to treat autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Ostrov
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Aimon Alkanani
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kristen A McDaniel
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Stephanie Case
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Erin E Baschal
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Laura Pyle
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sam Ellis
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | - Viral N Shah
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Satish K Garg
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Peter A Gottlieb
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Aaron W Michels
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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57
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Ritter J, Zimmermann K, Jöhrens K, Mende S, Seegebarth A, Siegmund B, Hennig S, Todorova K, Rosenwald A, Daum S, Hummel M, Schumann M. T-cell repertoires in refractory coeliac disease. Gut 2018; 67:644-653. [PMID: 28188172 PMCID: PMC5868243 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-311816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Refractory coeliac disease (RCD) is a potentially hazardous complication of coeliac disease (CD). In contrast to RCD type I, RCD type II is a precursor entity of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL), which is associated with clonally expanding T-cells that are also found in the sequentially developing EATL. Using high-throughput sequencing (HTS), we aimed to establish the small-intestinal T-cell repertoire (TCR) in CD and RCD to unravel the role of distinct T-cell clonotypes in RCD pathogenesis. DESIGN DNA extracted from duodenal mucosa specimens of controls (n=9), active coeliacs (n=10), coeliacs on a gluten-free diet (n=9), RCD type I (n=8), RCD type II (n=8) and unclassified Marsh I cases (n=3) collected from 2002 to 2013 was examined by TCRβ-complementarity-determining regions 3 (CDR3) multiplex PCR followed by HTS of the amplicons. RESULTS On average, 106 sequence reads per sample were generated consisting of up to 900 individual TCRβ rearrangements. In RCD type II, the most frequent clonotypes (ie, sequence reads with identical CDR3) represent in average 42.6% of all TCRβ rearrangements, which was significantly higher than in controls (6.8%; p<0.01) or RCD type I (6.7%; p<0.01). Repeat endoscopies in individual patients revealed stability of clonotypes for up to several years without clinical symptoms of EATL. Dominant clonotypes identified in individual patients with RCD type II were unique and not related between patients. CD-associated, gliadin-dependent CDR3 motifs were only detectable at low frequencies. CONCLUSIONS TCRβ-HTS analysis unravels the TCR in CD and allows detailed analysis of individual TCRβ rearrangements. Dominant TCRβ sequences identified in patients with RCD type II are unique and not homologous to known gliadin-specific TCR sequences, supporting the assumption that these clonal T-cells expand independent of gluten stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ritter
- Institute of Pathology, Charité—University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin Zimmermann
- Institute of Pathology, Charité—University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Korinna Jöhrens
- Institute of Pathology, Charité—University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Mende
- Institute of Pathology, Charité—University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Seegebarth
- Institute of Pathology, Charité—University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité—University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Kremena Todorova
- Center for Tumor Medicine, Charité—University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (CCCMF), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Severin Daum
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité—University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Hummel
- Institute of Pathology, Charité—University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schumann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité—University Medicine, Berlin, Germany,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany,Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
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58
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Cabrera CM, Méndez-López IM, Caballero A. Risk variation in celiac disease in a population from Southern Spain: evaluating the influence of the DQB1*02:02 allele frequency. Scand J Gastroenterol 2018; 53:266-272. [PMID: 29361871 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2018.1430253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To date, the greatest genetic risk factor known for celiac disease (CD) is the presence of HLA-DQ2 heterodimers, specifically DQ2.5 in state of homozygosis or heterozygosis. DQ2.2 variants are the second most important risk factor when carried trans to DQ2. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk genotypes of HLA-DR-DQ. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 196 patients with CD and 206 healthy controls from the Province of Málaga (southern Spain) were included. The corresponding risk gradient in our population was established in accordance with the odds ratios (ORs) found. RESULTS The heterozygous genotype for DR7-DQ2.2/DR3-DQ2.5 presented the highest risk (OR =6.404, p = .0001) followed by the DR3-DQ2.5 homozygous genotype (OR =4.721, p = .001). An intermediate risk was found for the DQ2.5 heterozygous genotype with no other DQ risk variant (DQ8 or DQ2.2). Similarly, these three genotypes had also an increase in the risk of associated-autoimmune diseases. The DQB1*02:01 allele was the most widely represented among patients with CD respect to the control group (f = 0.479, p = .0001), with the second most common being DQB1*02:02 (f = 0.209, p = .0001). CONCLUSIONS In addition to the gene dosage effect confirmed in our report, and in contrast with previous studies, we found a raised risk for those patients with DQ2.2 heterodimers in trans configuration to DQ2.5 compared to DQ2.5 homozygous individuals. Therefore, in our population of patients with CD the frequency of DQ2.2 acts as a factor that increases the genetic risk of developing CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Cabrera
- a Department of Hematology, Immunology Section , Carlos Haya Regional University Hospital , Málaga , Spain
| | - Isabel M Méndez-López
- a Department of Hematology, Immunology Section , Carlos Haya Regional University Hospital , Málaga , Spain
| | - Abelardo Caballero
- a Department of Hematology, Immunology Section , Carlos Haya Regional University Hospital , Málaga , Spain.,b Faculty of Medicine , University of Málaga , Málaga , Spain
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Akeroyd M, van Zandycke S, den Hartog J, Mutsaers J, Edens L, van den Berg M, Christis C. AN-PEP, Proline-Specific Endopeptidase, Degrades All Known Immunostimulatory Gluten Peptides in Beer Made from Barley Malt. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-2016-2300-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luppo Edens
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Delft, The Netherlands
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60
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Jansen DTSL, Ramnoruth N, Loh KL, Rossjohn J, Reid HH, Nel HJ, Thomas R. Flow Cytometric Clinical Immunomonitoring Using Peptide-MHC Class II Tetramers: Optimization of Methods and Protocol Development. Front Immunol 2018; 9:8. [PMID: 29403492 PMCID: PMC5786526 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of novel strategies to induce tolerance in autoimmune and autoimmune-like conditions, clinical trials of antigen-specific tolerizing immunotherapy have become a reality. Besides safety, it will be essential to gather mechanistic data on responding CD4+ T cells to assess the effects of various immunomodulatory approaches in early-phase trials. Peptide–MHC class II (pMHCII) multimers are an ideal tool for monitoring antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses in unmanipulated cells directly ex vivo. Various protocols have been published but there are reagent and assay limitations across laboratories that could hinder their global application to immune monitoring. In this methodological analysis, we compare protocols and test available reagents to identify sources of variability and to determine the limitations of the tetramer binding assay. We describe a robust pMHCII flow cytometry-based assay to quantify and phenotype antigen-specific CD4+ T cells directly ex vivo from frozen peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples, which we suggest should be tested across various laboratories to standardize immune-monitoring results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diahann T S L Jansen
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nishta Ramnoruth
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Khai L Loh
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,School of Medicine, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh H Reid
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Hendrik J Nel
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Dendrou CA, Petersen J, Rossjohn J, Fugger L. HLA variation and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2018; 18:325-339. [PMID: 29292391 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fifty years since the first description of an association between HLA and human disease, HLA molecules have proven to be central to physiology, protective immunity and deleterious, disease-causing autoimmune reactivity. Technological advances have enabled pivotal progress in the determination of the molecular mechanisms that underpin the association between HLA genetics and functional outcome. Here, we review our current understanding of HLA molecules as the fundamental platform for immune surveillance and responsiveness in health and disease. We evaluate the scope for personalized antigen-specific disease prevention, whereby harnessing HLA-ligand interactions for clinical benefit is becoming a realistic prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calliope A Dendrou
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jan Petersen
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Programme and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Programme and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Lars Fugger
- Danish National Research Foundation Centre PERSIMUNE, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark.,Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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62
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Tye-Din JA, Galipeau HJ, Agardh D. Celiac Disease: A Review of Current Concepts in Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Novel Therapies. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:350. [PMID: 30519552 PMCID: PMC6258800 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of celiac disease and how it develops has evolved significantly over the last half century. Although traditionally viewed as a pediatric illness characterized by malabsorption, it is now better seen as an immune illness with systemic manifestations affecting all ages. Population studies reveal this global disease is common and, in many countries, increasing in prevalence. These studies underscore the importance of specific HLA susceptibility genes and gluten consumption in disease development and suggest that other genetic and environmental factors could also play a role. The emerging data on viral and bacterial microbe-host interactions and their alterations in celiac disease provides a plausible mechanism linking environmental risk and disease development. Although the inflammatory lesion of celiac disease is complex, the strong HLA association highlights a central role for pathogenic T cells responding to select gluten peptides that have now been defined for the most common genetic form of celiac disease. What remains less understood is how loss of tolerance to gluten occurs. New insights into celiac disease are now providing opportunities to intervene in its development, course, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Tye-Din
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Food & Allergy Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Heather J Galipeau
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Agardh
- The Diabetes and Celiac Disease Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Unit of Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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63
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Yohannes DA, Freitag TL, de Kauwe A, Kaukinen K, Kurppa K, Wacklin P, Mäki M, Arstila TP, Anderson RP, Greco D, Saavalainen P. Deep sequencing of blood and gut T-cell receptor β-chains reveals gluten-induced immune signatures in celiac disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17977. [PMID: 29269859 PMCID: PMC5740085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) patients mount an abnormal immune response to gluten. T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires directed to some immunodominant gluten peptides have previously been described, but the global immune response to in vivo gluten exposure in CD has not been systematically investigated yet. Here, we characterized signatures associated with gluten directed immune activity and identified gluten-induced T-cell clonotypes from total blood and gut TCR repertoires in an unbiased manner using immunosequencing. CD patient total TCR repertoires showed increased overlap and substantially altered TRBV-gene usage in both blood and gut samples, and increased diversity in the gut during gluten exposure. Using differential abundance analysis, we identified gluten-induced clonotypes in each patient that were composed of a large private and an important public component. Hierarchical clustering of public clonotypes associated with dietary gluten exposure identified subsets of highly similar clonotypes, the most proliferative of which showing significant enrichment for the motif ASS[LF]R[SW][TD][DT][TE][QA][YF] in PBMC repertoires. These results show that CD-associated clonotypes can be identified and that common gluten associated immune response features can be characterized in vivo from total repertoires, with potential use in disease stratification and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawit A Yohannes
- Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tobias L Freitag
- Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrea de Kauwe
- Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katri Kaukinen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kalle Kurppa
- Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pirjo Wacklin
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Mäki
- Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - T Petteri Arstila
- Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert P Anderson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,ImmusanT, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dario Greco
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Päivi Saavalainen
- Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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64
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Jabri B, Sollid LM. T Cells in Celiac Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3005-3014. [PMID: 28373482 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease is a human T cell-mediated autoimmune-like disorder caused by exposure to dietary gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. This review will discuss how CD4 T cell responses directed against an exogenous Ag can cause an autoreactive B cell response and participate in the licensing of intraepithelial lymphocytes to kill intestinal epithelial cells. Furthermore, this review will examine the mechanisms by which intraepithelial cytotoxic T cells mediate tissue destruction in celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; .,Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; and
| | - Ludvig M Sollid
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
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65
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Gunnarsen KS, Høydahl LS, Risnes LF, Dahal-Koirala S, Neumann RS, Bergseng E, Frigstad T, Frick R, du Pré MF, Dalhus B, Lundin KE, Qiao SW, Sollid LM, Sandlie I, Løset GÅ. A TCRα framework-centered codon shapes a biased T cell repertoire through direct MHC and CDR3β interactions. JCI Insight 2017; 2:95193. [PMID: 28878121 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.95193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection of biased T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires across individuals is seen in both infectious diseases and autoimmunity, but the underlying molecular basis leading to these shared repertoires remains unclear. Celiac disease (CD) occurs primarily in HLA-DQ2.5+ individuals and is characterized by a CD4+ T cell response against gluten epitopes dominated by DQ2.5-glia-α1a and DQ2.5-glia-α2. The DQ2.5-glia-α2 response recruits a highly biased TCR repertoire composed of TRAV26-1 paired with TRBV7-2 harboring a semipublic CDR3β loop. We aimed to unravel the molecular basis for this signature. By variable gene segment exchange, directed mutagenesis, and cellular T cell activation studies, we found that TRBV7-3 can substitute for TRBV7-2, as both can contain the canonical CDR3β loop. Furthermore, we identified a pivotal germline-encoded MHC recognition motif centered on framework residue Y40 in TRAV26-1 engaging both DQB1*02 and the canonical CDR3β. This allowed prediction of expanded DQ2.5-glia-α2-reactive TCR repertoires, which were confirmed by single-cell sorting and TCR sequencing from CD patient samples. Our data refine our understanding of how HLA-dependent biased TCR repertoires are selected in the periphery due to germline-encoded residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Støen Gunnarsen
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lene Støkken Høydahl
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Louise Fremgaard Risnes
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shiva Dahal-Koirala
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ralf Stefan Neumann
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Bergseng
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Rahel Frick
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Fleur du Pré
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Dalhus
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Ea Lundin
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shuo-Wang Qiao
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludvig M Sollid
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Åge Løset
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Nextera AS, Oslo, Norway
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66
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Abstract
Celiac disease has advanced from a medical rarity to a highly prevalent disorder. Patients with the disease show varying degrees of chronic inflammation within the small intestine due to an aberrant immune response to the digestion of gliadin found in wheat. As a result, cytokines and antibodies are produced in celiac patients that can be used as specific biomarkers for developing diagnostic tests. This review paper describes celiac disease in terms of its etiological cause, pathological effects, current diagnostic tests based on mucosal biopsy, and the genetic basis for the disease. In addition, it discusses the use of gliadin-induced cytokines, antibodies and autoantibodies as a diagnostic tool for celiac disease. Despite good initial results in terms of sensitivity and specificity, when these immunological tests were used on a large scale, even in combination with genetic testing, the results showed lower predictive value. This review addresses that issue and ends with an outlook on future work required to develop diagnostic tests with greater accuracy in predicting celiac disease in the general public, thus avoiding the need for endoscopy and mucosal biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anantdeep Kaur
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), The University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, PO Box 123, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Olga Shimoni
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), The University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, PO Box 123, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Michael Wallach
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, PO Box 123, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
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67
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Abstract
Recognition of antigens by T cell receptors (TCRs) underlies cellular immunity. By comparing how different TCRs recognize the key antigens associated with celiac disease, Petersen et al. (2016), in this issue of Structure, show how celiac antigen properties select immunologically distinct yet structurally and physically compatible TCRs, ultimately driving autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant K Singh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Brian M Baker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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68
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Sollid LM. The roles of MHC class II genes and post-translational modification in celiac disease. Immunogenetics 2017; 69:605-616. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-017-0985-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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69
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Cortés A, Coral J, McLachlan C, Benítez R, Pinilla L. Planar molecular arrangements aid the design of MHC class II binding peptides. Mol Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s002689331702008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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70
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Dominant protection from HLA-linked autoimmunity by antigen-specific regulatory T cells. Nature 2017; 545:243-247. [PMID: 28467828 DOI: 10.1038/nature22329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility and protection against human autoimmune diseases, including type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and Goodpasture disease, is associated with particular human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles. However, the mechanisms underpinning such HLA-mediated effects on self-tolerance remain unclear. Here we investigate the molecular mechanism of Goodpasture disease, an HLA-linked autoimmune renal disorder characterized by an immunodominant CD4+ T-cell self-epitope derived from the α3 chain of type IV collagen (α3135-145). While HLA-DR15 confers a markedly increased disease risk, the protective HLA-DR1 allele is dominantly protective in trans with HLA-DR15 (ref. 2). We show that autoreactive α3135-145-specific T cells expand in patients with Goodpasture disease and, in α3135-145-immunized HLA-DR15 transgenic mice, α3135-145-specific T cells infiltrate the kidney and mice develop Goodpasture disease. HLA-DR15 and HLA-DR1 exhibit distinct peptide repertoires and binding preferences and present the α3135-145 epitope in different binding registers. HLA-DR15-α3135-145 tetramer+ T cells in HLA-DR15 transgenic mice exhibit a conventional T-cell phenotype (Tconv) that secretes pro-inflammatory cytokines. In contrast, HLA-DR1-α3135-145 tetramer+ T cells in HLA-DR1 and HLA-DR15/DR1 transgenic mice are predominantly CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) expressing tolerogenic cytokines. HLA-DR1-induced Treg cells confer resistance to disease in HLA-DR15/DR1 transgenic mice. HLA-DR15+ and HLA-DR1+ healthy human donors display altered α3135-145-specific T-cell antigen receptor usage, HLA-DR15-α3135-145 tetramer+ Foxp3- Tconv and HLA-DR1-α3135-145 tetramer+ Foxp3+CD25hiCD127lo Treg dominant phenotypes. Moreover, patients with Goodpasture disease display a clonally expanded α3135-145-specific CD4+ T-cell repertoire. Accordingly, we provide a mechanistic basis for the dominantly protective effect of HLA in autoimmune disease, whereby HLA polymorphism shapes the relative abundance of self-epitope specific Treg cells that leads to protection or causation of autoimmunity.
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71
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Frossi B, Tripodo C, Guarnotta C, Carroccio A, De Carli M, De Carli S, Marino M, Calabrò A, Pucillo CE. Mast cells are associated with the onset and progression of celiac disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139:1266-1274.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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72
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Cook L, Munier CML, Seddiki N, van Bockel D, Ontiveros N, Hardy MY, Gillies JK, Levings MK, Reid HH, Petersen J, Rossjohn J, Anderson RP, Zaunders JJ, Tye-Din JA, Kelleher AD. Circulating gluten-specific FOXP3 +CD39 + regulatory T cells have impaired suppressive function in patients with celiac disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:1592-1603.e8. [PMID: 28283419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celiac disease is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disorder of the gut triggered by dietary gluten. Although the effector T-cell response in patients with celiac disease has been well characterized, the role of regulatory T (Treg) cells in the loss of tolerance to gluten remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We sought to define whether patients with celiac disease have a dysfunction or lack of gluten-specific forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3)+ Treg cells. METHODS Treated patients with celiac disease underwent oral wheat challenge to stimulate recirculation of gluten-specific T cells. Peripheral blood was collected before and after challenge. To comprehensively measure the gluten-specific CD4+ T-cell response, we paired traditional IFN-γ ELISpot with an assay to detect antigen-specific CD4+ T cells that does not rely on tetramers, antigen-stimulated cytokine production, or proliferation but rather on antigen-induced coexpression of CD25 and OX40 (CD134). RESULTS Numbers of circulating gluten-specific Treg cells and effector T cells both increased significantly after oral wheat challenge, peaking at day 6. Surprisingly, we found that approximately 80% of the ex vivo circulating gluten-specific CD4+ T cells were FOXP3+CD39+ Treg cells, which reside within the pool of memory CD4+CD25+CD127lowCD45RO+ Treg cells. Although we observed normal suppressive function in peripheral polyclonal Treg cells from patients with celiac disease, after a short in vitro expansion, the gluten-specific FOXP3+CD39+ Treg cells exhibited significantly reduced suppressive function compared with polyclonal Treg cells. CONCLUSION This study provides the first estimation of FOXP3+CD39+ Treg cell frequency within circulating gluten-specific CD4+ T cells after oral gluten challenge of patients with celiac disease. FOXP3+CD39+ Treg cells comprised a major proportion of all circulating gluten-specific CD4+ T cells but had impaired suppressive function, indicating that Treg cell dysfunction might be a key contributor to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cook
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
| | - C Mee Ling Munier
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nabila Seddiki
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - David van Bockel
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Noé Ontiveros
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Melinda Y Hardy
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jana K Gillies
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Megan K Levings
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hugh H Reid
- Infection and Immunity Program, The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jan Petersen
- Infection and Immunity Program, The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Robert P Anderson
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; ImmusanT, Cambridge, Mass
| | - John J Zaunders
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jason A Tye-Din
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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73
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Hardy MY, Tye-Din JA. Coeliac disease: a unique model for investigating broken tolerance in autoimmunity. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e112. [PMID: 27990287 PMCID: PMC5133362 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coeliac disease, a prevalent immune-mediated enteropathy driven by dietary gluten, provides an exceptional human model to dissect the genetic, environmental and immunologic factors operating in autoimmunity. Despite the causative antigen being an exogenous food protein, coeliac disease has many features in common with autoimmune disease including a strong HLA class II association and the presence of pathogenic CD4+ T cells and autoantibodies. CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes specifically target and destroy intestinal epithelium in response to stress signals and not a specific antigen. A unique feature of coeliac disease is the ability to remove gluten to induce disease remission and reintroduce it to trigger a memory response. This provides an unparalleled opportunity to study disease-relevant CD4+ T cells that have been expanded in vivo. As a result, the causative peptides have been characterised at a level unprecedented for any autoimmune disease. Despite the complexity of the gluten proteome, resistance to gastrointestinal proteolysis and susceptibility to post-translational modification by transglutaminase help shape a restricted repertoire of immunogenic gluten peptides that have high affinity for disease-associated HLA. The critical steps in coeliac disease pathogenesis have been broadly elucidated and provide the basis for experimental therapies in pre-clinical or clinical development. However, little is known about how and why tolerance to gluten sometimes breaks or fails to develop. Understanding the interactions between genes, the environment, gluten immunity and the microbiome may provide novel approaches for the prevention and treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Y Hardy
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason A Tye-Din
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre of Food and Allergy Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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74
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Petersen J, Kooy-Winkelaar Y, Loh KL, Tran M, van Bergen J, Koning F, Rossjohn J, Reid HH. Diverse T Cell Receptor Gene Usage in HLA-DQ8-Associated Celiac Disease Converges into a Consensus Binding Solution. Structure 2016; 24:1643-1657. [PMID: 27568928 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In HLA-DQ8-associated celiac disease, TRAV26-2+-TRBV9+ and TRAV8-3+-TRBV6+ T cells recognize the immunodominant DQ8-glia-α1 epitope, whereupon a non-germline-encoded arginine residue played a key role in binding HLA-DQ8-glia-α1. Whether distinct T cell receptor (TCR) recognition modes exist for gliadin epitopes remains unclear. TCR repertoire analysis revealed populations of HLA-DQ8-glia-α1 and HLA-DQ8.5-glia-γ1 restricted TRAV20+-TRBV9+ T cells that did not possess a non-germline-encoded arginine residue. The crystal structures of a TRAV20+-TRBV9+ TCR-HLA-DQ8-glia-α1 complex and two TRAV20+-TRBV9+ TCR-HLA-DQ8.5-glia-γ1 complexes were determined. This revealed that the differential specificity toward DQ8-glia-α1 and DQ8.5-glia-γ1 was governed by CDR3β-loop-mediated interactions. Surprisingly, a germline-encoded arginine residue within the CDR1α loop of the TRAV20+ TCR substituted for the role of the non-germline-encoded arginine in the TRAV26-2+-TRBV9+ and TRAV8-3+-TRBV6+ TCRs. Thus, in celiac disease, the responding TCR repertoire is driven by a common mechanism that selects for structural elements within the TCR that have convergent binding solutions in HLA-DQ8-gliadin recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Petersen
- Infection and Immunity Program, The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yvonne Kooy-Winkelaar
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Khai Lee Loh
- Infection and Immunity Program, The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Mai Tran
- Infection and Immunity Program, The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jeroen van Bergen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Frits Koning
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands.
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Hugh H Reid
- Infection and Immunity Program, The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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75
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McLaughlin RJ, Spindler MP, van Lummel M, Roep BO. Where, How, and When: Positioning Posttranslational Modification Within Type 1 Diabetes Pathogenesis. Curr Diab Rep 2016; 16:63. [PMID: 27168063 PMCID: PMC4863913 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-016-0752-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive T cells specific for islet autoantigens develop in type 1 diabetes (T1D) by escaping central as well as peripheral tolerance. The current paradigm for development of islet autoimmunity is just beginning to include the contribution of posttranslationally modified (PTM) islet autoantigens, for which the immune system may be ignorant rather than tolerant. As a result, PTM is the latest promising lead in the quest to understand how the break in peripheral tolerance occurs in T1D. However, it is not completely clear how, where, or when these modifications take place. Currently, only a few PTM antigens have been well-thought-out or identified in T1D, and methods for identifying and characterizing new PTM antigens are rapidly improving. This review will address both reported and potential new sources of modified islet autoantigens and discuss how islet neo-autoantigen generation may contribute to the development and progression of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene J McLaughlin
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, E3-Q, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew P Spindler
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, E3-Q, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Menno van Lummel
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, E3-Q, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bart O Roep
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, E3-Q, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Diabetes Immunology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Søndre Blvd. 29, 5000, Odense, Denmark.
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76
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Abstract
Celiac disease is an autoimmune-like disorder that is triggered by dietary gluten and has a strong genetic association with the human leukocyte antigen locus, specifically, HLA-DQ2.5/DQ8. Here, Dahai-Koirala et al. apply ex vivo single-cell sequencing of TCRs from celiac disease patients, and show that biased T-cell receptor usage underpins the response to two gluten epitopes, which has implications for disease pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rossjohn
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - F Koning
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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77
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TCR sequencing of single cells reactive to DQ2.5-glia-α2 and DQ2.5-glia-ω2 reveals clonal expansion and epitope-specific V-gene usage. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:587-96. [PMID: 26838051 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells recognizing dietary gluten epitopes in the context of disease-associated human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 molecules are the key players in celiac disease pathogenesis. Here, we conducted a large-scale single-cell paired T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing study to characterize the TCR repertoire for two homologous immunodominant gluten epitopes, DQ2.5-glia-α2 and DQ2.5-glia-ω2, in blood of celiac disease patients after oral gluten challenge. Despite sequence similarity of the epitopes, the TCR repertoires are unique but shared several overall features. We demonstrate that clonally expanded T cells dominate the T-cell responses to both epitopes. Moreover, we find V-gene bias of TRAV26, TRAV4, and TRBV7 in DQ2.5-glia-α2 reactive TCRs, while DQ2.5-glia-ω2 TCRs displayed significant bias toward TRAV4 and TRBV4. The knowledge that antigen-specific TCR repertoire in chronic inflammatory diseases tends to be dominated by a few expanded clones that use the same TCR V-gene segments across patients is important information for HLA-associated diseases where the antigen is unknown.
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78
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Tye-Din JA, Cameron DJS, Daveson AJ, Day AS, Dellsperger P, Hogan C, Newnham ED, Shepherd SJ, Steele RH, Wienholt L, Varney MD. Appropriate clinical use of human leukocyte antigen typing for coeliac disease: an Australasian perspective. Intern Med J 2016; 45:441-50. [PMID: 25827511 PMCID: PMC4405087 DOI: 10.1111/imj.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has seen human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing emerge as a remarkably popular test for the diagnostic work-up of coeliac disease with high patient acceptance. Although limited in its positive predictive value for coeliac disease, the strong disease association with specific HLA genes imparts exceptional negative predictive value to HLA typing, enabling a negative result to exclude coeliac disease confidently. In response to mounting evidence that the clinical use and interpretation of HLA typing often deviates from best practice, this article outlines an evidence-based approach to guide clinically appropriate use of HLA typing, and establishes a reporting template for pathology providers to improve communication of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Tye-Din
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Departments of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Medical Advisory Committee, Coeliac Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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79
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Picascia S, Mandile R, Auricchio R, Troncone R, Gianfrani C. Gliadin-Specific T-Cells Mobilized in the Peripheral Blood of Coeliac Patients by Short Oral Gluten Challenge: Clinical Applications. Nutrients 2015; 7:10020-31. [PMID: 26633487 PMCID: PMC4690067 DOI: 10.3390/nu7125515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a common lifelong food intolerance triggered by dietary gluten affecting 1% of the general population. Gliadin-specific T-cell lines and T-cell clones obtained from intestinal biopsies have provided great support in the investigation of immuno-pathogenesis of CD. In the early 2000 a new in vivo, less invasive, approach was established aimed to evaluate the adaptive gliadin-specific T-cell response in peripheral blood of celiac patients on a gluten free diet. In fact, it has been demonstrated that three days of ingestion of wheat-containing food induces the mobilization of memory T lymphocytes reactive against gliadin from gut-associated lymphoid tissue into peripheral blood of CD patients. Such antigen-specific T-cells releasing interferon-γ can be transiently detected by using the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays or by flow cytometry tetramer technology. This paper discusses the suitability of this in vivo tool to investigate the repertoire of gluten pathogenic peptides, to support CD diagnosis, and to assess the efficacy of novel therapeutic strategies. A systematic review of all potential applications of short oral gluten challenge is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Picascia
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry-CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Roberta Mandile
- Department of Translational Medical Science (DISMET), Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Via S Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Renata Auricchio
- Department of Translational Medical Science (DISMET), Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Via S Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- Department of Translational Medical Science (DISMET), Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Via S Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Carmen Gianfrani
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry-CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples 80131, Italy.
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
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80
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Celiac disease: Autoimmunity in response to food antigen. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:343-52. [PMID: 26603490 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an increasingly common disease of the small intestine that occurs in genetically susceptible subjects by ingestion of cereal gluten proteins. Gluten is highly abundant in the modern diet and well tolerated by most individuals. In CD, however, an erroneous but highly specific, adaptive immune response is mounted toward certain parts of the gluten proteome. The resulting intestinal destruction is reversible and resolved upon removal of gluten from the diet. Post-translational modification (deamidation) of gluten peptides by transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is essential for the peptides to act as HLA-DQ-restricted T-cell antigens. Characteristically, deamidated gluten and the self-protein TG2 both become targets of highly disease specific B-cell responses. These antibodies share several peculiar characteristics despite being directed against vastly different antigens, which suggests a common mechanism of development. Importantly, no clear function has been ascribed to the antibodies and their contribution to disease may relate to their function as antigen receptors of the B cells rather than as soluble immunoglobulins. Adaptive immunity against gluten and TG2 appears not to be sufficient for establishment of the disease lesion, and it has been suggested that stress responses in the intestinal epithelium are essential for the development of full-blown disease and tissue damage. In this review we will summarize current concepts of the immune pathology of CD with particular focus on recent advances in our understanding of disease specific B-cell responses.
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81
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Silvester JA, Leffler DA. Recent Advances in Celiac Disease from TTG to Gluten in Pee. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2015; 6:e125. [PMID: 26561989 PMCID: PMC4817408 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2015.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J A Silvester
- Celiac Research Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Celiac Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Daniel A Leffler
- Celiac Research Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Celiac Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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82
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T cell receptor reversed polarity recognition of a self-antigen major histocompatibility complex. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:1153-61. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.3271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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83
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Ali I, Sardar Z, Rasheed A, Mahmood T. Molecular characterization of the puroindoline-a and b alleles in synthetic hexaploid wheats and in silico functional and structural insights into Pina-D1. J Theor Biol 2015; 376:1-7. [PMID: 25865523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Kernel hardness determined by two tightly linked Puroindoline genes, Pina-D1 and Pinb-D1, located on chromosome 5DS define commercially important characteristics, uses, major grades and export markets of wheat. This study was conducted to characterize Pina-D1 and Pinb-D1 alleles, in fifteen synthetic hexaploid wheats (SHWs) and its relation with grain hardness. Additionally, in silico functional analyses of puroindoline-a protein was conducted for better understanding of their putative importance in grain quality. Six different Pina-D1 alleles were identified in the SHWs, of which three i.e. Pina-D1a, Pina-D1c and Pina-D1d were already known whereas the other three had new sequence polymorphisms and were designated as Pina-D1w, Pina-D1x and Pina-D1y. Three different Pinb-D1 alleles were identified which have been reported earlier and no novel sequence polymorphism was detected. It was concluded that despite some primary, secondary and 3D structure variations, ligand binding sites and disulfide bonds discrepancies, the main features of PINA, i.e. the tryptophan-rich domain, the cysteine backbone, the signal peptide and basic identity of the proteins were all conserved. In silico analysis showed that puroindolines having binding capacity with small parts of prolamins causing celiac disease of human, however their potential role is not obvious. Conclusively, the new Pina-D1 alleles with modest effect on grain hardness, and insight into their functional and structural characteristics are important findings and their putative role in celiac disease require further studies to validate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftikhar Ali
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Zainab Sardar
- Department of Botany, Government Jahanzeb Postgraduate College Saidu Sharif, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Awais Rasheed
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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84
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Lundin KEA, Qiao SW, Snir O, Sollid LM. Coeliac disease - from genetic and immunological studies to clinical applications. Scand J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:708-17. [PMID: 25846940 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2015.1030766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Coeliac disease is a common and important gastrointestinal disease. It affects at least 1%, most Western European populations and in Nordic countries it is even more frequent. It is strongly associated with certain Human Leukocyte Antigen-DQ genes and triggered by ingestion of wheat gluten and related cereals from rye and barley. The diagnosis relies on a combination of clinical signs, serology and small intestinal biopsy. Work during the last couple of decades has shown that gluten-specific, Human Leukocyte Antigen-DQ-restricted T-cells in the intestinal mucosa are of paramount importance in the disease process. The gluten peptides are chemically modified by the endogenous enzyme transglutaminase 2, the same enzyme that serves as target in today's sensitive serological tests for coeliac disease. The increasing knowledge on the disease process allows for development of improved diagnosis, patient care and new treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut E A Lundin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
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85
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du Pré MF, Sollid LM. T-cell and B-cell immunity in celiac disease. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2015; 29:413-23. [PMID: 26060106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease is an inflammatory disorder with leukocyte infiltration and changes of tissue architecture of the small intestine. The condition develops in genetically susceptible individuals as the result of an inappropriate immune response to gluten proteins of wheat, barley and rye. The clinical manifestations and the histological changes normalize when gluten is eliminated from the diet. CD4(+) T cells that recognize gluten peptides bound to predisposing HLA-DQ molecules play a key role in the pathogenesis. These T cells recognize better gluten peptides that are deamidated, and this posttranslational modification is mediated by the enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2). Another hallmark of celiac disease is the production of antibodies to gluten as well as to TG2. A role for B cells in celiac disease pathogenesis is receiving increased recognition. This review will discuss the main discoveries in the field of T-cell and B-cell biology of celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fleur du Pré
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ludvig M Sollid
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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86
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Coeliac disease and rheumatoid arthritis: similar mechanisms, different antigens. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2015; 11:450-61. [PMID: 25986717 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2015.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and coeliac disease are inflammatory diseases that both have a strong association with class II HLAs: individuals carrying HLA-DQ2.5 and/or HLA-DQ8 alleles have an increased risk of developing coeliac disease, whereas those carrying HLA-DR shared epitope alleles exhibit an increased risk of developing RA. Although the molecular basis of the association with specific HLA molecules in RA remains poorly defined, an immune response against post-translationally modified protein antigens is a hallmark of each disease. In RA, understanding of the pathogenetic role of B-cell responses to citrullinated antigens, including vimentin, fibrinogen and α-enolase, is rapidly growing. Moreover, insight into the role of HLAs in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease has been considerably advanced by the identification of T-cell responses to deamidated gluten antigens presented in conjunction with predisposing HLA-DQ2.5 molecules. This article briefly reviews these advances and draws parallels between the immune mechanisms leading to RA and coeliac disease, which point to a crucial role for T-cell-B-cell cooperation in the development of full-blown disease. Finally, the ways in which these novel insights are being exploited therapeutically to re-establish tolerance in patients with RA and coeliac disease are described.
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87
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Petersen J, van Bergen J, Loh KL, Kooy-Winkelaar Y, Beringer DX, Thompson A, Bakker SF, Mulder CJJ, Ladell K, McLaren JE, Price DA, Rossjohn J, Reid HH, Koning F. Determinants of gliadin-specific T cell selection in celiac disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:6112-22. [PMID: 25948817 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In HLA-DQ8-associated celiac disease (CD), the pathogenic T cell response is directed toward an immunodominant α-gliadin-derived peptide (DQ8-glia-α1). However, our knowledge of TCR gene usage within the primary intestinal tissue of HLA-DQ8 (+) CD patients is limited. We identified two populations of HLA-DQ8-glia-α1 tetramer(+) CD4(+) T cells that were essentially undetectable in biopsy samples from patients on a gluten-free diet but expanded rapidly and specifically after antigenic stimulation. Distinguished by expression of TRBV9, both T cell populations displayed biased clonotypic repertoires and reacted similarly against HLA-DQ8-glia-α1. In particular, TRBV9 paired most often with TRAV26-2, whereas the majority of TRBV9(-) TCRs used TRBV6-1 with no clear TRAV gene preference. Strikingly, both tetramer(+)/TRBV9(+) and tetramer(+)/TRBV9(-) T cells possessed a non-germline-encoded arginine residue in their CDR3α and CDR3β loops, respectively. Comparison of the crystal structures of three TRBV9(+) TCRs and a TRBV9(-) TCR revealed that, as a result of distinct TCR docking modes, the HLA-DQ8-glia-α1 contacts mediated by the CDR3-encoded arginine were almost identical between TRBV9(+) and TRBV9(-) TCRs. In all cases, this interaction centered on two hydrogen bonds with a specific serine residue in the bound peptide. Replacement of serine with alanine at this position abrogated TRBV9(+) and TRBV9(-) clonal T cell proliferation in response to HLA-DQ8-glia-α1. Gluten-specific memory CD4(+) T cells with structurally and functionally conserved TCRs therefore predominate in the disease-affected tissue of patients with HLA-DQ8-mediated CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Petersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jeroen van Bergen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Khai Lee Loh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yvonne Kooy-Winkelaar
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis X Beringer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Allan Thompson
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd F Bakker
- Department of Gastroenterology, Free University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 HZ, the Netherlands
| | - Chris J J Mulder
- Department of Gastroenterology, Free University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 HZ, the Netherlands
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; and
| | - James E McLaren
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; and
| | - David A Price
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; and Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; and
| | - Hugh H Reid
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia;
| | - Frits Koning
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands;
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88
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van Bergen J, Mulder CJ, Mearin ML, Koning F. Local communication among mucosal immune cells in patients with celiac disease. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:1187-94. [PMID: 25623043 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In patients with celiac disease, gluten consumption causes inflammation of the duodenum, and, to a lesser extent, the proximal jejunum. Immune-dominant gluten peptides are modified by the enzyme TG2, leading to their high-affinity binding to HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 molecules, present in people with a predisposition to celiac disease. Gluten peptide-loaded HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 molecules are recognized by highly conserved receptors on CD4(+) T cells in the lamina propria. B cells specific for TG2 and modified gluten peptides are also abundant in the lamina propria of patients with celiac disease. In the epithelium, interleukin-15 activates intraepithelial lymphocytes that promote destruction of epithelial cells. However, it is not clear how the immune responses in the lamina propria and the epithelium, separated by a basement membrane, are linked. We review the immune processes that occur in the lamina propria and their potential effects on epithelial pathology in celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen van Bergen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chris J Mulder
- Department of Gastroenterology, Free University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Luisa Mearin
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frits Koning
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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89
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Sollid LM, Iversen R, Steinsbø Ø, Qiao SW, Bergseng E, Dørum S, du Pré MF, Stamnaes J, Christophersen A, Cardoso I, Hnida K, Chen X, Snir O, Lundin KEA. Small bowel, celiac disease and adaptive immunity. Dig Dis 2015; 33:115-121. [PMID: 25925911 DOI: 10.1159/000369512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celiac disease is a multifactorial and polygenic disease with autoimmune features. The disease is caused by an inappropriate immune response to gluten. Elimination of gluten from the diet leads to disease remission, which is the basis for today's treatment of the disease. There is an unmet need for new alternative treatments. KEY MESSAGES Genetic findings point to adaptive immunity playing a key role in the pathogenesis of celiac disease. MHC is by far the single most important genetic factor in the disease. In addition, a number of non-MHC genes, the majority of which have functions related to T cells and B cells, also contribute to the genetic predisposition, but each of them has modest effect. The primary MHC association is with HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8. These HLA molecules present gluten epitopes to CD4+ T cells which can be considered to be the master regulators of the immune reactions that lead to the disease. The epitopes which the T cells recognize are usually deamidated, and this deamidation is mediated by the enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2). Celiac disease patients have disease-specific antibodies. In addition to antibodies to gluten, these include autoantibodies to TG2. Antibodies to deamidated gluten are nearly as specific for celiac disease as the anti-TG2 antibodies. Both types of antibodies appear only to be produced in subjects who are HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 when they are consuming gluten. CONCLUSION It is hardly coincidental that TG2 is implicated in T-cell epitope formation and at the same time a target for autoantibodies. Understanding this connection is one of the major challenges for obtaining a complete understanding of how gluten causes tissue destruction and remodeling of the mucosa in the small bowel.
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90
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Miles JJ, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J, Gras S. Understanding the complexity and malleability of T-cell recognition. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:433-41. [PMID: 25582337 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T cells are the master regulators of immune system function, continually walking the biological tightrope between adequate host defence and accidental host pathology. Tolerance is maintained or broken through an intricate structural interplay between the T-cell receptor (TCR) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule cradling peptide antigens (p). Recent advances in structural biology have shown that the TCR/pMHC interface is surprising precise and extraordinarily malleable. We have seen that seemingly minor changes in the TCR/pMHC interface can abrogate function, as well as substantial conformational changes before and after TCR docking. Our understanding of T-cell biology has also been altered with the knowledge that MHC molecules can bind not only peptides, but also an array of natural and synthetic compounds. Here, we review some examples of the precision and flexibility intrinsic to the TCR/p/MHCI axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Miles
- 1] QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute and QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia [2] School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia [3] Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- 1] Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia [3] ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephanie Gras
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia [2] ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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91
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Rossjohn J, Gras S, Miles JJ, Turner SJ, Godfrey DI, McCluskey J. T cell antigen receptor recognition of antigen-presenting molecules. Annu Rev Immunol 2014; 33:169-200. [PMID: 25493333 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) locus encodes classical MHC class I and MHC class II molecules and nonclassical MHC-I molecules. The architecture of these molecules is ideally suited to capture and present an array of peptide antigens (Ags). In addition, the CD1 family members and MR1 are MHC class I-like molecules that bind lipid-based Ags and vitamin B precursors, respectively. These Ag-bound molecules are subsequently recognized by T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) expressed on the surface of T lymphocytes. Structural and associated functional studies have been highly informative in providing insight into these interactions, which are crucial to immunity, and how they can lead to aberrant T cell reactivity. Investigators have determined over thirty unique TCR-peptide-MHC-I complex structures and twenty unique TCR-peptide-MHC-II complex structures. These investigations have shown a broad consensus in docking geometry and provided insight into MHC restriction. Structural studies on TCR-mediated recognition of lipid and metabolite Ags have been mostly confined to TCRs from innate-like natural killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells, respectively. These studies revealed clear differences between TCR-lipid-CD1, TCR-metabolite-MR1, and TCR-peptide-MHC recognition. Accordingly, TCRs show remarkable structural and biological versatility in engaging different classes of Ag that are presented by polymorphic and monomorphic Ag-presenting molecules of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Rossjohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; ,
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92
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Law SC, Benham H, Reid HH, Rossjohn J, Thomas R. Identification of Self-antigen–specific T Cells Reflecting Loss of Tolerance in Autoimmune Disease Underpins Preventative Immunotherapeutic Strategies in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2014; 40:735-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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93
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Trujillo JA, Croft NP, Dudek NL, Channappanavar R, Theodossis A, Webb AI, Dunstone MA, Illing PT, Butler NS, Fett C, Tscharke DC, Rossjohn J, Perlman S, Purcell AW. The cellular redox environment alters antigen presentation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27979-91. [PMID: 25135637 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.573402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine-containing peptides represent an important class of T cell epitopes, yet their prevalence remains underestimated. We have established and interrogated a database of around 70,000 naturally processed MHC-bound peptides and demonstrate that cysteine-containing peptides are presented on the surface of cells in an MHC allomorph-dependent manner and comprise on average 5-10% of the immunopeptidome. A significant proportion of these peptides are oxidatively modified, most commonly through covalent linkage with the antioxidant glutathione. Unlike some of the previously reported cysteine-based modifications, this represents a true physiological alteration of cysteine residues. Furthermore, our results suggest that alterations in the cellular redox state induced by viral infection are communicated to the immune system through the presentation of S-glutathionylated viral peptides, resulting in altered T cell recognition. Our data provide a structural basis for how the glutathione modification alters recognition by virus-specific T cells. Collectively, these results suggest that oxidative stress represents a mechanism for modulating the virus-specific T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Trujillo
- From the Department of Microbiology and the Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Nathan P Croft
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia, the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Nadine L Dudek
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia, the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | | | | | - Andrew I Webb
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Patricia T Illing
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Noah S Butler
- From the Department of Microbiology and the Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia, and
| | | | - David C Tscharke
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia, the Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Stanley Perlman
- From the Department of Microbiology and the Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242,
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia, the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
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Structural Basis for the Specific Recognition of the Major Antigenic Peptide from the Japanese Cedar Pollen Allergen Cry j 1 by HLA-DP5. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:3016-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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96
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Petersen J, Montserrat V, Mujico JR, Loh KL, Beringer DX, van Lummel M, Thompson A, Mearin ML, Schweizer J, Kooy-Winkelaar Y, van Bergen J, Drijfhout JW, Kan WT, La Gruta NL, Anderson RP, Reid HH, Koning F, Rossjohn J. T-cell receptor recognition of HLA-DQ2–gliadin complexes associated with celiac disease. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2014; 21:480-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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97
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Exploring T cell reactivity to gliadin in young children with newly diagnosed celiac disease. Autoimmune Dis 2014; 2014:927190. [PMID: 24724018 PMCID: PMC3958769 DOI: 10.1155/2014/927190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Class II major histocompatibility molecules confer disease risk in Celiac disease (CD) by presenting gliadin peptides to CD4 T cells in the small intestine. Deamidation of gliadin peptides by tissue transglutaminase creates immunogenic peptides presented by HLA-DQ2 and DQ8 molecules to activate proinflammatory CD4 T cells. Detecting gliadin specific T cell responses from the peripheral blood has been challenging due to low circulating frequencies and heterogeneity in response to gliadin epitopes. We investigated the peripheral T cell responses to alpha and gamma gliadin epitopes in young children with newly diagnosed and untreated CD. Using peptide/MHC recombinant protein constructs, we are able to robustly stimulate CD4 T cell clones previously derived from intestinal biopsies of CD patients. These recombinant proteins and a panel of α- and γ-gliadin peptides were used to assess T cell responses from the peripheral blood. Proliferation assays using peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed more CD4 T cell responses to α-gliadin than γ-gliadin peptides with a single deamidated α-gliadin peptide able to identify 60% of CD children. We conclude that it is possible to detect T cell responses without a gluten challenge or in vitro stimulus other than antigen, when measuring proliferative responses.
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98
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the recent advances in coeliac disease. RECENT FINDINGS Details of the polygenic nature of coeliac disease with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus as the dominating genetic element have been uncovered. The existence of a large number of non-HLA coeliac disease genes, only partly shared by each individual patient, suggests the genetic heterogeneity of the disease. The critical role for HLA-DQ-restricted CD4 T cells recognizing antigenic gluten peptides is further substantiated. Involvement of CD8 T cells has received new attention. Other components of wheat than gluten, in particular the amylase trypsin inhibitors, may also play a role. The disease is becoming more prevalent. New guidelines state that coeliac disease diagnosis in children can be made on the basis of clinical signs, serology and genetics without the need of biopsy. The clinical entity 'noncoeliac gluten sensitivity' has received much attention, but diagnostic and pathophysiological definitions are still elusive. The risk for mortality and morbidity in coeliac disease is less than previously thought. SUMMARY Our understanding of the basic and clinical aspects of coeliac disease increases. Coeliac disease stands out as a major health problem of almost global occurrence. Case finding, distinguishing coeliac disease from other gluten-sensitive conditions, better care and balanced use of resources are the current challenges.
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99
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Eberwine RA, Cort L, Habib M, Mordes JP, Blankenhorn EP. Autoantigen-induced focusing of Vβ13+ T cells precedes onset of autoimmune diabetes in the LEW.1WR1 rat. Diabetes 2014; 63:596-604. [PMID: 24150607 PMCID: PMC3900547 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The earliest events leading to autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) are not known in any species. A T-cell receptor (TCR)-variable region, TCR-Vβ13, is required for susceptibility to autoimmune diabetes in rats, and selective depletion of Vβ13(+) T cells with an allele-specific monoclonal antibody prevents disease in multiple rat strains. To investigate the role of Vβ13 early in diabetes, we examined islet T-cell transcripts in susceptible (LEW.1WR1) and resistant (LEW.1W and Wistar Furth) strains induced with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid. Vβ13(+) T cells displayed antigenic focusing in LEW.1WR1 islets 5 days postinduction and were characterized by a substantial decrease in complementarity determining region 3 diversity. This occurred prior to significant islet T-cell accumulation (day 7) or frank diabetes (days 10-14). Vβ13(+) transcripts increased in LEW.1WR1 islets during diabetes progression, but not in resistant rats. We also analyzed transcript clonality of rat TCR-Vα5, an ortholog of the dominant TCR-Vα chain found on insulin B:9-23-reactive T cells in nonobese diabetic rat islets. We observed clonal expansion of Vα5(+) transcripts in prediabetic LEW.1WR1 islets, suggesting that rat Vα5 is also an important component of islet autoantigen recognition. These data provide additional evidence that genome-encoded TCR sequences are important determinants of genetic susceptibility to T1D.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Autoantigens
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Islets of Langerhans/cytology
- Poly I-C
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Strains
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/physiology
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Eberwine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laura Cort
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael Habib
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - John P. Mordes
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Elizabeth P. Blankenhorn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Corresponding author: Elizabeth P. Blankenhorn,
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100
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Bhati M, Cole DK, McCluskey J, Sewell AK, Rossjohn J. The versatility of the αβ T-cell antigen receptor. Protein Sci 2014; 23:260-72. [PMID: 24375592 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The T-cell antigen receptor is a heterodimeric αβ protein (TCR) expressed on the surface of T-lymphocytes, with each chain of the TCR comprising three complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) that collectively form the antigen-binding site. Unlike antibodies, which are closely related proteins that recognize intact protein antigens, TCRs classically bind, via their CDR loops, to peptides (p) that are presented by molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). This TCR-pMHC interaction is crucially important in cell-mediated immunity, with the specificity in the cellular immune response being attributable to MHC polymorphism, an extensive TCR repertoire and a variable peptide cargo. The ensuing structural and biophysical studies within the TCR-pMHC axis have been highly informative in understanding the fundamental events that underpin protective immunity and dysfunctional T-cell responses that occur during autoimmunity. In addition, TCRs can recognize the CD1 family, a family of MHC-related molecules that instead of presenting peptides are ideally suited to bind lipid-based antigens. Structural studies within the CD1-lipid antigen system are beginning to inform us how lipid antigens are specifically presented by CD1, and how such CD1-lipid antigen complexes are recognized by the TCR. Moreover, it has recently been shown that certain TCRs can bind to vitamin B based metabolites that are bound to an MHC-like molecule termed MR1. Thus, TCRs can recognize peptides, lipids, and small molecule metabolites, and here we review the basic principles underpinning this versatile and fascinating receptor recognition system that is vital to a host's survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugdha Bhati
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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