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Fazil MHUT, Prasannan P, Wong BHS, Kottaiswamy A, Salim NSBM, Sze SK, Verma NK. GSK3β Interacts With CRMP2 and Notch1 and Controls T-Cell Motility. Front Immunol 2021; 12:680071. [PMID: 34975828 PMCID: PMC8718691 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.680071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The trafficking of T-cells through peripheral tissues and into afferent lymphatic vessels is essential for immune surveillance and an adaptive immune response. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is a serine/threonine kinase and regulates numerous cell/tissue-specific functions, including cell survival, metabolism, and differentiation. Here, we report a crucial involvement of GSK3β in T-cell motility. Inhibition of GSK3β by CHIR-99021 or siRNA-mediated knockdown augmented the migratory behavior of human T-lymphocytes stimulated via an engagement of the T-cell integrin LFA-1 with its ligand ICAM-1. Proteomics and protein network analysis revealed ongoing interactions among GSK3β, the surface receptor Notch1 and the cytoskeletal regulator CRMP2. LFA-1 stimulation in T-cells reduced Notch1-dependent GSK3β activity by inducing phosphorylation at Ser9 and its nuclear translocation accompanied by the cleaved Notch1 intracellular domain and decreased GSK3β-CRMP2 association. LFA-1-induced or pharmacologic inhibition of GSK3β in T-cells diminished CRMP2 phosphorylation at Thr514. Although substantial amounts of CRMP2 were localized to the microtubule-organizing center in resting T-cells, this colocalization of CRMP2 was lost following LFA-1 stimulation. Moreover, the migratory advantage conferred by GSK3β inhibition in T-cells by CHIR-99021 was lost when CRMP2 expression was knocked-down by siRNA-induced gene silencing. We therefore conclude that GSK3β controls T-cell motility through interactions with CRMP2 and Notch1, which has important implications in adaptive immunity, T-cell mediated diseases and LFA-1-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Praseetha Prasannan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brandon Han Siang Wong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, NTU Institute for Health Technologies (HealthTech NTU), Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amuthavalli Kottaiswamy
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Siu Kwan Sze
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Navin Kumar Verma
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Navin Kumar Verma,
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Li Z, Sun G, Sun G, Cheng Y, Wu L, Wang Q, Lv C, Zhou Y, Xia Y, Tang W. Various Uses of PD1/PD-L1 Inhibitor in Oncology: Opportunities and Challenges. Front Oncol 2021; 11:771335. [PMID: 34869005 PMCID: PMC8635629 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.771335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and development of cancer are closely related to the immune escape of tumor cells and immune tolerance. Unlike previous surgical, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapy, tumor immunotherapy is a therapeutic strategy that uses various means to stimulate and enhance the immune function of the body, and ultimately achieves the goal of controlling tumor cells.With the in-depth understanding of tumor immune escape mechanism and tumor microenvironment, and the in-depth study of tumor immunotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors represented by Programmed Death 1/Programmed cell Death-Ligand 1(PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors are becoming increasingly significant in cancer medication treatment. employ a variety of ways to avoid detection by the immune system, a single strategy is not more effective in overcoming tumor immune evasion and metastasis. Combining different immune agents or other drugs can effectively address situations where immunotherapy is not efficacious, thereby increasing the chances of success and alternative access to alternative immunotherapy. Immune combination therapies for cancer have become a hot topic in cancer treatment today. In this paper, several combination therapeutic modalities of PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors are systematically reviewed. Finally, an analysis and outlook are provided in the context of the recent advances in combination therapy with PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors and the pressing issues in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoqiang Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangshun Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liangliang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Chengyu Lv
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yichan Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongxiang Xia
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Tang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Xu Y, He L, Fu Q, Hu J. Metabolic Reprogramming in the Tumor Microenvironment With Immunocytes and Immune Checkpoints. Front Oncol 2021; 11:759015. [PMID: 34858835 PMCID: PMC8632143 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.759015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), Ipilimumab, Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab and Atezolizumab, have been applied in anti-tumor therapy and demonstrated exciting performance compared to conventional treatments. However, the unsatisfactory response rates, high recurrence and adaptive resistance limit their benefits. Metabolic reprogramming appears to be one of the crucial barriers to immunotherapy. The deprivation of required nutrients and altered metabolites not only promote tumor progression but also confer dysfunction on immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Glycolysis plays a central role in metabolic reprogramming and immunoregulation in the TME, and many therapies targeting glycolysis have been developed, and their combinations with ICIs are in preclinical and clinical trials. Additional attention has been paid to the role of amino acids, lipids, nucleotides and mitochondrial biogenesis in metabolic reprogramming and clinical anti-tumor therapy. This review attempts to describe reprogramming metabolisms within tumor cells and immune cells, from the aspects of glycolysis, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis and their impact on immunity in the TME, as well as the significance of targeting metabolism in anti-tumor therapy, especially in combination with ICIs. In particular, we highlight the expression mechanism of programmed cell death (ligand) 1 [PD-(L)1] in tumor cells and immune cells under reprogramming metabolism, and discuss in detail the potential of targeting key metabolic pathways to break resistance and improve the efficacy of ICIs based on results from current preclinical and clinical trials. Besides, we draw out biomarkers of potential predictive value in ICIs treatment from a metabolic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolin Xu
- Department of Oncology, The People's Hospital of China Medical University/The People's Hospital of LiaoNing Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Lijie He
- Department of Oncology, The People's Hospital of China Medical University/The People's Hospital of LiaoNing Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of China Medical University/The People's Hospital of LiaoNing Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Junzhe Hu
- The Second Clinic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Wang G, Tajima M, Honjo T, Ohta A. STAT5 interferes with PD-1 transcriptional activation and affects CD8+ T-cell sensitivity to PD-1-dependent immunoregulation. Int Immunol 2021; 33:563-572. [PMID: 34453440 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is a co-inhibitory receptor that dampens immune responses upon interaction with PD-L1 and PD-L2. Although PD-1 expression on T cells is known to be activation-dependent, how cytokines modify its regulation is not fully resolved. Using polyclonal T-cell activation to study cytokine-dependent PD-1 regulation, we found that IL-2 inhibited transcriptional up-regulation of PD-1 despite the promotion of T-cell activation. The IL-2-mediated reduction in PD-1 expression augmented CD8+ T-cell activities against PD-L1-expressing target cells. To study the mechanism of PD-1 reduction, we focused on STAT5 activation in the IL-2 signaling pathway. Bioinformatic analysis suggested a novel conserved PD-1 promoter domain where NFAT and STAT5 can potentially compete with each other for binding. NFAT1 interaction with this domain revealed substantial potency in PD-1 transcription compared to STAT5A, and STAT5A overexpression could quench NFAT1-dependent PD-1 up-regulation in a sequence-specific manner. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of activated T cells showed that IL-2 treatment significantly diminished the binding of NFAT1 and NFAT2 in the hypothesized competition site, while STAT5 binding to the same region was increased. These results raise the possibility that the competition of transcriptional factors might be involved in the fine-tuning of PD-1 expression by cytokines such as IL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanning Wang
- Department of Immunology, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Masaki Tajima
- Department of Immunology, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tasuku Honjo
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akio Ohta
- Department of Immunology, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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Pokhrel RH, Acharya S, Ahn JH, Gu Y, Pandit M, Kim JO, Park YY, Kang B, Ko HJ, Chang JH. AMPK promotes antitumor immunity by downregulating PD-1 in regulatory T cells via the HMGCR/p38 signaling pathway. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:133. [PMID: 34649584 PMCID: PMC8515644 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic sensor that maintains energy homeostasis. AMPK functions as a tumor suppressor in different cancers; however, its role in regulating antitumor immunity, particularly the function of regulatory T cells (Tregs), is poorly defined. Methods AMPKα1fl/flFoxp3YFP-Cre, Foxp3YFP-Cre, Rag1−/−, and C57BL/6 J mice were used for our research. Flow cytometry and cell sorting, western blotting, immuno-precipitation, immuno-fluorescence, glycolysis assay, and qRT-PCR were used to investigate the role of AMPK in suppressing programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) expression and for mechanistic investigation. Results The deletion of the AMPKα1 subunit in Tregs accelerates tumor growth by increasing the expression of PD-1. Metabolically, loss of AMPK in Tregs promotes glycolysis and the expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), a key enzyme of the mevalonate pathway. Mechanistically, AMPK activates the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) that phosphorylates glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), inhibiting the expression of PD-1 in Tregs. Conclusion Our study identified an AMPK regulatory mechanism of PD-1 expression via the HMGCR/p38 MAPK/GSK3β signaling pathway. We propose that the AMPK activator can display synergic antitumor effect in murine tumor models, supporting their potential clinical use when combined with anti-PD-1 antibody, anti-CTLA-4 antibody, or a HMGCR inhibitor. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12943-021-01420-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Hari Pokhrel
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Suman Acharya
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hee Ahn
- Department of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Kangwondaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Gu
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahesh Pandit
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Yong Park
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ben Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- Department of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Kangwondaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Hoon Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Liu C, Ma L, Wang Y, Zhao J, Chen P, Chen X, Wang Y, Hu Y, Liu Y, Jia X, Yang Z, Yin X, Wu J, Wu S, Zheng H, Ma X, Sun X, He Y, Lin L, Fu Y, Liao K, Zhou X, Jiang S, Fu G, Tang J, Han W, Chen XL, Fan W, Hong Y, Han J, Huang X, Li BA, Xiao N, Xiao C, Fu G, Liu WH. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 drives thymocyte egress by suppressing β-catenin activation of Akt. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg6262. [PMID: 34623920 PMCID: PMC8500522 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg6262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Molecular pathways controlling emigration of mature thymocytes from thymus to the periphery remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that T cell–specific ablation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) led to severely impaired thymic egress. In the absence of GSK3, β-catenin accumulated in the cytoplasm, where it associated with and activated Akt, leading to phosphorylation and degradation of Foxo1 and downregulation of Klf2 and S1P1 expression, thereby preventing emigration of thymocytes. A cytoplasmic membrane-localized β-catenin excluded from the nucleus promoted Akt activation, suggesting a new function of β-catenin independent of its role as a transcriptional activator. Furthermore, genetic ablation of β-catenin, retroviral expression of a dominant negative Akt mutant, and transgenic expression of a constitutively active Foxo1 restored emigration of GSK3-deficient thymocytes. Our findings establish an essential role for GSK3 in thymocyte egress and reveal a previously unidentified signaling function of β-catenin in the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Lei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jiayi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Pengda Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yingxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yanyan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xian Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhanghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xingzhi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Suqin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Haiping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xiufeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Ying He
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Lianghua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yubing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Kunyu Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Guofeng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Wei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xiao Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Wenzhu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yazhen Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jiahuai Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xiangyang Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Bo-An Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Nengming Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Changchun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Guo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Wen-Hsien Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
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Ibañez-Vega J, Vilchez C, Jimenez K, Guevara C, Burgos PI, Naves R. Cellular and molecular regulation of the programmed death-1/programmed death ligand system and its role in multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2021; 123:102702. [PMID: 34311143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Programmed Cell Death 1 (PD-1) receptor and its ligands (PD-Ls) are essential to maintain peripheral immune tolerance and to avoid tissue damage. Consequently, altered gene or protein expression of this system of co-inhibitory molecules has been involved in the development of cancer and autoimmunity. Substantial progress has been achieved in the study of the PD-1/PD-Ls system in terms of regulatory mechanisms and therapy. However, the role of the PD-1/PD-Ls pathway in neuroinflammation has been less explored despite being a potential target of treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent, chronic, inflammatory, and autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that leads to demyelination and axonal damage in young adults. Recent studies have highlighted the key role of the PD-1/PD-Ls pathway in inducing a neuroprotective response and restraining T cell activation and neurodegeneration in MS. In this review, we outline the molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating gene expression, protein synthesis and traffic of PD-1/PD-Ls as well as relevant processes that control PD-1/PD-Ls engagement in the immunological synapse between antigen-presenting cells and T cells. Also, we highlight the most recent findings regarding the role of the PD-1/PD-Ls pathway in MS and its murine model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), including the contribution of PD-1 expressing follicular helper T (TFH) cells in the pathogenesis of these diseases. In addition, we compare and contrast results found in MS and EAE with evidence reported in other autoimmune diseases and their experimental models, and review PD-1/PD-Ls-targeting therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ibañez-Vega
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Vilchez
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Environment, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karin Jimenez
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Environment, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Guevara
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula I Burgos
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo Naves
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Kim J, Yeon A, Parker SJ, Shahid M, Thiombane A, Cho E, You S, Emam H, Kim DG, Kim M. Alendronate-induced Perturbation of the Bone Proteome and Microenvironmental Pathophysiology. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:3261-3270. [PMID: 34400895 PMCID: PMC8364444 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.61552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Bisphosphonates (BPs) are powerful inhibitors of osteoclastogenesis and are used to prevent osteoporotic bone loss and reduce the risk of osteoporotic fracture in patients suffering from postmenopausal osteoporosis. Patients with breast cancer or gynecological malignancies being treated with BPs or those receiving bone-targeted therapy for metastatic prostate cancer are at increased risk of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ). Although BPs markedly ameliorate osteoporosis, their adverse effects largely limit the clinical application of these drugs. This study focused on providing a deeper understanding of one of the most popular BPs, the alendronate (ALN)-induced perturbation of the bone proteome and microenvironmental pathophysiology. Methods: To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying ALN-induced side-effects, an unbiased and global proteomics approach combined with big data bioinformatics was applied. This was followed by biochemical and functional analyses to determine the clinicopathological mechanisms affected by ALN. Results: The findings from this proteomics study suggest that the RIPK3/Wnt/GSK3/β-catenin signaling pathway is significantly perturbed upon ALN treatment, resulting in abnormal angiogenesis, inflammation, anabolism, remodeling, and mineralization in bone cells in an in vitro cell culture system. Conclusion: Our investigation into potential key signaling mechanisms in response to ALN provides a rational basis for suppressing BP-induced adverse effect and presents various therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayoung Kim
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Austin Yeon
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah J. Parker
- Smidt Heart Institute, Department of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aissatou Thiombane
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eunho Cho
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sungyong You
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hany Emam
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Do-Gyoon Kim
- Division of Oral Surgery, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Minjung Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Park R, Coveler AL, Cavalcante L, Saeed A. GSK-3β in Pancreatic Cancer: Spotlight on 9-ING-41, Its Therapeutic Potential and Immune Modulatory Properties. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070610. [PMID: 34356465 PMCID: PMC8301062 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta is a protein kinase implicated in the promotion and development of various cancers, including pancreatic cancer. In cell culture and animal studies, drugs targeting the inhibition of this protein show treatment potential in pancreatic cancer. Studies show targeting this protein for treatment may overcome resistance to conventional chemotherapy in pancreatic tumors. Early-stage clinical trials are currently studying small molecule inhibitors targeting glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta and interim results show favorable results. Recent studies also suggest that targeting this protein will create synergy with immunotherapy, such as checkpoint inhibitors. Future studies should aim to study new combination treatments involving glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta targeting drugs with chemotherapy and immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer. Abstract Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta is a ubiquitously and constitutively expressed molecule with pleiotropic function. It acts as a protooncogene in the development of several solid tumors including pancreatic cancer through its involvement in various cellular processes including cell proliferation, survival, invasion and metastasis, as well as autophagy. Furthermore, the level of aberrant glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta expression in the nucleus is inversely correlated with tumor differentiation and survival in both in vitro and in vivo models of pancreatic cancer. Small molecule inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta have demonstrated therapeutic potential in pre-clinical models and are currently being evaluated in early phase clinical trials involving pancreatic cancer patients with interim results showing favorable results. Moreover, recent studies support a rationale for the combination of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta inhibitors with chemotherapy and immunotherapy, warranting the evaluation of novel combination regimens in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Park
- Department of Medicine, MetroWest Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA 01702, USA;
| | - Andrew L. Coveler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA;
| | | | - Anwaar Saeed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Kansas University Cancer Center & Research Institute, Kansas, KS 66205, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-913-588-6077
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Steele L, Mannion AJ, Shaw G, Maclennan KA, Cook GP, Rudd CE, Taylor A. Non-redundant activity of GSK-3α and GSK-3β in T cell-mediated tumor rejection. iScience 2021; 24:102555. [PMID: 34142056 PMCID: PMC8188550 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a positive regulator of PD-1 expression in CD8+ T cells and GSK-3 inhibition enhances T cell function and is effective in the control of tumor growth. GSK-3 has two co-expressed isoforms, GSK-3α and GSK-3β. Using conditional gene targeting, we demonstrate that both isoforms contribute to T cell function to different degrees. Gsk3b-/- mice suppressed tumor growth to the same degree as Gsk3a/b-/- mice, whereas Gsk3a-/- mice behaved similarly to wild-type, revealing an important role for GSK-3β in regulating T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. The individual GSK-3α and β isoforms have differential effects on PD-1, IFNγ, and granzyme B expression and operate in synergy to control PD-1 expression and the infiltration of tumors with CD4 and CD8 T cells. Our data reveal a complex interplay of the GSK-3 isoforms in the control of tumor immunity and highlight non-redundant activity of GSK-3 isoforms in T cells, with implications for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette Steele
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, School of Medicine, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Aarren J. Mannion
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, School of Medicine, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gary Shaw
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, School of Medicine, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Kenneth A. Maclennan
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, School of Medicine, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Graham P. Cook
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, School of Medicine, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Christopher E. Rudd
- Division of Immunology-Oncology Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada
- Département de Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Alison Taylor
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, School of Medicine, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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Cortés-Vieyra R, Silva-García O, Gómez-García A, Gutiérrez-Castellanos S, Álvarez-Aguilar C, Baizabal-Aguirre VM. Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Modulates the Inflammatory Response Activated by Bacteria, Viruses, and Parasites. Front Immunol 2021; 12:675751. [PMID: 34017345 PMCID: PMC8129516 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.675751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) activity and the molecules identified that regulate its function in infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms is crucial to understanding how the intensity of the inflammatory response can be controlled in the course of infections. In recent years many reports have described small molecular weight synthetic and natural compounds, proteins, and interference RNA with the potential to regulate the GSK3β activity and reduce the deleterious effects of the inflammatory response. Our goal in this review is to summarize the most recent advances on the role of GSK3β in the inflammatory response caused by bacteria, bacterial virulence factors (i.e. LPS and others), viruses, and parasites and how the regulation of its activity, mainly its inhibition by different type of molecules, modulates the inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Cortés-Vieyra
- División de Investigación Clínica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Morelia, Mexico
| | - Octavio Silva-García
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Anel Gómez-García
- División de Investigación Clínica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Morelia, Mexico
| | - Sergio Gutiérrez-Castellanos
- División de Investigación Clínica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Morelia, Mexico
| | - Cleto Álvarez-Aguilar
- Coordinación Auxiliar Médica de Investigación en Salud, IMSS Michoacán, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Víctor M Baizabal-Aguirre
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
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Liu C, Zhou F, Yan Z, Shen L, Zhang X, He F, Wang H, Lu X, Yu K, Zhao Y, Zhu D. Discovery of a novel, potent and selective small-molecule inhibitor of PD-1/PD-L1 interaction with robust in vivo anti-tumour efficacy. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:2651-2670. [PMID: 33768523 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies have achieved great success in clinical treatment. However, monoclonal antibody drugs also have challenges, such as high manufacturing costs, poor diffusion, low oral bioavailability and limited penetration into tumour tissue. The development of small-molecule inhibitors of PD-1/PD-L1 interaction represents a promising perspective to overcome the above challenges in cancer immunotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We explored structural activity relationships and used biochemical assays to generate a lead compound (ZE132). CD8+ T-cells killing assay and Ifng expression assay were used to verify the in vitro cellular activity of ZE132. Off-target study was performed to verify the selectivity. Syngeneic mouse models were used to verify the in vivo activity of ZE132 in tumour immune microenvironment (TIME). We also performed pharmacokinetics profiling in mice and The Cancer Genome Atlas database analysis. KEY RESULTS ZE132 can effectively inhibit the PD-1/PD-L1 interactions in vitro, and it has a potent affinity to PD-L1. ZE132 shows robust anti-tumour effects in vivo, better than anti-PD-1 antibody. In the analysis of TIME, we found that ZE132 treatment promotes cytotoxic T-cell tumour infiltration and induces IL-2 expression. In addition, ZE132 elicits strong inhibitory effects on the mRNA expression of TGF-β, which may serve as a potential biomarker to predict responsiveness to PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapies. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS We identified a new lead compound ZE132 targeting PD-1/PD-L1 interactions, not only showing favourable drug-like properties in vitro and in vivo but also showing the advantage of overcoming the barrier of TIME compared to anti-PD-1 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feilong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziqin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lian Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fenglian He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojie Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ker Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Di Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery and Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immune Therapy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Immunity reloaded: Deconstruction of the PD-1 axis in B cell lymphomas. Blood Rev 2021; 50:100832. [PMID: 33896649 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2021.100832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade therapies targeting the PD-1 axis with monoclonal antibodies to reinstate host immune function have revolutionized the clinical management of some cancers but have had minimal impact on others. This dichotomy is exemplified by B cell lymphomas. Whilst striking results are observed in classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (cHL) and Primary Mediastinal B Cell Lymphoma (PMBL), responses in other B cell lymphomas are infrequent. Even with cHL and PMBL, responses are not always durable and adverse effects can result in treatment discontinuation. A more nuanced approach to manipulate the PD-1 axis is required before the full benefits of PD-1 axis blockade can be realised. In this review, we provide an outline of PD-1 axis biology, including the range of cellular expression, the molecular mechanisms underlying regulation and the impacts of downstream signalling. These may permit the development of alternate strategies to PD-1 axis blockade to enhance the therapeutic efficacy in B cell lymphomas.
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64
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Alves M, Borges DDP, Kimberly A, Martins Neto F, Oliveira AC, de Sousa JC, Nogueira CD, Carneiro BA, Tavora F. Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Beta Expression Correlates With Worse Overall Survival in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer-A Clinicopathological Series. Front Oncol 2021; 11:621050. [PMID: 33767989 PMCID: PMC7985549 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.621050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) regulates diverse cell functions including metabolic activity, signaling and structural proteins. GSK-3β phosphorylates target pro-oncogenes and regulates programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). This study investigated the correlation between GSK-3β expression and clinically relevant molecular features of lung adenocarcinoma (PDL1 score, PTEN expression and driver mutations). Methods We evaluated 95 lung cancer specimens from biopsies and surgical resections. Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze the expression of GSK-3β, PTEN, and PDL1. Epidemiological data, molecular characteristics and staging were evaluated from medical records. The histologic classification was performed by an experienced pulmonary pathologist. Results Most patients were female (52.6%) and the majority had a positive smoking history. The median age was 68.3 years, with individuals over 60 years accounting for 82.1%. The predominant histological subtype was adenocarcinoma (69.5%), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (20.0%). GSK-3β expression in tumors was cytoplasmic with a dotted pattern and perinuclear concentration, with associated membranous staining. Seven (7.3%) tumors had associated nuclear expression localization. Seventy-seven patients (81.1%) had advanced clinical-stage tumors. GSK-3β was positive in 75 tumors (78%) and GSK3-positive tumors tended to be diagnosed at advanced stages. Among stage III/IV tumors, 84% showed GSK3 positivity (p= 0.007). We identified a statistically significant association between GSK-3β and PTEN in the qualitative analysis (p 0.021); and when comparing PTEN to GSK-3β intensity 2+ (p 0.001) or 3+ expression (> 50%) – p 0.013. GSK-3β positive tumors with a high histological score had a worse overall survival. Conclusion We identified the histological patterns of GSK-3β expression and evaluated its potential as marker for overall survival, establishing a simple histological score to measure the evaluated status in resected tissues. The use of GSK-3β expression as an immune response biomarker remains a challenge. Future studies will seek to explain the role of its interaction with PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marclesson Alves
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Kimberly
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Argos Pathology Laboratory, Department of Investigative Pathology, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Francisco Martins Neto
- Departments of Patholoy, Oncology and Thoracic Surgery, Messejana Heart and Lung Hospital, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Oliveira
- Departments of Patholoy, Oncology and Thoracic Surgery, Messejana Heart and Lung Hospital, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Juliana Cordeiro de Sousa
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Argos Pathology Laboratory, Department of Investigative Pathology, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Cleto D Nogueira
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Argos Pathology Laboratory, Department of Investigative Pathology, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Benedito A Carneiro
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lifespan Cancer Institute, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Fabio Tavora
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Argos Pathology Laboratory, Department of Investigative Pathology, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Departments of Patholoy, Oncology and Thoracic Surgery, Messejana Heart and Lung Hospital, Fortaleza, Brazil
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65
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Rudd CE, Chanthong K, Taylor A. Small Molecule Inhibition of GSK-3 Specifically Inhibits the Transcription of Inhibitory Co-receptor LAG-3 for Enhanced Anti-tumor Immunity. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2075-2082.e4. [PMID: 32075731 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade using antibodies against negative co-receptors such as cytolytic T cell antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) has seen much success treating cancer. However, most patients are still not cured, underscoring the need for improved treatments and the possible development of small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) for improved immunotherapy. We previously showed that glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3α/β is a central regulator of PD-1 expression, where GSK-3 inhibition down-regulates PD-1 and enhances CD8+ cytolytic T cell (CTL) function, reducing viral infections and tumor growth. Here, we demonstrate that GSK-3 also negatively regulates Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 (LAG-3) expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. GSK-3 SMIs are more effective than LAG-3 blockade alone in suppressing B16 melanoma growth, while their combination resulted in enhanced tumor clearance. This was linked to increased expression of the transcription factor, Tbet, which bound the LAG-3 promoter, inhibiting its transcription, and to increased granzyme B and interferon-γ1 expression. Overall, we describe a small molecule approach to inhibit LAG-3, resulting in enhanced anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Rudd
- Cell Signalling Section, Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK; Division of Immunology-Oncology Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada; Département de Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Kittiphat Chanthong
- Cell Signalling Section, Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Alison Taylor
- Cell Signalling Section, Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK; Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, School of Medicine, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
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66
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Sui Q, Liu D, Jiang W, Tang J, Kong L, Han K, Liao L, Li Y, Ou Q, Xiao B, Liu G, Ling Y, Chen J, Liu Z, Zuo Z, Pan Z, Zhou P, Zheng J, Ding PR. Dickkopf 1 impairs the tumor response to PD-1 blockade by inactivating CD8+ T cells in deficient mismatch repair colorectal cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e001498. [PMID: 33782107 PMCID: PMC8009229 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dickkopf 1 (DKK1) is associated with tumor progression. However, whether DKK1 influences the tumor response to programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade in colorectal cancers (CRCs) with deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) or microsatellite instability (MSI) has never been clarified. METHODS Tumor tissues from 80 patients with dMMR CRC were evaluated for DKK1 expression and immune status via immunohistochemistry. Serum DKK1 was measured in another set of 43 patients who received PD-1 blockade therapy. CT26 cells and dMMR CRC organoids were cocultured with T cells, and CT26-grafted BALB/c mice were also constructed. T-cell cytotoxicity was assessed by apoptosis assays and flow cytometry. The pathway through which DKK1 regulates CD8+ T cells was investigated using RNA sequencing, and chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays were conducted to determine the downstream transcription factors of DKK1. RESULTS Elevated DKK1 expression was associated with recurrence and decreased CD8+ T-cell infiltration in dMMR CRCs, and patients with high-serum DKK1 had a poor response to PD-1 blockade. RNA interference or neutralization of DKK1 in CRC cells enhanced CD8+ T-cell cytotoxicity, while DKK1 decreased T-bet expression and activated GSK3β in CD8+ T cells. In addition, E2F1, a downstream transcription factor of GSK3β, directly upregulated T-bet expression. In organoid models, the proportion of apoptotic cells was elevated after individual neutralization of PD-1 or DKK1 and was further increased on combined neutralization of PD-1 and DKK1. CONCLUSIONS DKK1 suppressed the antitumor immune reaction through the GSK3β/E2F1/T-bet axis in CD8+ T cells. Elevated serum DKK1 predicted poor tumor response to PD-1 blockade in dMMR/MSI CRCs, and DKK1 neutralization may restore sensitivity to PD-1 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqi Sui
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wu Jiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinghua Tang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingheng Kong
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Han
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leen Liao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingjian Ou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Binyi Xiao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guochen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yihong Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zexian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhixiang Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhizhong Pan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Penghui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Rong Ding
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Pan B, Shang L, Liu C, Gao J, Zhang F, Xu M, Li L, Sun Z, Li Z, Xu K. PD-1 antibody and ruxolitinib enhances graft-versus-lymphoma effect without increasing acute graft-versus-host disease in mice. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:503-514. [PMID: 32805756 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Boosting T cell immune response posttransplant with checkpoint inhibitors increases graft-versus-lymphoma (GVL) effects at the cost of increasing acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD). A combined targeted therapy is needed to decrease checkpoint inhibitors-induced aGVHD without impairing GVL. We studied whether this competition could be avoided by giving concurrent anti-PD-1 antibody and ruxolitinib in allotransplant mouse models in which recipients were challenged with A20 or EL4 lymphoma cells. Given alone the PD-1 antibody increased GVL but did not improve survival of recipients challenged with A20 cells because of increased deaths from aGVHD. Adding ruxolitinib decreased levels of effector T cells and related cytokines. Tbx21- T cells had higher PD-1 levels compared with Tbx21+ T cells. Ruxolitinib increased PD-1 levels on donor T cells by suppressing Tbx21 expression. Ruxolitinib increased apoptosis of T cells which was reversed by the PD-1 antibody. PD-1 antibody preserved expression of granzyme B and cytotoxicity of T cells which were decreased by ruxolitinib. The net result of combined therapy was increased GVL, no increase in aGVHD and increased survival. The combined therapy improved survival of recipients challenged by A20 cells which expressed high level of PD-L1, but not EL4 cells which do not express PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Pan
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Longmei Shang
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Mengdi Xu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lingling Li
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zengtian Sun
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Kailin Xu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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68
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Rudd CE. Commentary: Does Lithium Deserve a Place in the Treatment Against COVID-19? A Preliminary Observational Study in Six Patients, Case Report. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:613734. [PMID: 33390999 PMCID: PMC7772390 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.613734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Rudd
- Centre de Recherche- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital (CR-HMR), Montreal, QC , Canada.,Département de Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Medical Biochemistry, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
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69
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Jin J, Zhang H, Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. Lysosomes in T Cell Immunity and Aging. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2021; 2:809539. [PMID: 35822050 PMCID: PMC9261317 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.809539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes were initially recognized as degradation centers that regulate digestion and recycling of cellular waste. More recent studies document that the lysosome is an important signaling hub that regulates cell metabolism. Our knowledge of the role of lysosomes in immunity is mostly derived from innate immune cells, especially lysosomal degradation-specialized cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells. Their function in adaptive immunity is less understood. However, with the recent emphasis on metabolic regulation of T cell differentiation, lysosomes are entering center stage in T cell immunology. In this review, we will focus on the role of lysosomes in adaptive immunity and discuss recent findings on lysosomal regulation of T cell immune responses and lysosomal dysfunction in T cell aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jin
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Cornelia M. Weyand
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jorg J. Goronzy
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jorg J. Goronzy,
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70
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Allen SD, Liu X, Jiang J, Liao YP, Chang CH, Nel AE, Meng H. Immune checkpoint inhibition in syngeneic mouse cancer models by a silicasome nanocarrier delivering a GSK3 inhibitor. Biomaterials 2020; 269:120635. [PMID: 33422940 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint blocking antibodies that interfere in the PD-1/PD-L1 axis provide effective cancer immunotherapy for tumors that are immune inflamed or induced to become "hot". It has also been demonstrated that a small molecule inhibitor of the signaling hub kinase GSK3 can interfere in the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in T-cells by suppressing PD-1 expression. This provides an alternative approach to intervening in the PD-1/PD-L1 axis to provide cancer immunotherapy. In this communication, we demonstrate the remote loading of GSK3 inhibitor AZD1080 into the porous interior of mesoporous silica nanoparticles coated with a lipid bilayer (a.k.a. silicasomes). In a MC38 colon cancer model, intravenous injection (IV) of silicasome-encapsulated AZD1080 significantly improved biodistribution and drug delivery to the tumor site. The improved drug delivery was accompanied by cytotoxic MC38 tumor cell killing by perforin-releasing CD8+ T-cells, exhibiting reduced PD-1 expression. IV injection of encapsulated AZD1080 also resulted in significant tumor shrinkage in other syngeneic mouse tumor models, including another colorectal tumor (CT26), as well as pancreas (KPC) and lung (LLC) cancer models. Not only was the therapeutic efficacy of encapsulated AZD1080 similar or better than anti-PD-1 antibody, but the treatment was devoid of treatment toxicity. These results provide proof-of-principal demonstration of the feasibility of using encapsulated delivery of a GSK3 inhibitor to provide cancer immunotherapy, with the possibility to be used as a monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy or other immunomodulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Allen
- Department of Medicine, Division of NanoMedicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiangsheng Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of NanoMedicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jinhong Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Division of NanoMedicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Pei Liao
- Department of Medicine, Division of NanoMedicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chong Hyun Chang
- Department of Medicine, Division of NanoMedicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andre E Nel
- Department of Medicine, Division of NanoMedicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Huan Meng
- Department of Medicine, Division of NanoMedicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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71
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Anderson G. Tumour Microenvironment: Roles of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor, O-GlcNAcylation, Acetyl-CoA and Melatonergic Pathway in Regulating Dynamic Metabolic Interactions across Cell Types-Tumour Microenvironment and Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E141. [PMID: 33375613 PMCID: PMC7795031 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the dynamic interactions of the tumour microenvironment, highlighting the roles of acetyl-CoA and melatonergic pathway regulation in determining the interactions between oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and glycolysis across the array of cells forming the tumour microenvironment. Many of the factors associated with tumour progression and immune resistance, such as yin yang (YY)1 and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3β, regulate acetyl-CoA and the melatonergic pathway, thereby having significant impacts on the dynamic interactions of the different types of cells present in the tumour microenvironment. The association of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) with immune suppression in the tumour microenvironment may be mediated by the AhR-induced cytochrome P450 (CYP)1b1-driven 'backward' conversion of melatonin to its immediate precursor N-acetylserotonin (NAS). NAS within tumours and released from tumour microenvironment cells activates the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) receptor, TrkB, thereby increasing the survival and proliferation of cancer stem-like cells. Acetyl-CoA is a crucial co-substrate for initiation of the melatonergic pathway, as well as co-ordinating the interactions of OXPHOS and glycolysis in all cells of the tumour microenvironment. This provides a model of the tumour microenvironment that emphasises the roles of acetyl-CoA and the melatonergic pathway in shaping the dynamic intercellular metabolic interactions of the various cells within the tumour microenvironment. The potentiation of YY1 and GSK3β by O-GlcNAcylation will drive changes in metabolism in tumours and tumour microenvironment cells in association with their regulation of the melatonergic pathway. The emphasis on metabolic interactions across cell types in the tumour microenvironment provides novel future research and treatment directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Anderson
- Clinical Research Communications (CRC) Scotland & London, Eccleston Square, London SW1V 6UT, UK
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72
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Acute Conditioning of Antigen-Expanded CD8 + T Cells via the GSK3β-mTORC Axis Differentially Dictates Their Immediate and Distal Responses after Antigen Rechallenge. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123766. [PMID: 33327544 PMCID: PMC7765077 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Expanded, antigen-experienced CD8+ T cells are utilized in immunotherapy to treat infections and cancers. Antigen rechallenge of these cells leads to their re-expansion. The effector functions of re-expanded CD8+ T cells are critical for their therapeutic efficacy. We found that acute conditioning of the cells, before antigen rechallenge, impacts their effector function after re-expansion. Our data showed that acute pharmacological modulation of the GSK3β-mTORC axis with TWS119 or rapamycin, but not Torin1, before antigen rechallenge promotes the effector functions of re-expanded CD8+ T cells. These findings suggest that acute conditioning of the GSK3β-mTORC axis in expanded CD8+ T cells, before antigen rechallenge, can promote the therapeutic performance of re-expanded CD8+ T cells. Abstract CD8+ T cells protect against tumors and intracellular pathogens. The inflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-15, and IL-7 are necessary for their expansion. However, elevated serum levels of these cytokines are often associated with cancer, poorer prognosis of cancer patients, and exhaustion of antigen-expanded CD8+ T cells. The impact of acute conditioning of antigen-expanded CD8+ T cells with these cytokines is unknown. Here, we generated antigen-expanded CD8+ T cells using dendritic cells and PC-3 cells. The cells were acutely (18–24 h) conditioned with IL-2 and either the GSK3β inhibitor TWS119, the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin, or the mTORC1/2 inhibitor Torin1, then their immediate and post-re-expansion (distal) cytokine responses after antigen rechallenge were evaluated. We found that acute IL-2 conditioning upregulated the immediate antigen-induced cytokine response of the tested cells. Following their re-expansion, however, the cells showed a decreased cytokine response. These IL-2 conditioning-mediated impacts were counteracted with TWS119 or rapamycin but not with Torin1. Our data revealed that the acute conditioning of antigen-expanded CD8+ T cells with IL-2 modulates the GSK3β-mTORC signaling axis. This modulation differentially affected the immediate and distal cytokine responses of the cells. The acute targeting of this signaling axis could, therefore, represent a novel strategy for the modulation of antigen-expanded CD8+ T cells.
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73
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Modelling of Immune Checkpoint Network Explains Synergistic Effects of Combined Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy and the Impact of Cytokines in Patient Response. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123600. [PMID: 33276543 PMCID: PMC7761568 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The future of cancer immunotherapy relies on a combination of individually targeted therapies. However, a lot of experiments are needed to define the most effective combinations of drugs. A computational and modelling approach could help reduce the number of experiments and suggest optimal treatments to test. This article presents a logical model of T cell activation influenced by immune checkpoints, and explores the effect of these checkpoints, suggests mechanisms that would explain why some treatments might be better suited than others. The model includes not only programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTL4) downstream pathways but also those of other immune checkpoints such as T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif) domain (TIGIT), lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM3), cluster of differentiation 226 (CD226), inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS), and tumour necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs). Abstract After the success of the new generation of immune therapies, immune checkpoint receptors have become one important center of attention of molecular oncologists. The initial success and hopes of anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD1) and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (anti-CTLA4) therapies have shown some limitations since a majority of patients have continued to show resistance. Other immune checkpoints have raised some interest and are under investigation, such as T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif) domain (TIGIT), inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS), and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM3), which appear as promising targets for immunotherapy. To explore their role and study possible synergetic effects of these different checkpoints, we have built a model of T cell receptor (TCR) regulation including not only PD1 and CTLA4, but also other well studied checkpoints (TIGIT, TIM3, lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3), cluster of differentiation 226 (CD226), ICOS, and tumour necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs)) and simulated different aspects of T cell biology. Our model shows good correspondence with observations from available experimental studies of anti-PD1 and anti-CTLA4 therapies and suggest efficient combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Among the possible candidates, TIGIT appears to be the most promising drug target in our model. The model predicts that signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1)/STAT4-dependent pathways, activated by cytokines such as interleukin 12 (IL12) and interferon gamma (IFNG), could improve the effect of ICI therapy via upregulation of Tbet, suggesting that the effect of the cytokines related to STAT3/STAT1 activity is dependent on the balance between STAT1 and STAT3 downstream signalling.
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74
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KLHL22 maintains PD-1 homeostasis and prevents excessive T cell suppression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28239-28250. [PMID: 33109719 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004570117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) expression on the surface of T cells is known to inhibit T cell effector activity and to play a pivotal role in tumor immune escape; thus, maintaining an appropriate level of PD-1 expression is of great significance. We identified KLHL22, an adaptor of the Cul3-based E3 ligase, as a major PD-1-associated protein that mediates the degradation of PD-1 before its transport to the cell surface. KLHL22 deficiency leads to overaccumulation of PD-1, which represses the antitumor response of T cells and promotes tumor progression. Importantly, KLHL22 was markedly decreased in tumor-infiltrating T cells from colorectal cancer patients. Meanwhile, treatment with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) could increase PD-1 expression by inhibiting the transcription of KLHL22. These findings reveal that KLHL22 plays a crucial role in preventing excessive T cell suppression by maintaining PD-1 expression homeostasis and suggest the therapeutic potential of 5-FU in combination with anti-PD-1 in colorectal cancer patients.
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75
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He R, Du S, Lei T, Xie X, Wang Y. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β in tumorigenesis and oncotherapy (Review). Oncol Rep 2020; 44:2373-2385. [PMID: 33125126 PMCID: PMC7610307 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK 3β), a multifunctional serine and threonine kinase, plays a critical role in a variety of cellular activities, including signaling transduction, protein and glycogen metabolism, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. Therefore, aberrant regulation of GSK 3β results in a broad range of human diseases, such as tumors, diabetes, inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Accumulating evidence has suggested that GSK 3β is correlated with tumorigenesis and progression. However, GSK 3β is controversial due to its bifacial roles of tumor suppression and activation. In addition, overexpression of GSK 3β is involved in tumor growth, whereas it contributes to the cell sensitivity to chemotherapy. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of GSK 3β in tumorigenesis remain obscure and require further in‑depth investigation. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the roles of GSK 3β in tumorigenesis and oncotherapy, and focus on its potentials as an available target in oncotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui He
- Department of Union, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Suya Du
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Tiantian Lei
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing 400013, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofang Xie
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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76
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De Souza A, Tavora FA, Mahalingam D, Munster PN, Safran HP, El-Deiry WS, Carneiro BA. Commentary: GSK-3 Inhibition as a Therapeutic Approach Against SARs CoV2: Dual Benefit of Inhibiting Viral Replication While Potentiating the Immune Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:595289. [PMID: 33193448 PMCID: PMC7604263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.595289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andre De Souza
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lifespan Cancer Institute, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | | | - Devalingam Mahalingam
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Pamela N Munster
- Department of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Howard P Safran
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lifespan Cancer Institute, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lifespan Cancer Institute, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Benedito A Carneiro
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lifespan Cancer Institute, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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77
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Zhao Y, Qiu W, Liu J, Yuan X, Mao W, Yin J, Peng B, Liu W, Han S, He X. Blockade of Kv1.3 potassium channel inhibits CD8 + T cell-mediated neuroinflammation via PD-1/Blimp-1 signaling. FASEB J 2020; 34:15492-15503. [PMID: 32981181 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000861rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Kv1.3 potassium channel is considered as a target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), since Kv1.3 blockade suppresses memory T cell activation including cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. However, the underlying signaling pathway related to autoimmune CD8+ T cell inhibition by Kv1.3 channel in neuroinflammatory diseases remains unclear. We found that ImK, a selective Kv1.3 blocker, reduced auto-reactive CD8+ T cell infiltration in the spinal cords of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) rats, an animal model of MS. ImK suppressed transcriptional factor Blimp-1 expression and reduced the cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells on neuronal cells. Furthermore, ImK upregulated co-inhibitory molecule PD-1 to inhibit B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein (Blimp-1) in an IL-2 independent way. In addition, PD-1 inhibitor impaired the suppression of ImK on CD8+ T cells and accelerated EAE progression. Our study demonstrated a novel regulatory mechanism of Kv1.3 blockade on modulating CD8+ T cell differentiation through PD-1/Blimp-1 signaling. This work expands the understanding of Kv1.3 channel for modulating neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junchen Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolu Yuan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenqian Mao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - BiWen Peng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - WanHong Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Han
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - XiaoHua He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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78
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Li Puma DD, Marcocci ME, Lazzarino G, De Chiara G, Tavazzi B, Palamara AT, Piacentini R, Grassi C. Ca 2+ -dependent release of ATP from astrocytes affects herpes simplex virus type 1 infection of neurons. Glia 2020; 69:201-215. [PMID: 32818313 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes provide metabolic support for neurons and modulate their functions by releasing a plethora of neuroactive molecules diffusing to neighboring cells. Here we report that astrocytes also play a role in cortical neurons' vulnerability to Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) infection through the release of extracellular ATP. We found that the interaction of HSV-1 with heparan sulfate proteoglycans expressed on the plasma membrane of astrocytes triggered phospholipase C-mediated IP3 -dependent intracellular Ca2+ transients causing extracellular release of ATP. ATP binds membrane purinergic P2 receptors (P2Rs) of both neurons and astrocytes causing an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration that activates the Glycogen Synthase Kinase (GSK)-3β, whose action is necessary for HSV-1 entry/replication in these cells. Indeed, in co-cultures of neurons and astrocytes HSV-1-infected neurons were only found in proximity of infected astrocytes releasing ATP, whereas in the presence of fluorocitrate, an inhibitor of astrocyte metabolism, switching-off the HSV-1-induced ATP release, very few neurons were infected. The addition of exogenous ATP, mimicking that released by astrocytes after HSV-1 challenge, restored the ability of HSV-1 to infect neurons co-cultured with metabolically-inhibited astrocytes. The ATP-activated, P2R-mediated, and GSK-3-dependent molecular pathway underlying HSV-1 infection is likely shared by neurons and astrocytes, given that the blockade of either P2Rs or GSK-3 activation inhibited infection of both cell types. These results add a new layer of information to our understanding of the critical role played by astrocytes in regulating neuronal functions and their response to noxious stimuli including microbial agents via Ca2+ -dependent release of neuroactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Donatella Li Puma
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Marcocci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lazzarino
- UniCamillus - Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna De Chiara
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Tavazzi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Basic biotechnological sciences, intensivological and perioperative clinics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy.,San Raffaele Pisana, IRCCS, Telematic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Piacentini
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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79
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Miyazato K, Tahara H, Hayakawa Y. Antimetastatic effects of thalidomide by inducing the functional maturation of peripheral natural killer cells. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:2770-2778. [PMID: 32573072 PMCID: PMC7419051 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thalidomide and its analogues are known as immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) that possess direct antimyeloma effects, in addition to other secondary effects, including antiangiogenic, antiinflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. Although the involvement of natural killer (NK) cells in the antitumor effects of IMiDs has been reported, it is unclear whether IMiDs inhibit cancer cell metastasis by regulating the antitumor function of NK cells. In this study, we examined the protective effects of thalidomide against cancer metastasis by focusing on its immunomodulatory effects through NK cells. Using experimental lung metastasis models, we found that pharmacological effects of thalidomide on host cells, but not its direct anticancer tumor effects, are responsible for the inhibition of lung metastases. To exert the antimetastatic effects of thalidomide, both γ‐interferon (IFN‐γ) production and direct cytotoxicity of NK cells were essential, without notable contribution from T cells. In thalidomide‐treated mice, there was a significant increase in the terminally differentiated mature CD27lo NK cells in the peripheral tissues and NK cells in thalidomide‐treated mice showed significantly higher cytotoxicity and IFN‐γ production. The NK cell expression of T‐bet was upregulated by thalidomide treatment and the downregulation of glycogen synthase kinase‐3β expression was observed in thalidomide‐treated NK cells. Collectively, our study suggests that thalidomide induces the functional maturation of peripheral NK cells through alteration of T‐bet expression to inhibit lung metastasis of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiho Miyazato
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tahara
- Project Division of Cancer Biomolecular Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Cancer Drug Discovery and Development, Osaka International Cancer Center, Osaka, Japan
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80
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Harnessing the Complete Repertoire of Conventional Dendritic Cell Functions for Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070663. [PMID: 32674488 PMCID: PMC7408110 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset of checkpoint inhibition revolutionized the treatment of cancer. However, studies from the last decade suggested that the sole enhancement of T cell functionality might not suffice to fight malignancies in all individuals. Dendritic cells (DCs) are not only part of the innate immune system, but also generals of adaptive immunity and they orchestrate the de novo induction of tolerogenic and immunogenic T cell responses. Thus, combinatorial approaches addressing DCs and T cells in parallel represent an attractive strategy to achieve higher response rates across patients. However, this requires profound knowledge about the dynamic interplay of DCs, T cells, other immune and tumor cells. Here, we summarize the DC subsets present in mice and men and highlight conserved and divergent characteristics between different subsets and species. Thereby, we supply a resource of the molecular players involved in key functional features of DCs ranging from their sentinel function, the translation of the sensed environment at the DC:T cell interface to the resulting specialized T cell effector modules, as well as the influence of the tumor microenvironment on the DC function. As of today, mostly monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDCs) are used in autologous cell therapies after tumor antigen loading. While showing encouraging results in a fraction of patients, the overall clinical response rate is still not optimal. By disentangling the general aspects of DC biology, we provide rationales for the design of next generation DC vaccines enabling to exploit and manipulate the described pathways for the purpose of cancer immunotherapy in vivo. Finally, we discuss how DC-based vaccines might synergize with checkpoint inhibition in the treatment of malignant diseases.
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Liu C, Zhang Z, Ping Y, Qin G, Zhang K, Maimela NR, Huang L, Yang S, Zhang Y. Comprehensive Analysis of PD-1 Gene Expression, Immune Characteristics and Prognostic Significance in 1396 Glioma Patients. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:4399-4410. [PMID: 32606935 PMCID: PMC7294103 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s238174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) blockade therapy is one of the most remarkable immunotherapy strategies in many solid tumors, excluding glioma. The PD-1 expression, immune characteristics, and prognosis relevance in glioma remain poorly understood. Patients and Methods RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and mRNA microarray data were obtained for 325 and 301 glioma patients, respectively, from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) database. We analyzed the expression profile of PDCD1 (encoding PD-1) according to the different grade, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation status, and molecular subtype of glioblastoma. Gene ontology (GO) analyses were performed to explore biological processes of PD-1-related genes. Survival analysis was conducted using the Kaplan–Meier method. The findings were validated using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) RNA-seq data from 697 glioma samples. We also confirmed the PDCD1 gene expression feature and survival relevance in our own cohort of 73 glioma patients. R language was used for statistical analysis and generating figures. Results PDCD1 was enriched in glioblastoma (WHO, grade IV), IDH wild-type glioma and mesenchymal glioblastoma in CGGA and TCGA datasets; similar results were validated in our own patient cohort. GO analysis revealed that PDCD1-related genes were involved in inflammation immune responses and T cell-mediated immune responses in glioma. Circos plots indicated that PDCD1 was positively associated with CD28, ICOS, and the inhibitory checkpoint molecules CTLA4, HAVCR2, TIGIT, and LAG3. Patients with PDCD1 upregulation had much shorter overall survival. Conclusion PDCD1 upregulation was found in more malignant phenotypes of glioma and indicated a worse prognosis. Immunotherapy of targeting PD-1 or combined with other checkpoint molecules (eg, TIM-3, LAG-3, or TIGIT) blockade may represent a promising treatment strategy for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojun Liu
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Ping
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohui Qin
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, People's Republic of China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Lan Huang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengli Yang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, People's Republic of China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, People's Republic of China
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82
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Rudd CE. GSK-3 Inhibition as a Therapeutic Approach Against SARs CoV2: Dual Benefit of Inhibiting Viral Replication While Potentiating the Immune Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1638. [PMID: 32695123 PMCID: PMC7333796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) pandemic and uncertainties in developing a vaccine have created an urgent need for new therapeutic approaches. A key question is whether it is possible to make rational predictions of new therapies based on the presently available scientific and medical information. In this regard, I have noticed an omission in the present analysis in the literature related to the exploitation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) as a therapeutic approach. This is based on two key observations, that GSK-3 inhibitors can simultaneously block SARs viral replication, while boosting CD8+ adaptive T-cell and innate natural killer (NK) responses. Firstly, it is already clear that GSK-3 phosphorylation of SARs CoV1 N protein on key serine residues is needed for viral replication such that small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) of GSK-3 can inhibit viral replication. In comparing protein sequences, I show here that the key sites in the N protein of SARs CoV1 N for replication are conserved in SARs CoV2. This strongly suggests that GSK-3 SMIs will also inhibit SARs Cov2 replication. Secondly, we and others have previously documented that GSK-3 SMIs markedly enhance CD8+ cytolytic T-cell (CTL) and NK cell anti-viral effector functions leading to a reduction in both acute and chronic viral infections in mice. My hypothesis is that the repurposing of low-cost inhibitors of GSK-3 such as lithium will limit SARS-CoV2 infections by both reducing viral replication and potentiating the immune response against the virus. To date, there has been no mention of this dual connection between GSK-3 and SARs CoV2 in the literature. To my knowledge, no other drugs exist with the potential to simultaneously target both viral replication and immune response against SARs CoV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Rudd
- Centre de Recherche- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital (CR-HMR), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Département de Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Medical Biochemistry, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Augello G, Emma MR, Cusimano A, Azzolina A, Montalto G, McCubrey JA, Cervello M. The Role of GSK-3 in Cancer Immunotherapy: GSK-3 Inhibitors as a New Frontier in Cancer Treatment. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061427. [PMID: 32526891 PMCID: PMC7348946 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) was initially identified because of its key role in the regulation of glycogen synthesis. However, it is now well-established that GSK-3 performs critical functions in many cellular processes, such as apoptosis, tumor growth, cell invasion, and metastasis. Aberrant GSK-3 activity has been associated with many human diseases, including cancer, highlighting its potential therapeutic relevance as a target for anticancer therapy. Recently, newly emerging data have demonstrated the pivotal role of GSK-3 in the anticancer immune response. In the last few years, many GSK-3 inhibitors have been developed, and some are currently being tested in clinical trials. This review will discuss preclinical and initial clinical results with GSK-3β inhibitors, highlighting the potential importance of this target in cancer immunotherapy. As described in this review, GSK-3 inhibitors have been shown to have antitumor activity in a wide range of human cancer cells, and they may also contribute to promoting a more efficacious immune response against tumor target cells, thus showing a double therapeutic advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppa Augello
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), 90144 Palermo, Italy; (G.A.); (M.R.E.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (G.M.)
| | - Maria R. Emma
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), 90144 Palermo, Italy; (G.A.); (M.R.E.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (G.M.)
| | - Antonella Cusimano
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), 90144 Palermo, Italy; (G.A.); (M.R.E.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (G.M.)
| | - Antonina Azzolina
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), 90144 Palermo, Italy; (G.A.); (M.R.E.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (G.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), 90144 Palermo, Italy; (G.A.); (M.R.E.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (G.M.)
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - James A. McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA;
| | - Melchiorre Cervello
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), 90144 Palermo, Italy; (G.A.); (M.R.E.); (A.C.); (A.A.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-091-6809-534
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84
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Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β in Cancer Biology and Treatment. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061388. [PMID: 32503133 PMCID: PMC7349761 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3β is a multifunctional serine/threonine protein kinase with more than 100 substrates and interacting molecules. GSK3β is normally active in cells and negative regulation of GSK3β activity via phosphorylation of its serine 9 residue is required for most normal cells to maintain homeostasis. Aberrant expression and activity of GSK3β contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of common recalcitrant diseases such as glucose intolerance, neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. Despite recognized roles against several proto-oncoproteins and mediators of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, deregulated GSK3β also participates in tumor cell survival, evasion of apoptosis, proliferation and invasion, as well as sustaining cancer stemness and inducing therapy resistance. A therapeutic effect from GSK3β inhibition has been demonstrated in 25 different cancer types. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that GSK3β inhibition protects normal cells and tissues from the harmful effects associated with conventional cancer therapies. Here, we review the evidence supporting aberrant GSK3β as a hallmark property of cancer and highlight the beneficial effects of GSK3β inhibition on normal cells and tissues during cancer therapy. The biological rationale for targeting GSK3β in the treatment of cancer is also discussed at length.
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85
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Yu X, Gao R, Li Y, Zeng C. Regulation of PD-1 in T cells for cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 881:173240. [PMID: 32497624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Study of the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer immune escape is one of the core issues in immuno-oncology research. Cancer cells can evade T cell cytotoxicity by exploiting the upregulation of T cell inhibitory receptors on T cells and their ligands on cancer cells. These upregulated proteins include the inhibitory receptor programmed cell-death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), which can induce T cell exhaustion and reduce T cell activation. Characterizing PD-1 regulation will help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying T cell exhaustion and improve cancer treatment. Recent studies have found that tumor cells regulate PD-1 during gene transcription, post-transcriptional regulation, and post-translational modification and influence the effects of the anticancer immune response by targeting PD-1. In this review,we summarize the mechanisms of PD-1 regulation in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xibao Yu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Rili Gao
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yangqiu Li
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Chengwu Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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86
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Targeting GSK3 and Associated Signaling Pathways Involved in Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051110. [PMID: 32365809 PMCID: PMC7290852 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine (S/T) protein kinase. Although GSK-3 originally was identified to have functions in regulation of glycogen synthase, it was subsequently determined to have roles in multiple normal biochemical processes as well as various disease conditions. GSK-3 is sometimes referred to as a moonlighting protein due to the multiple substrates and processes which it controls. Frequently, when GSK-3 phosphorylates proteins, they are targeted for degradation. GSK-3 is often considered a component of the PI3K/PTEN/AKT/GSK-3/mTORC1 pathway as GSK-3 is frequently phosphorylated by AKT which regulates its inactivation. AKT is often active in human cancer and hence, GSK-3 is often inactivated. Moreover, GSK-3 also interacts with WNT/β-catenin signaling and β-catenin and other proteins in this pathway are targets of GSK-3. GSK-3 can modify NF-κB activity which is often expressed at high levels in cancer cells. Multiple pharmaceutical companies developed small molecule inhibitors to suppress GSK-3 activity. In addition, various natural products will modify GSK-3 activity. This review will focus on the effects of small molecule inhibitors and natural products on GSK-3 activity and provide examples where these compounds were effective in suppressing cancer growth.
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87
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Shu C, Li Q. Current advances in PD-1/PD-L1 axis-related tumour-infiltrating immune cells and therapeutic regimens in glioblastoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 151:102965. [PMID: 32442903 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.102965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant tumour in the brain, and current treatments are not curative and cannot control recurrence. This limitation indirectly places immunotherapy at the focus of translational GBM research. Many studies on the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in GBM are ongoing, and the immunosuppressive mechanism of PD-1/PD-L1 in GBM is different from that in other solid tumours. This review focuses on the effect of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis on infiltrating immune cells in the suppressive GBM immune microenvironment and summarizes the recent progress in PD-1/PD-L1 axis-related therapies reported in preclinical and clinical GBM studies, providing a reference for the systematic study of PD-1/PD-L1 axis-related anti-GBM immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Shu
- Tianjin Cerebral Vascular and Neural Degenerative Disease Key Laboratory, Tianjin Neurosurgery Institute, Tianjin Huan Hu Hospital, Tianjin, 300350, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qingguo Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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88
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Han Y, Zhu L, Wu W, Zhang H, Hu W, Dai L, Yang Y. Small Molecular Immune Modulators as Anticancer Agents. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1248:547-618. [PMID: 32185725 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3266-5_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
After decades of intense effort, immune checkpoint inhibitors have been conclusively demonstrated to be effective in cancer treatments and thus are revolutionizing the concepts in the treatment of cancers. Immuno-oncology has arrived and will play a key role in cancer treatment in the foreseeable future. However, efforts to find novel methods to improve the immune response to cancer have not ceased. Small-molecule approaches offer inherent advantages over biologic immunotherapies since they can cross cell membranes, penetrate into tumor tissue and tumor microenvironment more easily, and are amenable to be finely controlled than biological agents, which may help reduce immune-related adverse events seen with biologic therapies and provide more flexibility for the combination use with other therapies and superior clinical benefit. On the one hand, small-molecule therapies can modulate the immune response to cancer by restoring the antitumor immunity, promoting more effective cytotoxic lymphocyte responses, and regulating tumor microenvironment, either directly or epigenetically. On the other hand, the combination of different mechanisms of small molecules with antibodies and other biologics demonstrated admirable synergistic effect in clinical settings for cancer treatment and may expand antibodies' usefulness for broader clinical applications. This chapter provides an overview of small-molecule immunotherapeutic approaches either as monotherapy or in combination for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Han
- Lapam Capital LLC., 17C1, Tower 2, Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Li Zhu
- PrimeGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Wei Wu
- PrimeGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- PrimeGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Wei Hu
- PrimeGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Liguang Dai
- PrimeGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yanqing Yang
- PrimeGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
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Huemer F, Leisch M, Geisberger R, Melchardt T, Rinnerthaler G, Zaborsky N, Greil R. Combination Strategies for Immune-Checkpoint Blockade and Response Prediction by Artificial Intelligence. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2856. [PMID: 32325898 PMCID: PMC7215892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic concept of unleashing a pre-existing immune response against the tumor by the application of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has resulted in long-term survival in advanced cancer patient subgroups. However, the majority of patients do not benefit from single-agent ICI and therefore new combination strategies are eagerly necessitated. In addition to conventional chemotherapy, kinase inhibitors as well as tumor-specific vaccinations are extensively investigated in combination with ICI to augment therapy responses. An unprecedented clinical outcome with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR-)T cell therapy has led to the approval for relapsed/refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma and B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia whereas response rates in solid tumors are unsatisfactory. Immune-checkpoints negatively impact CAR-T cell therapy in hematologic and solid malignancies and as a consequence provide a therapeutic target to overcome resistance. Established biomarkers such as programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and tumor mutational burden (TMB) help to select patients who will benefit most from ICI, however, biomarker negativity does not exclude responses. Investigating alterations in the antigen presenting pathway as well as radiomics have the potential to determine tumor immunogenicity and response to ICI. Within this review we summarize the literature about specific combination partners for ICI and the applicability of artificial intelligence to predict ICI therapy responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Huemer
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (F.H.); (M.L.); (T.M.); (G.R.)
| | - Michael Leisch
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (F.H.); (M.L.); (T.M.); (G.R.)
| | - Roland Geisberger
- Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (R.G.); (N.Z.)
| | - Thomas Melchardt
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (F.H.); (M.L.); (T.M.); (G.R.)
| | - Gabriel Rinnerthaler
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (F.H.); (M.L.); (T.M.); (G.R.)
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nadja Zaborsky
- Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (R.G.); (N.Z.)
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Greil
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (F.H.); (M.L.); (T.M.); (G.R.)
- Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (R.G.); (N.Z.)
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Krueger J, Rudd CE, Taylor A. Glycogen synthase 3 (GSK-3) regulation of PD-1 expression and and its therapeutic implications. Semin Immunol 2020; 42:101295. [PMID: 31604533 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The past few years have witnessed exciting progress in the application of immune check-point blockade (ICB) for the treatment of various human cancers. ICB was first used against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) to demonstrate durable anti-tumor responses followed by ICB against programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) or its ligand, PD-L1. Present approaches involve the use of combinations of blocking antibodies against CTLA-4, PD-1 and other inhibitory receptors (IRs) such as TIM3, TIGIT and LAG3. Despite this success, most patients are not cured by ICB therapy and there are limitations to the use of antibodies including cost, tumor penetration, the accessibility of receptors, and clearance from the cell surface as well as inflammatory and autoimmune complications. Recently, we demonstrated that the down-regulation or inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) down-regulates PD-1 expression in infectious diseases and cancer (Taylor et al., 2016 Immunity 44, 274-86; 2018 Cancer Research 78, 706-717; Krueger and Rudd 2018 Immunity 46, 529-531). In this Review, we outline the use of small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) that target intracellular pathways for co-receptor blockade in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Krueger
- Division of Immunology-Oncology, Research Center Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada; Département de Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Christopher E Rudd
- Division of Immunology-Oncology, Research Center Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada; Département de Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Alison Taylor
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, School of Medicine, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, LEEDS LS9 7TF, United Kingdom.
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91
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Jin J, Li X, Hu B, Kim C, Cao W, Zhang H, Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. FOXO1 deficiency impairs proteostasis in aged T cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba1808. [PMID: 32494657 PMCID: PMC7176426 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba1808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
T cell differentiation involves the dynamic regulation of FOXO1 expression, which rapidly declines after activation and is subsequently restored. Reexpression is impaired in naïve CD4+ T cell responses from older individuals. Here, we show that FOXO1 promotes lysosome function through the induction of the key transcription factor for lysosomal proteins, TFEB. Subdued FOXO1 reexpression in activated CD4+ T cells impairs lysosomal activity, causing an expansion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Expansion of the MVB compartment induces the sequestration of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), thereby suppressing protein turnover and enhancing glycolytic activity. As a consequence, older activated CD4+ T cells develop features reminiscent of senescent cells. They acquire an increased cell mass, preferentially differentiate into short-lived effector T cells, and secrete exosomes that harm cells in the local environment through the release of granzyme B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jin
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xuanying Li
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chulwoo Kim
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wenqiang Cao
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cornelia M. Weyand
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jorg J. Goronzy
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Zhang Z, Li F, Tian Y, Cao L, Gao Q, Zhang C, Zhang K, Shen C, Ping Y, Maimela NR, Wang L, Zhang B, Zhang Y. Metformin Enhances the Antitumor Activity of CD8 + T Lymphocytes via the AMPK-miR-107-Eomes-PD-1 Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2575-2588. [PMID: 32221038 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Metformin has been studied for its anticancer effects by regulating T cell functions. However, the mechanisms through which metformin stimulates the differentiation of memory T cells remain unclear. We found that the frequencies of memory stem and central memory T cells increased for both in peripheral and tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells in metformin-treated lung cancer patients compared with those not taking the medication. An in vitro assay showed that metformin promoted the formation of memory CD8+ T cells and enhanced their antiapoptotic abilities. In addition, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation decreased microRNA-107 expression, thus enhancing Eomesodermin expression, which suppressed the transcription of PDCD1 in metformin-treated CD8+ T cells. In the CAR-T cell therapy model, metformin also exhibited cytotoxicity-promoting effects that led to decreased tumor growth. Metformin could reprogram the differentiation of CD8+ T cells, which may benefit the clinical therapy of cancer patients by facilitating long-lasting cytotoxic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Feng Li
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Yonggui Tian
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Ling Cao
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Chaoqi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Chunyi Shen
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Yu Ping
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | | | - Liping Wang
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; .,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
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93
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Ding L, Billadeau DD. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β: a novel therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:417-426. [PMID: 32178549 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1743681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the third leading cause of cancer death in the United States with a single-digit 5-year survival rate despite advances in understanding the genetics and biology of the disease. Glycogen synthase kinase-3α (GSK-3α) and GSK-3β are serine/threonine kinases that localize to the cytoplasm, mitochondria and nucleus. Although they are highly homologous within their kinase domains and phosphorylate an overlapping set of target proteins, genetic studies have shown that GSK-3β regulates the activity of several proteins that promote neoplastic transformation. Significantly, GSK-3β is progressively overexpressed during PDAC development where it participates in tumor progression, survival and chemoresistance. Thus, GSK-3β has become an attractive target for treating PDAC.Areas covered: This review summarizes the mechanisms regulating GSK-3β activity, including upstream translational and post-translational regulation, as well as the downstream targets and their functions in PDAC cell growth, metastasis and chemoresistance.Expert opinion: The activity of GSK-3 kinases are considered cell- and context-specific. In PDAC, oncogenic KRas drives the transcriptional expression of the GSK-3β gene, which has been shown to regulate cancer cell proliferation and survival, as well as resistance to chemotherapy. Thus, the combination of GSK-3 inhibitors with chemotherapeutic drugs could be a promising strategy for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ding
- The Division of Oncology Research, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- The Division of Oncology Research, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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94
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Franchini DM, Lanvin O, Tosolini M, Patras de Campaigno E, Cammas A, Péricart S, Scarlata CM, Lebras M, Rossi C, Ligat L, Pont F, Arimondo PB, Laurent C, Ayyoub M, Despas F, Lapeyre-Mestre M, Millevoi S, Fournié JJ. Microtubule-Driven Stress Granule Dynamics Regulate Inhibitory Immune Checkpoint Expression in T Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 26:94-107.e7. [PMID: 30605689 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the clinical success of blocking inhibitory immune checkpoint receptors such as programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) in cancer, the mechanisms controlling the expression of these receptors have not been fully elucidated. Here, we identify a post-transcriptional mechanism regulating PD-1 expression in T cells. Upon activation, the PDCD1 mRNA and ribonucleoprotein complexes coalesce into stress granules that require microtubules and the kinesin 1 molecular motor to proceed to translation. Hence, PD-1 expression is highly sensitive to microtubule or stress granule inhibitors targeting this pathway. Evidence from healthy donors and cancer patients reveals a common regulation for the translation of CTLA4, LAG3, TIM3, TIGIT, and BTLA but not of the stimulatory co-receptors OX40, GITR, and 4-1BB mRNAs. In patients, disproportionality analysis of immune-related adverse events for currently used microtubule drugs unveils a significantly higher risk of autoimmunity. Our findings reveal a fundamental mechanism of immunoregulation with great importance in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don-Marc Franchini
- Cancer Research Centre of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037, 31037 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France; ERL 5294, CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, 31100 Toulouse, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence "TOUCAN," Toulouse, France; Programme Hospitalo-Universitaire en Cancérologie CAPTOR, 31059 Toulouse, France; Institut Carnot Lymphome CALYM, 69495 Pierre-Benite, France.
| | - Olivia Lanvin
- Cancer Research Centre of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037, 31037 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France; ERL 5294, CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, 31100 Toulouse, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence "TOUCAN," Toulouse, France; Programme Hospitalo-Universitaire en Cancérologie CAPTOR, 31059 Toulouse, France; Institut Carnot Lymphome CALYM, 69495 Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Marie Tosolini
- Cancer Research Centre of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037, 31037 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France; ERL 5294, CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, 31100 Toulouse, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence "TOUCAN," Toulouse, France; Programme Hospitalo-Universitaire en Cancérologie CAPTOR, 31059 Toulouse, France; Institut Carnot Lymphome CALYM, 69495 Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Emilie Patras de Campaigno
- Medical and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CHU Toulouse University Hospital, 31000 Toulouse, France; Medical and Pharmacoepidemiology Research Unit, INSERM 1027, 31000 Toulouse, France; Centre d'Investigations Cliniques, CIC 1436, Toulouse University Hospital, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Cammas
- Cancer Research Centre of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037, 31037 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence "TOUCAN," Toulouse, France
| | - Sarah Péricart
- Cancer Research Centre of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037, 31037 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France; ERL 5294, CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, 31100 Toulouse, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence "TOUCAN," Toulouse, France; Programme Hospitalo-Universitaire en Cancérologie CAPTOR, 31059 Toulouse, France; Institut Carnot Lymphome CALYM, 69495 Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Clara-Maria Scarlata
- Cancer Research Centre of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037, 31037 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Morgane Lebras
- Cancer Research Centre of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037, 31037 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence "TOUCAN," Toulouse, France
| | - Cédric Rossi
- Cancer Research Centre of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037, 31037 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France; ERL 5294, CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, 31100 Toulouse, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence "TOUCAN," Toulouse, France; Programme Hospitalo-Universitaire en Cancérologie CAPTOR, 31059 Toulouse, France; Institut Carnot Lymphome CALYM, 69495 Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Laetitia Ligat
- Cancer Research Centre of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037, 31037 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France
| | - Fréderic Pont
- Cancer Research Centre of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037, 31037 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France
| | - Paola B Arimondo
- Programme Hospitalo-Universitaire en Cancérologie CAPTOR, 31059 Toulouse, France; Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer, FRE3600 CNRS, 31035 Toulouse, France
| | - Camille Laurent
- Cancer Research Centre of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037, 31037 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France; ERL 5294, CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, 31100 Toulouse, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence "TOUCAN," Toulouse, France; Programme Hospitalo-Universitaire en Cancérologie CAPTOR, 31059 Toulouse, France; Institut Carnot Lymphome CALYM, 69495 Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Maha Ayyoub
- Cancer Research Centre of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037, 31037 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Fabien Despas
- Medical and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CHU Toulouse University Hospital, 31000 Toulouse, France; Medical and Pharmacoepidemiology Research Unit, INSERM 1027, 31000 Toulouse, France; Centre d'Investigations Cliniques, CIC 1436, Toulouse University Hospital, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Maryse Lapeyre-Mestre
- Medical and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CHU Toulouse University Hospital, 31000 Toulouse, France; Medical and Pharmacoepidemiology Research Unit, INSERM 1027, 31000 Toulouse, France; Centre d'Investigations Cliniques, CIC 1436, Toulouse University Hospital, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Stefania Millevoi
- Cancer Research Centre of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037, 31037 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence "TOUCAN," Toulouse, France.
| | - Jean-Jacques Fournié
- Cancer Research Centre of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037, 31037 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France; ERL 5294, CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, 31100 Toulouse, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence "TOUCAN," Toulouse, France; Programme Hospitalo-Universitaire en Cancérologie CAPTOR, 31059 Toulouse, France; Institut Carnot Lymphome CALYM, 69495 Pierre-Benite, France.
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95
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Taylor A, Rudd CE. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) controls T-cell motility and interactions with antigen presenting cells. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:163. [PMID: 32188506 PMCID: PMC7079518 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-04971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The threonine/serine kinase glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) targets multiple substrates in T-cells, regulating the expression of Tbet and PD-1 on T-cells. However, it has been unclear whether GSK-3 can affect the motility of T-cells and their interactions with antigen presenting cells. Results Here, we show that GSK-3 controls T-cell motility and interactions with other cells. Inhibition of GSK-3, using structurally distinct inhibitors, reduced T-cell motility in terms of distance and displacement. While SB415286 reduced the number of cell-cell contacts, the dwell times of cells that established contacts with other cells did not differ for T-cells treated with SB415286. Further, the increase in cytolytic T-cell (CTL) function in killing tumor targets was not affected by the inhibition of motility. This data shows that the inhibition of GSK-3 has differential effects on T-cell motility and CTL function where the negative effects on cell–cell interactions is overridden by the increased cytolytic potential of CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Taylor
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK. .,Cell Signalling Section, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1Q, UK.
| | - Christopher E Rudd
- Cell Signalling Section, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1Q, UK. .,Division of Immunology-Oncology Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada. .,Département de Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.
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96
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Jiao L, Chen J, Wu X, Cai B, Su Z, Wang L. Correlation of CpG methylation of the Pdcd1 gene with PD-1 expression on CD8 + T cells and medical laboratory indicators in chronic hepatitis B infection. J Gene Med 2020; 22:e3148. [PMID: 31770816 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The negative signal provided by some co-inhibitory factors such as programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) has been associated with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection induced-T cell exhaustion, although the correlation of CpG methylation of the Pdcd1 gene with PD-1 expression and medical laboratory indicators in CHB infection has not yet been elucidated. METHODS Blood samples from 20 CHB infection patients and 20 spontaneous clearance (SC) patients were collected. Percentages of PD-1-positive CD8+ T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The percentage of CpG methylation at the Pdcd1 locus was analyzed by bisulfite sequencing. Student's t test, Pearson and Spearman's correlation, and Mann-Whitney tests were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS Percentages of PD-1-positive CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood T cells were significantly higher in CHB patients than in the SC group (p < 0.001). The methylation level of Pdcd1 was significantly lower in CHB patients (p < 0.001) and the methylation level of Pdcd1 was negatively correlated with PD-1 expression level in CD8+ T cells (p < 0.001) and hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study suggest that Pdcd1 methylation is correlated with PD-1 expression on CD8+ T cells and correlated with HBsAg and alanine aminotransferase. The results may provide new ideas regarding anti-PD-1 inhibitors, and epigenetic regulators such as demethylation inhibitors could represent more successful therapeutic strategies in hepatitis B infection patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bei Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenzhen Su
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lanlan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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97
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Ai L, Xu A, Xu J. Roles of PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway: Signaling, Cancer, and Beyond. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1248:33-59. [PMID: 32185706 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3266-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapies that target PD-1/PD-L1 axis have shown unprecedented success in a wide variety of human cancers. PD-1 is one of the key coinhibitory receptors expressed on T cells upon T cell activation. After engagement with its ligands, mainly PD-L1, PD-1 is activated and recruits the phosphatase SHP-2 in proximity to T cell receptor (TCR) and CD28 signaling. This event results in dephosphorylation and attenuation of key molecules in TCR and CD28 pathway, leading to inhibition of T cell proliferation, activation, cytokine production, altered metabolism and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) killer functions, and eventual death of activated T cells. Bodies evolve coinhibitory pathways controlling T cell response magnitude and duration to limit tissue damage and maintain self-tolerance. However, tumor cells hijack these inhibitory pathways to escape host immune surveillance by overexpression of PD-L1. This provides the scientific rationale for clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibitors in oncology. The aberrantly high expression of PD-L1 in tumor microenvironment (TME) can be attributable to the "primary" activation of multiple oncogenic signaling and the "secondary" induction by inflammatory factors such as IFN-γ. Clinically, antibodies targeting PD-1/PD-L1 reinvigorate the "exhausted" T cells in TME and show remarkable objective response and durable remission with acceptable toxicity profile in large numbers of tumors such as melanoma, lymphoma, and mismatch-repair deficient tumors. Nevertheless, most patients are still refractory to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. Identifying the predictive biomarkers and design rational PD-1-based combination therapy become the priorities in cancer immunotherapy. PD-L1 expression, cytotoxic T lymphocytes infiltration, and tumor mutation burden (TMB) are generally considered as the most important factors affecting the effectiveness of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. The revolution in cancer immunotherapy achieved by PD-1/PD-L1 blockade offers the paradigm for scientific translation from bench to bedside. The next decades will without doubt witness the renaissance of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoyan Ai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Antao Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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98
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Rudd
- Division of Immunology-Oncology, Centre de Recherche, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada; Département de Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada.
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99
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Curdy N, Lanvin O, Laurent C, Fournié JJ, Franchini DM. Regulatory Mechanisms of Inhibitory Immune Checkpoint Receptors Expression. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:777-790. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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100
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Marshall N, Hutchinson K, Marron TU, Aleynick M, Hammerich L, Upadhyay R, Svensson-Arvelund J, Brown BD, Merad M, Brody JD. Antitumor T-cell Homeostatic Activation Is Uncoupled from Homeostatic Inhibition by Checkpoint Blockade. Cancer Discov 2019; 9:1520-1537. [PMID: 31375522 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
T-cell transfer into lymphodepleted recipients induces homeostatic activation and potentiates antitumor efficacy. In contrast to canonical T-cell receptor-induced activation, homeostatic activation yields a distinct phenotype and memory state whose regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we show in patients and murine models that, following transfer into lymphodepleted bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients, CD8+ T cells undergo activation but also simultaneous homeostatic inhibition manifested by upregulation of immune-checkpoint molecules and functional suppression. T cells transferred into BMT recipients were protected from homeostatic inhibition by PD-1/CTLA4 dual checkpoint blockade (dCB). This combination of dCB and BMT-"immunotransplant"-increased T-cell homeostatic activation and antitumor T-cell responses by an order of magnitude. Like homeostatic activation, homeostatic inhibition is IL7/IL15-dependent, revealing mechanistic coupling of these two processes. Marked similarity in ex vivo modulation of post-BMT T cells in mice and patients is promising for the clinical translation of immunotransplant (NCT03305445) and for addressing homeostatic inhibition in T-cell therapies. SIGNIFICANCE: For optimal anticancer effect, T-cell therapies including chimeric antigen receptor T-cell, tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte, and transgenic T-cell therapies require transfer into lymphodepleted recipients and homeostatic activation; however, concomitant homeostatic inhibition mitigates T-cell therapies' efficacy. Checkpoint blockade uncouples homeostatic inhibition from activation, amplifying T-cell responses. Conversely, tumors nonresponsive to checkpoint blockade or BMT are treatable with immunotransplant.See related commentary by Ansell, p. 1487.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1469.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netonia Marshall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Keino Hutchinson
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Thomas U Marron
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Mark Aleynick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Linda Hammerich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Ranjan Upadhyay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Judit Svensson-Arvelund
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Brian D Brown
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Miriam Merad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Joshua D Brody
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York.
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