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Jiang J, Ding X, Isaacson KP, Tasoglou A, Huber H, Shah AD, Jung N, Boor BE. Ethanol-based disinfectant sprays drive rapid changes in the chemical composition of indoor air in residential buildings. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LETTERS 2021; 2:100042. [PMID: 34977843 PMCID: PMC8423670 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazl.2021.100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in increased usage of ethanol-based disinfectants for surface inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in buildings. Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particles from ethanol-based disinfectant sprays were characterized in real-time (1 Hz) via a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS) and a high-resolution electrical low-pressure impactor (HR-ELPI+), respectively. Ethanol-based disinfectants drove sudden changes in the chemical composition of indoor air. VOC and particle concentrations increased immediately after application of the disinfectants, remained elevated during surface contact time, and gradually decreased after wiping. The disinfectants produced a broad spectrum of VOCs with mixing ratios spanning the sub-ppb to ppm range. Ethanol was the dominant VOC emitted by mass, with concentrations exceeding 103 μg m-3 and emission factors ranging from 101 to 102 mg g-1. Listed and unlisted diols, monoterpenes, and monoterpenoids were also abundant. The pressurized sprays released significant quantities (104-105 cm-3) of nano-sized particles smaller than 100 nm, resulting in large deposited doses in the tracheobronchial and pulmonary regions of the respiratory system. Inhalation exposure to VOCs varied with time during the building disinfection events. Much of the VOC inhalation intake (>60 %) occurred after the disinfectant was sprayed and wiped off the surface. Routine building disinfection with ethanol-based sprays during the COVID-19 pandemic may present a human health risk given the elevated production of volatile chemicals and nano-sized particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Jiang
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Xiaosu Ding
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Kristofer P Isaacson
- Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | | | - Heinz Huber
- Edelweiss Technology Solutions, LLC, Novelty, OH, United States
| | - Amisha D Shah
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Nusrat Jung
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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52
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Juarez Facio AT, Yon J, Corbière C, Rogez-Florent T, Castilla C, Lavanant H, Mignot M, Devouge-Boyer C, Logie C, Chevalier L, Vaugeois JM, Monteil C. Toxicological impact of organic ultrafine particles (UFPs) in human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells at air-liquid interface. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 78:105258. [PMID: 34653646 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution has significant health effects worldwide, and airborne particles play a significant role in these effects. Ultrafine particles (UFPs) have an aerodynamic diameter of 0.1 μm or less, can penetrate deep into the respiratory tree, and are more toxic due to their large specific surface area, which should adsorb organic compounds. The aim of this study is to show the toxicological effects of UFPs with high organic content at low dose on BEAS-2B cells through at air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure using a Vitrocell® technology and a miniCAST (Combustion Aerosol Standard) generator. In conjunction with this approach, chemical analysis of particles and gas phase was performed to evaluate the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Chemical analyses confirmed the presence of PAHs in UFPs. With this experimental setup, exposure of the BEAS-2B cells induced neither cytotoxicity nor mitochondrial dysfunction. However, an increase of oxidative stress was observed, as assessed through Nrf2, NQO1, HO-1, CuZnSOD, MnSOD, and Catalase gene expression, together with significant induction of genes related to xenobiotic metabolism CYP1A1 and CYP1B1. Negative regulation of inflammatory genes expression (IL-6 and IL-8) was present three hours after the exposition to the UFPs. Taken together, this experimental approach, using repeatable conditions, should help to clarify the mechanisms by which organic UFPs induce toxicological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Yon
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, CORIA, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - C Corbière
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN ABTE, 76000 Rouen, France
| | | | - C Castilla
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UMR 6014 CNRS, COBRA, 76801, Saint Etienne Du Rouvray, France
| | - H Lavanant
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UMR 6014 CNRS, COBRA, 76801, Saint Etienne Du Rouvray, France
| | - M Mignot
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UMR 6014 CNRS, COBRA, 76801, Saint Etienne Du Rouvray, France
| | - C Devouge-Boyer
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UMR 6014 CNRS, COBRA, 76801, Saint Etienne Du Rouvray, France
| | - C Logie
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN ABTE, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - L Chevalier
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, GPM-UMR6634, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - J-M Vaugeois
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN ABTE, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - C Monteil
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN ABTE, 76000 Rouen, France.
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53
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Wright RJ, Hsu HHL, Chiu YHM, Coull BA, Simon MC, Hudda N, Schwartz J, Kloog I, Durant JL. Prenatal Ambient Ultrafine Particle Exposure and Childhood Asthma in the Northeastern United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 204:788-796. [PMID: 34018915 PMCID: PMC8528517 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202010-3743oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Ambient ultrafine particles (UFPs; with an aerodynamic diameter < 0.1 μm) may exert greater toxicity than other pollution components because of their enhanced oxidative capacity and ability to translocate systemically. Studies examining associations between prenatal UFP exposure and childhood asthma remain sparse. Objectives: We used daily UFP exposure estimates to identify windows of susceptibility of prenatal UFP exposure related to asthma in children, accounting for sex-specific effects. Methods: Analyses included 376 mother-child dyads followed since pregnancy. Daily UFP exposure during pregnancy was estimated by using a spatiotemporally resolved particle number concentration prediction model. Bayesian distributed lag interaction models were used to identify windows of susceptibility for UFP exposure and examine whether effect estimates varied by sex. Incident asthma was determined at the first report of asthma (3.6 ± 3.2 yr). Covariates included maternal age, education, race, and obesity; child sex; nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and temperature averaged over gestation; and postnatal UFP exposure. Measurements and Main Results: Women were 37.8% Black and 43.9% Hispanic, with 52.9% reporting having an education at the high school level or lower; 18.4% of children developed asthma. The cumulative odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for incident asthma per doubling of the UFP exposure concentration across pregnancy was 4.28 (1.41-15.7), impacting males and females similarly. Bayesian distributed lag interaction models indicated sex differences in the windows of susceptibility, with the highest risk of asthma seen in females exposed to higher UFP concentrations during late pregnancy. Conclusions: Prenatal UFP exposure was associated with asthma development in children, independent of correlated ambient NO2 and temperature. Findings will benefit future research and policy-makers who are considering appropriate regulations to reduce the adverse effects of UFPs on child respiratory health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind J. Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health and
- Institute for Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | - Matthew C. Simon
- Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, U.S. Department of Transportation, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and
| | - Neelakshi Hudda
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Itai Kloog
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health and
| | - John L. Durant
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
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54
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Kaumbekova S, Shah D. Early Aggregation Kinetics of Alzheimer’s Aβ 16–21 in the Presence of Ultrafine Fullerene Particles and Ammonium Nitrate. ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chas.1c00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samal Kaumbekova
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Dhawal Shah
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
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55
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Deweirdt J, Ducret T, Quignard JF, Freund-Michel V, Lacomme S, Gontier E, Muller B, Marthan R, Guibert C, Baudrimont I. Effects of FW2 Nanoparticles Toxicity in a New In Vitro Pulmonary Vascular Cells Model Mimicking Endothelial Dysfunction. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021; 22:14-28. [PMID: 34524626 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-021-09679-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies have revealed the involvement of nanoparticles (NPs) in respiratory and cardiovascular mortality. In this work, the focus will be on the effect of manufactured carbon black NPs for risk assessment of consumers and workers, as human exposure is likely to increase. Since the pulmonary circulation could be one of the primary targets of inhaled NPs, patients suffering from pulmonary hypertension (PH) could be a population at risk. To compare the toxic effect of carbon black NPs in the pulmonary circulation under physiologic and pathological conditions, we developed a new in vitro model mimicking the endothelial dysfunction and vascular dynamics observed in vascular pathology such as PH. Human pulmonary artery endothelial cells were cultured under physiological conditions (static and normoxia 21% O2) or under pathological conditions (20% cycle stretch and hypoxia 1% O2). Then, cells were treated for 4 or 6 h with carbon black FW2 NPs from 5 to 10 µg/cm2. Different endpoints were studied: (i) NPs internalization by transmission electronic microscopy; (ii) oxidative stress by CM-H2DCFDA probe and electron paramagnetic resonance; (iii) NO (nitrites and nitrates) production by Griess reaction; (iv) inflammation by ELISA assay; and (v) calcium signaling by confocal microscopy. The present study characterizes the in vitro model mimicking endothelial dysfunction in PH and indicates that, under such pathological conditions, oxidative stress and inflammation are increased along with calcium signaling alterations, as compared to the physiological conditions. Human exposure to carbon black NPs could produce greater deleterious effects in vulnerable patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Deweirdt
- University of Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U 1045, 33000, Bordeaux, France.,Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 33604, Pessac, France
| | - T Ducret
- University of Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U 1045, 33000, Bordeaux, France.,Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 33604, Pessac, France
| | - J-F Quignard
- University of Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U 1045, 33000, Bordeaux, France.,Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 33604, Pessac, France
| | - V Freund-Michel
- University of Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U 1045, 33000, Bordeaux, France.,Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 33604, Pessac, France
| | - S Lacomme
- CNRS, Bordeaux Imaging Center UMS 3420 CNRS - US4 INSERM, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - E Gontier
- CNRS, Bordeaux Imaging Center UMS 3420 CNRS - US4 INSERM, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - B Muller
- University of Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U 1045, 33000, Bordeaux, France.,Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 33604, Pessac, France
| | - R Marthan
- University of Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U 1045, 33000, Bordeaux, France.,Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 33604, Pessac, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'Exploration Fonctionnelle Respiratoire, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - C Guibert
- University of Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U 1045, 33000, Bordeaux, France.,Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 33604, Pessac, France
| | - I Baudrimont
- University of Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U 1045, 33000, Bordeaux, France. .,Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 33604, Pessac, France.
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56
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Calzetta L, Pietroiusti A, Page C, Bussolati O, Chetta A, Facciolo F, Rogliani P. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes induce airway hyperresponsiveness in human bronchi by stimulating sensory C-fibers and increasing the release of neuronal acetylcholine. Expert Rev Respir Med 2021; 15:1473-1481. [PMID: 34498989 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2021.1979395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The potential of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in inducing airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) was investigated in human airways. METHODS Human isolated bronchi were exposed to MWCNTs and the contractility to electrical field stimulation (EFS) was measured. Neuronal acetylcholine (ACh) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) were quantified. Some tissues were desensitized by consecutive administrations of capsaicin. RESULTS MWCNTs (100 ng/ml - 100 µg/ml) induced AHR (overall contractile tone vs. negative control: +83.43 ± 11.13%, P < 0.01). The potency was significantly (P < 0.05) greater when airways were stimulated at low frequency (EFS3Hz) then at medium-to-high frequencies (EFS10Hz and EFS25Hz) (delta potency: +2.13 ± 0.74 and +2.40 ± 0.65 logarithms, respectively). In capsaicin-desensitized airways, the AHR to MWCNTs 100 ng/ml was abolished. MWCNTs increased the release of ACh, an effect prevented by capsaicin-desensitization (-90.17 ± 18.59%, P < 0.05). MWCNTs did not alter the level of cAMP. CONCLUSION MWCNTs administered at low concentrations elicit AHR in human airways by activating sensory C-fibers and, in turn, increasing the release of neuronal ACh. Our results suggest that work is required to understand the impact of MWCNTs in patients at risk of AHR, such as those suffering from chronic obstructive respiratory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigino Calzetta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Antonio Pietroiusti
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Clive Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ovidio Bussolati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alfredo Chetta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Facciolo
- Thoracic Surgery, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Rogliani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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57
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Machaczka O, Jirik V, Brezinova V, Vrtkova A, Miturova H, Riedlova P, Dalecka A, Hermanova B, Slachtova H, Siemiatkowski G, Osrodka L, Sram RJ. Evaluation of Fine and Ultrafine Particles Proportion in Airborne Dust in an Industrial Area. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18178915. [PMID: 34501505 PMCID: PMC8431044 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18178915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The health impacts of suspended particulate matter (SPM) are significantly associated with size-the smaller the aerosol particles, the stronger the biological effect. Quantitative evaluation of fine and ultrafine particles (FP and UFP) is, therefore, an integral part of ongoing epidemiological studies. The mass concentrations of SPM fractions (especially PM2.5, PM1.0, PM0.25) were measured in an industrial area using cascade personal samplers and a gravimetric method, and their mass ratio was determined. The results of PM2.5, PM1.0 were also compared with the reference measurement at stationary stations. The mean ratios PM2.5/SPM, PM1.0/SPM, and PM1.0/PM2.5 were 0.76, 0.65, and 0.86, respectively. Surprisingly, a mass dominance of UFP with an aerodynamic diameter <0.25 μm (PM0.25) was found with mean ratios of 0.43, 0.57, 0.67 in SPM, PM2.5 and PM1.0. The method used showed satisfactory agreement in comparison with reference measurements. The respirable fraction may consist predominantly of UFP. Despite the measures currently being taken to improve air quality, the most biologically efficient UFP can escape and remain in the air. UFP are currently determined primarily as particle number as opposed to the mass concentration used for conventional fractions. This complicates their mutual comparison and determination of individual fraction ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Machaczka
- Centre for Epidemiological Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (O.M.); (V.B.); (A.V.); (P.R.); (A.D.); (B.H.); (H.S.); (R.J.S.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Vitezslav Jirik
- Centre for Epidemiological Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (O.M.); (V.B.); (A.V.); (P.R.); (A.D.); (B.H.); (H.S.); (R.J.S.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-553-46-1796
| | - Viera Brezinova
- Centre for Epidemiological Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (O.M.); (V.B.); (A.V.); (P.R.); (A.D.); (B.H.); (H.S.); (R.J.S.)
| | - Adela Vrtkova
- Centre for Epidemiological Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (O.M.); (V.B.); (A.V.); (P.R.); (A.D.); (B.H.); (H.S.); (R.J.S.)
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB—Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Miturova
- Institute of Public Health in Ostrava, 702 000 Ostrava, Czech Republic;
| | - Petra Riedlova
- Centre for Epidemiological Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (O.M.); (V.B.); (A.V.); (P.R.); (A.D.); (B.H.); (H.S.); (R.J.S.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Dalecka
- Centre for Epidemiological Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (O.M.); (V.B.); (A.V.); (P.R.); (A.D.); (B.H.); (H.S.); (R.J.S.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Hermanova
- Centre for Epidemiological Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (O.M.); (V.B.); (A.V.); (P.R.); (A.D.); (B.H.); (H.S.); (R.J.S.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Slachtova
- Centre for Epidemiological Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (O.M.); (V.B.); (A.V.); (P.R.); (A.D.); (B.H.); (H.S.); (R.J.S.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Grzegorz Siemiatkowski
- Lukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials, 31-983 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Leszek Osrodka
- Institute of Meteorology and Water Management National Research Institute, 01-673 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Radim J. Sram
- Centre for Epidemiological Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (O.M.); (V.B.); (A.V.); (P.R.); (A.D.); (B.H.); (H.S.); (R.J.S.)
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58
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Airway Exposure to Polyethyleneimine Nanoparticles Induces Type 2 Immunity by a Mechanism Involving Oxidative Stress and ATP Release. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169071. [PMID: 34445774 PMCID: PMC8396525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethyleneimine (PEI) induced immune responses were investigated in human bronchial epithelial (hBE) cells and mice. PEI rapidly induced ATP release from hBE cells and pretreatment with glutathione (GSH) blocked the response. PEI activated two conductive pathways, VDAC-1 and pannexin 1, which completely accounted for ATP efflux across the plasma membrane. Moreover, PEI increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), which was reduced by the pannexin 1 inhibitor, 10Panx (50 μM), the VDAC-1 inhibitor, DIDS (100 μM), and was nearly abolished by pretreatment with GSH (5 mM). The increase in [Ca2+]i involved Ca2+ uptake through two pathways, one blocked by oxidized ATP (oATP, 300 μM) and another that was blocked by the TRPV-1 antagonist A784168 (100 nM). PEI stimulation also increased IL-33 mRNA expression and protein secretion. In vivo experiments showed that acute (4.5 h) PEI exposure stimulated secretion of Th2 cytokines (IL-5 and IL-13) into bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Conjugation of PEI with ovalbumin also induced eosinophil recruitment and secretion of IL-5 and IL-13 into BAL fluid, which was inhibited in IL-33 receptor (ST2) deficient mice. In conclusion, PEI-induced oxidative stress stimulated type 2 immune responses by activating ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake leading to IL-33 secretion, similar to allergens derived from Alternaria.
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Nordhorn ID, Dietrich D, Verlemann C, Vennemann A, Schmid R, Elinkmann M, Fuchs J, Sperling M, Wiemann M, Karst U. Spatially and size-resolved analysis of gold nanoparticles in rat spleen after intratracheal instillation by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Metallomics 2021; 13:6274684. [PMID: 33979446 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In a dual approach, laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry was applied to investigate spleen samples of rats after intratracheal instillation of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated gold nanoparticles. First, spatially resolved imaging analysis was deployed to investigate gold translocation from the lungs to the spleen and to investigate the distribution pattern of gold in the spleen parenchyma itself. Using the same instrumental setup, laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry in single particle mode was applied to determine the species of translocated gold. Single particle analysis allows the determination of particle size distributions and therefore to distinguish between ionic species, intact nanoparticles, and agglomerates. A translocation of instilled gold from the lungs to the spleen was demonstrated for gold nanoparticles of 30 and 50 nm diameter. Furthermore single particle analysis revealed the translocation of intact gold nanoparticles in a non-agglomerated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona D Nordhorn
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dörthe Dietrich
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christine Verlemann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Antje Vennemann
- IBE R&D Institute for Lung Health gGmbH, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Robin Schmid
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Elinkmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Joshua Fuchs
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Sperling
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.,European Virtual Institute for Speciation Analysis, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Martin Wiemann
- IBE R&D Institute for Lung Health gGmbH, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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60
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Particle Number Emissions of a Euro 6d-Temp Gasoline Vehicle under Extreme Temperatures and Driving Conditions. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11050607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
With the introduction of gasoline particulate filters (GPFs), the particle number (PN) emissions of gasoline direct-injection (GDI) vehicles are below the European regulatory limit of 6 × 1011 p/km under certification conditions. Nevertheless, concerns have been raised regarding emission levels at the boundaries of ambient and driving conditions of the real-driving emissions (RDE) regulation. A Euro 6d-Temp GDI vehicle with a GPF was tested on the road and in the laboratory with cycles simulating congested urban traffic, dynamic driving, and towing a trailer uphill at 85% of maximum payload. The ambient temperatures covered a range from −30 to 50 °C. The solid PN emissions were 10 times lower than the PN limit under most conditions and temperatures. Only dynamic driving that regenerated the filter passively, and for the next cycle resulted in relatively high emissions although they were still below the limit. The results of this study confirmed the effectiveness of GPFs in controlling PN emissions under a wide range of conditions.
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de Bont J, Díaz Y, de Castro M, Cirach M, Basagaña X, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Duarte-Salles T, Vrijheid M. Ambient air pollution and the development of overweight and obesity in children: a large longitudinal study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:1124-1132. [PMID: 33627774 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00783-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambient air pollution may play a role in childhood obesity development, but evidence is scarce, and the modifying role of socioeconomic status (SES) is unclear. We aimed to examine the association between exposure to air pollution during early childhood and subsequent risk of developing overweight and obesity, and to evaluate whether SES is a modifier of this association. METHODS This longitudinal study included 416,955 children identified as normal weight between 2-5 years old and registered in an electronic primary healthcare record between 2006 and 2016 in Catalonia (Spain). Children were followed-up until they developed overweight or obesity, reached 15 years of age, died, transferred out, or end of study period (31/12/2018). Overweight and obesity were defined following the WHO reference obtained from height and weight measures. We estimated annual residential census levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter <10 μm (PM10), <2.5 μm (PM2.5), and 2.5-10 μm (PMcoarse) at study entry. We estimated the risk of developing overweight and obesity per interquartile range increase in air pollution exposure with Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS A total of 142,590 (34.2%) children developed overweight or obesity. Increased exposure to NO2, PM10, and PMcoarse was associated with a 2-3% increased risk of developing overweight and obesity (hazard ratio [HR] per 21.8 μg/m3 NO2 = 1.03 [95% CI: 1.02-1.04]; HR per 6.4 μg/m3 PM10 = 1.02 [95% CI: 1.02-1.03]; HR per 4.6 µg/m3 PMcoarse = 1.02, [95% CI: 1.01-1.02]). For all air pollutants, associations were stronger among children living in most compared to least deprived areas. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that early life exposure to air pollution may be associated with a small increase in the risk of developing overweight and obesity in childhood, and that this association may be exacerbated in the most deprived areas. Even these small associations are of potential global health importance because air pollution exposure is widespread and the long-term health consequences of childhood obesity are clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen de Bont
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yesika Díaz
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat de Castro
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Cirach
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Basagaña
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Talita Duarte-Salles
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain. .,Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain. .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Carrard J, Marquillies P, Pichavant M, Visez N, Lanone S, Tsicopoulos A, Chenivesse C, Scherpereel A, de Nadaï P. Chronic exposure to benzo(a)pyrene-coupled nanoparticles worsens inflammation in a mite-induced asthma mouse model. Allergy 2021; 76:1562-1565. [PMID: 33037642 DOI: 10.1111/all.14619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Carrard
- CNRS Inserm, CHU Lille Institut Pasteur de Lille U1019—UMR9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille Université de Lille Lille France
| | - Philippe Marquillies
- CNRS Inserm, CHU Lille Institut Pasteur de Lille U1019—UMR9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille Université de Lille Lille France
| | - Muriel Pichavant
- CNRS Inserm, CHU Lille Institut Pasteur de Lille U1019—UMR9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille Université de Lille Lille France
| | - Nicolas Visez
- CNRS UMR 8522—PC2A—Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l’Atmosphère Université de Lille Lille France
| | - Sophie Lanone
- INSERM, IMRB Université Paris‐Est Créteil Créteil France
| | - Anne Tsicopoulos
- CNRS Inserm, CHU Lille Institut Pasteur de Lille U1019—UMR9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille Université de Lille Lille France
- CHU Lille Service de Pneumologie et Immuno‐allergologie Centre Constitutif Des Maladies Pulmonaires Rares Lille France
- CRISALIS/F‐CRIN network Lille France
| | - Cécile Chenivesse
- CNRS Inserm, CHU Lille Institut Pasteur de Lille U1019—UMR9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille Université de Lille Lille France
- CHU Lille Service de Pneumologie et Immuno‐allergologie Centre Constitutif Des Maladies Pulmonaires Rares Lille France
- CRISALIS/F‐CRIN network Lille France
| | | | - Patricia de Nadaï
- CNRS Inserm, CHU Lille Institut Pasteur de Lille U1019—UMR9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille Université de Lille Lille France
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Effect of Air Pollution on Obesity in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8050327. [PMID: 33922616 PMCID: PMC8146513 DOI: 10.3390/children8050327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution exposure has been identified as being associated with childhood obesity. Nevertheless, strong evidence of such an association is still lacking. To analyze whether air pollution exposure affects childhood obesity, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis utilizing the PRISMA guidelines. Of 7343 studies identified, eight studies that investigated the effects of air pollutant characteristics, including PM2.5, PM10, PMcoarse, PMabsorbance, NOx, and NO2, on childhood obesity were included. The polled effects showed that air pollution is correlated with a substantially increased risk of childhood obesity. PM2.5 was found to be associated with a significantly increased risk (6%) of childhood obesity (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.02–1.10, p = 0.003). In addition, PM10, PM2.5absorbance, and NO2 appeared to significantly increase the risk of obesity in children (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.04–1.10, p < 0.00; OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.06–1.43, p = 0.07; and OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.04–1.16, p < 0.001, respectively). PMcoarse and NOx also showed trends towards being associated with an increased risk of childhood obesity (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.95–1.20, p = 0.291, and OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.99–1.02, p = 0.571, respectively). Strong evidence was found to support the theory that air pollution exposure is one of the factors that increases the risk of childhood obesity.
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64
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Ain NU, Qamar SUR. Particulate Matter-Induced Cardiovascular Dysfunction: A Mechanistic Insight. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021; 21:505-516. [PMID: 33886046 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-021-09652-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution and particulate matter (PM) are significant factors for adverse health effects most prominently cardiovascular disease (CVD). PM is produced from various sources, which include both natural and anthropogenic. It is composed of biological components, organic compounds, minerals, and metals, which are responsible for inducing inflammation and adverse health effects. However, the adverse effects are related to PM size distribution. Finer particles are a significant cause of cardiovascular events. This review discusses the direct and indirect mechanisms of PM-induced CVD like myocardial infarction, the elevation of blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmias, atherosclerosis, and thrombosis. The two potential mechanisms are oxidative stress and systemic inflammation. Prenatal exposure has also been linked with cardiovascular outcomes later in life. Moreover, we also mentioned the epidemiological studies that strongly associate PM with CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Ul Ain
- Departmetnt of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, The Mall Road, Kachari Chowk, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan
- Applied Biological Sciences Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Safi Ur Rehman Qamar
- Integrated Genomics, Cellular, Developmental, and Biotechnology Laboratory (IGCDBL), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan.
- Applied Biological Sciences Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand.
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65
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Choi H, Dostal M, Pastorkova A, Rossner P, Sram RJ. Airborne Benzo[a]Pyrene may contribute to divergent Pheno-Endotypes in children. Environ Health 2021; 20:40. [PMID: 33836759 PMCID: PMC8035778 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma represents a syndrome for which our understanding of the molecular processes underlying discrete sub-diseases (i.e., endotypes), beyond atopic asthma, is limited. The public health needs to characterize etiology-associated endotype risks is becoming urgent. In particular, the roles of polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), globally distributed combustion by-products, toward the two known endotypes - T helper 2 cell high (Th2) or T helper 2 cell low (non-Th2) - warrants clarification. OBJECTIVES To explain ambient B[a]P association with non-atopic asthma (i.e., a proxy of non-Th2 endotype) is markedly different from that with atopic asthma (i.e., a proxy for Th2-high endotype). METHODS In a case-control study, we compare the non-atopic as well as atopic asthmatic boys and girls against their respective controls in terms of the ambient Benzo[a]pyrene concentration nearest to their home, plasma 15-Ft2-isoprostane (15-Ft2-isoP), urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), and lung function deficit. We repeated the analysis for i) dichotomous asthma outcome and ii) multinomial asthma-overweight/obese (OV/OB) combined outcomes. RESULTS The non-atopic asthma cases are associated with a significantly higher median B[a]P (11.16 ng/m3) compared to that in the non-atopic controls (3.83 ng/m3; P-value < 0.001). In asthma-OV/OB stratified analysis, the non-atopic girls with lean and OV/OB asthma are associated with a step-wisely elevated B[a]P (median,11.16 and 18.00 ng/m3, respectively), compared to the non-atopic lean control girls (median, 4.28 ng/m3, P-value < 0.001). In contrast, atopic asthmatic children (2.73 ng/m3) are not associated with a significantly elevated median B[a]P, compared to the atopic control children (2.60 ng/m3; P-value > 0.05). Based on the logistic regression model, on ln-unit increate in B[a]P is associated with 4.7-times greater odds (95% CI, 1.9-11.5, P = 0.001) of asthma among the non-atopic boys. The same unit increase in B[a]P is associated with 44.8-times greater odds (95% CI, 4.7-428.2, P = 0.001) among the non-atopic girls after adjusting for urinary Cotinine, lung function deficit, 15-Ft2-isoP, and 8-oxodG. CONCLUSIONS Ambient B[a]P is robustly associated with non-atopic asthma, while it has no clear associations with atopic asthma among lean children. Furthermore, lung function deficit, 15-Ft2-isoP, and 8-oxodG are associated with profound alteration of B[a]P-asthma associations among the non-atopic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunok Choi
- College of Health, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA USA
| | - Miroslav Dostal
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Pastorkova
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Rossner
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radim J. Sram
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Kumar P, Kalaiarasan G, Porter AE, Pinna A, Kłosowski MM, Demokritou P, Chung KF, Pain C, Arvind DK, Arcucci R, Adcock IM, Dilliway C. An overview of methods of fine and ultrafine particle collection for physicochemical characterisation and toxicity assessments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 756:143553. [PMID: 33239200 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a crucial health risk factor for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The smaller size fractions, ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5; fine particles) and ≤0.1 μm (PM0.1; ultrafine particles), show the highest bioactivity but acquiring sufficient mass for in vitro and in vivo toxicological studies is challenging. We review the suitability of available instrumentation to collect the PM mass required for these assessments. Five different microenvironments representing the diverse exposure conditions in urban environments are considered in order to establish the typical PM concentrations present. The highest concentrations of PM2.5 and PM0.1 were found near traffic (i.e. roadsides and traffic intersections), followed by indoor environments, parks and behind roadside vegetation. We identify key factors to consider when selecting sampling instrumentation. These include PM concentration on-site (low concentrations increase sampling time), nature of sampling sites (e.g. indoors; noise and space will be an issue), equipment handling and power supply. Physicochemical characterisation requires micro- to milli-gram quantities of PM and it may increase according to the processing methods (e.g. digestion or sonication). Toxicological assessments of PM involve numerous mechanisms (e.g. inflammatory processes and oxidative stress) requiring significant amounts of PM to obtain accurate results. Optimising air sampling techniques are therefore important for the appropriate collection medium/filter which have innate physical properties and the potential to interact with samples. An evaluation of methods and instrumentation used for airborne virus collection concludes that samplers operating cyclone sampling techniques (using centrifugal forces) are effective in collecting airborne viruses. We highlight that predictive modelling can help to identify pollution hotspots in an urban environment for the efficient collection of PM mass. This review provides guidance to prepare and plan efficient sampling campaigns to collect sufficient PM mass for various purposes in a reasonable timeframe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Department of Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Gopinath Kalaiarasan
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra E Porter
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Pinna
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michał M Kłosowski
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Avenue, Room 1310, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Pain
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - D K Arvind
- Centre for Speckled Computing, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9AB, United Kingdom
| | - Rossella Arcucci
- Data Science Institute, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BU, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Adcock
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Dilliway
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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67
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Qian Q, Chowdhury BP, Sun Z, Lenberg J, Alam R, Vivier E, Gorska MM. Maternal diesel particle exposure promotes offspring asthma through NK cell-derived granzyme B. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4133-4151. [PMID: 32407293 DOI: 10.1172/jci130324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mothers living near high-traffic roads before or during pregnancy are more likely to have children with asthma. Mechanisms are unknown. Using a mouse model, here we showed that maternal exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) predisposed offspring to allergic airway disease (AAD, murine counterpart of human asthma) through programming of their NK cells; predisposition to AAD did not develop in DEP pups that lacked NK cells and was induced in normal pups receiving NK cells from WT DEP pups. DEP NK cells expressed GATA3 and cosecreted IL-13 and the killer protease granzyme B in response to allergen challenge. Extracellular granzyme B did not kill, but instead stimulated protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) to cooperate with IL-13 in the induction of IL-25 in airway epithelial cells. Through loss-of-function and reconstitution experiments in pups, we showed that NK cells and granzyme B were required for IL-25 induction and activation of the type 2 immune response and that IL-25 mediated NK cell effects on type 2 response and AAD. Finally, experiments using human cord blood and airway epithelial cells suggested that DEP might induce an identical pathway in humans. Collectively, we describe an NK cell-dependent endotype of AAD that emerged in early life as a result of maternal exposure to DEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qian
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health (NJH), Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Bidisha Paul Chowdhury
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health (NJH), Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Zehua Sun
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health (NJH), Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Jerica Lenberg
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health (NJH), Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Rafeul Alam
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health (NJH), Denver, Colorado, USA.,Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Eric Vivier
- Innate Pharma Research Labs, Innate Pharma, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, CNRS, INSERM, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.,Service d'Immunologie, Marseille Immunopole, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Magdalena M Gorska
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health (NJH), Denver, Colorado, USA.,Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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68
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Chatkin J, Correa L, Santos U. External Environmental Pollution as a Risk Factor for Asthma. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 62:72-89. [PMID: 33433826 PMCID: PMC7801569 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08830-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is a worrisome risk factor for global morbidity and mortality and plays a special role in many respiratory conditions. It contributes to around 8 million deaths/year, with outdoor exposure being responsible for more than 4.2 million deaths throughout the world, while more than 3.8 million die from situations related to indoor pollution. Pollutant agents induce several respiratory symptoms. In addition, there is a clear interference in numerous asthma outcomes, such as incidence, prevalence, hospital admission, visits to emergency departments, mortality, and asthma attacks, among others. The particulate matter group of pollutants includes coarse particles/PM10, fine particles/PM2.5, and ultrafine particles/PM0.1. The gaseous components include ground-level ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide. The timing, load, and route of allergen exposure are other items affecting allergic disease phenotypes. The complex interaction between pollutant exposures and human host factors has an implication in the development and rise of asthma as a public health problem. However, there are hiatuses in the understanding of the pathways in this disease. The routes through which pollutants induce asthma are multiple, and include the epigenetic changes that occur in the respiratory tract microbiome, oxidative stress, and immune dysregulation. In addition, the expansion of the modern Westernized lifestyle, which is characterized by intense urbanization and more time spent indoors, resulted in greater exposure to polluted air. Another point to consider is the different role of the environment according to age groups. Children growing up in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods suffer more important negative health impacts. This narrative review highlights the principal polluting agents, their sources of emission, epidemiological findings, and mechanistic evidence that links environmental exposures to asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Chatkin
- Pulmonology Division, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Hospital São Lucas da PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Liana Correa
- Health Sciences Doctorate Program, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Pulmonologist Hospital São Lucas da PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ubiratan Santos
- Pulmonology Division of Instituto Do Coração, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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69
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Chen C, Liu S, Dong W, Song Y, Chu M, Xu J, Guo X, Zhao B, Deng F. Increasing cardiopulmonary effects of ultrafine particles at relatively low fine particle concentrations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:141726. [PMID: 32889464 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are of concern because of their high pulmonary deposition efficiency. However, present control measures are generally targeted at fine particles (PM2.5), with little effect on UFPs. The health effects of UFPs at different PM2.5 concentrations may provide a basic for controlling UFPs but remain unclear in polluted areas. School children spend the majority of their time in the classrooms. This study investigated the different short-term effects of indoor UFPs on school children in Beijing, China when indoor PM2.5 concentrations exceeded or satisfied the recently published Chinese standard for indoor PM2.5. Cardiopulmonary functions of 48 school children, of whom 46 completed, were measured three times. Indoor PM2.5 and UFPs were monitored in classrooms on weekdays. Measurements were separated into two groups according to the abovementioned standard. Mixed-effect models were used to explore the health effects of the air pollutants. Generally, UFP-associated effects on children's cardiopulmonary function persisted even at relatively low PM2.5 concentrations, especially on heart rate variability indices. The risks associated with high PM2.5 concentrations are well-known, but the effects of UFPs on children's cardiopulmonary function deserve more attention even when PM2.5 has been controlled. UFP control and standard setting should therefore be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yi Song
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mengtian Chu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Junhui Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinbiao Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Furong Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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70
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Morgan JLL, Shauchuk A, Meyers JL, Altemeier A, Qiao X, Jones M, Smith ED, Jiang J. Quantifying the Deposition of Airborne Particulate Matter Pollution on Skin Using Elemental Markers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15958-15967. [PMID: 33210540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) pollution is an environmental and health concern. The health impact of PM pollution has typically focused on the respiratory system. The impact of PM pollution on skin has been largely understudied due to the lack of a quantitative method to measure the deposition on skin. This manuscript presents a method to quantify PM pollution on skin using elemental markers as a proxy for PM. Skin tape strips were collected from forehead and buttock of 100 outdoor workers in Beijing, China. Skin samples were analyzed for 19 elemental markers using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. To determine the specific elemental signature of PM for the region, air samples were collected over 7 days for PM < 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and analyzed for the same 19 elements as the skin samples. An enrichment factor was calculated for each element and the potential source was evaluated. Using the elemental markers unique to PM pollution for the region, the PM concentration deposited on skin was determined to be 0.621-2.53 μg PM2.5 /cm2. This method can be re-applied in different regions and the PM concentration on skin can inform future studies on the health impact of air pollution on skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L L Morgan
- Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Andrei Shauchuk
- Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Jessa L Meyers
- Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Amy Altemeier
- Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Xiaohui Qiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Maiysha Jones
- Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Edward D Smith
- Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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71
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Abstract
Urbanization is an ongoing global phenomenon as more and more people are moving from rural to urban areas for better employment opportunities and a higher standard of living, leading to the growth of megacities, broadly defined as urban agglomeration with more than 10 million inhabitants. Intense activities in megacities induce high levels of air pollutants in the atmosphere that harm human health, cause regional haze and acid deposition, damage crops, influence air quality in regions far from the megacity sources, and contribute to climate change. Since the Great London Smog and the first recognized episode of Los Angeles photochemical smog seventy years ago, substantial progress has been made in improving the scientific understanding of air pollution and in developing emissions reduction technologies. However, much remains to be understood about the complex processes of atmospheric oxidation mechanisms; the formation and evolution of secondary particles, especially those containing organic species; and the influence of emerging emissions sources and changing climate on air quality and health. While air quality has substantially improved in megacities in developed regions and some in the developing regions, many still suffer from severe air pollution. Strong regional and international collaboration in data collection and assessment will be beneficial in strengthening the capacity. This article provides an overview of the sources of emissions in megacities, atmospheric physicochemical processes, air quality trends and management in a few megacities, and the impacts on health and climate. The challenges and opportunities facing megacities due to lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa T Molina
- Molina Center for Energy and the Environment, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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72
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Chen C, Yao M, Luo X, Zhu Y, Liu Z, Zhuo H, Zhao B. Outdoor-to-indoor transport of ultrafine particles: Measurement and model development of infiltration factor. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115402. [PMID: 32858436 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ambient ultrafine particles (UFPs: particles of diameter less than 100 nm) cause significant adverse health effects. As people spend most time indoors, the outdoor-to-indoor transport of UFPs plays a critical role in the accuracy of personal exposure assessments. Herein, a strategy was proposed to measure and analyze the infiltration factor (Finf) of UFPs, an important parameter quantifying the fraction of ambient air pollutants that travel inside and remain suspended indoors. Ninety-three measurements were conducted in 11 residential rooms in all seasons in Beijing, China, to investigate Finf of UFPs and its associated influencing factors. A multilevel regression model incorporating eight possible factors that influence infiltration was developed to predict Finf and FinfSOA (defined as the ratio of indoor to outdoor UFP concentrations without indoor sources, but with indoor secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation). It was found that the air change rate was the most important factor and coagulation was considerable, while the influence of SOA formation was much smaller than that of other factors. Our regression model accurately predicted daily-average Finf. The annually-averaged Finf of UFPs was 0.66 ± 0.10, which is higher than that of PM2.5 and PM10, demonstrating the importance of controlling indoor UFPs of outdoor origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Mingyao Yao
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xu Luo
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yulin Zhu
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhaoyang Liu
- Center for Statistical Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hanchen Zhuo
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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73
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Torres-Jardón R, Franco-Lira M, Kulesza R, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Brito-Aguilar R, García-Arreola B, Revueltas-Ficachi P, Barrera-Velázquez JA, García-Alonso G, García-Rojas E, Mukherjee PS, Delgado-Chávez R. Environmental Nanoparticles, SARS-CoV-2 Brain Involvement, and Potential Acceleration of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases in Young Urbanites Exposed to Air Pollution. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:479-503. [PMID: 32955466 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases (AD, PD) have a pediatric and young adult onset in Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC). The SARS-CoV-2 neurotropic RNA virus is triggering neurological complications and deep concern regarding acceleration of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes already in progress. This review, based on our MMC experience, will discuss two major issues: 1) why residents chronically exposed to air pollution are likely to be more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 systemic and brain effects and 2) why young people with AD and PD already in progress will accelerate neurodegenerative processes. Secondary mental consequences of social distancing and isolation, fear, financial insecurity, violence, poor health support, and lack of understanding of the complex crisis are expected in MMC residents infected or free of SARS-CoV-2. MMC residents with pre-SARS-CoV-2 accumulation of misfolded proteins diagnostic of AD and PD and metal-rich, magnetic nanoparticles damaging key neural organelles are an ideal host for neurotropic SARS-CoV-2 RNA virus invading the body through the same portals damaged by nanoparticles: nasal olfactory epithelium, the gastrointestinal tract, and the alveolar-capillary portal. We urgently need MMC multicenter retrospective-prospective neurological and psychiatric population follow-up and intervention strategies in place in case of acceleration of neurodegenerative processes, increased risk of suicide, and mental disease worsening. Identification of vulnerable populations and continuous effort to lower air pollution ought to be critical steps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Maricela Franco-Lira
- Colegio de Bachilleres Militarizado, "General Mariano Escobedo", Monterrey, N.L., México
| | - Randy Kulesza
- Auditory Research Center, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Partha S Mukherjee
- Interdisciplinary Statistical Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
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74
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Yang Z, Freni-Sterrantino A, Fuller GW, Gulliver J. Development and transferability of ultrafine particle land use regression models in London. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:140059. [PMID: 32927570 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to a lack of routine monitoring, bespoke measurements are required to develop ultrafine particle (UFP) land use regression (LUR) models, which is especially challenging in megacities due to their large area. As an alternative, for London, we developed separate models for three urban residential areas, models combining two areas, and models using all three areas. Models were developed against annual mean ultrafine particle count cm-3 estimated from repeated 30-min fixed-site measurements, in different seasons (2016-2018), at forty sites per area, that were subsequently temporally adjusted using continuous measurements from a single reference site within or close to each area. A single model and 10 models were developed for each individual area and combination of areas. Within each area, sites were split into 10 groups using stratified random sampling. Each of the 10 models were developed using 90% of sites. Hold-out validation was performed by pooling the 10% of sites held-out each time. The transferability of models was tested by applying individual and two-area models to external area(s). In model evaluation, within-area mean squared error (MSE) R2 ranged from 14% to 48%. Transferring individual- and combined-area models to external areas without calibration yielded MSE-R2 ranging from -18 to 0. MSE-R2 was in the range 21% to 41% when using particle number count (PNC) measurements in external areas to calibrate models. Our results suggest that the UFP models could be transferred to other areas without calibration in London to assess relative ranking in exposures but not for estimating absolute values of PNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenchun Yang
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom..
| | - Anna Freni-Sterrantino
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gary W Fuller
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - John Gulliver
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom.; Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability & School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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75
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Rouadi PW, Idriss SA, Naclerio RM, Peden DB, Ansotegui IJ, Canonica GW, Gonzalez-Diaz SN, Rosario Filho NA, Ivancevich JC, Hellings PW, Murrieta-Aguttes M, Zaitoun FH, Irani C, Karam MR, Bousquet J. Immunopathological features of air pollution and its impact on inflammatory airway diseases (IAD). World Allergy Organ J 2020; 13:100467. [PMID: 33042360 PMCID: PMC7534666 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution causes significant morbidity and mortality in patients with inflammatory airway diseases (IAD) such as allergic rhinitis (AR), chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Oxidative stress in patients with IAD can induce eosinophilic inflammation in the airways, augment atopic allergic sensitization, and increase susceptibility to infection. We reviewed emerging data depicting the involvement of oxidative stress in IAD patients. We evaluated biomarkers, outcome measures and immunopathological alterations across the airway mucosal barrier following exposure, particularly when accentuated by an infectious insult.
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Key Words
- AR, Allergic rhinitis
- Air pollution
- Antioxidant
- COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CRS, Chronic rhinosinusitis
- DEP, Diesel exhaust particles
- IAD, Inflammatory airway diseases
- IL, Interleukin
- ILC, Innate lymphoid cells
- Inflammatory airway disease
- NOx, Nitrogen oxides
- Oxidative stress biomarkers
- PAH, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- PM, Particulate matter
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- TBS, Tobacco smoke
- TLR, Toll-like receptors
- Tobacco smoke
- Treg, Regulatory T cell
- VOCs, Volatile organic compounds
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W. Rouadi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eye and Ear University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samar A. Idriss
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eye and Ear University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Robert M. Naclerio
- Johns Hopkins University Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David B. Peden
- UNC Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics UNS School of Medicine, USA
| | - Ignacio J. Ansotegui
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Hospital Quironsalud Bizkaia, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Sandra Nora Gonzalez-Diaz
- University Autonoma de Nuevo Leon Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario U.A.N.L, Monterrey, NL, c.p. 64460, México
| | | | - Juan Carlos Ivancevich
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina and Head of Allergy and Immunology at the Santa Isabel Clinic, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Peter W. Hellings
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands - Department Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Fares H. Zaitoun
- LAUMC Rizk Hospital, Otolaryngology-Allergy Department, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Carla Irani
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, St Joseph University, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marilyn R. Karam
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jean Bousquet
- INSERM U 1168, VIMA: Ageing and Chronic Diseases Epidemiological and Public Health Approaches, Villejuif, France
- University Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France
- Allergy-Centre-Charité, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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76
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Fireman Klein E, Adir Y, Fireman E, Kessel A. Cigarette-related cadmium and environmental pollution exposure are reflected in airway ultrafine particle content. ERJ Open Res 2020; 6:00361-2019. [PMID: 32963996 PMCID: PMC7487350 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00361-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Particulate matter (PM) and cigarette-related cadmium exposure increases inflammation and smokers' susceptibility to developing lung diseases. The majority of inhaled metals are attached to the surface of ultrafine particles (UFPs). A low inhaled UFP content in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) reflects a high inflammatory status of airways. Methods EBC was collected from 58 COPD patients and 40 healthy smokers and nonsmokers. Participants underwent spirometry, diffusion capacity, EBC and blood sampling. Environmental pollution data were collected from monitoring stations. UFPs were measured in EBC and serum, and cadmium content was quantified. Results Subjects with low UFP concentrations in EBC (<0.18×108·mL-1) had been exposed to higher long-term PM2.5 levels versus subjects with high UFP concentrations in EBC (>0.18×108·mL-1) (21.9 µg·m-3 versus 17.4 µg·m-3, p≤0.001). Long-term PM2.5 exposure levels correlated negatively with UFP concentrations in EBC and positively with UFP concentrations in serum (r=-0.54, p≤0.001 and r=0.23, p=0.04, respectively). Healthy smokers had higher cadmium levels in EBC versus healthy nonsmokers and COPD patients (25.2 ppm versus 23.7 ppm and 23.3 ppm, p=0.02 and p=0.002, respectively). Subjects with low UFP concentrations in EBC also had low cadmium levels in EBC versus subjects with high UFP levels (22.8 ppm versus 24.2 ppm, p=0.004). Conclusions Low UFP concentration in EBC is an indicator of high-level PM exposure. High cadmium levels in EBC among smokers and the association between cadmium and UFP content in EBC among COPD patients indicate cadmium lung toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Fireman Klein
- Pulmonary Division, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.,Dept of Internal Medicine B, Bnai-Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.,Affiliated with the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yochai Adir
- Pulmonary Division, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.,Affiliated with the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Elizabeth Fireman
- The Institute of Pulmonary Diseases, National Laboratory Service for ILD, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Dept of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Aharon Kessel
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Bnai-Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.,Affiliated with the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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77
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Smallcombe CC, Harford TJ, Linfield DT, Lechuga S, Bokun V, Piedimonte G, Rezaee F. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles exaggerate respiratory syncytial virus-induced airway epithelial barrier dysfunction. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L481-L496. [PMID: 32640839 PMCID: PMC7518063 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00104.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children worldwide. While most develop a mild, self-limiting illness, some develop severe acute lower respiratory infection and persistent airway disease. Exposure to ambient particulate matter has been linked to asthma, bronchitis, and viral infection in multiple epidemiological studies. We hypothesized that coexposure to nanoparticles worsens RSV-induced airway epithelial barrier dysfunction. Bronchial epithelial cells were incubated with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NP) or a combination of TiO2-NP and RSV. Structure and function of epithelial cell barrier were analyzed. Viral titer and the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were evaluated. In vivo, mice were intranasally incubated with TiO2-NP, RSV, or a combination. Lungs and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were harvested for analysis of airway inflammation and apical junctional complex (AJC) disruption. RSV-induced AJC disruption was amplified by TiO2-NP. Nanoparticle exposure increased viral infection in epithelial cells. TiO2-NP induced generation of ROS, and pretreatment with antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine, reversed said barrier dysfunction. In vivo, RSV-induced injury and AJC disruption were augmented in the lungs of mice given TiO2-NP. Airway inflammation was exacerbated, as evidenced by increased white blood cell infiltration into the BAL, along with exaggeration of peribronchial inflammation and AJC disruption. These data demonstrate that TiO2-NP exposure exacerbates RSV-induced AJC dysfunction and increases inflammation by mechanisms involving generation of ROS. Further studies are required to determine whether NP exposure plays a role in the health disparities of asthma and other lung diseases, and why some children experience more severe airway disease with RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie C Smallcombe
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Terri J Harford
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Debra T Linfield
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Susana Lechuga
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Vladimir Bokun
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Fariba Rezaee
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
- Centre for Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, Ohio
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78
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Abstract
Nanoparticles from natural and anthropogenic sources are abundant in the environment, thus human exposure to nanoparticles is inevitable. Due to this constant exposure, it is critically important to understand the potential acute and chronic adverse effects that nanoparticles may cause to humans. In this review, we explore and highlight the current state of nanotoxicology research with a focus on mechanistic understanding of nanoparticle toxicity at organ, tissue, cell, and biomolecular levels. We discuss nanotoxicity mechanisms, including generation of reactive oxygen species, nanoparticle disintegration, modulation of cell signaling pathways, protein corona formation, and poly(ethylene glycol)-mediated immunogenicity. We conclude with a perspective on potential approaches to advance current understanding of nanoparticle toxicity. Such improved understanding may lead to mitigation strategies that could enable safe application of nanoparticles in humans. Advances in nanotoxicity research will ultimately inform efforts to establish standardized regulatory frameworks with the goal of fully exploiting the potential of nanotechnology while minimizing harm to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yang
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA;
| | - Lin Wang
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA;
| | - Evan M Mettenbrink
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA;
| | - Paul L DeAngelis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Stefan Wilhelm
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA; .,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Technology (IBEST), Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA.,Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
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79
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Li Y, Ouyang Y, Jiao J, Xu Z, Zhang L. Exposure to environmental black carbon exacerbates nasal epithelial inflammation via the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-nucleotide-binding, oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3)-caspase-1-interleukin 1β (IL-1β) pathway. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2020; 11:773-783. [PMID: 32779379 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic rhinitis(AR) is an increasing challenge to public health worldwide. Exposure to environmental black carbon (BC) is associated with increased risk of allergic rhinitis, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its toxicity have not been fully elucidated. The aims of the present study were therefore to determine the effect of BC on the expression of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and to investigate the mechanism underlying BC-induced IL-1β production in pollen-sensitized human nasal epithelial cells (hNECs). METHODS Nasal mucosal samples collected from 10 patients undergoing nasal surgery were used to isolate and culture epithelial cells as air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures. Cultures exposed to BC ± pollen allergen for 24 hours were assessed for the presence of IL-1β, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and activation of the nucleotide-binding, oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying BC ± pollen allergen-induced IL-1β in hNECs were evaluated. RESULTS Exposure to BC significantly increased the production of IL-1β and ROS and the expression of NLRP3 in hNECs, compared with control, all of which were significantly increased further by exposure to a combination of BC and pollen. Incubation of hNECs with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) significantly attenuated BC ± pollen-induced expression of ROS, NLRP3, and IL-1β. NLRP3 and Caspase-1 inhibitors (MCC950 and YVAD) significantly inhibited IL-1β expression and NLRP3 activation, but not NLRP3 expression following exposure to BC ± pollen. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that exposure to BC and pollen can exaggerate oxidative stress and significantly increase the expression of IL-1β in hNECs, and that this may involve a pathway integrating ROS-NLRP3-Caspase-1-IL-1β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Beijing Tongren Hospital, Affiliated to the Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhui Ouyang
- Department of Allergy, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Affiliated to the Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Jiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaojun Xu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Quanzhou Medical College, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Luo Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Beijing Tongren Hospital, Affiliated to the Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, China.,Department of Allergy, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Affiliated to the Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
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80
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Dang Khoa N, Phuong NL, Ito K. Numerical modeling of nanoparticle deposition in realistic monkey airway and human airway models: a comparative study. Inhal Toxicol 2020; 32:311-325. [DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1800148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Dang Khoa
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nguyen Lu Phuong
- Faculty of Environment, University of Natural resources and Environment, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Kazuhide Ito
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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81
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Precupas A, Gheorghe D, Botea-Petcu A, Leonties AR, Sandu R, Popa VT, Mariussen E, Naouale EY, Rundén-Pran E, Dumit V, Xue Y, Cimpan MR, Dusinska M, Haase A, Tanasescu S. Thermodynamic Parameters at Bio-Nano Interface and Nanomaterial Toxicity: A Case Study on BSA Interaction with ZnO, SiO 2, and TiO 2. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2054-2071. [PMID: 32600046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding nanomaterial (NM)-protein interactions is a key issue in defining the bioreactivity of NMs with great impact for nanosafety. In the present work, the complex phenomena occurring at the bio/nano interface were evaluated in a simple case study focusing on NM-protein binding thermodynamics and protein stability for three representative metal oxide NMs, namely, zinc oxide (ZnO; NM-110), titanium dioxide (TiO2; NM-101), and silica (SiO2; NM-203). The thermodynamic signature associated with the NM interaction with an abundant protein occurring in most cell culture media, bovine serum albumin (BSA), has been investigated by isothermal titration and differential scanning calorimetry. Circular dichroism spectroscopy offers additional information concerning adsorption-induced protein conformational changes. The BSA adsorption onto NMs is enthalpy-controlled, with the enthalpic character (favorable interaction) decreasing as follows: ZnO (NM-110) > SiO2 (NM-203) > TiO2 (NM-101). The binding of BSA is spontaneous, as revealed by the negative free energy, ΔG, for all systems. The structural stability of the protein decreased as follows: TiO2 (NM-101) > SiO2 (NM-203) > ZnO (NM-110). As protein binding may alter NM reactivity and thus the toxicity, we furthermore assessed its putative influence on DNA damage, as well as on the expression of target genes for cell death (RIPK1, FAS) and oxidative stress (SOD1, SOD2, CAT, GSTK1) in the A549 human alveolar basal epithelial cell line. The enthalpic component of the BSA-NM interaction, corroborated with BSA structural stability, matched the ranking for the biological alterations, i.e., DNA strand breaks, oxidized DNA lesions, cell-death, and antioxidant gene expression in A549 cells. The relative and total content of BSA in the protein corona was determined using mass-spectrometry-based proteomics. For the present case study, the thermodynamic parameters at bio/nano interface emerge as key descriptors for the dominant contributions determining the adsorption processes and NMs toxicological effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurica Precupas
- Institute of Physical Chemistry "Ilie Murgulescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest 060021, Romania
| | - Daniela Gheorghe
- Institute of Physical Chemistry "Ilie Murgulescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest 060021, Romania
| | - Alina Botea-Petcu
- Institute of Physical Chemistry "Ilie Murgulescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest 060021, Romania
| | - Anca Ruxandra Leonties
- Institute of Physical Chemistry "Ilie Murgulescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest 060021, Romania
| | - Romica Sandu
- Institute of Physical Chemistry "Ilie Murgulescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest 060021, Romania
| | - Vlad Tudor Popa
- Institute of Physical Chemistry "Ilie Murgulescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest 060021, Romania
| | - Espen Mariussen
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller 2027, Norway
| | | | | | - Veronica Dumit
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Ying Xue
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen 5020, Norway
| | - Mihaela Roxana Cimpan
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen 5020, Norway
| | - Maria Dusinska
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller 2027, Norway
| | - Andrea Haase
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Speranta Tanasescu
- Institute of Physical Chemistry "Ilie Murgulescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest 060021, Romania
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82
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Viher Hrženjak V, Kukec A, Eržen I, Stanimirović D. Effects of Ultrafine Particles in Ambient Air on Primary Health Care Consultations for Diabetes in Children and Elderly Population in Ljubljana, Slovenia: A 5-Year Time-Trend Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17144970. [PMID: 32664229 PMCID: PMC7400531 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17144970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) in ambient air represents an important environmental public health issue. The aim of this study was to determine the association between UFP in ambient air and the daily number of consultations in the primary health care unit due to diabetes mellitus in children and elderly population of the Municipality of Ljubljana. A 5-year time-trend ecological study was carried out for the period between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2017. The daily number of primary health care consultations due to diabetes mellitus among children and elderly population was observed as the health outcome. Daily mean UFP concentrations (different size from 10 to 100 nm) were measured and calculated. Poisson regression analysis was used to investigate the association between the observed outcome and the daily UFP, particulate matter fine fraction (PM2.5), and particulate matter coarse fraction (PM10) concentrations, adjusted to other covariates. The results show that the daily number of consultations due to diabetes mellitus were highly significantly associated with the daily concentrations of UFP (10 to 20 nm; p ≤ 0.001 and 20 to 30 nm; p ≤ 0.001) in all age groups and in the elderly population. In observed the population of children, we did not confirm the association. Findings indicate that specified environmental challenges should be addressed by comprehensive public health strategies leading to the coordinated cross-sectoral measures for the reduction of UFP in ambient air and the mitigation of adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Viher Hrženjak
- National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, Prvomajska 1, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Andreja Kukec
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.K.); (I.E.)
- National Institute of Public Health, Trubarjeva 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivan Eržen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.K.); (I.E.)
- National Institute of Public Health, Trubarjeva 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dalibor Stanimirović
- National Institute of Public Health, Trubarjeva 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1244-1413
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83
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Joubert AI, Geppert M, Johnson L, Mills-Goodlet R, Michelini S, Korotchenko E, Duschl A, Weiss R, Horejs-Höck J, Himly M. Mechanisms of Particles in Sensitization, Effector Function and Therapy of Allergic Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1334. [PMID: 32714326 PMCID: PMC7344151 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have always been in contact with natural airborne particles from many sources including biologic particulate matter (PM) which can exhibit allergenic properties. With industrialization, anthropogenic and combustion-derived particles have become a major fraction. Currently, an ever-growing number of diverse and innovative materials containing engineered nanoparticles (NPs) are being developed with great expectations in technology and medicine. Nanomaterials have entered everyday products including cosmetics, textiles, electronics, sports equipment, as well as food, and food packaging. As part of natural evolution humans have adapted to the exposure to particulate matter, aiming to protect the individual's integrity and health. At the respiratory barrier, complications can arise, when allergic sensitization and pulmonary diseases occur in response to particle exposure. Particulate matter in the form of plant pollen, dust mites feces, animal dander, but also aerosols arising from industrial processes in occupational settings including diverse mixtures thereof can exert such effects. This review article gives an overview of the allergic immune response and addresses specifically the mechanisms of particulates in the context of allergic sensitization, effector function and therapy. In regard of the first theme (i), an overview on exposure to particulates and the functionalities of the relevant immune cells involved in allergic sensitization as well as their interactions in innate and adaptive responses are described. As relevant for human disease, we aim to outline (ii) the potential effector mechanisms that lead to the aggravation of an ongoing immune deviation (such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, etc.) by inhaled particulates, including NPs. Even though adverse effects can be exerted by (nano)particles, leading to allergic sensitization, and the exacerbation of allergic symptoms, promising potential has been shown for their use in (iii) therapeutic approaches of allergic disease, for example as adjuvants. Hence, allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is introduced and the role of adjuvants such as alum as well as the current understanding of their mechanisms of action is reviewed. Finally, future prospects of nanomedicines in allergy treatment are described, which involve modern platform technologies combining immunomodulatory effects at several (immuno-)functional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna I Joubert
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mark Geppert
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Litty Johnson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Robert Mills-Goodlet
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sara Michelini
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Evgeniia Korotchenko
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Albert Duschl
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Weiss
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jutta Horejs-Höck
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Himly
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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84
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Moelling K, Broecker F. Air Microbiome and Pollution: Composition and Potential Effects on Human Health, Including SARS Coronavirus Infection. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 2020:1646943. [PMID: 32565838 PMCID: PMC7256708 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1646943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polluted air poses a significant threat to human health. Exposure to particulate matter (PM) and harmful gases contributes to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, including allergies and obstructive lung disease. Air pollution may also be linked to cancer and reduced life expectancy. Uptake of PM has been shown to cause pathological changes in the intestinal microbiota in mice and humans. Less is known about the effects of pollution-associated microbiota on human health. Several recent studies described the microbiomes of urban and rural air samples, of the stratosphere and sand particles, which can be transported over long distances, as well as the air of indoor environments. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on airborne bacterial, viral, and fungal communities and discuss their potential consequences on human health. The current data suggest that bacterial pathogens are typically too sparse and short-lived in air to pose a significant risk for infecting healthy people. However, airborne fungal spores may exacerbate allergies and asthma. Little information is available on viruses including phages, and future studies are likely to detect known and novel viruses with a yet unknown impact on human health. Furthermore, varying experimental protocols have been employed in the recent microbiome and virome studies. Therefore, standardized methodologies will be required to allow for better comparisons between studies. Air pollution has been linked to more severe outcomes of SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infections. This may have contributed to severe SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks, especially those in China, Northern Italy, Iran, and New York City.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Moelling
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Broecker
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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85
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Li Q, Yi Q, Tang L, Luo S, Tang Y, Zhang G, Luo Z. Influence of Ultrafine Particles Exposure on Asthma Exacerbation in Children: A Meta-Analysis. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:412-420. [PMID: 30156156 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180829114252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution is a major cause of asthma exacerbation. Most studies have shown that exposure to coarse and fine particulate matter is associated with asthma exacerbation. Ultrafine particles (UFPs, aerodynamic diameter ≤ 0.1 µm) are the smallest airborne particles, which are capable of penetrating deep into the lungs. Toxicological studies have suggested that exposure to UFPs may have serious effects on respiratory health. However, epidemiological evidence on the effects of UFPs exposure on asthma exacerbation in children remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We conducted a meta-analysis to quantitatively assess the effects of exposure to UFPs on childhood asthma exacerbation. METHODS We searched four databases for epidemiological studies published until March 20, 2018. Pooled Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) per 10000 particles/cm3 were estimated using fixed-effect models. Subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses, and Begg's and Egger's regression were also performed. RESULTS Eight moderate-high quality studies with 51542 events in total satisfied the inclusion criteria. Exposure to UFPs showed a positive association with childhood asthma exacerbation [OR (95% CI): 1.070 (1.037, 1.104)], increased asthma-associated emergency department visits [OR (95% CI): 1.111 (1.055, 1.170)], and asthma-associated hospital admissions [OR (95% CI): 1.045 (1.004, 1.088)] and had a stronger association with childhood asthma exacerbation at long lags [OR (95% CI):1.060 (1.039, 1.082)]. A low heterogeneity and no publication bias were detected. CONCLUSION Exposure to UFPs may increase the risk of asthma exacerbation and may be strongly associated with childhood asthma exacerbation at long lags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing 401122, China.,Department of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 401122, China
| | - Qian Yi
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing 401122, China.,Department of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 401122, China
| | - Lin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing 401122, China.,Department of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 401122, China
| | - Siying Luo
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing 401122, China.,Department of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 401122, China
| | - Yuan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing 401122, China.,Department of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 401122, China
| | - Guangli Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401122, China
| | - Zhengxiu Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401122, China
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86
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Collins MK, Shotland AM, Wade MF, Atif SM, Richards DK, Torres-Llompart M, Mack DG, Martin AK, Fontenot AP, McKee AS. A role for TNF-α in alveolar macrophage damage-associated molecular pattern release. JCI Insight 2020; 5:134356. [PMID: 32255768 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.134356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic beryllium disease (CBD) is a metal hypersensitivity/autoimmune disease in which damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) promote a break in T cell tolerance and expansion of Be2+/self-peptide-reactive CD4+ T cells. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of cell death induced by beryllium particles in alveolar macrophages (AMs) and its impact on DAMP release. We found that phagocytosis of Be led to AM cell death independent of caspase, receptor-interacting protein kinases 1 and 3, or ROS activity. Before cell death, Be-exposed AMs secreted TNF-α that boosted intracellular stores of IL-1α followed by caspase-8-dependent fragmentation of DNA. IL-1α and nucleosomal DNA were subsequently released from AMs upon loss of plasma membrane integrity. In contrast, necrotic AMs released only unfragmented DNA and necroptotic AMs released only IL-1α. In mice exposed to Be, TNF-α promoted release of DAMPs and was required for the mobilization of immunogenic DCs, the expansion of Be-reactive CD4+ T cells, and pulmonary inflammation in a mouse model of CBD. Thus, early autocrine effects of particle-induced TNF-α on AMs led to a break in peripheral tolerance. This potentially novel mechanism may underlie the known relationship between fine particle inhalation, TNF-α, and loss of peripheral tolerance in T cell-mediated autoimmune disease and hypersensitivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan K Collins
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine
| | - Abigail M Shotland
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine
| | - Morgan F Wade
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine
| | - Shaikh M Atif
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine
| | | | | | - Douglas G Mack
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine
| | - Allison K Martin
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine
| | - Andrew P Fontenot
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Amy S McKee
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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87
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Levy JI. A Breath of Fresh Air. Am J Public Health 2020. [DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2020.305604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan I. Levy
- Jonathan I. Levy is with the Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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88
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Wing SE, Larson TV, Hudda N, Boonyarattaphan S, Fruin S, Ritz B. Preterm Birth among Infants Exposed to in Utero Ultrafine Particles from Aircraft Emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:47002. [PMID: 32238012 PMCID: PMC7228090 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ambient air pollution is a known risk factor for adverse birth outcomes, but the role of ultrafine particles (UFPs) is not well understood. Aircraft-origin UFPs adversely affect air quality over large residential areas downwind of airports, but their reproductive health burden remains uninvestigated. OBJECTIVES This analysis evaluated whether UFPs from jet aircraft emissions are associated with increased rates of preterm birth (PTB) among pregnant mothers living downwind of Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). METHODS This population-based study used birth records, provided by the California Department of Public Health, to ascertain birth outcomes and a novel, validated geospatial UFP dispersion model approach to estimate in utero exposures. All mothers who gave birth from 2008 to 2016 while living within 15km of LAX were included in this analysis (N=174,186; including 15,134 PTBs). RESULTS In utero exposure to aircraft-origin UFPs was positively associated with PTB. The odds ratio (OR) per interquartile range (IQR) increase [9,200 particles per cubic centimeter (cc)] relative UFP exposure was 1.04 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02, 1.06]. When comparing the fourth quartile of UFP exposure to the first quartile, the OR for PTB was 1.14 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.20), adjusting for maternal demographic characteristics, exposure to traffic-related air pollution, and airport-related noise. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that emissions from aircraft play an etiologic role in PTBs, independent of noise and traffic-related air pollution exposures. These findings are of public health concern because UFP exposures downwind of airfields are common and may affect large, densely populated residential areas. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5732.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam E. Wing
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Timothy V. Larson
- Departments of Civil & Environmental Engineering and Occupational & Environmental Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Neelakshi Hudda
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarunporn Boonyarattaphan
- Departments of Civil & Environmental Engineering and Occupational & Environmental Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Scott Fruin
- Division of Environmental Health, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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89
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The health effects of ultrafine particles. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:311-317. [PMID: 32203102 PMCID: PMC7156741 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0403-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrafine particles (PM0.1), which are present in the air in large numbers, pose a health risk. They generally enter the body through the lungs but translocate to essentially all organs. Compared to fine particles (PM2.5), they cause more pulmonary inflammation and are retained longer in the lung. Their toxicity is increased with smaller size, larger surface area, adsorbed surface material, and the physical characteristics of the particles. Exposure to PM0.1 induces cough and worsens asthma. Metal fume fever is a systemic disease of lung inflammation most likely caused by PM0.1. The disease is manifested by systemic symptoms hours after exposure to metal fumes, usually through welding. PM0.1 cause systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and coagulation changes that predispose individuals to ischemic cardiovascular disease and hypertension. PM0.1 are also linked to diabetes and cancer. PM0.1 can travel up the olfactory nerves to the brain and cause cerebral and autonomic dysfunction. Moreover, in utero exposure increases the risk of low birthweight. Although exposure is commonly attributed to traffic exhaust, monitored students in Ghana showed the highest exposures in a home near a trash burning site, in a bedroom with burning coils employed to abate mosquitos, in a home of an adult smoker, and in home kitchens during domestic cooking. The high point-source production and rapid redistribution make incidental exposure common, confound general population studies and are compounded by the lack of global standards and national reporting. The potential for PM0.1 to cause harm to health is great, but their precise role in many illnesses is still unknown and calls for more research. Tiny particles found in air pollution enter the body usually through the lungs and disperse to other organs, causing more inflammation and cellular toxicity than larger particles. Dean Schraufnagel from the University of Illinois at Chicago, USA, reviews the way by which nano-sized air pollutants threaten human health. He describes how ultrafine particles measuring less than 100 nanometres in diameter elicit greater inflammatory responses and stay in the lungs longer than larger particles. Repeated contact with extremely small particulate matter can trigger heart disease, diabetes, cancer, neurological disorders and respiratory ailments, especially among children and people with long-term occupational exposure. Much remains to be learned about the disease-causing properties of these nanoparticles and their long-term effects. Further developments in understanding remain handicapped by the lack of international standards and reporting measures.
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90
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Kwon HS, Ryu MH, Carlsten C. Ultrafine particles: unique physicochemical properties relevant to health and disease. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:318-328. [PMID: 32203103 PMCID: PMC7156720 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0405-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are aerosols with an aerodynamic diameter of 0.1 µm (100 nm) or less. There is a growing concern in the public health community about the contribution of UFPs to human health. Despite their modest mass and size, they dominate in terms of the number of particles in the ambient air. A particular concern about UFPs is their ability to reach the most distal lung regions (alveoli) and circumvent primary airway defenses. Moreover, UFPs have a high surface area and a capacity to adsorb a substantial amount of toxic organic compounds. Harmful systemic health effects of PM10 or PM2.5 are often attributable to the UFP fraction. In this review, we examine the physicochemical characteristics of UFPs to enable a better understanding of the effects of these particles on human health. The characteristics of UFPs from diesel combustion will be discussed in the greatest detail because road vehicles are the primary source of UFP emissions in urban pollution hotspots. Finally, we will elaborate on the role of UFPs on global climate change, since the adverse effects of UFPs on meteorological processes and the hydrological cycle may even be more harmful to human health than their direct toxic effects. Ultrafine particles (UFPs) from auto exhaust, factory emissions, and woodburning negatively affect human health and can alter weather patterns. UFPs, particles less than 100 nanometers, smaller than the smallest bacterium, are the most common airborne particles. Their size allows them to penetrate the deepest lung passageways, sometimes carrying toxic metals or organic compounds that trigger inflammation and disease. Hyouk-Soo Kwon at the University of Ulsan, Seoul, South Korea, and coworkers have reviewed the sources and effects of UFPs. Auto engines are a primary source; recent improvements in combustion technology have resulted in production of smaller particles, with worse effects on health. UFPs have also been found to affect cloud formation and behavior, altering rainfall patterns and potentially causing flooding or drought. Understanding the properties of UFPs will help find ways to mitigate their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyouk-Soo Kwon
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Hyung Ryu
- Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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91
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Becerra M, Jerez A, Aballay B, Garcés HO, Fuentes A. Forecasting emergency admissions due to respiratory diseases in high variability scenarios using time series: A case study in Chile. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 706:134978. [PMID: 31862585 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases are ranked in the top ten group of the most frequent illness in the globe. Emergency admissions are proof of this issue, especially in the winter season. For this study, the city of Santiago de Chile was chosen because of the high variability of the time series for admissions, the quality of data collected in the governmental repository DEIS (selected period: 2014-2018), and the poor ventilation conditions of the city, which in winter contributes to increase the pollution level, and therefore, respiratory emergency admissions. Different forecasting models were reviewed using the Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) with other error estimators, such as the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), for selecting the best approach. At the end, Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model, with parameters (p,d,q)(P,D,Q)s=(2,1,3)(3,0,2)7, was selected. The Mean Average Percentage Error (MAPE) for this model was 7.81%. After selection, an investigation of its performance was made using a cross-validation through a rolling window analysis, forecasting up to 30 days ahead (testing period of one year). The results showed that error do not exceed a MAPE of 20%. This allows taking better resource managing decisions in real scenarios: reactive staff hiring is avoided given the reduction of uncertainty for the medium term forecast, which translates into lower costs. Finally, a methodology for the selection of forecasting models is proposed, which includes other constraints from resource management, as well as the different impacts for social well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Becerra
- Departamento de Industrias, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Av. España 1680, Casilla 110-V, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Alejandro Jerez
- Departamento de Industrias, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Av. España 1680, Casilla 110-V, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Bastián Aballay
- Departamento de Industrias, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Av. España 1680, Casilla 110-V, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Hugo O Garcés
- Computer Science Department, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Alonso de Ribera 2850, Concepción 4090541, Chile
| | - Andrés Fuentes
- Departamento de Industrias, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Av. España 1680, Casilla 110-V, Valparaíso, Chile
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92
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Naclerio R, Ansotegui IJ, Bousquet J, Canonica GW, D'Amato G, Rosario N, Pawankar R, Peden D, Bergmann KC, Bielory L, Caraballo L, Cecchi L, Cepeda SAM, Chong Neto HJ, Galán C, Gonzalez Diaz SN, Idriss S, Popov T, Ramon GD, Ridolo E, Rottem M, Songnuan W, Rouadi P. International expert consensus on the management of allergic rhinitis (AR) aggravated by air pollutants: Impact of air pollution on patients with AR: Current knowledge and future strategies. World Allergy Organ J 2020; 13:100106. [PMID: 32256939 PMCID: PMC7132263 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis affects the quality of life of millions of people worldwide. Air pollution not only causes morbidity, but nearly 3 million people per year die from unhealthy indoor air exposure. Furthermore, allergic rhinitis and air pollution interact. This report summarizes the discussion of an International Expert Consensus on the management of allergic rhinitis aggravated by air pollution. The report begins with a review of indoor and outdoor air pollutants followed by epidemiologic evidence showing the impact of air pollution and climate change on the upper airway and allergic rhinitis. Mechanisms, particularly oxidative stress, potentially explaining the interactions between air pollution and allergic rhinitis are discussed. Treatment for the management of allergic rhinitis aggravated by air pollution primarily involves treating allergic rhinitis by guidelines and reducing exposure to pollutants. Fexofenadine a non-sedating oral antihistamine improves AR symptoms aggravated by air pollution. However, more efficacy studies on other pharmacological therapy of coexisting AR and air pollution are currently lacking.
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Key Words
- AER, Allergic eosinophilic rhinitis
- AP, Activator protein
- AR, Allergic rhinitis
- ARE, Antioxidant response element
- Air pollutants
- Air pollution
- Allergic rhinitis
- Antioxidant enzymes
- CFS, Chronic fatigue syndrome
- CO, Carbon monoxide
- COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Climate change
- DAMP, Damage-associated molecular patterns
- DEP, Diesel exhaust particles
- ECAT, Elemental carbon attributable to traffic
- ECP, Eosinophil cationic protein
- GSH-Px, Glutathione peroxidase
- HDM, House dust mites
- HEPA, High efficiency particulate air
- HO, Hemeoxygenase
- HVAC, Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
- IAP, Indoor air pollution
- IAQ, Indoor air quality
- INS, Intranasal steroids
- Indoor air quality
- LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase
- MCP, Monocyte chemotactic protein
- MSQPCR, Mold specific quantitative PCR
- NAR, Non allergic rhinitis
- NF-κβ, Nuclear factor kappa β
- NO2, Nitrogen dioxide
- NOx, Nitric oxides
- Nrf2, Nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor
- O3, Ozone
- OAP, Outdoor air pollution
- Occupational rhinitis
- Oxidative stress
- PAMP, Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PM, Particulate matter
- PON, Paraoxonase
- RNS, Reactive nitrosative species
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- SO2, Sulphur dioxide
- SOD, Superoxide dismutase
- TLR, Toll like receptor
- TNF, Tumor necrosis factor
- TOS, Total oxidative status
- TRAP, Traffic related air pollutants
- UFP, Ultra-fine particles
- VOCs, Volatile organic compound
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jean Bousquet
- INSERM U 1168, VIMA: Ageing and Chronic Diseases Epidemiological and Public Health Approaches, Villejuif, France
- University Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France
- Allergy-Centre-Charité, Charité–Universita¨tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Gennaro D'Amato
- Division of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, High Specialty Hospital A. Cardarelli, Napoli, Italy; School of Specialization in Respiratory Diseases University Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Nelson Rosario
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine Division, Complexo Hospital de Clinicas, UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ruby Pawankar
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David Peden
- UNC Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology; Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Dpt. of Pediatrics UNS School of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Leonard Bielory
- Medicine & Ophthalmology Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine at Seton Hall University Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Luis Caraballo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
| | - Lorenzo Cecchi
- Centre de Bioclimatology, University de Florence, Florence, Italy
- SOS Allergy and Immunology, Prato - USL Toscana Centro, Italy
| | - S. Alfonso M. Cepeda
- Fundación Hospital Universitario Metropolitano de Barranquilla, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | | | - Carmen Galán
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, University of Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Samar Idriss
- Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Eye and Ear University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Todor Popov
- Alexander's University Hospital Clinic of Allergy & Asthma, Bulgaria
| | - German D. Ramon
- Alergia e Inmunología, Hospital Italiano Regional del Sur, Bahía Blanca-Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Erminia Ridolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università; di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Menachem Rottem
- Allergy Asthma and Immunology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Wisuwat Songnuan
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Systems Biology of Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Philip Rouadi
- Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Eye and Ear University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
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93
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Felgueiras F, Mourão Z, Morais C, Santos H, Gabriel MF, de Oliveira Fernandes E. Comprehensive assessment of the indoor air quality in a chlorinated Olympic-size swimming pool. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 136:105401. [PMID: 31884411 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Elite swimmers and swimming pool employees are likely to be at greater health risk due to their regular and intense exposure to air stressors in the indoor swimming pool environment. Since data on the real long-term exposure is limited, a long-term monitoring and sampling plan (22 non-consecutive days, from March to July 2017) was carried out in an indoor Olympic-size pool with a chlorine-based disinfection method to characterize indoor environments to which people involved in elite swimming and maintenance staff may be exposed to. A comprehensive set of parameters related with comfort and environmental conditions (temperature, relative humidity (RH), carbon dioxide (CO2) and monoxide and ultrafine particles (UFP)) were monitored both indoors and outdoors in order to determine indoor-to-outdoor (I/O) ratios. Additionally, an analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOC) concentration and its dynamics was implemented in three 1-hr periods: early morning, evening elite swimmers training session and late evening. Samplings were simultaneously carried out in the air layer above the water surface and in the air surrounding the pool, selected to be representative of swimmers and coaches/employees' breathing zones, respectively. The results of this work showed that the indoor climate was very stable in terms of air temperature, RH and CO2. In terms of the other measured parameters, mean indoor UFP number concentrations (5158 pt/cm3) were about 50% of those measured outdoors whereas chloroform was the predominant substance detected in all samples collected indoors (13.0-369.3 µg/m3), among a varied list of chemical compounds. An I/O non-trihalomethanes (THM) VOC concentration ratio of 2.7 was also found, suggesting that, beyond THM, other potentially hazardous VOC have also their source(s) indoors. THM and non-THM VOC concentration were found to increase consistently during the evening training session and exhibited a significant seasonal pattern. Compared to their coaches, elite swimmers seemed to be exposed via inhalation to significantly higher total THM levels, but to similar concentrations of non-THM VOC, during routine training activities. Regarding swimming employees, the exposure to THM and other VOC appeared to be significantly minimized during the early morning period. The air/water temperature ratio and RH were identified as important parameters that are likely to trigger the transfer processes of volatile substances from water to air and of their accumulation in the indoor environment of the swimming pool, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Felgueiras
- INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Porto, Portugal
| | - Zenaida Mourão
- INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Morais
- INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Santos
- INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Fonseca Gabriel
- INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Porto, Portugal.
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94
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Weitekamp CA, Kerr LB, Dishaw L, Nichols J, Lein M, Stewart MJ. A systematic review of the health effects associated with the inhalation of particle-filtered and whole diesel exhaust. Inhal Toxicol 2020; 32:1-13. [PMID: 32100584 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1725187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: Diesel exhaust is a complex mixture comprised of gases and particulate matter and is a contributor to ambient air pollution. To reduce health risks, recent changes in diesel engine technology have significantly altered the composition of diesel exhaust, primarily by lowering emissions of particulate matter. However, animal toxicological studies continue to report health effects following exposure to diesel exhaust from engines employing particulate filters. The cause of these effects remains unclear.Objective and methods: To gain an understanding of the role of both particle-filtered and whole diesel exhaust on specific health outcomes, we conducted a systematic review in which we examined animal toxicological and controlled human exposure studies that included a comparison between inhalation of particle-filtered and whole diesel exhaust on any health endpoint.Results: We identified 26 studies that met both the inclusion and study evaluation criteria. For most health outcomes, the particle filtration methods employed in the included studies did not appreciably attenuate the health effects associated with exposure to whole diesel exhaust. There were also several health endpoints for which significant effects were associated with exposure to either particle-filtered or whole diesel exhaust, but not to both.Conclusions: Overall, the results from this systematic review demonstrate that exposure to different components in diesel exhaust can have distinct and independent health effects. Thus, to better inform human health risk assessments, future studies aimed at elucidating the health effects from diesel exhaust should include exposure to both particle-filtered and whole diesel exhaust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea A Weitekamp
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lukas B Kerr
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA.,Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Laura Dishaw
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | - McKayla Lein
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA.,Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Michael J Stewart
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
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95
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Fdez-Arroyabe P, Salcines Suárez CL, Nita IA, Kassomenos P, Petrou E, Santurtún A. Electrical characterization of circulation weather types in Northern Spain based on atmospheric nanoparticles measurements: A pilot study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 704:135320. [PMID: 31836218 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The electrical component of the atmosphere is a key element to understand bio-effects of atmospheric processes. In this paper an attempt was made to find possible interactions between air masses arriving in Santander, Northern Spain, and electrical properties of nanoparticles measured in this zone. A methodological approach is proposed to characterize electrically the predominant weather types in the study area. An electrical low pressure impactor device (ELPI®+) was used to measure atmospheric particles net charge and particle net charge distribution in real time in July 2018, among other parameters. Data from two specific channels [0.054-0.071 μm] and [2.5-3.0 μm] has been initially used. Atmospheric circulation was defined attending to two, subjective and objective, weather type classifications. Back trajectories of nanoparticles were also computed by the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model. Results confirm that atmospheric nanoparticles charge varies according to their size. The highest mean absolute charge is associated with local circulation in Santander for both channels. The studied nanoparticles show a quicker reaction to weather conditions than microparticles. They also have a significant correlation with meteorological variables for 18 synoptic groups found, but humidity. Microparticles [2.5-3.0 μm] are negatively related with air humidity, mainly with S-SE circulation pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Fdez-Arroyabe
- University of Cantabria, Department of Geography and Planning, Geobiomet Research Group, Santander, Spain.
| | | | - Ion-Andrei Nita
- National Meteorological Administration, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Doctoral School of Geosciences, Iasi, Romania
| | - Pavlos Kassomenos
- University of Ioannina, Department of Physics, Laboratory of Meteorology, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Elias Petrou
- University of Ioannina, Department of Physics, Laboratory of Meteorology, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ana Santurtún
- University of Cantabria, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Geobiomet Research Group, Santander, Spain.
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96
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Fang L, Sun Q, Roth M. Immunologic and Non-Immunologic Mechanisms Leading to Airway Remodeling in Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030757. [PMID: 31979396 PMCID: PMC7037330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma increases worldwide without any definite reason and patient numbers double every 10 years. Drugs used for asthma therapy relax the muscles and reduce inflammation, but none of them inhibited airway wall remodeling in clinical studies. Airway wall remodeling can either be induced through pro-inflammatory cytokines released by immune cells, or direct binding of IgE to smooth muscle cells, or non-immunological stimuli. Increasing evidence suggests that airway wall remodeling is initiated early in life by epigenetic events that lead to cell type specific pathologies, and modulate the interaction between epithelial and sub-epithelial cells. Animal models are only available for remodeling in allergic asthma, but none for non-allergic asthma. In human asthma, the mechanisms leading to airway wall remodeling are not well understood. In order to improve the understanding of this asthma pathology, the definition of “remodeling” needs to be better specified as it summarizes a wide range of tissue structural changes. Second, it needs to be assessed if specific remodeling patterns occur in specific asthma pheno- or endo-types. Third, the interaction of the immune cells with tissue forming cells needs to be assessed in both directions; e.g., do immune cells always stimulate tissue cells or are inflamed tissue cells calling immune cells to the rescue? This review aims to provide an overview on immunologic and non-immunologic mechanisms controlling airway wall remodeling in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fang
- Pulmonary Cell Research & Pneumology, University Hospital & University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Qinzhu Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China;
| | - Michael Roth
- Pulmonary Cell Research & Pneumology, University Hospital & University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-61-265-2337
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97
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Hooven LA, Chakrabarti P, Harper BJ, Sagili RR, Harper SL. Potential Risk to Pollinators from Nanotechnology-Based Pesticides. Molecules 2019; 24:E4458. [PMID: 31817417 PMCID: PMC6943562 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The decline in populations of insect pollinators is a global concern. While multiple factors are implicated, there is uncertainty surrounding the contribution of certain groups of pesticides to losses in wild and managed bees. Nanotechnology-based pesticides (NBPs) are formulations based on multiple particle sizes and types. By packaging active ingredients in engineered particles, NBPs offer many benefits and novel functions, but may also exhibit different properties in the environment when compared with older pesticide formulations. These new properties raise questions about the environmental disposition and fate of NBPs and their exposure to pollinators. Pollinators such as honey bees have evolved structural adaptations to collect pollen, but also inadvertently gather other types of environmental particles which may accumulate in hive materials. Knowledge of the interaction between pollinators, NBPs, and other types of particles is needed to better understand their exposure to pesticides, and essential for characterizing risk from diverse environmental contaminants. The present review discusses the properties, benefits and types of nanotechnology-based pesticides, the propensity of bees to collect such particles and potential impacts on bee pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa A. Hooven
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, 4017 Agriculture and Life Science Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Priyadarshini Chakrabarti
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, 4017 Agriculture and Life Science Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Bryan J. Harper
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 4017 Agriculture and Life Science Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Ramesh R. Sagili
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, 4017 Agriculture and Life Science Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Stacey L. Harper
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, 116 Johnson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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98
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Gabriel MF, Felgueiras F, Mourão Z, Fernandes EO. Assessment of the air quality in 20 public indoor swimming pools located in the Northern Region of Portugal. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105274. [PMID: 31678908 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Air exposures occurring in indoor swimming pools are an important public health issue due to their popularity and regular use by the general population, including vulnerable groups such as children and elderly people. More comprehensive information on indoor air quality (IAQ) in swimming pools is thus needed in order to understand health risks, establish appropriate protective limits and provide evidence-based opportunities for improvement of IAQ in these facilities. In this context, twenty public indoor swimming pools located in the Northern Region of Portugal were examined in two sampling campaigns: January-March and May-July 2018. For each campaign, a comprehensive set of environmental parameters was monitored during the entire period of the facilities' operating hours of a weekday, both indoors and outdoors. In addition, four air (1-h samplings) and water samples were collected. Findings show that comfort conditions, ultrafine particles number concentrations and exposure to substances in the indoor air (concentration and composition) is likely to vary greatly from one public indoor swimming pool to another. Trihalomethanes (THM) and dichloroacetonitrile were the predominant disinfection by-products identified in the indoor air but other potentially hazardous volatile organic compounds, such as limonene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane, 2- and 3-methylbutanenitrile, acetophenone, benzonitrile, and isobutyronitrile were found to have relevant putative emission sources in the environment of the swimming pools analyzed. Furthermore, indicators of poor ventilation conditions (namely carbon dioxide, relative humidity and existence of signs of condensation in windows) and some water-related parameters (THM levels, conductivity and salinity) were found to be determining factors of the measured airborne THM concentrations that appeared to significantly potentiate the exposure. In summary, this work provides evidence for the need to establish adequate standards for the comprehensive evaluation of IAQ in public swimming pools, in order to guide further development of evidence-based prevention/remediation strategies for promoting healthy environments in swimming pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta F Gabriel
- INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Porto, Portugal.
| | - F Felgueiras
- INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Porto, Portugal
| | - Z Mourão
- INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Porto, Portugal
| | - E O Fernandes
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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99
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Jeong CH, Salehi S, Wu J, North ML, Kim JS, Chow CW, Evans GJ. Indoor measurements of air pollutants in residential houses in urban and suburban areas: Indoor versus ambient concentrations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133446. [PMID: 31374501 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Indoor exposure to air pollutants was assessed through 99 visits to 51 homes located in downtown high-rise buildings and detached houses in suburban and rural areas. The ambient concentrations of ultrafine particles (UFP), black carbon (BC), particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5), and trace elements were concurrently measured at a central monitoring site in downtown Toronto. Median hourly indoor concentrations for all measurements were 4700 particles/cm3 for UFP, 270 ng/m3 for BC, and 4 μg/m3 for PM2.5, which were lower than ambient outdoor levels by a factor of 2-3. Much higher variability was observed for indoor UFP and BC across the homes compared to ambient levels, mostly due to the influence of indoor cooking emissions. Traffic emissions appeared to have a strong influence on the indoor background (i.e., outdoor-originated) concentrations of BC, UFP, and some trace elements. Specifically, 85% and 34% of the indoor concentrations of BC and UFP were predominantly from outdoor sources, respectively. Moreover, a positive correlation was observed between indoor concentrations of BC and UFP and total road length within a 300 m buffer zone. There was no significant decrease in indoor air pollution with increasing floor level among high-rise residences. In addition to the influence of outdoor sources on indoor air quality, indoor sources contributed to elevated concentrations of K, Ca, Cr, and Cu. A factor analysis was performed on trace elements, UFP, and BC in homes to further resolve possible sources. Local traffic emissions, soil dust, biomass burning, and regional coal combustion were identified as outdoor-originated sources, while cooking emissions was a dominant indoor source. This study highlights how outdoor sources can contribute to chronic exposure in indoor environments and how indoor activities can be associated with acute exposure to temporally varying indoor-originated air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol-Heon Jeong
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Sepehr Salehi
- Division of Respirology and Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joyce Wu
- Division of Respirology and Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle L North
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jong Sung Kim
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Chung-Wai Chow
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Respirology and Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg J Evans
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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100
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Pulmonary and hepatic effects after low dose exposure to nanosilver: Early and long-lasting histological and ultrastructural alterations in rat. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1047-1060. [PMID: 31673507 PMCID: PMC6816130 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Low AgNPs dose caused in vivo toxic effects both at portal entry and distant organ. Lung and liver tissues were damaged in Nanosilver-instilled rat. Early and long-lasting histological and ultrastructural alterations were detected. Overall pulmonary injury was more striking compared to hepatic outcomes.
Although environmental airborne silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) levels in occupational and environmental settings are harmful to humans, the precise toxic effects at the portal entry of exposure and after translocation to distant organs are still to be deeply clarified. To this aim, the present study assessed histopathological and ultrastructural alterations (by means of H&E and TEM, respectively) in rat lung and liver, 7 and 28 days after a single intratracheal instillation (i.t) of a low AgNP dose (50 microg/rat), compared to those induced by an equivalent dose of ionic silver (7 microg AgNO3/rat). Lung parenchyma injury was observed acutely after either AgNPs or AgNO3, with the latter compound causing more pronounced effects. Specifically, alveolar collapse accompanied by inflammatory alterations and parenchymal fibrosis were revealed. These effects lasted until the 28th day, a partial pulmonary structure recovery occurred, nevertheless a persistence of slight inflammatory/fibrotic response and apoptotic phenomena were still detected after AgNPs and AgNO3, respectively. Concerning the liver, a diffuse hepatocyte injury was observed, characterized by cytoplasmic damage and dilation of sinusoids, engulfed by degraded material, paralleled by inflammation onset. These effects already detectable at day 7, persisting at the 28th day with some attenuations, were more marked after AgNO3 compared to AgNPs, with the latter able to induce a ductular reaction. Altogether the present findings indicate toxic effects induced by AgNPs both at the portal entry (i.e. lung) and distant tissue (i.e. liver), although the overall pulmonary damage were more striking compared to the hepatic outcomes.
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