51
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Lu J, Raghwani J, Pryce R, Bowden TA, Thézé J, Huang S, Song Y, Zou L, Liang L, Bai R, Jing Y, Zhou P, Kang M, Yi L, Wu J, Pybus OG, Ke C. Molecular Evolution, Diversity, and Adaptation of Influenza A(H7N9) Viruses in China. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1795-1805. [PMID: 30226157 PMCID: PMC6154164 DOI: 10.3201/eid2410.171063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The substantial increase in prevalence and emergence of antigenically divergent or highly pathogenic influenza A(H7N9) viruses during 2016–17 raises concerns about the epizootic potential of these viruses. We investigated the evolution and adaptation of H7N9 viruses by analyzing available data and newly generated virus sequences isolated in Guangdong Province, China, during 2015–2017. Phylogenetic analyses showed that circulating H7N9 viruses belong to distinct lineages with differing spatial distributions. Hemagglutination inhibition assays performed on serum samples from patients infected with these viruses identified 3 antigenic clusters for 16 strains of different virus lineages. We used ancestral sequence reconstruction to identify parallel amino acid changes on multiple separate lineages. We inferred that mutations in hemagglutinin occur primarily at sites involved in receptor recognition or antigenicity. Our results indicate that highly pathogenic strains likely emerged from viruses circulating in eastern Guangdong Province during March 2016 and are associated with a high rate of adaptive molecular evolution.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigenic Variation
- Birds
- China/epidemiology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Genetic Variation
- Genome, Viral
- Genotype
- Geography, Medical
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza in Birds/epidemiology
- Influenza in Birds/history
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/history
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Viral
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52
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Zhang Y, Xu C, Zhang H, Liu GD, Xue C, Cao Y. Targeting Hemagglutinin: Approaches for Broad Protection against the Influenza A Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050405. [PMID: 31052339 PMCID: PMC6563292 DOI: 10.3390/v11050405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are dynamically epidemic and genetically diverse. Due to the antigenic drift and shift of the virus, seasonal vaccines are required to be reformulated annually to match with current circulating strains. However, the mismatch between vaccinal strains and circulating strains occurs frequently, resulting in the low efficacy of seasonal vaccines. Therefore, several “universal” vaccine candidates based on the structure and function of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein have been developed to meet the requirement of a broad protection against homo-/heterosubtypic challenges. Here, we review recent novel constructs and discuss several important findings regarding the broad protective efficacy of HA-based universal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Cong Xu
- Research Center of Agricultural of Dongguan City, Dongguan 523086, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - George Dacai Liu
- Firstline Biopharmaceuticals Corporation, 12,050 167th PL NE, Redmond, WA 98052, USA.
| | - Chunyi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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53
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Xiao H, Guo T, Yang M, Qi J, Huang C, Hong Y, Gu J, Pang X, Liu WJ, Peng R, McCauley J, Bi Y, Li S, Feng J, Zhang H, Zhang X, Lu X, Yan J, Chen L, Shi Y, Chen W, Gao GF. Light chain modulates heavy chain conformation to change protection profile of monoclonal antibodies against influenza A viruses. Cell Discov 2019; 5:21. [PMID: 30993000 PMCID: PMC6465249 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-019-0086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The isolation of human monoclonal antibodies with broadly neutralizing breadth can provide a promising countermeasure for influenza A viruses infection. Most broadly neutralizing antibodies against influenza A viruses bind to the conserved stem region or the receptor-binding cavity of hemagglutinin and the interaction is dominated by the heavy chain. The light chain, however, contributes few or no direct contacts to the antigen. Here we report an H3-clade neutralizing human monoclonal antibody, AF4H1K1, which recognizes the hemagglutinin glycoproteins of all group 2 influenza A viruses. This human monoclonal antibody has been obtained through the screening by pairing different heavy and light chains from an H7N9-infected patient based on the next-generation sequencing technology. Further structural studies revealed that light chains modulate the neutralizing spectrum by affecting the local conformation of heavy chains, instead of direct interaction with the antigen. These findings provide important clues to understand the molecular basis of light chains in antigen recognition and to explore the strategies in particular of the use of light chain modification to develop broadly protective monoclonal antibodies against influenza A viruses and other emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Xiao
- 1Laboraroty of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Tianjin, 300308 China.,2CAS Centre for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China Research Network, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Tianling Guo
- 1Laboraroty of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Tianjin, 300308 China.,2CAS Centre for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China Research Network, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Mi Yang
- 1Laboraroty of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Tianjin, 300308 China.,2CAS Centre for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China Research Network, Beijing, 100101 China.,3CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- 2CAS Centre for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China Research Network, Beijing, 100101 China.,3CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Chaobin Huang
- 1Laboraroty of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Tianjin, 300308 China.,2CAS Centre for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China Research Network, Beijing, 100101 China
| | | | - Jinjin Gu
- 1Laboraroty of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Tianjin, 300308 China.,5College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Xuefei Pang
- 1Laboraroty of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Tianjin, 300308 China.,2CAS Centre for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China Research Network, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - William Jun Liu
- 6National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Ruchao Peng
- 2CAS Centre for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China Research Network, Beijing, 100101 China.,3CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101 China
| | - John McCauley
- 7WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Crick Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT UK
| | - Yuhai Bi
- 2CAS Centre for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China Research Network, Beijing, 100101 China.,3CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Shihua Li
- 2CAS Centre for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China Research Network, Beijing, 100101 China.,3CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Junxia Feng
- 1Laboraroty of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Tianjin, 300308 China.,2CAS Centre for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China Research Network, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Hailiang Zhang
- 1Laboraroty of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Tianjin, 300308 China.,2CAS Centre for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China Research Network, Beijing, 100101 China.,5College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Xupei Zhang
- 1Laboraroty of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Tianjin, 300308 China.,2CAS Centre for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China Research Network, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Xishan Lu
- 1Laboraroty of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Tianjin, 300308 China.,2CAS Centre for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China Research Network, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Jinghua Yan
- 8CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Liling Chen
- Suzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, 215004 China
| | - Yi Shi
- 2CAS Centre for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China Research Network, Beijing, 100101 China.,3CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101 China
| | | | - George Fu Gao
- 1Laboraroty of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Tianjin, 300308 China.,2CAS Centre for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China Research Network, Beijing, 100101 China.,3CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101 China
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54
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Taniguchi K, Ando Y, Nobori H, Toba S, Noshi T, Kobayashi M, Kawai M, Yoshida R, Sato A, Shishido T, Naito A, Matsuno K, Okamatsu M, Sakoda Y, Kida H. Inhibition of avian-origin influenza A(H7N9) virus by the novel cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor baloxavir marboxil. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3466. [PMID: 30837531 PMCID: PMC6401108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39683-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infections with avian-origin influenza A(H7N9) virus represent a serious threat to global health; however, treatment options are limited. Here, we show the inhibitory effects of baloxavir acid (BXA) and its prodrug baloxavir marboxil (BXM), a first-in-class cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor, against A(H7N9), in vitro and in vivo. In cell culture, BXA at four nanomolar concentration achieved a 1.5-2.8 log reduction in virus titers of A(H7N9), including the NA-R292K mutant virus and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, whereas NA inhibitors or favipiravir required approximately 20-fold or higher concentrations to achieve the same levels of reduction. A(H7N9)-specific amino acid polymorphism at position 37, implicated in BXA binding to the PA endonuclease domain, did not impact on BXA susceptibility. In mice, oral administration of BXM at 5 and 50 mg/kg twice a day for 5 days completely protected from a lethal A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9) challenge, and reduced virus titers more than 2-3 log in the lungs. Furthermore, the potent therapeutic effects of BXM in mice were still observed when a higher virus dose was administered or treatment was delayed up to 48 hours post infection. These findings support further investigation of BXM for A(H7N9) treatment in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Taniguchi
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Haruaki Nobori
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Toba
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Masanori Kobayashi
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
- Organization for Research and Community Development, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | | | | | - Akihiko Sato
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | - Keita Matsuno
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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55
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Pu Z, Luo T, Yang J, Shen X, Irwin DM, Liao M, Shen Y. Rapid evolving H7N9 avian influenza A viruses pose new challenge. J Infect 2019; 78:249-259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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56
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Yamayoshi S, Kiso M, Yasuhara A, Ito M, Shu Y, Kawaoka Y. Enhanced Replication of Highly Pathogenic Influenza A(H7N9) Virus in Humans. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:746-750. [PMID: 29553313 PMCID: PMC5875272 DOI: 10.3201/eid2404.171509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the threat posed by emergence of highly pathogenic influenza A(H7N9) virus infection among humans, we characterized the viral polymerase complex. Polymerase basic 2–482R, polymerase basic 2–588V, and polymerase acidic–497R individually or additively enhanced virus polymerase activity, indicating that multiple replication-enhancing mutations in 1 isolate may contribute to virulence.
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57
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Characterization of Mouse Monoclonal Antibodies Against the HA of A(H7N9) Influenza Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020149. [PMID: 30754701 PMCID: PMC6410113 DOI: 10.3390/v11020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cases of human infection with the H7N9 virus have been detected in China since 2013. H7N9 viruses are maintained in chickens and are transmitted to humans at live bird markets. During circulation in birds, H7N9 viruses have accumulated amino acid substitutions in their hemagglutinin (HA), which resulted in an antigenically change in the recent H7N9 viruses. Here, we characterized 46 mouse monoclonal antibodies against the HA of the prototype strain. 16 H7-HA-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) possessed hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and neutralization activities by recognizing the major antigenic site A; four other H7-HA-specific clones also showed HI and neutralizing activities via recognition of the major antigenic sites A and D; seven mAbs that reacted with several HA subtypes and possibly recognized the HA stem partially protected mice from lethal infection with prototype H7N9 virus; and the remaining 19 mAbs had neither HI nor neutralization activity. All human H7N9 viruses tested showed a similar neutralization sensitivity to the first group of 16 mAbs, whereas human H7N9 viruses isolated in 2016–2017 were not neutralized by a second group of 4 mAbs. These results suggest that amino acid substitutions at the epitope of the second mAb group appear to be involved in the antigenic drift of the H7N9 viruses. Further analysis is required to fully understand the antigenic change in H7N9 viruses.
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58
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Structure-function analysis of neutralizing antibodies to H7N9 influenza from naturally infected humans. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:306-315. [PMID: 30478290 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the specificities and neutralization breadth of the H7-reactive antibody repertoire induced by natural H7N9 infection in humans. We have isolated and characterized 73 H7-reactive monoclonal antibodies from peripheral B cells from four donors infected in 2013 and 2014. Of these, 45 antibodies were H7-specific, and 17 of these neutralized the virus, albeit with few somatic mutations in their variable domain sequences. An additional set of 28 antibodies, isolated from younger donors born after 1968, cross-reacted between H7 and H3 haemagglutinins in binding assays, and had accumulated significantly more somatic mutations, but were predominantly non-neutralizing in vitro. Crystal structures of three neutralizing and protective antibodies in complex with the H7 haemagglutinin revealed that they recognize overlapping residues surrounding the receptor-binding site of haemagglutinin. One of the antibodies, L4A-14, bound into the sialic acid binding site and made contacts with haemagglutinin residues that were conserved in the great majority of 2016-2017 H7N9 isolates. However, only 3 of the 17 neutralizing antibodies retained activity for the Yangtze River Delta lineage viruses isolated in 2016-2017 that have undergone antigenic change, which emphasizes the need for updated H7N9 vaccines.
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59
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Hu J, Liang Y, Hu Z, Wang X, Gu M, Li R, Ma C, Liu X, Hu S, Chen S, Peng D, Jiao X, Liu X. Recombinant baculovirus vaccine expressing hemagglutinin of H7N9 avian influenza virus confers full protection against lethal highly pathogenic H7N9 virus infection in chickens. Arch Virol 2019; 164:807-817. [PMID: 30671655 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-04142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The emergent highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H7N9) (HPAI) virus is a major public concern in China. Therefore, it is crucially important to develop an effective vaccine against this virus. In this study, we constructed a baculovirus vaccine expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) of H7N9 strain A/Chicken/Jiaxing/148/2014 (JX148). The recombinant baculovirus (rBac-JX148HA) generated in this study showed good growth in insect cells and good safety, and it stably expressed the HA protein. We compared the immunogenicity and efficacy of the inactivated whole-virus vaccine JX148 and rBac-JX148HA. One chicken in the JX148-treated group died on day 4 post-challenge, and three chickens had typical clinical symptoms (survival rate, 90%; morbidity, 40%). However, no chickens immunized with rBac-JX148HA showed clinical signs during the 14-day observation period. An analysis of viral shedding and viral replication demonstrated that rBac-JX148HA more efficiently inhibited viral shedding and viral replication than the inactivated whole-virus vaccine. Taken together, these results indicate that the inactivated recombinant baculovirus vaccine induces a high hemagglutination inhibition antibody titer, provides complete protection against challenge with the highly pathogenic H7N9 virus, and effectively inhibits viral shedding. Therefore, the candidate vaccine has potential utility in the prevention and control of H7N9 avian influenza and is also appropriate for veterinary vaccines using cell suspension culture technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Liang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zenglei Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Rumeng Li
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chunxi Ma
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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60
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Yang Y, Wong G, Yang L, Tan S, Li J, Bai B, Xu Z, Li H, Xu W, Zhao X, Quan C, Zheng H, Liu WJ, Liu W, Liu L, Liu Y, Bi Y, Gao GF. Comparison between human infections caused by highly and low pathogenic H7N9 avian influenza viruses in Wave Five: Clinical and virological findings. J Infect 2019; 78:241-248. [PMID: 30664912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The newly emerged highly pathogenic (HP) H7N9 avian influenza virus during Wave Five has caused 28 human infections, while differences in disease severity between low pathogenic (LP)- and HP-H7N9 human infections remain unclear. METHODS Clinical data, concentrations of serum cytokines, dynamics of virus shedding and PaO2/FiO2 from patients infected with LP-H7N9 (n = 7, LP group) and HP-H7N9 (n = 5, HP group) viruses during Wave Five were compared. In addition, critical mutations associated with H7N9 virulence in mammal/human were analyzed. RESULTS Lymphopenia, elevated aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, C-reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase were common features, with higher incidences of leukopenia and thrombocytopenia in the LP group. The acute phase of both groups was accompanied with elevated cytokines associated with disease severity, including MIF, MCP-1 and IP-10. Diffuse exudation of the lungs and consolidation were observed from all patients. The dynamics of virus shedding and PaO2/FiO2 were similar between both groups. Notably, a higher prevalence of neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) resistance in the HP-H7N9 virus was found. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that this newly emerged HP-H7N9 virus caused similar disease severity in humans compared with LP-H7N9 virus, while higher case fatality rate and prevalence of NAI-resistance in human HP-H7N9 infections were of great concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gary Wong
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Université Laval, Québec City G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Liuqing Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Shuguang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianming Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Bing Bai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Lab for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Zhixiang Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Hong Li
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming 650022, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming 650022, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhao
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming 650022, China
| | - Chuansong Quan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Haixia Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - William J Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Medical School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China.
| | - Yuhai Bi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - George F Gao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Medical School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China.
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61
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Koshimichi H, Ishibashi T, Kawaguchi N, Sato C, Kawasaki A, Wajima T. Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of the Novel Anti-influenza Agent Baloxavir Marboxil in Healthy Adults: Phase I Study Findings. Clin Drug Investig 2019; 38:1189-1196. [PMID: 30288682 PMCID: PMC6267547 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-018-0710-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective Baloxavir marboxil, a prodrug that is metabolized to baloxavir acid, suppresses viral replication by inhibiting cap-dependent endonuclease. This first-in-human phase I study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of baloxavir marboxil/baloxavir acid in healthy Japanese volunteers (Study 1), while food effects were evaluated in a separate phase I, crossover study in healthy Japanese volunteers (Study 2). Methods Study 1 participants were randomized to single-dose oral baloxavir marboxil (6, 20, 40, 60, or 80 mg; n = 6 per dose) or placebo (n = 10), while Study 2 participants (n = 15) received single-dose oral baloxavir marboxil 20 mg in fasted, fed, and before-meal states. Results Baloxavir marboxil was well tolerated; there were few treatment-emergent adverse events and no serious adverse events/deaths. The mean plasma baloxavir acid concentration 24 h after single-dose (C24) oral baloxavir marboxil 6 mg was 6.92 ng/mL, exceeding the target C24 (6.85 ng/mL) estimated in nonclinical studies. In Study 1, baloxavir acid exposure demonstrated dose-proportional increases in the fasted state, with maximum plasma concentration generally attained within 3.5 h. Terminal elimination half-life ranged from 49 to 91 h. In Study 2, exposure was decreased and apparent clearance increased in the fed and before-meal states versus the fasted state; however, exposure exceeded the target C24 in all states. Conclusion Single-dose oral baloxavir marboxil was well tolerated, had a favorable safety profile, and had favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics, including a long half-life, supporting single oral dosing. The baloxavir acid area under the plasma concentration-time curve decreased with food intake by approximately 40%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toru Ishibashi
- Project Management Department, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Nao Kawaguchi
- Project Management Department, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chisako Sato
- Clinical Research Department, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Kawasaki
- Medical Science Department, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Wajima
- Project Management Department, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
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Qin J, Peng O, Shen X, Gong L, Xue C, Cao Y. Multiple amino acid substitutions involved in the adaption of three avian-origin H7N9 influenza viruses in mice. Virol J 2019; 16:3. [PMID: 30621708 PMCID: PMC6323857 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian influenza A H7N9 virus has caused five outbreak waves of human infections in China since 2013 and posed a dual challenge to public health and poultry industry. The number of reported H7N9 virus human cases confirmed by laboratory has surpassed that of H5N1 virus. However, the mechanism for how H7N9 influenza virus overcomes host range barrier has not been clearly understood. Methods To generate mouse-adapted H7N9 influenza viruses, we passaged three avian-origin H7N9 viruses in mice by lung-to-lung passages independently. Then, the characteristics between the parental and mouse-adapted H7N9 viruses was compared in the following aspects, including virulence in mice, tropism of different tissues, replication in MDCK cells and molecular mutations. Results After ten passages in mice, MLD50 of the H7N9 viruses reduced >750-3,160,000 folds, and virus titers in MDCK cells increased 10-200 folds at 48 hours post-inoculation. Moreover, the mouse-adapted H7N9 viruses showed more expanded tissue tropism and more serious lung pathological lesions in mice. Further analysis of the amino acids changes revealed 10 amino acid substitutions located in PB2 (E627K), PB1 (W215R and D638G), PA (T97I), HA (H3 numbering: R220G, L226S, G279R and G493R) and NA (P3Q and R134I) proteins. Moreover, PB2 E627K substitution was shared by the three mouse-adapted viruses (two viruses belong to YRD lineage and one virus belongs to PRD lineage), and PA T97A substitution was shared by two mouse-adapted viruses (belong to YRD lineage). Conclusions Our result indicated that the virulence in mice and virus titer in MDCK cells of H7N9 viruses significantly increased after adapted in mouse model. PB2 E627K and PA T97A substitutions are vital in mouse adaption and should be monitored during epidemiological study of H7N9 virus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-018-1109-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianru Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Higher Education Mega Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ouyang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Higher Education Mega Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaoting Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Higher Education Mega Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Higher Education Mega Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chunyi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Higher Education Mega Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Higher Education Mega Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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63
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Ma L, Liu H, Wang R, Jin T, Liu D, Gao GF, Chen Q. Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N7) Virus Isolated from a Domestic Duck in Dongting Lake Wetland of China, 2016. Virol Sin 2019; 34:97-101. [PMID: 30610572 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haizhou Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Runkun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Tao Jin
- China National Genebank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Di Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - George Fu Gao
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Quanjiao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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64
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Pathogenicity of two novel human-origin H7N9 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens and ducks. Arch Virol 2018; 164:535-545. [PMID: 30539262 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-4102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human infection by low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H7N9 subtype was first reported in March 2013 in China. Subsequently, these viruses caused five outbreaks through September 2017. In the fifth outbreak, H7N9 virus possessing a multiple basic amino acid insertion in the cleavage site of hemagglutinin emerged and caused 4% of all human infections in that period. To date, H7N9 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have been isolated from poultry, mostly chickens, as well as the environment. To evaluate the relative infectivity of these viruses in poultry, chickens and ducks were subjected to experimental infection with two H7N9 HPAIVs isolated from humans, namely A/Guangdong/17SF003/2016 and A/Taiwan/1/2017. When chickens were inoculated with the HPAIVs at a dose of 106 50% egg infectious dose (EID50), all chickens died within 2-5 days after inoculation, and the viruses replicated in most of the internal organs examined. The 50% lethal doses of A/Guangdong/17SF003/2016 and A/Taiwan/1/2017 in chickens were calculated as 103.3 and 104.7 EID50, respectively. Conversely, none of the ducks inoculated with either virus displayed any clinical signs, and less-efficient virus replication and less shedding were observed in ducks compared to chickens. These findings indicate that chickens, but not ducks, are highly permissive hosts for emerging H7N9 HPAIVs.
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65
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Wang SJ, Liu XW, Shen X, Hua XG, Cui L. Epidemiological and molecular analysis of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in Shanghai, China, 2013-2017. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 11:2411-2424. [PMID: 30538508 PMCID: PMC6254586 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s179517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human infections with a novel avian influenza A virus (H7N9) were reported in Shanghai municipality, China, at the beginning of 2013. High-pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 virus emerged in late February 2017 along with existing low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H7N9 virus, and this has the potential to develop into a pandemic that could be harmful to humans. Methods To elucidate the epidemiological characteristics of H7N9-infected cases from 2013 to 2017 in Shanghai, data on the 59 laboratory-confirmed human cases and 26 bird and environmental contamination cases were collected from the WHO website and Food and Agriculture Organization Emergency Prevention System for Animal Health (FAO EMPRES-AH). Full-length sequences of H7N9 viruses that emerged in Shanghai were collected from the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data to analyze the evolutionary and genetic features. Results We found that genetically different strains emerged in every epidemic in Shanghai, and most of the circulating H7N9 strains had affinity to human-type receptors, with the characteristics of high-virulence and low-pathogenic influenza viruses. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the Shanghai chicken strains are closely related to the HPAI H7N9 virus A/Guangdong/17SF003/2016, indicating that this viral strain is of avian origin and generated from the LPAI H7N9 viruses in Shanghai. The gradual decrease in H7N9 human infection in Shanghai was probably due to the control measures taken by the Shanghai government and the enhanced public awareness leading to a reduced risk of H7N9 virus infection. However, LPAI H7N9 viruses from poultry and environmental samples were continually detected in Shanghai across the epidemics, increasing the risk of new emerging H7N9 outbreaks. Conclusion It is important to consistently obtain sufficient surveillance data and implement prevention measures against H7N9 viruses in Shanghai municipality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Jin Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China, .,Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China, .,Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Xue Wei Liu
- Department of Animal Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China,
| | - Xiaojuan Shen
- Department of Animal Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China, .,Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China,
| | - Xiu Guo Hua
- Department of Animal Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China, .,Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China,
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Animal Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China, .,Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China,
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66
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Chen C, Liu Z, Liu L, Xiao Y, Wang J, Jin Q. Broad neutralizing activity of a human monoclonal antibody against H7N9 strains from 2013 to 2017. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:179. [PMID: 30425238 PMCID: PMC6234208 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0182-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
H7N9 influenza virus has been circulating among humans for five epidemic waves since it was first isolated in 2013 in China. The recent increase in H7N9 infections during the fifth outbreak in China has caused concerns of a possible pandemic. In this study, we describe a previously characterized human monoclonal antibody, HNIgGA6, obtained by isolating rearranged heavy-chain and light-chain genes from patients who had recovered from H7N9 infections. HNIgGA6 recognized multiple HAs and neutralized the infectivity of 11 out of the 12 H7N9 strains tested, as well as three emerging HPAI H7N9 isolates. The only resistant strain was A/Shanghai/1/2013 (H7N9-SH1), which carries the avian receptor alleles 186V and 226Q in the sialic acid-binding pocket. The mAb broadly neutralized divergent H7N9 strains from 2013 to 2017 and represents a potential alternative treatment for H7N9 interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zuliang Liu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liguo Liu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Xiao
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Qi Jin
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
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He L, Liu D, Hu J, Shi L, Liu J, Cai T, Shi L, Gu H, Zhao J, Wang X, Gu M, Hu S, Liu X, Hu Z, Liu X. Two novel reassortant high pathogenic H7N9 viruses isolated in Southern China in fifth wave shows internal genomic diversity and high virulence in chickens and ducks. J Infect 2018; 77:561-571. [PMID: 30391631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong He
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianyu Cai
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liwei Shi
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Han Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiangyan Zhao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zenglei Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhang X, Luo T, Shen Y. Deciphering the Sharp Decrease in H7N9 Human Infections. Trends Microbiol 2018; 26:971-973. [PMID: 30472993 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The H7N9 virus has caused five waves of human infections since 2013. However, human infections have almost disappeared in the past year. In a recent study, Shi et al. revealed that the usage of a bivalent H5/H7 vaccine successfully prevented chicken infections, and thus prevented, and nearly eliminated, human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Tingting Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongyi Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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69
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Wei X, Cui J. Why were so few people infected with H7N9 influenza A viruses in China from late 2017 to 2018? SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:1442-1444. [PMID: 30361895 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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70
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Wang S, Zhang L, Zhang R, Chi X, Yang Z, Xie Y, Shu S, Liao Y, Chen JL. Identification of two residues within the NS1 of H7N9 influenza A virus that critically affect the protein stability and function. Vet Res 2018; 49:98. [PMID: 30285871 PMCID: PMC6389221 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0594-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging avian-origin H7N9 influenza A virus, which causes mild to lethal human respiratory disease, continues to circulate in China, posing a great threat to public health. Influenza NS1 protein plays a key role in counteracting host innate immune responses, allowing the virus to efficiently replicate in the host. In this study, we compared NS1 amino acid sequences of H7N9 influenza A virus with those of other strains, and determined NS1 protein variability within the H7N9 virus and then evaluated the impact of amino acid substitutions on ability of the NS1 proteins to inhibit host innate immunity. Interestingly, the amino acid residue S212 was identified to have a profound effect on the primary function of NS1, since S212P substitution disabled H7N9 NS1 in suppressing the host RIG-I-dependent interferon response, as well as the ability to promote the virus replication. In addition, we identified another amino acid residue, I178, serving as a key site to keep NS1 protein high steady-state levels. When the isoleucine was replaced by valine at 178 site (I178V mutation), NS1 of H7N9 underwent rapid degradation through proteasome pathway. Furthermore, we observed that P212S and V178I mutation in NS1 of PR8 virus enhanced virulence and promoted the virus replication in vivo. Together, these results indicate that residues I178 and S212 within H7N9 NS1 protein are critical for stability and functioning of the NS1 protein respectively, and may contribute to the enhanced pathogenicity of H7N9 influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lanlan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chi
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanhui Xie
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sicheng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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71
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AS03-adjuvanted H5N1 vaccine promotes antibody diversity and affinity maturation, NAI titers, cross-clade H5N1 neutralization, but not H1N1 cross-subtype neutralization. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:40. [PMID: 30302282 PMCID: PMC6167326 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-018-0076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to inactivated vaccines against avian influenza are poor due in part to lack of immune memory. Adjuvants significantly increased virus neutralizing titers. We performed comprehensive analyses of polyclonal antibody responses following FDA-approved adjuvanted H5N1-A/Indonesia vaccine, administered in presence or absence of AS03. Using Whole Genome Fragment Phage Display Libraries, we observed that AS03 induced antibody epitope diversity to viral hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase compared with unadjuvanted vaccine. Furthermore, AS03 promoted significant antibody affinity maturation to properly folded H5-HA1 (but not to HA2) domain, which correlated with neutralization titers against both vaccine and heterologous H5N1 strains. However, no increase in heterosubtypic cross-neutralization of Group1-H1N1 seasonal strains was observed. AS03-H5N1 vaccine also induced higher neuraminidase inhibition antibody titers. This study provides insight into the differential impacts of AS03 adjuvant on H5N1 vaccine-induced antibody responses that may help optimize vaccine platforms for future vaccines with improved protection against seasonal and pandemic influenza strains.
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72
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Yamayoshi S, Yasuhara A, Ito M, Uraki R, Kawaoka Y. Differences in the ease with which mutant viruses escape from human monoclonal antibodies against the HA stem of influenza A virus. J Clin Virol 2018; 108:105-111. [PMID: 30292135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Broadly protective human monoclonal antibodies that recognize the conserved epitopes in the HA of influenza A virus are being developed as therapeutic agents. Emergence of resistant viruses must always be considered when developing therapeutic agents against influenza. OBJECTIVES We examined human hetero-reactive mAbs against the HA stem of influenza A virus for the ease with which escape mutant viruses emerged. STUDY DESIGN We attempted to generate the mutant viruses escaped from the hetero-reactive anti-HA stem antibodies. We also evaluated their protective efficacy, binding affinity, and epitopes. RESULTS We obtained several human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that react with the HA of different HA subtypes of influenza A virus belonging to group 1. Upon attempting to generate escape mutant viruses, we found that the ease with which such viruses emerged differed among the mAbs; viruses barely escaped from two of the mAbs (clones S9-3-37 and F20C77), whereas escape from the third mAb (clone F5B7) occurred readily. Comparisons of the mAbs revealed that the HA stem epitopes, in vitro neutralization potency, binding affinity to H1-HA, and protective efficacy against lethal challenge with H1N1pdm09 virus were all comparable. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the importance of determining the ease with which escape mutant viruses emerge when evaluating anti-HA stem antibodies as antiviral agents during preclinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Yasuhara
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Ito
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuta Uraki
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Japan; Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA.
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73
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Zhu W, Yang L, Shu Y. Did the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Viruses Emerged in China Raise Increased Threat to Public Health? Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 19:22-25. [PMID: 30222520 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The low pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses (LPAI) were first identified in 2013 and have continued to infect humans since then. It was reported in February 2017 that the LPAI H7N9 virus has evolved into highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, potentially increasing the risk for human and poultry. We in this study overviewed the emergence, epidemiology, and biological characterizations of the HPAI H7N9 viruses for the risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfei Zhu
- 1 National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Yang
- 1 National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- 1 National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China.,2 School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
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74
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Yang W, Yin X, Guan L, Li M, Ma S, Shi J, Deng G, Suzuki Y, Chen H. A live attenuated vaccine prevents replication and transmission of H7N9 highly pathogenic influenza viruses in mammals. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:153. [PMID: 30206210 PMCID: PMC6133968 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
H7N9 influenza viruses emerged in 2013 and have caused severe disease and deaths in humans in China. Some H7N9 viruses circulating in chickens have mutated to highly pathogenic viruses that have caused several disease outbreaks in chickens. Studies have shown that when the H7N9 highly pathogenic viruses replicate in ferrets or humans, they easily acquire certain mammalian-adapting mutations and become highly lethal in mice and highly transmissible in ferrets by respiratory droplet, creating the potential for human-to-human transmission. Therefore, the development of effective control measures is a top priority for H7N9 pandemic preparedness. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of a cold-adapted, live attenuated H7N9 vaccine (H7N9/AAca) against two heterologous H7N9 highly pathogenic viruses in mice and guinea pigs. Our results showed that one dose of the H7N9/AAca vaccine prevented disease and death in mice challenged with two different H7N9 highly pathogenic viruses, but did not prevent replication of the challenge viruses; after two doses of H7N9/AAca, the mice were completely protected from challenge with A/chicken/Hunan/S1220/2017(H7N9) virus, and very low viral titers were detected in mice challenged with H7N9 virus CK/SD008-PB2/627 K. More importantly, we found that one dose of H7N9/AAca could efficiently prevent transmission of CK/SD008-PB2/627 K in guinea pigs. Our study suggests that H7N9/AAca has the potential to be an effective H7N9 vaccine and should be evaluated in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, 730030, Lanzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Lizheng Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Shujie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Jianzhong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Guohua Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Yasuo Suzuki
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Health Science Hills, 1200 Matsumoto-cho Kasugai-Shi, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Hualan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, 730030, Lanzhou, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 150001, Harbin, China.
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75
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Cheng Q, Zhao G, Xie L, Wang X. Impacts of age and gender at the risk of underlying medical conditions and death in patients with avian influenza A (H7N9): a meta-analysis study. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2018; 14:1615-1626. [PMID: 30233197 PMCID: PMC6132488 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s173834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of our study was to conduct a series of analyses that examined the impacts of age and gender at the risk of underlying medical conditions (UMCs) and death in patients with influenza A (H7N9). Methods We began by searching for potentially relevant articles in English or Chinese before February 28, 2018. Additionally, we reviewed our own files and reference lists of articles identified by this search. Results The association between death and UMCs was significant in H7N9 patients, with an OR of 1.49 (95% CI: 1.24–1.78). Subgroup analyses showed that having two or more UMCs of any type (OR: 2.24; P=0.044), chronic respiratory diseases (OR: 1.81; P=0.032), and chronic cardiovascular disease (OR: 1.63; P=0.013) had an association with increased fatality in H7N9 patients. Age (60 years or older) [adjusted OR (AOR): 1.86; P=0.032] and gender (male: AOR: 1.68, P=0.006; female: AOR: 1.88, P=0.044) were significantly associated with death in H7N9 patients with UMCs compared to H7N9 patients without any UMC. Stratification analyses found statistically significant increased death in H7N9 patients with UMCs who were 60 years of age and older (AOR: 2.72; P<0.001) and gender (male; AOR=1.64; P=0.033), compared to H7N9 patients without these respective conditions. Conclusion Impacts of age are substantial and significant at the risk of UMCs and death in H7N9 patients. This analysis did not find a significant difference in gender comparisons. Efforts should particularly focus on reducing fatality rates in patients with combined risks from UMCs and other significant impact factor such as age (60 years or older).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Cheng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310021, China, .,Department of Adolescents and Children Health, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310021, China,
| | - Li Xie
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310021, China,
| | - Xuchu Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310021, China,
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76
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Xiang D, Pu Z, Luo T, Guo F, Li X, Shen X, Irwin DM, Murphy RW, Liao M, Shen Y. Evolutionary dynamics of avian influenza A H7N9 virus across five waves in mainland China, 2013-2017. J Infect 2018; 77:205-211. [PMID: 29807090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Since its emergence in March 2013, novel avian influenza A H7N9 virus has triggered five epidemics of human infections in China. This raises concerns about the pandemic threat of this quickly evolving H7N9 subtype for humans. In this study, we evaluated all available genomes for H7N9 and H9N2 influenza A viruses. Our assessment discovered that H7N9 of the 1st wave had the lowest nucleotide diversity, which then experienced substantial and rapid population expansion from a small founder population. From the 2nd wave, their nucleotide diversity increased quickly, indicating that H7N9 viruses had acquired larger populations and mutations after their initial emergence in 2013. After the phylogeographic divergence in the 2nd wave, although the HA and NA genes from different regions differed, compared to previous epidemics, the evolving H7N9 viruses in the 5th wave lost most of their previous clades. The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 viruses in the 5th wave clustered together, and clustered close to the low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus isolated from the Pearl River Delta in the 3rd and 4th waves. This result supports the origin of HPAI H7N9 viruses was in the Pearl River Delta. In the 5th wave, although both HPAI and LPAI H7N9 viruses were isolated from the Pearl River Delta, their HA and NA genes were phylogenetically distinct.
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MESH Headings
- China/epidemiology
- Cluster Analysis
- Epidemics
- Evolution, Molecular
- Genetic Variation
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Phylogeography
- Viral Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xiang
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhiqing Pu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Tingting Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fucheng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xuejuan Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - David M Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada; Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Robert W Murphy
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto M5S 2C6, Canada
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongyi Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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77
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Sun Z, Shi B, Meng F, Ma R, Hu Q, Qin T, Chen S, Peng D, Liu X. Development of a Colloidal Gold-Based Immunochromatographic Strip for Rapid Detection of H7N9 Influenza Viruses. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2069. [PMID: 30233542 PMCID: PMC6127252 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Both high- and low-pathogenic H7N9 influenza A virus (IAV) infections have been found in human and poultry in China, and most human cases are related to contact with infected poultry. It is necessary to develop a rapid and simple method to detect H7N9 IAV in poultry. In this study, 13 monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) against the H7N9 IAV hemagglutinin were developed, and three critical amino acid epitopes (198, 227, 235) were identified based on the reactivity of these variant and wild-type strains with the McAbs. We developed an immunochromatographic assay for H7N9 AIVs using two McAbs recognizing the epitope position 227 and 235. The assay had good specificity, stability, and sensitivity, with a detection limit of swab and tissue samples of 2.5 log10EID50/0.1 mL, which is suitable for the analysis of clinical samples. This assay provides an effective method for the rapid detection of H7N9 AIVs in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China
| | - Baolan Shi
- Sinopharm Yangzhou Vac Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Yangzhou, China
| | - Feifei Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ruonan Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qingyun Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture and Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture and Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture and Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Cagayan State University, Tuguegarao, Philippines
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture and Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, China
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78
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The Pandemic Threat of Emerging H5 and H7 Avian Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090461. [PMID: 30154345 PMCID: PMC6164301 DOI: 10.3390/v10090461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1918 H1N1 Spanish Influenza pandemic was the most severe pandemic in modern history. Unlike more recent pandemics, most of the 1918 H1N1 virus' genome was derived directly from an avian influenza virus. Recent avian-origin H5 A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (GsGd) and Asian H7N9 viruses have caused several hundred human infections with high mortality rates. While these viruses have not spread beyond infected individuals, if they evolve the ability to transmit efficiently from person-to-person, specifically via the airborne route, they will initiate a pandemic. Therefore, this review examines H5 GsGd and Asian H7N9 viruses that have caused recent zoonotic infections with a focus on viral properties that support airborne transmission. Several GsGd H5 and Asian H7N9 viruses display molecular changes that potentiate transmission and/or exhibit ability for limited transmission between ferrets. However, the hemagglutinin of these viruses is unstable; this likely represents the most significant obstacle to the emergence of a virus capable of efficient airborne transmission. Given the global disease burden of an influenza pandemic, continued surveillance and pandemic preparedness efforts against H5 GsGd and Asian lineage H7N9 viruses are warranted.
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79
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Nachbagauer R, Shore D, Yang H, Johnson SK, Gabbard JD, Tompkins SM, Wrammert J, Wilson PC, Stevens J, Ahmed R, Krammer F, Ellebedy AH. Broadly Reactive Human Monoclonal Antibodies Elicited following Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus Exposure Protect Mice against Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Challenge. J Virol 2018; 92:e00949-18. [PMID: 29899095 PMCID: PMC6069173 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00949-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly cross-reactive antibodies (Abs) that recognize conserved epitopes within the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) stalk domain are of particular interest for their potential use as therapeutic and prophylactic agents against multiple influenza virus subtypes, including zoonotic virus strains. Here, we characterized four human HA stalk-reactive monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for their binding breadth and affinity, in vitro neutralization capacity, and in vivo protective potential against an highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. The monoclonal antibodies were isolated from individuals shortly following infection with (70-1F02 and 1009-3B05) or vaccination against (05-2G02 and 09-3A01) A(H1N1)pdm09. Three of the MAbs bound HAs from multiple strains of group 1 viruses, and one MAb, 05-2G02, bound to both group 1 and group 2 influenza A virus HAs. All four antibodies prophylactically protected mice against a lethal challenge with the highly pathogenic A/Vietnam/1203/04 (H5N1) strain. Two MAbs, 70-1F02 and 09-3A01, were further tested for their therapeutic efficacy against the same strain and showed good efficacy in this setting as well. One MAb, 70-1F02, cocrystallized with H5 HA and showed heavy-chain-only interactions similar to those seen with the previously described CR6261 anti-stalk antibody. Finally, we show that antibodies that compete with these MAbs are prevalent in serum from an individual recently infected with the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. The antibodies described here can be developed into broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics that could be used to combat infections by zoonotic or emerging pandemic influenza viruses.IMPORTANCE The rise in zoonotic infections of humans by emerging influenza viruses is a worldwide public health concern. The majority of recent zoonotic human influenza cases were caused by H7N9 and H5Nx viruses and were associated with high morbidity and mortality. In addition, seasonal influenza viruses are estimated to cause up to 650,000 deaths annually worldwide. Currently available antiviral treatment options include only neuraminidase inhibitors, but some influenza viruses are naturally resistant to these drugs, and others quickly develop resistance-conferring mutations. Alternative therapeutics are urgently needed. Broadly protective antibodies that target the conserved "stalk" domain of the hemagglutinin represent potential potent antiviral prophylactic and therapeutic agents that can assist pandemic preparedness. Here, we describe four human monoclonal antibodies that target conserved regions of influenza HA and characterize their binding spectrum as well as their protective capacity in prophylactic and therapeutic settings against a lethal challenge with a zoonotic influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffael Nachbagauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - David Shore
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hua Yang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Scott K Johnson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jon D Gabbard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - S Mark Tompkins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jens Wrammert
- Emory Vaccine Center, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Patrick C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, The Committee on Immunology, The Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - James Stevens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Emory Vaccine Center, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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80
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Yang H, Carney PJ, Chang JC, Guo Z, Stevens J. Structural and Molecular Characterization of the Hemagglutinin from the Fifth-Epidemic-Wave A(H7N9) Influenza Viruses. J Virol 2018; 92:e00375-18. [PMID: 29848588 PMCID: PMC6069181 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00375-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian influenza A(H7N9) virus continues to cause human infections in China and is a major ongoing public health concern. Five epidemic waves of A(H7N9) infection have occurred since 2013, and the recent fifth epidemic wave saw the emergence of two distinct lineages with elevated numbers of human infection cases and broader geographic distribution of viral diseases compared to the first four epidemic waves. Moreover, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H7N9) viruses were also isolated during the fifth epidemic wave. Here, we present a detailed structural and biochemical analysis of the surface hemagglutinin (HA) antigen from viruses isolated during this recent epidemic wave. Results highlight that, compared to the 2013 virus HAs, the fifth-wave virus HAs remained a weak binder to human glycan receptor analogs. We also studied three mutations, V177K-K184T-G219S, that were recently reported to switch a 2013 A(H7N9) HA to human-type receptor specificity. Our results indicate that these mutations could also switch the H7 HA receptor preference to a predominantly human binding specificity for both fifth-wave H7 HAs analyzed in this study.IMPORTANCE The A(H7N9) viruses circulating in China are of great public health concern. Here, we report a molecular and structural study of the major surface proteins from several recent A(H7N9) influenza viruses. Our results improve the understanding of these evolving viruses and provide important information on their receptor preference that is central to ongoing pandemic risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Paul J Carney
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessie C Chang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zhu Guo
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James Stevens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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81
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Yang Y, Li S, Wong G, Ma S, Xu Z, Zhao X, Li H, Xu W, Zheng H, Lin J, Zhao Q, Liu W, Liu Y, Gao GF, Bi Y. Development of a quadruple qRT-PCR assay for simultaneous identification of highly and low pathogenic H7N9 avian influenza viruses and characterization against oseltamivir resistance. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:406. [PMID: 30111290 PMCID: PMC6094886 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the fifth wave of human H7N9 infections, a novel highly pathogenic (HP) H7N9 variant emerged with an insertion of multiple basic amino acids in the HA cleavage site. Moreover, a neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) resistance (R292K in NA) mutation was found in H7N9 isolates from humans, poultry and the environment. In this study, we set out to develop and validate a multiplex quantitative reverse transcript polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to simultaneously detect the presence of H7N9 and further identify the HP and NAI-resistance mutations. Methods A quadruple qRT-PCR to simultaneously detect the presence of H7N9 and further identify the HP and NAI-resistance mutations was designed based on the analyses of the HA and NA genes of H7N9. This assay was further tested for specificity and sensitivity, and validated using clinical samples. Results The assay was highly specific and able to detect low pathogenic (LP)- or HP-H7N9 with/without the NAI-resistance mutation. The detection limit of the assay was determined to be 50 genome-equivalent copies and 2.8 × 10− 3 50% tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50) of live H7N9 per reaction. Clinical validation was confirmed by commercial kits and Sanger sequencing with ten clinical samples. Conclusions We developed and validated a rapid, single-reaction, one-step, quadruple real-time qRT-PCR to simultaneously detect the presence of H7N9 and further identify the HP- and NAI-resistance strains with excellent performance in specificity and sensitivity. This assay could be used to monitor the evolution of H7N9 viruses in the laboratory, field and the clinic for early-warning and the prevention of H7N9 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shanqin Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Gary Wong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Sufang Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhixiang Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhao
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, 650022, China
| | - Hong Li
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, 650022, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, 650022, China
| | - Haixia Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Jingyan Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Medical School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - George F Gao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, 102206, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Medical School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Avian Influenza A Virus Pandemic Preparedness and Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6030046. [PMID: 30044370 PMCID: PMC6161001 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses can infect a wide range of hosts, creating opportunities for zoonotic transmission, i.e., transmission from animals to humans, and placing the human population at constant risk of potential pandemics. In the last hundred years, four influenza A virus pandemics have had a devastating effect, especially the 1918 influenza pandemic that took the lives of at least 40 million people. There is a constant risk that currently circulating avian influenza A viruses (e.g., H5N1, H7N9) will cause a new pandemic. Vaccines are the cornerstone in preparing for and combating potential pandemics. Despite exceptional advances in the design and development of (pre-)pandemic vaccines, there are still serious challenges to overcome, mainly caused by intrinsic characteristics of influenza A viruses: Rapid evolution and a broad host range combined with maintenance in animal reservoirs, making it near impossible to predict the nature and source of the next pandemic virus. Here, recent advances in the development of vaccination strategies to prepare against a pandemic virus coming from the avian reservoir will be discussed. Furthermore, remaining challenges will be addressed, setting the agenda for future research in the development of new vaccination strategies against potentially pandemic influenza A viruses.
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83
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He L, Liu D, Hu J, Sun W, Gao R, Shi L, He D, Li B, Wang X, Gu M, Hu S, Liu X, Hu Z, Chen S, Peng D, Liu X. A comprehensive comparison of the fifth-wave highly pathogenic and low-pathogenic H7N9 avian influenza viruses reveals potential threat posed by both types of viruses in mammals. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1459-1473. [PMID: 30014613 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Before 2013, zoonotic influenza infections were dominated by H5N1 viruses in China. However, the emergence of the H7N9 viruses in early 2013 changed this dominance greatly, and more than 1,600 laboratory-confirmed human cases of H7N9 infections have been reported since then. To understand the underlying mechanism of the emergence of the fifth epidemic wave that shows an unexpected sharp increase, we systematically investigated the biological characteristics of the highly pathogenic (HP) and low-pathogenic (LP) H7N9 AIVs during this period. We first systematically analysed the haemagglutination assay gene of all the isolates available from the website and found that the HP and LP viruses differed a little in the well-established receptor binding sites and in other potentially important sites. Phylogenetic analysis showed that both the HP and LP viruses belong to the branch of the Yangtze River Delta, whereas they diverged to different small branches. To further compare the biological variations in the HP and LP viruses, we selected six HP and six LP strains for in-depth analysis, including receptor binding characteristics, thermal stability, viral replication and virulence in mice. The three major findings of this study were as follows: (a) Other potential site/sites may affect the receptor binding property of the H7N9 viruses; (b) the HP viruses displayed a higher thermostability than did the LP viruses, quite consistent with the epidemiological data during the summer period; and (c) one-third of the HP viruses were moderately pathogenic in mice, whereas all the LP viruses were nonpathogenic in this animal model. However, the LP viruses replicated more efficiently in the mouse lung and can spread to the extrarespiratory organs (spleen, kidney and brain). Taken together, our results suggest that both the HP and LP H7N9 viruses can pose a potential threat to public health, highlighting the importance of the continual surveillance of the H7N9 AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong He
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenqiang Sun
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ruyi Gao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dongchang He
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bo Li
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zenglei Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Westenius V, Mäkelä SM, Julkunen I, Österlund P. Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza A Virus Spreads Efficiently in Human Primary Monocyte-Derived Macrophages and Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1664. [PMID: 30065728 PMCID: PMC6056608 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses cause recurrent epidemics and occasional global pandemics. Wild birds are the natural reservoir of influenza A virus from where the virus can be transmitted to poultry or to mammals including humans. Mortality among humans in the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infection is even 60%. Despite intense research, there are still open questions in the pathogenicity of the H5N1 virus in humans. To characterize the H5N1 virus infection in human monocyte-derived macrophages (Mɸs) and dendritic cells (DCs), we used human isolates of highly pathogenic H5N1/2004 and H5N1/1997 and low pathogenic H7N9/2013 avian influenza viruses in comparison with a seasonal H3N2/1989 virus. We noticed that the H5N1 viruses have an overwhelming ability to replicate and spread in primary human immune cell cultures, and even the addition of trypsin did not equalize the infectivity of H7N9 or H3N2 viruses to the level seen with H5N1 virus. H5N1 virus stocks contained more often propagation-competent viruses than the H7N9 or H3N2 viruses. The data also showed that human DCs and Mɸs maintain 1,000- and 10,000-fold increase in the production of infectious H5N1 virus, respectively. Both analyzed highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses showed multi-cycle infection in primary human DCs and Mɸs, whereas the H3N2 and H7N9 viruses were incapable of spreading in immune cells. Interestingly, H5N1 virus was able to spread extremely efficiently despite the strong induction of antiviral interferon gene expression, which may in part explain the high pathogenicity of H5N1 virus infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Westenius
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna M Mäkelä
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pamela Österlund
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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85
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H7 virus-like particles assembled by hemagglutinin containing H3N2 transmembrane domain and M1 induce broad homologous and heterologous protection in mice. Vaccine 2018; 36:5030-5036. [PMID: 30037418 PMCID: PMC7115656 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
H7 VLPs-WT and H7 VLPs-TM have similar morphological and cleavage characteristics. H7 VLPs-TM has more HA trimers and better resists thermal changes than H7 VLPs-WT. H7 VLPs-TM induces stronger Th1 immune response than H7 VLPs-WT. H7 VLPs-TM induces broad homologous and heterologous protection in mice.
Influenza A H7N9 virus has caused five outbreak waves of human infections in China since 2013 and posed a dual challenge to public health and poultry industry. There is an urgent need to develop an effective vaccine to reduce its pandemic potential. In the present study, we evaluated the biochemical characteristics and immunogenicity of two H7 virus-like particles (VLPs) composed of the matrix 1 (M1) and hemagglutinin of wild-type (HA-WT) or hemagglutinin of whose transmembrane domain replaced by that from H3N2 subtype (HA-TM). H7 VLPs-WT and H7 VLPs-TM could assemble and release into the supernatant of Sf9 cells and they had similar morphological characteristics. However, compared to H7 VLPs-WT, H7 VLPs-TM had more trimeric HA proteins and could better resist thermal changes. In mice H7 VLPs-TM induced higher titers of HI, IgG, IgG2a and IFN-γ, and provided better protection against homologous and heterologous H7N9 viruses (no matter belonging to Yangtze River Delta or Pearl River Delta) challenge with less weight loss and higher survival rate. In summary, H7 VLPs-TM represents a potential strategy for the development of H7N9 vaccines.
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86
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Cross- immunity of a H9N2 live attenuated influenza vaccine against H5N2 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2018; 220:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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87
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Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Shi J, Wang X, Sakai-Tagawa Y, Ito M, Murakami K, da Silva Lopes TJ, Nakaishi K, Yamayoshi S, Watabe S, Chen H, Kawaoka Y. Development of an Influenza Rapid Diagnostic Kit Specific for the H7 Subtype. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1346. [PMID: 29988537 PMCID: PMC6026626 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the spring of 2013, human infections with H7N9 viruses have been detected in China. Some of these viruses have become highly pathogenic. Highly and low pathogenic avian influenza H7N9 viruses are currently co-circulating with the seasonal influenza A viruses H3N2 and H1N1pdm09. Prompt identification and isolation of H7N9 patients is one measure to prevent the spread of H7N9 virus and help prevent a pandemic. The majority of commercially available point-of-care rapid influenza diagnostic kits can differentiate between influenza A and B viruses, but cannot distinguish between H7N9 viruses and seasonal influenza A viruses. Accordingly, we have developed a rapid diagnostic kit specific for the H7 subtype that is accessible, easy to use. Although the detection limit of this H7 kit is one-tenth lower than that of a commercially available rapid influenza A and B diagnostic kit of similar design, except for the specificity of the monoclonal antibodies used, this kit is highly specific, detecting only H7-subtype influenza viruses, including the recent highly pathogenic H7N9 viruses from humans, and does not show any non-specific reactions with other HA subtypes. This H7 kit will be of value for the early detection of H7N9-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoko Iwatsuki-Horimoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jianzhong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiurong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuko Sakai-Tagawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Ito
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tiago J da Silva Lopes
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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88
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Yang Q, Shi W, Zhang L, Xu Y, Xu J, Li S, Zhang J, Hu K, Ma C, Zhao X, Li X, Liu F, Tong X, Zhang G, Yu P, Pybus OG, Tian H. Westward Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus among Humans, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:1095-1098. [PMID: 29619922 PMCID: PMC6004833 DOI: 10.3201/eid2406.171135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report infection of humans with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in Shaanxi, China, in May 2017. We obtained complete genomes for samples from 5 patients and from live poultry markets or farms in 4 cities. Results indicate that H7N9 is spreading westward from southern and eastern China.
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New Threats from H7N9 Influenza Virus: Spread and Evolution of High- and Low-Pathogenicity Variants with High Genomic Diversity in Wave Five. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00301-18. [PMID: 29563296 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00301-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
H7N9 virus has caused five infection waves since it emerged in 2013. The highest number of human cases was seen in wave 5; however, the underlying reasons have not been thoroughly elucidated. In this study, the geographical distribution, phylogeny, and genetic evolution of 240 H7N9 viruses in wave 5, including 35 new isolates from patients and poultry in nine provinces, were comprehensively analyzed together with strains from first four waves. Geographical distribution analysis indicated that the newly emerging highly pathogenic (HP) and low-pathogenicity (LP) H7N9 viruses were cocirculating, causing human and poultry infections across China. Genetic analysis indicated that dynamic reassortment of the internal genes among LP-H7N9/H9N2/H6Ny and HP-H7N9, as well as of the surface genes, between the Yangtze and Pearl River Delta lineages resulted in at least 36 genotypes, with three major genotypes (G1 [A/chicken/Jiangsu/SC537/2013-like], G3 [A/Chicken/Zhongshan/ZS/2017-like], and G11 [A/Anhui/40094/2015-like]). The HP-H7N9 genotype likely evolved from G1 LP-H7N9 by the insertion of a KRTA motif at the cleavage site (CS) and then evolved into 15 genotypes with four different CS motifs, including PKGKRTAR/G, PKGKRIAR/G, PKRKRAAR/G, and PKRKRTAR/G. Approximately 46% (28/61) of HP strains belonged to G3. Importantly, neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor (NAI) resistance (R292K in NA) and mammalian adaptation (e.g., E627K and A588V in PB2) mutations were found in a few non-human-derived HP-H7N9 strains. In summary, the enhanced prevalence and diverse genetic characteristics that occurred with mammalian-adapted and NAI-resistant mutations may have contributed to increased numbers of human infections in wave 5.IMPORTANCE The highest numbers of human H7N9 infections were observed during wave 5 from October 2016 to September 2017. Our results showed that HP-H7N9 and LP-H7N9 had spread virtually throughout China and underwent dynamic reassortment with different subtypes (H7N9/H9N2 and H6Ny) and lineages (Yangtze and Pearl River Delta lineages), resulting in totals of 36 and 3 major genotypes, respectively. Notably, the NAI drug-resistant (R292K in NA) and mammalian-adapted (e.g., E627K in PB2) mutations were found in HP-H7N9 not only from human isolates but also from poultry and environmental isolates, indicating increased risks for human infections. The broad dissemination of LP- and HP-H7N9 with high levels of genetic diversity and host adaptation and drug-resistant mutations likely accounted for the sharp increases in the number of human infections during wave 5. Therefore, more strategies are needed against the further spread and damage of H7N9 in the world.
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90
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Wang J, Su N, Dong Z, Liu C, Cui P, Huang JA, Chen C, Zhu Y, Chen L. The fifth influenza A(H7N9) epidemic: A family cluster of infection in Suzhou city of China, 2016. Int J Infect Dis 2018; 74:128-135. [PMID: 29738825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.04.4322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Influenza A(H7N9) virus is known for its high pathogenicity in human. A family cluster of influenza A(H7N9) virus infection was identified in Suzhou, China. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of human-to-human transmission of the virus and examine the virologic features of this family cluster. METHODS The clinical and epidemiologic data of two patients in the family cluster of influenza A(H7N9) virus infection were collected. Viral RNA in samples derived from the two patients, their close contacts, and the environments with likely influenza A(H7N9) virus transmission were tested by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assay. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay was used to detect virus-specific antibodies. Genetic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were also performed. RESULTS The index patient (Case 1), a 66-year old man, was virologically diagnosed with influenza A(H7N9) virus infection 12days after experiencing influenza-like symptoms, then died of multi-organ failure. His 39-year old daughter (Case 2), denying any other exposure to influenza A(H7N9) virus, became infected with influenza A(H7N9) virus following taking care of her father during his illness. Sequencing viral genomes isolated from the two patients showed nearly identical nucleotide sequence, and genetically resembled the viral genome isolated from a chicken in the wet market where the index patient once visited. All three influenza A(H7N9) viruses shared S138A, G186V, Q226L mutations in HA (H3) protein and a single basic amino acid (PEIPKGR↓G) at the cleavage site. CONCLUSIONS Human-to-human transmission of influenza A(H7N9) virus most likely occurred in this household. The three-amino-acid mutations in HA protein were discovered in this study, which might have increased the binding affinity of influenza A(H7N9) virus to the receptor on trachea epithelial cells to facilitate viral transmission among humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Nan Su
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Zefeng Dong
- Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Cheng Liu
- Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Pengwei Cui
- Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jian-An Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yehan Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Liling Chen
- Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
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91
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Song H, Qi J, Xiao H, Bi Y, Zhang W, Xu Y, Wang F, Shi Y, Gao GF. Avian-to-Human Receptor-Binding Adaptation by Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin H4. Cell Rep 2018; 20:1201-1214. [PMID: 28768203 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) have caused a global concern to public health since the first novel LPAIV H7N9 outbreak occurred. The receptor-binding properties of the viral hemagglutinin are one key factor for efficient transmission and infection in humans. Recent evidence shows that H4 subtype viruses have been widely circulating in domestic poultry and human asymptomatic infections might have occurred. Here, we evaluated the receptor-binding properties of two representative isolates, avian H4N6 (containing Q226 and G228) and swine H4N6 (containing L226 and S228), and found that the avian isolate preferentially binds to avian receptors, whereas the swine isolate preferentially binds to human receptors. The Q226L and G228S substitutions are pivotal for the receptor-binding switch, which resulted in similar human receptor-binding features to the pandemic H2 and H3, implying that H4 has the potential to cause human infections. This early-warning study calls for future extensive surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Song
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Haixia Xiao
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ying Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Fei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yi Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - George F Gao
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China.
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92
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Xiang D, Irwin DM, Shen Y. The H7N9 viruses have lost most of their previous lineages in the fifth wave. J Infect 2018; 76:417-418. [PMID: 29198607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - David M Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Yongyi Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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93
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Yao Y, Zhang T, Yang W, Shao Z, He B, Chen X, Wu L, Jin E, Liu H, Chen J, Chen J. Avian Influenza A (H7N9) Virus in a Wild Land Bird in Central China, Late 2015. Virol Sin 2018; 33:96-99. [PMID: 29508189 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Yao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430208, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenhai Yang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430208, China
| | - Zhiyong Shao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430208, China
| | - Bin He
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430208, China
| | - Xiabing Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430208, China
| | - Lijun Wu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430208, China
| | - Erguang Jin
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430208, China
| | - Haizhou Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Jie Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430208, China.
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94
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Sudden emergence of human infections with H7N9 avian influenza A virus in Hubei province, central China. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2486. [PMID: 29410505 PMCID: PMC5802767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20988-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been five waves of H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) infection in humans since its initial emergence in China in 2013, posing a significant threat to public health. Hubei province was free local transmission during the first four waves of H7N9 AIV. However, multiple cases of human H7N9 infection were reported in Hubei during January 2017. To understand the molecular epidemiology that underlies this sudden emergence, we collected samples from 14 human cases of H7N9 influenza virus from Hubei province, along with environmental samples from different locations in Hubei. Our analysis revealed that the newly emerged human H7N9 viruses were all from persons exposed to poultry and shared the same origin as the environmental sampled viruses in the Yangtze River lineage of H7N9. Notably, we also documented an earlier and distinct importation from Jiangsu province that may have established a local environmental reservoir. Our study highlights the need for continued surveillance of H7N9 in both human and avian populations in central China.
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95
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Liu D, Zhang Z, He L, Gao Z, Li J, Gu M, Hu J, Wang X, Liu X, Liu X. Characteristics of the emerging chicken-origin highly pathogenic H7N9 viruses: A new threat to public health and poultry industry. J Infect 2018; 76:217-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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96
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Emergence and Adaptation of a Novel Highly Pathogenic H7N9 Influenza Virus in Birds and Humans from a 2013 Human-Infecting Low-Pathogenic Ancestor. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00921-17. [PMID: 29070694 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00921-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence in 2013, the H7N9 low-pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) has been circulating in domestic poultry in China, causing five waves of human infections. A novel H7N9 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) variant possessing multiple basic amino acids at the cleavage site of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein was first reported in two cases of human infection in January 2017. More seriously, those novel H7N9 HPAIV variants have been transmitted and caused outbreaks on poultry farms in eight provinces in China. Herein, we demonstrate the presence of three different amino acid motifs at the cleavage sites of these HPAIV variants which were isolated from chickens and humans and likely evolved from the preexisting LPAIVs. Animal experiments showed that these novel H7N9 HPAIV variants are both highly pathogenic in chickens and lethal to mice. Notably, human-origin viruses were more pathogenic in mice than avian viruses, and the mutations in the PB2 gene associated with adaptation to mammals (E627K, A588V, and D701N) were identified by next-generation sequencing (NGS) and Sanger sequencing of the isolates from infected mice. No polymorphisms in the key amino acid substitutions of PB2 and HA in isolates from infected chicken lungs were detected by NGS. In sum, these results highlight the high degree of pathogenicity and the valid transmissibility of this new H7N9 variant in chickens and the quick adaptation of this new H7N9 variant to mammals, so the risk should be evaluated and more attention should be paid to this variant.IMPORTANCE Due to the recent increased numbers of zoonotic infections in poultry and persistent human infections in China, influenza A(H7N9) virus has remained a public health threat. Most of the influenza A(H7N9) viruses reported previously have been of low pathogenicity. Now, these novel H7N9 HPAIV variants have caused human infections in three provinces and outbreaks on poultry farms in eight provinces in China. We analyzed the molecular features and compared the relative characteristics of one H7N9 LPAIV and two H7N9 HPAIVs isolated from chickens and two human-origin H7N9 HPAIVs in chicken and mouse models. We found that all HPAIVs both are highly pathogenic and have valid transmissibility in chickens. Strikingly, the human-origin viruses were more highly pathogenic than the avian-origin viruses in mice, and dynamic mutations were confirmed by NGS and Sanger sequencing. Our findings offer important insight into the origin, adaptation, pathogenicity, and transmissibility of these viruses to both poultry and mammals.
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97
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Pu Z, Xiang D, Li X, Luo T, Shen X, Murphy RW, Liao M, Shen Y. Potential Pandemic of H7N9 Avian Influenza A Virus in Human. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:414. [PMID: 30533399 PMCID: PMC6265602 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2013, the H7N9 avian influenza A virus (AIV) has caused human infections and to the extent of now surpassing H5N1. This raises an alarm about the potential of H7N9 to become a pandemic problem. Our compilation of the amino acid changes required for AIVs to cross the species-barrier discovers 58 that have very high proportions in both the human- and avian-isolated H7N9 viruses. These changes correspond with sporadic human infections that continue to occur in regions of avian infections. Among the six internal viral genes, amino acid changes do not differ significantly between H9N2 and H7N9, except for V100A in PA, and K526R, D627K, and D701N in PB2. H9N2 AIVs provide internal genes to H7N9. Most of the amino acid changes in H7N9 appear to come directly from H9N2. Seventeen amino acid substitutions appear to have fixed quickly by the 5th wave. Among these, six amino acid sites in HA1 are receptor binding sites, and PB2-A588V was shown to promote the adaptation of AIVs to mammals. The accelerated fixation of mutations may promote the adaptation of H7N9 to human, but need further functional evidence. Although H7N9 AIVs still cannot efficiently transmit between humans, they have the genetic makeup associated with human infections. These viruses must be controlled in poultry to remove the threat of it becoming a human pandemic event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Pu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Xiang
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuejuan Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Robert W. Murphy
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongyi Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yongyi Shen
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98
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Kang M, Lau EHY, Guan W, Yang Y, Song T, Cowling BJ, Wu J, Peiris M, He J, Mok CKP. Epidemiology of human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in Guangdong, 2016 to 2017. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 22. [PMID: 28703705 PMCID: PMC5508330 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2017.22.27.30568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe the epidemiology of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H7N9) based on poultry market environmental surveillance and laboratory-confirmed human cases (n = 9) in Guangdong, China. We also compare the epidemiology between human cases of high- and low-pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) (n = 51) in Guangdong. Case fatality and severity were similar. Touching sick or dead poultry was the most important risk factor for HPAI A(H7N9) infections and should be highlighted for the control of future influenza A(H7N9) epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, PR China.,MK, EYL and WG contributed equally to this work
| | - Eric H Y Lau
- MK, EYL and WG contributed equally to this work.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Wenda Guan
- MK, EYL and WG contributed equally to this work.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yuwei Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Tie Song
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Jie Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Malik Peiris
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, HKU Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Jianfeng He
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chris Ka Pun Mok
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, HKU Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
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99
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Bayesian evolutionary analysis for emerging infectious disease: an exemplified application for H7N9 avian influenza viruses. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:1392-1395. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9227-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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100
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Human protective monoclonal antibodies against the HA stem of group 2 HAs derived from an H3N2 virus-infected human. J Infect 2017; 76:177-185. [PMID: 29248585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Broadly reactive human monoclonal antibodies against the HA stem of influenza A virus are being developed as therapeutic agents as well as to understand the epitopes that are essential for a universal influenza virus vaccine. METHODS We isolated and characterized two hetero-reactive human monoclonal antibodies from an H3N2 virus-infected human. RESULTS These antibodies, which are predominantly bound to the HA stem of group 2 HAs, used IGHV3-66 and IGHV4-38-2 germline genes, respectively. They possessed in vitro neutralizing ability, and in vivo protective efficacy against lethal infection with H3N2 or H7N9 virus. Escape mutations revealed that one of the protective antibodies recognized the α-helix A of HA2, and the other recognized the C-terminal portion of the fusion peptide and the β-sheet that precedes the α-helix A of HA2. CONCLUSIONS Of many human protective monoclonal antibodies against the HA stem, two human protective monoclonal antibodies were isolated in this study that predominantly recognize epitopes on the HA stem of group 2 and use unique IGHV3-66 and IGHV4-38-2 germline genes.
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