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Fadda E. Understanding the Structure and Function of Viral Glycosylation by Molecular Simulations: State-of-the-Art and Recent Case Studies. COMPREHENSIVE GLYCOSCIENCE 2021. [PMCID: PMC7834635 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819475-1.00056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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White I, Tamot N, Doddareddy R, Ho J, Jiao Q, Harvilla PB, Yang TY, Geist B, Borrok MJ, Truppo MD, Ganesan R, Chowdhury P, Zwolak A. Bifunctional molecules targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike and the polymeric Ig receptor display neutralization activity and mucosal enrichment. MAbs 2021; 13:1987180. [PMID: 34693867 PMCID: PMC8547864 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1987180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The global health crisis and economic tolls of COVID-19 necessitate a panoply of strategies to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. To date, few treatment options exist, although neutralizing antibodies against the spike glycoprotein have proven to be effective. Because infection is initiated at the mucosa and propagates mainly at this site throughout the course of the disease, blocking the virus at the mucosal milieu should be effective. However, administration of biologics to the mucosa presents a substantial challenge. Here, we describe bifunctional molecules combining single-domain variable regions that bind to the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) and to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein via addition of the ACE2 extracellular domain (ECD). The hypothesis behind this design is that pIgR will transport the molecule from the circulation to the mucosal surface where the ACE ECD would act as a decoy receptor for the nCoV2. The bifunctional molecules bind SARS-Cov-2 spike glycoprotein in vitro and efficiently transcytose across the lung epithelium in human tissue-based analyses. Designs featuring ACE2 tethered to the C-terminus of the Fc do not induce antibody-dependent cytotoxicity against pIgR-expressing cells. These molecules thus represent a potential therapeutic modality for systemic administration of neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 molecules to the mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian White
- Janssen Biotherapeutics, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Ninkka Tamot
- Janssen Biotherapeutics, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | - Jason Ho
- Janssen Biotherapeutics, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Qun Jiao
- Janssen Biotherapeutics, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | - Tong-Yuan Yang
- Janssen Biotherapeutics, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Brian Geist
- Janssen Biotherapeutics, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - M. Jack Borrok
- Janssen Biotherapeutics, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Matthew D. Truppo
- Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Development, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Rajkumar Ganesan
- Biologics Discovery, Alector, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Adam Zwolak
- Janssen Biotherapeutics, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
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Amitai A. Viral surface geometry shapes influenza and coronavirus spike evolution through antibody pressure. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.10.20.347641. [PMID: 33106808 PMCID: PMC7587782 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.20.347641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of circulating viruses is shaped by their need to evade antibody response, which mainly targets the glycoprotein (spike). However, not all antigenic sites are targeted equally by antibodies, leading to complex immunodominance patterns. We used 3D computational models to estimate antibody pressure on the seasonal influenza H1N1 and SARS spikes. Analyzing publically available sequences, we show that antibody pressure, through the geometrical organization of spikes on the viral surface, shaped their mutability. Studying the mutability patterns of SARS-CoV-2 and the 2009 H1N1 pandemic spikes, we find that they are not predominantly shaped by antibody pressure. However, for SARS-CoV-2, we find that over time, it acquired mutations at antibody-accessible positions, which could indicate possible escape as define by our model. We offer a geometry-based approach to predict and rank the probability of surface resides of SARS-CoV-2 spike to acquire antibody escaping mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Amitai
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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54
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Margolin E, Crispin M, Meyers A, Chapman R, Rybicki EP. A Roadmap for the Molecular Farming of Viral Glycoprotein Vaccines: Engineering Glycosylation and Glycosylation-Directed Folding. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:609207. [PMID: 33343609 PMCID: PMC7744475 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.609207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunization with recombinant glycoprotein-based vaccines is a promising approach to induce protective immunity against viruses. However, the complex biosynthetic maturation requirements of these glycoproteins typically necessitate their production in mammalian cells to support their folding and post-translational modification. Despite these clear advantages, the incumbent costs and infrastructure requirements with this approach can be prohibitive in developing countries, and the production scales and timelines may prove limiting when applying these production systems to the control of pandemic viral outbreaks. Plant molecular farming of viral glycoproteins has been suggested as a cheap and rapidly scalable alternative production system, with the potential to perform post-translational modifications that are comparable to mammalian cells. Consequently, plant-produced glycoprotein vaccines for seasonal and pandemic influenza have shown promise in clinical trials, and vaccine candidates against the newly emergent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 have entered into late stage preclinical and clinical testing. However, many other viral glycoproteins accumulate poorly in plants, and are not appropriately processed along the secretory pathway due to differences in the host cellular machinery. Furthermore, plant-derived glycoproteins often contain glycoforms that are antigenically distinct from those present on the native virus, and may also be under-glycosylated in some instances. Recent advances in the field have increased the complexity and yields of biologics that can be produced in plants, and have now enabled the expression of many viral glycoproteins which could not previously be produced in plant systems. In contrast to the empirical optimization that predominated during the early years of molecular farming, the next generation of plant-made products are being produced by developing rational, tailor-made approaches to support their production. This has involved the elimination of plant-specific glycoforms and the introduction into plants of elements of the biosynthetic machinery from different expression hosts. These approaches have resulted in the production of mammalian N-linked glycans and the formation of O-glycan moieties in planta. More recently, plant molecular engineering approaches have also been applied to improve the glycan occupancy of proteins which are not appropriately glycosylated, and to support the folding and processing of viral glycoproteins where the cellular machinery differs from the usual expression host of the protein. Here we highlight recent achievements and remaining challenges in glycoengineering and the engineering of glycosylation-directed folding pathways in plants, and discuss how these can be applied to produce recombinant viral glycoproteins vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Margolin
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Meyers
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ros Chapman
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Edward P. Rybicki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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55
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Naeem A, Elbakkouri K, Alfaiz A, Hamed ME, Alsaran H, AlOtaiby S, Enani M, Alosaimi B. Antigenic drift of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase in seasonal H1N1 influenza viruses from Saudi Arabia in 2014 to 2015. J Med Virol 2020; 92:3016-3027. [PMID: 32159230 PMCID: PMC7228267 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Antigenic drift of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins of the influenza virus cause a decrease in vaccine efficacy. Since the information about the evolution of these viruses in Saudi is deficient so we investigated the genetic diversity of circulating H1N1 viruses. Nasopharyngeal aspirates/swabs collected from 149 patients hospitalized with flu-like symptoms during 2014 and 2015 were analyzed. Viral RNA extraction was followed by a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and genetic sequencing. We analyzed complete gene sequences of HA and NA from 80 positive isolates. Phylogenetic analysis of HA and NA genes of 80 isolates showed similar topologies and co-circulation of clades 6b. Genetic diversity was observed among circulating viruses belonging to clade 6B.1A. The amino acid residues in the HA epitope domain were under purifying selection. Amino acid changes at key antigenic sites, such as position S101N, S179N (antigenic site-Sa), I233T (antigenic site-Sb) in the head domain might have resulted in antigenic drift and emergence of variant viruses. For NA protein, 36% isolates showed the presence of amino acid changes such as V13I (n = 29), I314M (n = 29) and 12% had I34V (n = 10). However, H257Y mutation responsible for resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors was missing. The presence of amino acid changes at key antigenic sites and their topologies with structural mapping of residues under purifying selection highlights the importance of antigenic drift and warrants further characterization of recently circulating viruses in view of vaccine effectiveness. The co-circulation of several clades and the predominance of clade 6B.1 suggest multiple introductions in Saudi.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Saudi Arabia/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Phylogeny
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/enzymology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Adult
- Male
- Female
- Young Adult
- Genetic Variation
- Middle Aged
- Adolescent
- Genetic Drift
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Nasopharynx/virology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Antigenic Variation
- Aged
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Naeem
- Research CenterKing Fahad Medical CityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | | | - Ali Alfaiz
- Research CenterKing Fahad Medical CityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | | | - Hadel Alsaran
- Research CenterKing Fahad Medical CityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | | | - Mushira Enani
- Medical Specialties Department, Section of Infectious DiseasesKing Fahad Medical CityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Bandar Alosaimi
- Research CenterKing Fahad Medical CityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
- College of MedicineKing Fahad Medical CityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
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56
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Subdominance in Antibody Responses: Implications for Vaccine Development. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020; 85:85/1/e00078-20. [PMID: 33239435 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00078-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines work primarily by eliciting antibodies, even when recovery from natural infection depends on cellular immunity. Large efforts have therefore been made to identify microbial antigens that elicit protective antibodies, but these endeavors have encountered major difficulties, as witnessed by the lack of vaccines against many pathogens. This review summarizes accumulating evidence that subdominant protein regions, i.e., surface-exposed regions that elicit relatively weak antibody responses, are of particular interest for vaccine development. This concept may seem counterintuitive, but subdominance may represent an immune evasion mechanism, implying that the corresponding region potentially is a key target for protective immunity. Following a presentation of the concepts of immunodominance and subdominance, the review will present work on subdominant regions in several major human pathogens: the protozoan Plasmodium falciparum, two species of pathogenic streptococci, and the dengue and influenza viruses. Later sections are devoted to the molecular basis of subdominance, its potential role in immune evasion, and general implications for vaccine development. Special emphasis will be placed on the fact that a whole surface-exposed protein domain can be subdominant, as demonstrated for all of the pathogens described here. Overall, the available data indicate that subdominant protein regions are of much interest for vaccine development, not least in bacterial and protozoal systems, for which antibody subdominance remains largely unexplored.
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57
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Daniels RS, Tse H, Ermetal B, Xiang Z, Jackson DJ, Guntoro J, Nicod J, Stewart A, Cross KJ, Hussain S, McCauley JW, Lo J. Molecular Characterization of Influenza C Viruses from Outbreaks in Hong Kong SAR, China. J Virol 2020; 94:e01051-20. [PMID: 32817211 PMCID: PMC7565627 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01051-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2014, the Centre for Health Protection in Hong Kong introduced screening for influenza C virus (ICV) as part of its routine surveillance for infectious agents in specimens collected from patients presenting with symptoms of respiratory viral infection, including influenza-like illness (ILI). A retrospective analysis of ICV detections up to week 26 of 2019 revealed persistent low-level circulation, with two outbreaks having occurred in the winters of 2015 to 2016 and 2017 to 2018. These outbreaks occurred at the same time as, and were dwarfed by, seasonal epidemics of influenza types A and B. Gene sequencing studies on stored ICV-positive clinical specimens from the two outbreaks have shown that the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) genes of the viruses fall into two of the six recognized genetic lineages (represented by C/Kanagawa/1/76 and C/São Paulo/378/82), with there being significant genetic drift compared to earlier circulating viruses within both lineages. The location of a number of encoded amino acid substitutions in hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF) glycoproteins suggests that antigenic drift may also have occurred. Observations of ICV outbreaks in other countries, with some of the infections being associated with severe disease, indicates that ICV infection has the potential to have significant clinical and health care impacts in humans.IMPORTANCE Influenza C virus infection of humans is common, and reinfection can occur throughout life. While symptoms are generally mild, severe disease cases have been reported, but knowledge of the virus is limited, as little systematic surveillance for influenza C virus is conducted and the virus cannot be studied by classical virologic methods because it cannot be readily isolated in laboratories. A combination of systematic surveillance in Hong Kong SAR, China, and new gene sequencing methods has been used in this study to assess influenza C virus evolution and provides evidence for a 2-year cycle of disease outbreaks. The results of studies like that reported here are key to developing an understanding of the impact of influenza C virus infection in humans and how virus evolution might be associated with epidemics.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Disease Outbreaks
- Epidemiological Monitoring
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/chemistry
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/genetics
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/metabolism
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Hong Kong/epidemiology
- Humans
- Infant
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/pathology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Gammainfluenzavirus/enzymology
- Gammainfluenzavirus/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Epidemiology
- Mutation
- Phylogeny
- Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical
- Protein Conformation, beta-Strand
- Retrospective Studies
- Viral Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Viral Fusion Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney S Daniels
- Worldwide Influenza Centre (a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza), The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Herman Tse
- Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Burcu Ermetal
- Worldwide Influenza Centre (a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza), The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Worldwide Influenza Centre (a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza), The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah J Jackson
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Guntoro
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jérôme Nicod
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aengus Stewart
- Bioinformatics & Biostatistics, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen J Cross
- Worldwide Influenza Centre (a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza), The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saira Hussain
- Worldwide Influenza Centre (a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza), The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - John W McCauley
- Worldwide Influenza Centre (a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza), The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janice Lo
- Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR, China
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58
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Comprehensive Analysis of Antibodies Induced by Vaccination with 4 Kinds of Avian Influenza H5N1 Pre-Pandemic Vaccines. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197422. [PMID: 33050014 PMCID: PMC7582428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Four kinds of avian-derived H5N1 influenza virus, A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (Clade 1), A/Indonesia/5/2005 (Clade 2.1), A/Qinghai/1A/2005 (Clade 2.2), and A/Anhui/1/2005 (Clade 2.3), have been stocked in Japan for use as pre-pandemic vaccines. When a pandemic occurs, these viruses would be used as vaccines in the hope of inducing immunity against the pandemic virus. We analyzed the specificity of antibodies (Abs) produced by B lymphocytes present in the blood after immunization with these vaccines. Eighteen volunteers took part in this project. After libraries of Ab-encoding sequences were constructed using blood from subjects vaccinated with these viruses, a large number of clones that encoded Abs that bound to the virus particles used as vaccines were isolated. These clones were classified into two groups according to the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) activity of the encoded Abs. While two-thirds of the clones were HI positive, the encoded Abs exhibited only restricted strain specificity. On the other hand, half of the HI-negative clones encoded Abs that bound not only to the H5N1 virus but also to the H1N1 virus; with a few exceptions, these Abs appeared to be encoded by memory B cells present before vaccination. The HI-negative clones included those encoding broadly cross-reactive Abs, some of which were encoded by non-VH1-69 germline genes. However, although this work shows that various kinds of anti-H5N1 Abs are encoded by volunteers vaccinated with pre-pandemic vaccines, broad cross-reactivity was seen only in a minority of clones, raising concern regarding the utility of these H5N1 vaccine viruses for the prevention of H5N1 pandemics.
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59
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Amitai A, Sangesland M, Barnes RM, Rohrer D, Lonberg N, Lingwood D, Chakraborty AK. Defining and Manipulating B Cell Immunodominance Hierarchies to Elicit Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Responses against Influenza Virus. Cell Syst 2020; 11:573-588.e9. [PMID: 33031741 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The antibody repertoire possesses near-limitless diversity, enabling the adaptive immune system to accommodate essentially any antigen. However, this diversity explores the antigenic space unequally, allowing some pathogens like influenza virus to impose complex immunodominance hierarchies that distract antibody responses away from key sites of virus vulnerability. We developed a computational model of affinity maturation to map the patterns of immunodominance that evolve upon immunization with natural and engineered displays of hemagglutinin (HA), the influenza vaccine antigen. Based on this knowledge, we designed immunization protocols that subvert immune distraction and focus serum antibody responses upon a functionally conserved, but immunologically recessive, target of human broadly neutralizing antibodies. We tested in silico predictions by vaccinating transgenic mice in which antibody diversity was humanized to mirror clinically relevant humoral output. Collectively, our results demonstrate that complex patterns in antibody immunogenicity can be rationally defined and then manipulated to elicit engineered immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Amitai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Maya Sangesland
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ralston M Barnes
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Rd, Redwood City, CA 94063-2478, USA
| | - Daniel Rohrer
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Rd, Redwood City, CA 94063-2478, USA
| | - Nils Lonberg
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Rd, Redwood City, CA 94063-2478, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Arup K Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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60
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Bhatta TR, Ryt-Hansen P, Nielsen JP, Larsen LE, Larsen I, Chamings A, Goecke NB, Alexandersen S. Infection Dynamics of Swine Influenza Virus in a Danish Pig Herd Reveals Recurrent Infections with Different Variants of the H1N2 Swine Influenza A Virus Subtype. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091013. [PMID: 32927910 PMCID: PMC7551734 DOI: 10.3390/v12091013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) in swine, so-called swine influenza A virus (swIAV), causes respiratory illness in pigs around the globe. In Danish pig herds, a H1N2 subtype named H1N2dk is one of the main circulating swIAV. In this cohort study, the infection dynamic of swIAV was evaluated in a Danish pig herd by sampling and PCR testing of pigs from two weeks of age until slaughter at 22 weeks of age. In addition, next generation sequencing (NGS) was used to identify and characterize the complete genome of swIAV circulating in the herd, and to examine the antigenic variability in the antigenic sites of the virus hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins. Overall, 76.6% of the pigs became PCR positive for swIAV during the study, with the highest prevalence at four weeks of age. Detailed analysis of the virus sequences obtained showed that the majority of mutations occurred at antigenic sites in the HA and NA proteins of the virus. At least two different H1N2 variants were found to be circulating in the herd; one H1N2 variant was circulating at the sow and nursery sites, while another H1N2 variant was circulating at the finisher site. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that individual pigs had recurrent swIAV infections with the two different H1N2 variants, but re-infection with the same H1N2 variant was also observed. Better understandings of the epidemiology, genetic and antigenic diversity of swIAV may help to design better health interventions for the prevention and control of swIAV infections in the herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarka Raj Bhatta
- Geelong Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (P.R.-H.); (J.P.N.); (L.E.L.); (I.L.); (N.B.G.)
- Correspondence: (T.R.B.); (S.A.); Tel.: +61-0-452199095 (T.R.B.); +61-0-342159635 (S.A.)
| | - Pia Ryt-Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (P.R.-H.); (J.P.N.); (L.E.L.); (I.L.); (N.B.G.)
| | - Jens Peter Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (P.R.-H.); (J.P.N.); (L.E.L.); (I.L.); (N.B.G.)
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (P.R.-H.); (J.P.N.); (L.E.L.); (I.L.); (N.B.G.)
| | - Inge Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (P.R.-H.); (J.P.N.); (L.E.L.); (I.L.); (N.B.G.)
| | - Anthony Chamings
- Geelong Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Nicole B. Goecke
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (P.R.-H.); (J.P.N.); (L.E.L.); (I.L.); (N.B.G.)
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Soren Alexandersen
- Geelong Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Barwon Health, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Correspondence: (T.R.B.); (S.A.); Tel.: +61-0-452199095 (T.R.B.); +61-0-342159635 (S.A.)
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61
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Iversen PL, Kane CD, Zeng X, Panchal RG, Warren TK, Radoshitzky SR, Kuhn JH, Mudhasani RR, Cooper CL, Shurtleff AC, Nasar F, Sunay MM, Duplantier AJ, Eaton BP, Zumbrun EE, Bixler SL, Martin S, Meinig JM, Chiang CY, Sanchez-Lockhart M, Palacios GF, Kugelman JR, Martins KA, Pitt ML, Crozier I, Saunders DL. Recent successes in therapeutics for Ebola virus disease: no time for complacency. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 20:e231-e237. [PMID: 32563280 PMCID: PMC7302789 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30282-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The PALM trial in the Democratic Republic of the Congo identified a statistically significant survival benefit for two monoclonal antibody-based therapeutics in the treatment of acute Ebola virus disease; however, substantial gaps remain in improving the outcomes of acute Ebola virus disease and for the survivors. Ongoing efforts are needed to develop more effective strategies, particularly for individuals with severe disease, for prevention and treatment of viral persistence in immune-privileged sites, for optimisation of post-exposure prophylaxis, and to increase therapeutic breadth. As antibody-based approaches are identified and advanced, promising small-molecule antivirals currently in clinical stage development should continue to be evaluated for filovirus diseases, with consideration of their added value in combination approaches with bundled supportive care, their penetration in tissues of interest, the absence of interaction with glycoprotein-based vaccines, and filoviral breadth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L Iversen
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Christopher D Kane
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Rekha G Panchal
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Travis K Warren
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sheli R Radoshitzky
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Rajini R Mudhasani
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Christopher L Cooper
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Amy C Shurtleff
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Farooq Nasar
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Melek Me Sunay
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Allen J Duplantier
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Brett P Eaton
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Zumbrun
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sandra L Bixler
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Shannon Martin
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - J Matthew Meinig
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Chih-Yuan Chiang
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Gustavo F Palacios
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Kugelman
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Karen A Martins
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Margaret L Pitt
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ian Crozier
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - David L Saunders
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.
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62
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Wu NC, Wilson IA. Influenza Hemagglutinin Structures and Antibody Recognition. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a038778. [PMID: 31871236 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) is most abundant glycoprotein on the influenza virus surface. Influenza HA promotes viral entry by engaging the receptor and mediating virus-host membrane fusion. At the same time, HA is the major antigen of the influenza virus. HA antigenic shift can result in pandemics, whereas antigenic drift allows human circulating strains to escape herd immunity. Most antibody responses against HA are strain-specific. However, antibodies that have neutralizing activities against multiple strains or even subtypes have now been discovered and characterized. These broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) target conserved regions on HA, such as the receptor-binding site and the stem domain. Structural studies of such bnAbs have provided important insight into universal influenza vaccine and therapeutic design. This review discusses the HA functions as well as HA-antibody interactions from a structural perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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63
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Li C, Culhane MR, Cheeran M, Galina Pantoja L, Jansen ML, Amodie D, Mellencamp MA, Torremorell M. Exploring heterologous prime-boost vaccination approaches to enhance influenza control in pigs. Vet Res 2020; 51:89. [PMID: 32646490 PMCID: PMC7344353 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00810-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses evolve rapidly to escape host immunity. In swine, this viral evolution has resulted in the emergence of multiple H1 and H3 influenza A virus (IAV) lineages in the United States (US) pig populations. The heterologous prime-boost vaccination strategy is a promising way to deal with diverse IAV infection in multiple animal models. However, whether or not this vaccination strategy is applicable to US swine to impart immunity against infection from North American strains of IAV is still unknown. We performed a vaccination-challenge study to evaluate the protective efficacy of using multivalent inactivated vaccine and/or a live attenuated IAV vaccine (LAIV) in pigs following multiple prime-boost vaccination protocols against a simultaneous H1N1 and H3N2 IAV infection. Our data show that pigs in the heterologous prime-boost vaccination group had more favorable outcomes consistent with a better response against virus challenge than non-vaccinated pigs. Additionally, delivering a multivalent heterologous inactivated vaccine boost to pigs following a single LAIV administration was also beneficial. We concluded the heterologous prime boost vaccination strategy may potentiate responses to suboptimal immunogens and holds the potential applicability to control IAV in the North American swine industry. However, more studies are needed to validate the application of this vaccination approach under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Marie R Culhane
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Maxim Cheeran
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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64
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Wu NC, Andrews SF, Raab JE, O'Connell S, Schramm CA, Ding X, Chambers MJ, Leung K, Wang L, Zhang Y, Mascola JR, Douek DC, Ledgerwood JE, McDermott AB, Wilson IA. Convergent Evolution in Breadth of Two V H6-1-Encoded Influenza Antibody Clonotypes from a Single Donor. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 28:434-444.e4. [PMID: 32619441 PMCID: PMC7486241 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to influenza hemagglutinin (HA) naturally develop in humans is critical to the design of universal influenza vaccines. Several classes of bnAbs directed to the conserved HA stem were found in multiple individuals, including one encoded by heavy-chain variable domain VH6-1. We describe two genetically similar VH6-1 bnAb clonotypes from the same individual that exhibit different developmental paths toward broad neutralization activity. One clonotype evolved from a germline precursor recognizing influenza group 1 subtypes to gain breadth to group 2 subtypes. The other clonotype recognized group 2 subtypes and developed binding to group 1 subtypes through somatic hypermutation. Crystal structures reveal that the specificity differences are primarily mediated by complementarity-determining region H3 (CDR H3). Thus, while VH6-1 provides a framework for development of HA stem-directed bnAbs, sequence differences in CDR H3 junctional regions during VDJ recombination can alter reactivity and evolutionary pathways toward increased breadth. Two VH6-1 influenza HA stem-specific clonotypes are isolated from one individual Precursors for these two VH6-1 clonotypes bind different influenza A HA groups Differences in the CDRH3 conformation mediate the distinctive binding profiles Somatic hypermutation leads to similar binding breadth between the two clonotypes
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Affinity
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Cell Line
- Complementarity Determining Regions/chemistry
- Complementarity Determining Regions/immunology
- Cross Reactions/immunology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Phylogeny
- Protein Conformation
- Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sarah F Andrews
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julie E Raab
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarah O'Connell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chaim A Schramm
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xintao Ding
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael J Chambers
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kwanyee Leung
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lingshu Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julie E Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92037, USA.
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65
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Park JK, Xiao Y, Ramuta MD, Rosas LA, Fong S, Matthews AM, Freeman AD, Gouzoulis MA, Batchenkova NA, Yang X, Scherler K, Qi L, Reed S, Athota R, Czajkowski L, Han A, Morens DM, Walters KA, Memoli MJ, Kash JC, Taubenberger JK. Pre-existing immunity to influenza virus hemagglutinin stalk might drive selection for antibody-escape mutant viruses in a human challenge model. Nat Med 2020; 26:1240-1246. [PMID: 32601336 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0937-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The conserved region of influenza hemagglutinin (HA) stalk (or stem) has gained attention as a potent target for universal influenza vaccines1-5. Although the HA stalk region is relatively well conserved, the evolutionarily dynamic nature of influenza viruses6 raises concerns about the possible emergence of viruses carrying stalk escape mutation(s) under sufficient immune pressure. Here we show that immune pressure on the HA stalk can lead to expansion of escape mutant viruses in study participants challenged with a 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus inoculum containing an A388V polymorphism in the HA stalk (45% wild type and 55% mutant). High level of stalk antibody titers was associated with the selection of the mutant virus both in humans and in vitro. Although the mutant virus showed slightly decreased replication in mice, it was not observed in cell culture, ferrets or human challenge participants. The A388V mutation conferred resistance to some of the potent HA stalk broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bNAbs). Co-culture of wild-type and mutant viruses in the presence of either a bNAb or human serum resulted in rapid expansion of the mutant. These data shed light on a potential obstacle for the success of HA-stalk-targeting universal influenza vaccines-viral escape from vaccine-induced stalk immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Keun Park
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yongli Xiao
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mitchell D Ramuta
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Luz Angela Rosas
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sharon Fong
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexis M Matthews
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ashley D Freeman
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Monica A Gouzoulis
- LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Natalia A Batchenkova
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xingdong Yang
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Li Qi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan Reed
- LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rani Athota
- LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lindsay Czajkowski
- LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alison Han
- LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David M Morens
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Matthew J Memoli
- LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John C Kash
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffery K Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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66
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Wu NC, Thompson AJ, Lee JM, Su W, Arlian BM, Xie J, Lerner RA, Yen HL, Bloom JD, Wilson IA. Different genetic barriers for resistance to HA stem antibodies in influenza H3 and H1 viruses. Science 2020; 368:1335-1340. [PMID: 32554590 PMCID: PMC7412937 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz5143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The discovery and characterization of broadly neutralizing human antibodies (bnAbs) to the highly conserved stem region of influenza hemagglutinin (HA) have contributed to considerations of a universal influenza vaccine. However, the potential for resistance to stem bnAbs also needs to be more thoroughly evaluated. Using deep mutational scanning, with a focus on epitope residues, we found that the genetic barrier to resistance to stem bnAbs is low for the H3 subtype but substantially higher for the H1 subtype owing to structural differences in the HA stem. Several strong resistance mutations in H3 can be observed in naturally circulating strains and do not reduce in vitro viral fitness and in vivo pathogenicity. This study highlights a potential challenge for development of a truly universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Juhye M Lee
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Wen Su
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Britni M Arlian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jia Xie
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Richard A Lerner
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hui-Ling Yen
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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67
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Watanabe Y, Berndsen ZT, Raghwani J, Seabright GE, Allen JD, Pybus OG, McLellan JS, Wilson IA, Bowden TA, Ward AB, Crispin M. Vulnerabilities in coronavirus glycan shields despite extensive glycosylation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2688. [PMID: 32461612 PMCID: PMC7253482 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronaviruses (CoVs) are zoonotic pathogens with high fatality rates and pandemic potential. Vaccine development focuses on the principal target of the neutralizing humoral immune response, the spike (S) glycoprotein. Coronavirus S proteins are extensively glycosylated, encoding around 66-87 N-linked glycosylation sites per trimeric spike. Here, we reveal a specific area of high glycan density on MERS S that results in the formation of oligomannose-type glycan clusters, which were absent on SARS and HKU1 CoVs. We provide a comparison of the global glycan density of coronavirus spikes with other viral proteins including HIV-1 envelope, Lassa virus glycoprotein complex, and influenza hemagglutinin, where glycosylation plays a known role in shielding immunogenic epitopes. Overall, our data reveal how organisation of glycosylation across class I viral fusion proteins influence not only individual glycan compositions but also the immunological pressure across the protein surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Watanabe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Zachary T Berndsen
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jayna Raghwani
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Gemma E Seabright
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Joel D Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Thomas A Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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68
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Abstract
Undoubtedly, vaccination is one of the health interventions showing major impact on humankind. Vaccines remain one of the most effective and safest ways to tackle infections. The current coronavirus pandemic is not an exception, and we all hope that ongoing international efforts will succeed in developing a vaccine soon. In this scenario, the present work published in this edition of EMBO Molecular Medicine by Demminger and colleagues (Demminger et al, 2020) is timeliness to exemplify the steps needed to develop effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Bengoechea
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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69
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Zost SJ, Wu NC, Hensley SE, Wilson IA. Immunodominance and Antigenic Variation of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin: Implications for Design of Universal Vaccine Immunogens. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:S38-S45. [PMID: 30535315 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses routinely acquire mutations in their hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins that abrogate binding of pre-existing antibodies in a process known as antigenic drift. Most human antibodies against HA and NA are directed against epitopes that are hypervariable and not against epitopes that are conserved among different influenza virus strains. Universal influenza vaccines are currently being developed to elicit protective responses against functionally conserved sites on influenza proteins where viral escape mutations can result in large fitness costs [1]. Universal vaccine targets include the highly conserved HA stem domain [2-12], the less conserved HA receptor-binding site (RBS) [13-16], as well as conserved sites on NA [17-19]. One central challenge of universal vaccine efforts is to steer human antibody responses away from immunodominant, variable epitopes and towards subdominant, functionally conserved sites. Overcoming this challenge will require further understanding of the structural basis of broadly neutralizing HA and NA antibody binding epitopes and factors that influence immunodominance hierarchies of human antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth J Zost
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Scott E Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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70
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Hussein AFA, Cheng H, Tundup S, Antanasijevic A, Varhegyi E, Perez J, AbdulRahman EM, Elenany MG, Helal S, Caffrey M, Peet N, Manicassamy B, Rong L. Identification of entry inhibitors with 4-aminopiperidine scaffold targeting group 1 influenza A virus. Antiviral Res 2020; 177:104782. [PMID: 32222293 PMCID: PMC7243365 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause seasonal flu and occasionally pandemics. The current therapeutics against IAVs target two viral proteins - neuraminidase (NA) and M2 ion-channel protein. However, M2 ion channel inhibitors (amantadine and rimantadine) are no longer recommended by CDC for use due to the emergence of high level of antiviral resistance among the circulating influenza viruses, and resistant strains to NA inhibitors (oseltamivir and zanamivir) have also been reported. Therefore, development of novel anti-influenza therapies is urgently needed. As one of the viral surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) mediates critical virus entry steps including virus binding to host cells and virus-host membrane fusion, which makes it a potential target for anti-influenza drug development. In this study, we report the identification of compound CBS1116 with a 4-aminopiperidine scaffold from a chemical library screen as an entry inhibitor specifically targeting two group 1 influenza A viruses, A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) and recombinant low pathogenic avian H5N1 virus (A/Vietnam/1203/04, VN04Low). Mechanism of action studies show that CBS1116 interferes with the HA-mediated fusion process. Further structure activity relationship study generated a more potent compound CBS1117 which has a 50% inhibitory concentration of 70 nM and a selectivity index of ~4000 against A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) infection in human lung epithelial cell line (A549).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira F A Hussein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Han Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Smanla Tundup
- Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Aleksandar Antanasijevic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Elizabeth Varhegyi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jasmine Perez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Eiman M AbdulRahman
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mervat G Elenany
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Soheir Helal
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Michael Caffrey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Norton Peet
- Chicago BioSolutions, Inc., 2242 West Harrison Suite 201, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Balaji Manicassamy
- Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lijun Rong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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71
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Wei CJ, Crank MC, Shiver J, Graham BS, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ. Next-generation influenza vaccines: opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:239-252. [PMID: 32060419 PMCID: PMC7223957 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza vaccines lack efficacy against drifted or pandemic influenza strains. Developing improved vaccines that elicit broader immunity remains a public health priority. Immune responses to current vaccines focus on the haemagglutinin head domain, whereas next-generation vaccines target less variable virus structures, including the haemagglutinin stem. Strategies employed to improve vaccine efficacy involve using structure-based design and nanoparticle display to optimize the antigenicity and immunogenicity of target antigens; increasing the antigen dose; using novel adjuvants; stimulating cellular immunity; and targeting other viral proteins, including neuraminidase, matrix protein 2 or nucleoprotein. Improved understanding of influenza antigen structure and immunobiology is advancing novel vaccine candidates into human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Jen Wei
- Sanofi Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michelle C Crank
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gary J Nabel
- Sanofi Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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72
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Demminger DE, Walz L, Dietert K, Hoffmann H, Planz O, Gruber AD, von Messling V, Wolff T. Adeno-associated virus-vectored influenza vaccine elicits neutralizing and Fcγ receptor-activating antibodies. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e10938. [PMID: 32163240 PMCID: PMC7207162 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201910938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The current seasonal inactivated influenza vaccine protects only against a narrow range of virus strains as it triggers a dominant antibody response toward the hypervariable hemagglutinin (HA) head region. The discovery of rare broadly protective antibodies against conserved regions in influenza virus proteins has propelled research on distinct antigens and delivery methods to efficiently induce broad immunity toward drifted or shifted virus strains. Here, we report that adeno‐associated virus (AAV) vectors expressing influenza virus HA or chimeric HA protected mice against homologous and heterologous virus challenges. Unexpectedly, immunization even with wild‐type HA induced antibodies recognizing the HA‐stalk and activating FcγR‐dependent responses indicating that AAV‐vectored expression balances HA head‐ and HA stalk‐specific humoral responses. Immunization with AAV‐HA partially protected also ferrets against a harsh virus challenge. Results from this study provide a rationale for further clinical development of AAV vectors as influenza vaccine platform, which could benefit from their approved use in human gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Demminger
- Unit 17-Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa Walz
- Veterinary Medicine Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Kristina Dietert
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helen Hoffmann
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Planz
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Achim D Gruber
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Thorsten Wolff
- Unit 17-Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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73
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Wu NC, Otwinowski J, Thompson AJ, Nycholat CM, Nourmohammad A, Wilson IA. Major antigenic site B of human influenza H3N2 viruses has an evolving local fitness landscape. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1233. [PMID: 32144244 PMCID: PMC7060233 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigenic drift of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) is enabled by facile evolvability. However, HA antigenic site B, which has become immunodominant in recent human H3N2 influenza viruses, is also evolutionarily constrained by its involvement in receptor binding. Here, we employ deep mutational scanning to probe the local fitness landscape of HA antigenic site B in six different human H3N2 strains spanning from 1968 to 2016. We observe that the fitness landscape of HA antigenic site B can be very different between strains. Sequence variants that exhibit high fitness in one strain can be deleterious in another, indicating that the evolutionary constraints of antigenic site B have changed over time. Structural analysis suggests that the local fitness landscape of antigenic site B can be reshaped by natural mutations via modulation of the receptor-binding mode. Overall, these findings elucidate how influenza virus continues to explore new antigenic space despite strong functional constraints.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Dogs
- Evolution, Molecular
- HEK293 Cells
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/metabolism
- Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
- Mutation
- Protein Domains/genetics
- Protein Domains/immunology
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jakub Otwinowski
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Corwin M Nycholat
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Armita Nourmohammad
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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74
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Arinaminpathy N, Riley S, Barclay WS, Saad-Roy C, Grenfell B. Population implications of the deployment of novel universal vaccines against epidemic and pandemic influenza. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20190879. [PMID: 32126190 PMCID: PMC7115234 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the development of new, 'universal' influenza vaccines (UIVs) that--unlike current vaccines--are effective against a broad range of seasonal influenza strains, as well as against novel pandemic viruses. While the existing literature discusses the potential epidemiological benefits of UIVs, it is also important to anticipate their potential unintended population consequences. Using mathematical modelling, we illustrate two such types of adverse consequences. First, by reducing the amount of infection-induced immunity in a population without fully replacing it, a seasonal UIV programme may permit larger pandemics than in the absence of vaccination. Second, the more successful a future UIV programme is in reducing transmission of seasonal influenza, the more vulnerable the population could become to the emergence of a vaccine escape variant. These risks could be mitigated by optimal deployment of any future UIV vaccine: namely, the use of a combined vaccine formulation (incorporating conventional as well as multiple universal antigenic targets) and achieving sufficient population coverage to compensate for any reductions in infection-induced immunity. In the absence of large-scale trials of UIVs, disease-dynamic models can provide helpful, early insights into their potential impact. In future, data from continuing vaccine development will be invaluable in developing robustly predictive modelling approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Arinaminpathy
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S. Riley
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - W. S. Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - C. Saad-Roy
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - B. Grenfell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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75
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Ramírez-Salinas GL, García-Machorro J, Rojas-Hernández S, Campos-Rodríguez R, de Oca ACM, Gomez MM, Luciano R, Zimic M, Correa-Basurto J. Bioinformatics design and experimental validation of influenza A virus multi-epitopes that induce neutralizing antibodies. Arch Virol 2020; 165:891-911. [PMID: 32060794 PMCID: PMC7222995 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04537-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Pandemics caused by influenza A virus (IAV) are responsible for the deaths of millions of humans around the world. One of these pandemics occurred in Mexico in 2009. Despite the impact of IAV on human health, there is no effective vaccine. Gene mutations and translocation of genome segments of different IAV subtypes infecting a single host cell make the development of a universal vaccine difficult. The design of immunogenic peptides using bioinformatics tools could be an interesting strategy to increase the success of vaccines. In this work, we used the predicted amino acid sequences of the neuraminidase (NA) and hemagglutinin (HA) proteins of different IAV subtypes to perform multiple alignments, epitope predictions, molecular dynamics simulations, and experimental validation. Peptide selection was based on the following criteria: promiscuity, protein surface exposure, and the degree of conservation among different medically relevant IAV strains. These peptides were tested using immunological assays to test their ability to induce production of antibodies against IAV. We immunized rabbits and mice and measured the levels of IgG and IgA antibodies in serum samples and nasal washes. Rabbit antibodies against the peptides P11 and P14 (both of which are hybrids of NA and HA) recognized HA from both group 1 (H1, H2, and H5) and group 2 (H3 and H7) IAV and also recognized the purified NA protein from the viral stock (influenza A Puerto Rico/916/34). IgG antibodies from rabbits immunized with P11 and P14 were capable of recognizing viral particles and inhibited virus hemagglutination. Additionally, intranasal immunization of mice with P11 and P14 induced specific IgG and IgA antibodies in serum and nasal mucosa, respectively. Interestingly, the IgG antibodies were found to have neutralizing capability. In conclusion, the peptides designed through in silico studies were validated in experimental assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lizbeth Ramírez-Salinas
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotécnológica (Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation), Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, 11340, México
| | - Jazmín García-Machorro
- Laboratorio de medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, 11340, México.
| | - Saúl Rojas-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología celular, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, 11340, México
| | - Rafael Campos-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica. Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, 11340, México
| | - Arturo Contis-Montes de Oca
- Laboratorio de Inmunología celular, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, 11340, México
| | - Miguel Medina Gomez
- Laboratorio de medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, 11340, México
| | - Rocío Luciano
- Laboratorio de medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, 11340, México
| | - Mirko Zimic
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología Molecular, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotécnológica (Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation), Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, 11340, México.
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76
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Bangaru S, Lang S, Schotsaert M, Vanderven HA, Zhu X, Kose N, Bombardi R, Finn JA, Kent SJ, Gilchuk P, Gilchuk I, Turner HL, García-Sastre A, Li S, Ward AB, Wilson IA, Crowe JE. A Site of Vulnerability on the Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Head Domain Trimer Interface. Cell 2020; 177:1136-1152.e18. [PMID: 31100268 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe the discovery of a naturally occurring human antibody (Ab), FluA-20, that recognizes a new site of vulnerability on the hemagglutinin (HA) head domain and reacts with most influenza A viruses. Structural characterization of FluA-20 with H1 and H3 head domains revealed a novel epitope in the HA trimer interface, suggesting previously unrecognized dynamic features of the trimeric HA protein. The critical HA residues recognized by FluA-20 remain conserved across most subtypes of influenza A viruses, which explains the Ab's extraordinary breadth. The Ab rapidly disrupted the integrity of HA protein trimers, inhibited cell-to-cell spread of virus in culture, and protected mice against challenge with viruses of H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, or H7N9 subtypes when used as prophylaxis or therapy. The FluA-20 Ab has uncovered an exceedingly conserved protective determinant in the influenza HA head domain trimer interface that is an unexpected new target for anti-influenza therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Bangaru
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Shanshan Lang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hillary A Vanderven
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nurgun Kose
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robin Bombardi
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jessica A Finn
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Iuliia Gilchuk
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Hannah L Turner
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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77
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Park YW, Kim YH, Jung HU, Jeong OS, Hong EJ, Kim H, Lee JI. Comparison of antigenic mutation during egg and cell passage cultivation of H3N2 influenza virus. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2020; 9:56-63. [PMID: 32095441 PMCID: PMC7024727 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2020.9.1.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose When influenza viruses are cultured in eggs, amino acid mutations of the hemagglutinin may occur through egg adaptation. On the other hand, when influenza viruses are cultured in animal cells, no antigenic mutation occurs unlike in eggs. Therefore, we examined whether the antigenic mutations actually occurred after passage of H3N2 (A/Texas/50/2012) virus up to 15 times in eggs and MDCK-Sky3851 cells. Materials and Methods Prototype A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2) influenza virus which was isolated from clinical patient, not passaged in egg, was obtained and propagated using the specific pathogen free egg and the MDCK-Sky3851 cell line up to 15 passage, and the changes in the antigen sequence of the influenza viruses were confirmed by gene sequencing and protein structure analysis. Results In term of the hemagglutination titer of influenza virus, the reactivity to chicken and guinea pig red blood cell showed different results between egg propagated and cell propagated viruses. In the sequence analysis results for hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, no antigenic mutation was observed throughout all passages when cultured in MDCK-Sky3851 cells. On the other hand, mutations occurred in three amino acid sequences (H156R, G186S, S219F) in hemagglutinin up to 15 passages when cultured in eggs. Conclusion H3N2 influenza virus cultured in eggs could lead mutations in amino acid sequence of hemagglutinin, distinct from the corresponding virus cultured in cells for which no antigenic mutation was observed. These findings suggest that cell culture is a more stable and effective way of production with lower risk of antigenic mutations for the manufacture of influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wook Park
- Department of Bio R&D, SK Bioscience, Seongnam, Korea.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yun Hee Kim
- Department of Bio R&D, SK Bioscience, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hwan Ui Jung
- Department of Bio R&D, SK Bioscience, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Oh Seok Jeong
- Department of Bio R&D, SK Bioscience, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Eun Ji Hong
- Department of Bio R&D, SK Bioscience, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Department of Bio R&D, SK Bioscience, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jae Il Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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78
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Chang D, Zaia J. Why Glycosylation Matters in Building a Better Flu Vaccine. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:2348-2358. [PMID: 31604803 PMCID: PMC6885707 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r119.001491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Low vaccine efficacy against seasonal influenza A virus (IAV) stems from the ability of the virus to evade existing immunity while maintaining fitness. Although most potent neutralizing antibodies bind antigenic sites on the globular head domain of the IAV envelope glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA), the error-prone IAV polymerase enables rapid evolution of key antigenic sites, resulting in immune escape. Significantly, the appearance of new N-glycosylation consensus sequences (sequons, NXT/NXS, rarely NXC) on the HA globular domain occurs among the more prevalent mutations as an IAV strain undergoes antigenic drift. The appearance of new glycosylation shields underlying amino acid residues from antibody contact, tunes receptor specificity, and balances receptor avidity with virion escape, all of which help maintain viral propagation through seasonal mutations. The World Health Organization selects seasonal vaccine strains based on information from surveillance, laboratory, and clinical observations. Although the genetic sequences are known, mature glycosylated structures of circulating strains are not defined. In this review, we summarize mass spectrometric methods for quantifying site-specific glycosylation in IAV strains and compare the evolution of IAV glycosylation to that of human immunodeficiency virus. We argue that the determination of site-specific glycosylation of IAV glycoproteins would enable development of vaccines that take advantage of glycosylation-dependent mechanisms whereby virus glycoproteins are processed by antigen presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Chang
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118.
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79
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Murin CD, Bruhn JF, Bornholdt ZA, Copps J, Stanfield R, Ward AB. Structural Basis of Pan-Ebolavirus Neutralization by an Antibody Targeting the Glycoprotein Fusion Loop. Cell Rep 2019; 24:2723-2732.e4. [PMID: 30184505 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with pan-ebolavirus cross-reactivity are highly desirable, but development of such mAbs is limited by a lack of a molecular understanding of cross-reactive epitopes. The antibody ADI-15878 was previously identified from a human survivor of Ebola virus Makona variant (EBOV/Mak) infection. This mAb demonstrated potent neutralizing activity against all known ebolaviruses and provided protection in rodent and ferret models against three ebolavirus species. Here, we describe the unliganded crystal structure of ADI-15878 as well as the cryo-EM structures of ADI-15878 in complex with the EBOV/Mak and Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) glycoproteins (GPs). ADI-15878 binds through an induced-fit mechanism by targeting highly conserved residues in the internal fusion loop (IFL), bridging across GP protomers via the heptad repeat 1 (HR1) region. Our structures provide a more complete description of the ebolavirus immunogenic landscape, as well as a molecular basis for how rare but potent antibodies target conserved filoviral fusion machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D Murin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jessica F Bruhn
- Laboratory of Genetics and Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, The Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Copps
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robyn Stanfield
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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80
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Antigenic Site Variation in the Hemagglutinin of Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses between 2009-2017 in Ukraine. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040194. [PMID: 31635227 PMCID: PMC6963832 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The hemagglutinin (HA) is a major influenza virus antigen, which, once recognized by antibodies and substitutions in HA genes, helps virus in escaping the human immune response. It is therefore critical to perform genetic and phylogenetic analysis of HA in circulating influenza viruses. We performed phylogenetic and genetic analysis of isolates from Ukraine, the vaccine strain and reference strains were used to phylogenetically identify trends in mutation locations and substitutions. Ukrainian isolates were collected between 2009–2017 and clustered in the influenza genetic groups 2, 6, 7, and 8. Genetic changes were observed in each of the antigenic sites: Sa – S162T, K163Q, K163I; Sb – S185T, A186T, S190G, S190R; Ca1 – S203T, R205K, E235V, E235D, S236P; Ca2 – P137H, H138R, A141T, D222G, D222N; Cb – A73S, S74R, S74N. In spite of detected mutations in antigenic sites, Ukrainian isolates retained similarity to the vaccine strain A/California/07/09 circulated during 2009–2017. However, WHO recommended a new vaccine strain A/Michigan/45/2015 for the Southern Hemisphere after the emergence of the new genetic groups 6B.1 and 6B.2. Our study demonstrated genetic variability of HA protein of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses isolated in 2009–2017 in Ukraine. Influenza surveillance is very important for understanding epidemiological situations.
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81
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Sangesland M, Ronsard L, Kazer SW, Bals J, Boyoglu-Barnum S, Yousif AS, Barnes R, Feldman J, Quirindongo-Crespo M, McTamney PM, Rohrer D, Lonberg N, Chackerian B, Graham BS, Kanekiyo M, Shalek AK, Lingwood D. Germline-Encoded Affinity for Cognate Antigen Enables Vaccine Amplification of a Human Broadly Neutralizing Response against Influenza Virus. Immunity 2019; 51:735-749.e8. [PMID: 31563464 PMCID: PMC6801110 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibody paratopes are formed by hypervariable complementarity-determining regions (CDRH3s) and variable gene-encoded CDRs. The latter show biased usage in human broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against both HIV and influenza virus, suggesting the existence of gene-endowed targeting solutions that may be amenable to pathway amplification. To test this, we generated transgenic mice with human CDRH3 diversity but simultaneously constrained to individual user-defined human immunoglobulin variable heavy-chain (VH) genes, including IGHV1-69, which shows biased usage in human bnAbs targeting the hemagglutinin stalk of group 1 influenza A viruses. Sequential immunization with a stalk-only hemagglutinin nanoparticle elicited group 1 bnAbs, but only in IGHV1-69 mice. This VH-endowed response required minimal affinity maturation, was elicited alongside pre-existing influenza immunity, and when IGHV1-69 B cells were diluted to match the frequency measured in humans. These results indicate that the human repertoire could, in principle, support germline-encoded bnAb elicitation using a single recombinant hemagglutinin immunogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Sangesland
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Larance Ronsard
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Samuel W Kazer
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 415 Main St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Julia Bals
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Seyhan Boyoglu-Barnum
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3005, USA
| | - Ashraf S Yousif
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ralston Barnes
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, CA 94063-2478, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel Rohrer
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, CA 94063-2478, USA
| | - Nils Lonberg
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, CA 94063-2478, USA
| | - Bryce Chackerian
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 2425 Camino de Salud, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3005, USA
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3005, USA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 415 Main St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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82
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Watanabe Y, Bowden TA, Wilson IA, Crispin M. Exploitation of glycosylation in enveloped virus pathobiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:1480-1497. [PMID: 31121217 PMCID: PMC6686077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification responsible for a multitude of crucial biological roles. As obligate parasites, viruses exploit host-cell machinery to glycosylate their own proteins during replication. Viral envelope proteins from a variety of human pathogens including HIV-1, influenza virus, Lassa virus, SARS, Zika virus, dengue virus, and Ebola virus have evolved to be extensively glycosylated. These host-cell derived glycans facilitate diverse structural and functional roles during the viral life-cycle, ranging from immune evasion by glycan shielding to enhancement of immune cell infection. In this review, we highlight the imperative and auxiliary roles glycans play, and how specific oligosaccharide structures facilitate these functions during viral pathogenesis. We discuss the growing efforts to exploit viral glycobiology in the development of anti-viral vaccines and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Watanabe
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Thomas A Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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83
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Erbelding EJ, Post DJ, Stemmy EJ, Roberts PC, Augustine AD, Ferguson S, Paules CI, Graham BS, Fauci AS. A Universal Influenza Vaccine: The Strategic Plan for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:347-354. [PMID: 29506129 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A priority for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases is development of a universal influenza vaccine providing durable protection against multiple influenza strains. NIAID will use this strategic plan as a foundation for future investments in influenza research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Erbelding
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
| | - Diane J Post
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
| | - Erik J Stemmy
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
| | - Paul C Roberts
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
| | - Alison Deckhut Augustine
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation
| | - Stacy Ferguson
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation
| | - Catharine I Paules
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Barney S Graham
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Vaccine Research Center
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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84
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Lee JM, Eguia R, Zost SJ, Choudhary S, Wilson PC, Bedford T, Stevens-Ayers T, Boeckh M, Hurt AC, Lakdawala SS, Hensley SE, Bloom JD. Mapping person-to-person variation in viral mutations that escape polyclonal serum targeting influenza hemagglutinin. eLife 2019; 8:e49324. [PMID: 31452511 PMCID: PMC6711711 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A longstanding question is how influenza virus evolves to escape human immunity, which is polyclonal and can target many distinct epitopes. Here, we map how all amino-acid mutations to influenza's major surface protein affect viral neutralization by polyclonal human sera. The serum of some individuals is so focused that it selects single mutations that reduce viral neutralization by over an order of magnitude. However, different viral mutations escape the sera of different individuals. This individual-to-individual variation in viral escape mutations is not present among ferrets that have been infected just once with a defined viral strain. Our results show how different single mutations help influenza virus escape the immunity of different members of the human population, a phenomenon that could shape viral evolution and disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhye M Lee
- Basic Sciences DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
- Department of Genome SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Rachel Eguia
- Basic Sciences DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
| | - Seth J Zost
- Department of MicrobiologyPerelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Saket Choudhary
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Patrick C Wilson
- Department of MedicineSection of Rheumatology, University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Trevor Bedford
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
| | - Terry Stevens-Ayers
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
| | - Michael Boeckh
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
| | - Aeron C Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Seema S Lakdawala
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsSchool of Medicine, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
| | - Scott E Hensley
- Department of MicrobiologyPerelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
- Department of Genome SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteSeattleUnited States
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85
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DiPiazza AT, Fan S, Rattan A, DeDiego ML, Chaves F, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y, Sant AJ. A Novel Vaccine Strategy to Overcome Poor Immunogenicity of Avian Influenza Vaccines through Mobilization of Memory CD4 T Cells Established by Seasonal Influenza. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:1502-1508. [PMID: 31399519 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza vaccines exhibit poor immunogenicity in humans. We hypothesized that one factor underlying weak B cell responses was sequence divergence between avian and seasonal influenza hemagglutinin proteins, thus limiting the availability of adequate CD4 T cell help. To test this, a novel chimeric hemagglutinin protein (cH7/3) was derived, comprised of the stem domain from seasonal H3 hemagglutinin and the head domain from avian H7. Immunological memory to seasonal influenza was established in mice, through strategies that included seasonal inactivated vaccines, Flumist, and synthetic peptides derived from the H3 stalk domain. After establishment of memory, mice were vaccinated with H7 or cH7/3 protein. The cH7/3 Ag was able to recall H3-specific CD4 T cells, and this potentiated CD4 T cell response was associated with enhanced early germinal center response and rapid elicitation of Abs to H7, including Abs specific for the H7 head domain. These results suggest that in pandemic situations, inclusion of CD4 T cell epitopes from seasonal viruses have the potential to overcome the poor immunogenicity of avian vaccines by helping B cells and conferring greater subtype-specific Ab response to viral HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T DiPiazza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, D.H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642; and
| | - Shufang Fan
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Ajitanuj Rattan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, D.H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642; and
| | - Marta L DeDiego
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, D.H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642; and
| | - Francisco Chaves
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, D.H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642; and
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Andrea J Sant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, D.H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642; and
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86
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Dosenovic P, Pettersson AK, Wall A, Thientosapol ES, Feng J, Weidle C, Bhullar K, Kara EE, Hartweger H, Pai JA, Gray MD, Parks KR, Taylor JJ, Pancera M, Stamatatos L, Nussenzweig MC, McGuire AT. Anti-idiotypic antibodies elicit anti-HIV-1-specific B cell responses. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2316-2330. [PMID: 31345931 PMCID: PMC6780999 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human anti-HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) protect against infection in animal models. However, bNAbs have not been elicited by vaccination in diverse wild-type animals or humans, in part because B cells expressing the precursors of these antibodies do not recognize most HIV-1 envelopes (Envs). Immunogens have been designed that activate these B cell precursors in vivo, but they also activate competing off-target responses. Here we report on a complementary approach to expand specific B cells using an anti-idiotypic antibody, iv8, that selects for naive human B cells expressing immunoglobulin light chains with 5-amino acid complementarity determining region 3s, a key feature of anti-CD4 binding site (CD4bs)-specific VRC01-class antibodies. In mice, iv8 induced target cells to expand and mature in the context of a polyclonal immune system and produced serologic responses targeting the CD4bs on Env. In summary, the results demonstrate that an anti-idiotypic antibody can specifically recognize and expand rare B cells that express VRC01-class antibodies against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Dosenovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | | | - Abigail Wall
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Eddy S Thientosapol
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Junli Feng
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Connor Weidle
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Komal Bhullar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Ervin E Kara
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Harald Hartweger
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Joy A Pai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Matthew D Gray
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - K Rachael Parks
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA.,University of Washington University of Washington, Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA.,University of Washington University of Washington, Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA.,University of Washington University of Washington, Department of Immunology, Seattle, WA
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA .,University of Washington University of Washington, Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
| | - Andrew T McGuire
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA .,University of Washington University of Washington, Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA
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87
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Andrews SF, Chambers MJ, Schramm CA, Plyler J, Raab JE, Kanekiyo M, Gillespie RA, Ransier A, Darko S, Hu J, Chen X, Yassine HM, Boyington JC, Crank MC, Chen GL, Coates E, Mascola JR, Douek DC, Graham BS, Ledgerwood JE, McDermott AB. Activation Dynamics and Immunoglobulin Evolution of Pre-existing and Newly Generated Human Memory B cell Responses to Influenza Hemagglutinin. Immunity 2019; 51:398-410.e5. [PMID: 31350180 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine-induced memory B cell responses to evolving viruses like influenza A involve activation of pre-existing immunity and generation of new responses. To define the contribution of these two types of responses, we analyzed the response to H7N9 vaccination in H7N9-naive adults. We performed comprehensive comparisons at the single-cell level of the kinetics, Ig repertoire, and activation phenotype of established pre-existing memory B cells recognizing conserved epitopes and the newly generated memory B cells directed toward H7 strain-specific epitopes. The recall response to conserved epitopes on H7 HA involved a transient expansion of memory B cells with little observed adaptation. However, the B cell response to newly encountered epitopes was phenotypically distinct and generated a sustained memory population that evolved and affinity matured months after vaccination. These findings establish clear differences between newly generated and pre-existing memory B cells, highlighting the challenges in achieving long-lasting, broad protection against an ever-evolving virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Andrews
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA.
| | - Michael J Chambers
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA
| | - Chaim A Schramm
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA
| | - Jason Plyler
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA
| | - Julie E Raab
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA
| | - Rebecca A Gillespie
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA
| | - Amy Ransier
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA
| | - Sam Darko
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA
| | - Jianfei Hu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA
| | - Hadi M Yassine
- Qatar University Biomedical Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jeffrey C Boyington
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA
| | - Michelle C Crank
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA
| | - Grace L Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA
| | - Emily Coates
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA
| | - Julie E Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA.
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88
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Wu NC, Yamayoshi S, Ito M, Uraki R, Kawaoka Y, Wilson IA. Recurring and Adaptable Binding Motifs in Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to Influenza Virus Are Encoded on the D3-9 Segment of the Ig Gene. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 24:569-578.e4. [PMID: 30308159 PMCID: PMC6327842 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Discovery and characterization of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) stem have provided insights for the development of a universal flu vaccine. Identification of signature features common to bnAbs from different individuals will be key to guiding immunogen design. S9-3-37 is a bnAb isolated from a healthy H5N1 vaccinee. Here, structural characterization reveals that the D3-9 gene segment of S9-3-37 contributes most of the interaction surface with the highly conserved stem epitope on HA. Comparison with other influenza bnAb crystal structures indicates that the D3-9 segment provides a general mechanism for targeting HA stem. Interestingly, such bnAbs can approach the HA stem with vastly different angles and orientations. Moreover, D3-9 can be translated in different reading frames in different bnAbs yet still target the same HA stem pocket. Thus, the D3-9 gene segment in the human immune repertoire can provide a robust defense against influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Ito
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ryuta Uraki
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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89
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Fox A, Quinn KM, Subbarao K. Extending the Breadth of Influenza Vaccines: Status and Prospects for a Universal Vaccine. Drugs 2019; 78:1297-1308. [PMID: 30088204 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-018-0958-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of seasonal influenza vaccines, there is urgent need for a universal influenza vaccine to provide broad, long-term protection. A number of factors underpin this urgency, including threats posed by zoonotic and pandemic influenza A viruses, suboptimal effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccines, and concerns surrounding the effects of annual vaccination. In this article, we discuss approaches that are being investigated to increase influenza vaccine breadth, which are near-term, readily achievable approaches to increase the range of strains recognized within a subtype, or longer-term more challenging approaches to produce a truly universal influenza vaccine. Adjuvanted and neuraminidase-optimized vaccines are emerging as the most feasible and promising approaches to extend protection to cover a broader range of strains within a subtype. The goal of developing a universal vaccine has also been advanced with the design of immunogenic influenza HA-stem constructs that induce broadly neutralizing antibodies. However, these constructs are not yet sufficiently immunogenic to induce lasting universal immunity in humans. Advances in understanding how T cells mediate protection, and how viruses are packaged, have facilitated the rationale design and delivery of replication-incompetent virus vaccines that induce broad protection mediated by lung-resident memory T cells. While the lack of clear mechanistic correlates of protection, other than haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies, remains an impediment to further advancing novel influenza vaccines, the pressing need for such a vaccine is supporting development of highly innovative and effective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Fox
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kylie M Quinn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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90
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Wu NC, Lv H, Thompson AJ, Wu DC, Ng WWS, Kadam RU, Lin CW, Nycholat CM, McBride R, Liang W, Paulson JC, Mok CKP, Wilson IA. Preventing an Antigenically Disruptive Mutation in Egg-Based H3N2 Seasonal Influenza Vaccines by Mutational Incompatibility. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:836-844.e5. [PMID: 31151913 PMCID: PMC6579542 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Egg-based seasonal influenza vaccines are the major preventive countermeasure against influenza virus. However, their effectiveness can be compromised when antigenic changes arise from egg-adaptive mutations on influenza hemagglutinin (HA). The L194P mutation is commonly observed in egg-based H3N2 vaccine seed strains and significantly alters HA antigenicity. An approach to prevent L194P would therefore be beneficial. We show that emergence of L194P during egg passaging can be impeded by preexistence of a G186V mutation, revealing strong incompatibility between these mutations. X-ray structures illustrate that individual G186V and L194P mutations have opposing effects on the HA receptor-binding site (RBS), and when both G186V and L194P are present, the RBS is severely disrupted. Importantly, wild-type HA antigenicity is maintained with G186V, but not L194P. Our results demonstrate that these epistatic interactions can be used to prevent the emergence of mutations that adversely alter antigenicity during egg adaptation. Most H3N2 egg isolates carry hemagglutinin mutation G186V or L194P, but not both Hemagglutinin double mutation G186V/L194P is highly deleterious to the virus Hemagglutinin double mutation G186V/L194P disrupts the receptor-binding site Wild-type hemagglutinin antigenicity is maintained in G186V, but not in L194P
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Biological
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Binding Sites
- Chick Embryo
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/growth & development
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Mutation, Missense
- Protein Conformation
- Technology, Pharmaceutical/methods
- Virus Cultivation/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Huibin Lv
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Douglas C Wu
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Wilson W S Ng
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Rameshwar U Kadam
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chih-Wei Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Corwin M Nycholat
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ryan McBride
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Weiwen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chris K P Mok
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China.
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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91
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Zhang Y, Xu C, Zhang H, Liu GD, Xue C, Cao Y. Targeting Hemagglutinin: Approaches for Broad Protection against the Influenza A Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050405. [PMID: 31052339 PMCID: PMC6563292 DOI: 10.3390/v11050405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are dynamically epidemic and genetically diverse. Due to the antigenic drift and shift of the virus, seasonal vaccines are required to be reformulated annually to match with current circulating strains. However, the mismatch between vaccinal strains and circulating strains occurs frequently, resulting in the low efficacy of seasonal vaccines. Therefore, several “universal” vaccine candidates based on the structure and function of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein have been developed to meet the requirement of a broad protection against homo-/heterosubtypic challenges. Here, we review recent novel constructs and discuss several important findings regarding the broad protective efficacy of HA-based universal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Cong Xu
- Research Center of Agricultural of Dongguan City, Dongguan 523086, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - George Dacai Liu
- Firstline Biopharmaceuticals Corporation, 12,050 167th PL NE, Redmond, WA 98052, USA.
| | - Chunyi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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92
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Protect, modify, deprotect (PMD): A strategy for creating vaccines to elicit antibodies targeting a specific epitope. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:9947-9952. [PMID: 31028143 PMCID: PMC6525525 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1822062116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of broadly neutralizing Abs (bnAbs) against infectious agents such as influenza virus and HIV-1 has sparked interest in creating vaccines that focus an Ab response toward a particular epitope of a protein. These “immunofocusing” strategies have shown promise but are also burdened with inherent limitations. We introduce an immunofocusing method called protect, modify, deprotect (PMD) that uses a bnAb as a molecular stencil to create vaccine candidates that direct the immune response toward the epitope of the bnAb. PMD has the potential to provide epitope-specific immunofocusing, in a generalizable manner. In creating vaccines against infectious agents, there is often a desire to direct an immune response toward a particular conformational epitope on an antigen. We present a method, called protect, modify, deprotect (PMD), to generate immunogenic proteins aimed to direct a vaccine-induced antibody (Ab) response toward an epitope defined by a specific monoclonal Ab (mAb). The mAb is used to protect the target epitope on the protein. Then the remaining exposed surfaces of the protein are modified to render them nonimmunogenic. Finally, the epitope is deprotected by removal of the mAb. The resultant protein is modified at surfaces other than the target epitope. We validate PMD using a well-characterized antigen, hen egg white lysozyme, then demonstrate the utility of PMD using influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA). We use an mAb to protect a highly conserved epitope on the stem domain of HA. Exposed surface amines are then modified with short polyethylene glycol chains. The resultant antigen shows markedly reduced binding to mAbs that target the head region of HA, while maintaining binding to mAbs at the epitope of interest. This antigenic preference is also observed with yeast cells displaying Ab fragments. Antisera from guinea pigs immunized with the PMD-modified HA show increased cross-reactivity with HAs from other influenza strains, compared with antisera obtained with unmodified HA trimers. PMD has the potential to direct an Ab response at high resolution and could be used in combination with other such strategies. There are many attractive targets for the application of PMD.
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93
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Han L, Chen C, Han X, Lin S, Ao X, Han X, Wang J, Ye H. Structural Insights for Anti-Influenza Vaccine Design. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:475-483. [PMID: 31007873 PMCID: PMC6458449 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus are a persistent and significant threat to human health, and current vaccines do not provide sufficient protection due to antigenic drift, which allows influenza viruses to easily escape immune surveillance and antiviral drug activity. Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) is a glycoprotein needed for the entry of enveloped influenza viruses into host cells and is a potential target for anti-influenza humoral immune responses. In recent years, a number of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) have been isolated, and their relative structural information obtained from the crystallization of influenza antigens in complex with bnAbs has provided some new insights into future influenza vaccine research. Here, we review the current knowledge of the HA-targeted bnAbs and the structure-based mechanisms contributing to neutralization. We also discuss the potential for this structure-based approach to overcome the challenge of obtaining a highly desired "universal" influenza vaccine, especially on small proteins and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Han
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Cong Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Xianlin Han
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shujin Lin
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Xiulan Ao
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Xiao Han
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jianmin Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Hanhui Ye
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China
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94
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Antibody responses to viral infections: a structural perspective across three different enveloped viruses. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:734-747. [PMID: 30886356 PMCID: PMC6818971 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0392-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies serve as critical barriers to viral infection. Humoral immunity to a virus is achieved through the dual role of antibodies in communicating the presence of invading pathogens in infected cells to effector cells and interfering with processes essential to the viral lifecycle, chiefly entry into the host cell. For individuals that successfully control infection, virus-elicited antibodies can provide lifelong surveillance and protection from future insults. One approach to understand the nature of a successful immune response has been to utilize structural biology to uncover the molecular details of the antibodies derived from vaccines or natural infection and how they interact with their cognate microbial antigens. The ability to isolate antigen specific B-cells and rapidly solve structures of functional, monoclonal antibodies in complex with viral glycoprotein surface antigens has greatly expanded our knowledge of the sites of vulnerability on viruses. In this review, we compare the adaptive humoral immune responses to HIV, influenza, and filoviruses, with a particular focus on neutralizing antibodies. The pathogenesis of each of these viruses is quite different, providing an opportunity for comparison of immune responses: HIV causes a persistent, chronic infection; influenza an acute infection with multiple exposures during a lifetime and annual vaccination; and filoviruses, a virulent, acute infection. Neutralizing antibodies that develop under these different constraints are therefore sentinels that can provide insight into the underlying humoral immune responses and important lessons to guide future development of vaccines and immunotherapeutics.
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95
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V H1-69 antiviral broadly neutralizing antibodies: genetics, structures, and relevance to rational vaccine design. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 34:149-159. [PMID: 30884330 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are potential therapeutic molecules and valuable tools for studying conserved viral targets for vaccine and drug design. Interestingly, antibody responses to conserved epitopes can be highly convergent at the molecular level. Human antibodies targeting a number of viral antigens have often been found to utilize a restricted set of immunoglobulin germline genes in different individuals. Here we review recent knowledge on VH1-69-encoded antibodies in antiviral responses to influenza virus, HCV, and HIV-1. These antibodies share common genetic and structural features, and often develop neutralizing activity against a broad spectrum of viral strains. Understanding the genetic and structural characteristics of such antibodies and the target epitopes should help advance novel strategies to elicit bnAbs through vaccination.
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96
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Efficacy of novel recombinant fowlpox vaccine against recent Mexican H7N3 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Vaccine 2019; 37:2232-2243. [PMID: 30885512 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Since 2012, H7N3 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has produced negative economic and animal welfare impacts on poultry in central Mexico. In the present study, chickens were vaccinated with two different recombinant fowlpox virus vaccines (rFPV-H7/3002 with 2015 H7 hemagglutinin [HA] gene insert, and rFPV-H7/2155 with 2002 H7 HA gene insert), and were then challenged three weeks later with H7N3 HPAI virus (A/chicken/Jalisco/CPA-37905/2015). The rFPV-H7/3002 vaccine conferred 100% protection against mortality and morbidity, and significantly reduced virus shed titers from the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. In contrast, 100% of sham and rFPV-H7/2155 vaccinated birds shed virus at higher titers and died within 4 days. Pre- (15/20) and post- (20/20) challenge serum of birds vaccinated with rFPV-H7/3002 had antibodies detectable by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay using challenge virus antigen. However, only a few birds (3/20) in the rFPV-H7/2155 vaccinated group had antibodies that reacted against the challenge strain but all birds had antibodies that reacted against the homologous vaccine antigen (A/turkey/Virginia/SEP-66/2002) (20/20). One possible explanation for differences in vaccines efficacy is the antigenic drift between circulating viruses and vaccines. Molecular analysis demonstrated that the Mexican H7N3 strains have continued to rapidly evolve since 2012. In addition, we identified in silico three potential new N-glycosylation sites on the globular head of the H7 HA of A/chicken/Jalisco/CPA-37905/2015 challenge virus, which were absent in 2012 H7N3 outbreak virus. Our results suggested that mutations in the HA antigenic sites including increased glycosylation sites, accumulated in the new circulating Mexican H7 HPAIV strains, altered the recognition of neutralizing antibodies from the older vaccine strain rFPV-H7/2155. Therefore, the protective efficacy of novel rFPV-H7/3002 against recent outbreak Mexican H7N3 HPAIV confirms the importance of frequent updating of vaccines seed strains for long-term effective control of H7 HPAI virus.
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97
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Salto-Quintana JN, Rivera-Alfaro G, Sánchez-Ramos EL, Gómez-Gómez A, Noyola DE. Post-pandemic influenza-associated mortality in Mexico. Pathog Glob Health 2019; 113:67-74. [PMID: 30895882 PMCID: PMC6493299 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2019.1589211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a leading cause of respiratory tract infections worldwide and there is limited information on the impact of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm virus on mortality after the 2009 pandemic. Using national mortality register data through 1998-2015 in Mexico, influenza-associated mortality was estimated for respiratory, cardiovascular, and all-cause events. The proportion of influenza-associated respiratory and cardiovascular deaths among different age groups were compared. There were 8,853,986 death registries included for the 1998-2015 winter seasons, average influenza-associated respiratory, cardiovascular, and all-cause mortality rates were 5.2, 6.3, and 19.6 deaths/100,000 population, respectively. The largest number of respiratory influenza-associated deaths occurred in adults 60 years of age and older, followed by children <5 years of age; during the 2009 pandemic, 2011-2012, and 2013-2014 winter seasons there was a larger number of deaths in the 20-59 years old group. Influenza-associated mortality rates showed a continuous reduction in children <5 years of age. After the 2009 pandemic, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus-associated mortality in Mexico showed a persistent change in the demographic pattern of the most severely affected population, particularly during the 2013-2014 season. Influenza associated-mortality has decreased in children <5 years of age and continue to be elevated in adults >60 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack N. Salto-Quintana
- Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
- Internal Medicine Division, Hospital Central “Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto”, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Gerardo Rivera-Alfaro
- Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Evelyn L. Sánchez-Ramos
- Childhood and Adolescence Health Care Department, Servicios de Salud de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Alejandro Gómez-Gómez
- Internal Medicine Division, Hospital Central “Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto”, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Daniel E. Noyola
- Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
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98
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Lee J, Paparoditis P, Horton AP, Frühwirth A, McDaniel JR, Jung J, Boutz DR, Hussein DA, Tanno Y, Pappas L, Ippolito GC, Corti D, Lanzavecchia A, Georgiou G. Persistent Antibody Clonotypes Dominate the Serum Response to Influenza over Multiple Years and Repeated Vaccinations. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:367-376.e5. [PMID: 30795981 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Humans are repeatedly exposed to influenza virus via infections and vaccinations. Understanding how multiple exposures and pre-existing immunity impact antibody responses is essential for vaccine development. Given the recent prevalence of influenza H1N1 A/California/7/2009 (CA09), we examined the clonal composition and dynamics of CA09 hemagglutinin (HA)-reactive IgG repertoire over 5 years in a donor with multiple influenza exposures. The anti-CA09 HA polyclonal response in this donor comprised 24 persistent antibody clonotypes, accounting for 72.6% ± 10.0% of the anti-CA09 HA repertoire over 5 years. These persistent antibodies displayed higher somatic hypermutation relative to transient serum antibodies detected at one time point. Additionally, persistent antibodies predominantly demonstrated cross-reactivity and potent neutralization toward a phylogenetically distant H5N1 A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (VT04) strain, a feature correlated with HA stem recognition. This analysis reveals how "serological imprinting" impacts responses to influenza and suggests that once elicited, cross-reactive antibodies targeting the HA stem can persist for years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Philipp Paparoditis
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland; Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Andrew P Horton
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Alexander Frühwirth
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan R McDaniel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jiwon Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Daniel R Boutz
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Dania A Hussein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yuri Tanno
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Leontios Pappas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland
| | - Gregory C Ippolito
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland; Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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99
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Wong J, Choi SYC, Liu R, Xu E, Killam J, Gout PW, Wang Y. Potential Therapies for Infectious Diseases Based on Targeting Immune Evasion Mechanisms That Pathogens Have in Common With Cancer Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:25. [PMID: 30809511 PMCID: PMC6379255 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many global infectious diseases are not well-controlled, underlining a critical need for new, more effective therapies. Pathogens and pathogen-infected host cells, like cancer cells, evade immune surveillance via immune evasion mechanisms. The present study indicates that pathogenic bacteria, endoparasites, and virus-infected host cells can have immune evasion mechanisms in common with cancers. These include entry into dormancy and metabolic reprogramming to aerobic glycolysis leading to excessive secretion of lactic acid and immobilization of local host immunity. The latter evasion tactic provides a therapeutic target for cancer, as shown by our recent finding that patient-derived cancer xenografts can be growth-arrested, without major host toxicity, by inhibiting their lactic acid secretion (as mediated by the MCT4 transporter)-with evidence of host immunity restoration. Accordingly, the multiplication of bacteria, endoparasites, and viruses that primarily depend on metabolic reprogramming to aerobic glycolysis for survival may be arrested using cancer treatment strategies that inhibit their lactic acid secretion. Immune evasion mechanisms shared by pathogens and cancer cells likely represent fundamental, evolutionarily-conserved mechanisms that may be particularly critical to their welfare. As such, their targeting may lead to novel therapies for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi Wong
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephen Yiu Chuen Choi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rongrong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Eddie Xu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James Killam
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Peter W Gout
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Turner HL, Pallesen J, Lang S, Bangaru S, Urata S, Li S, Cottrell CA, Bowman CA, Crowe JE, Wilson IA, Ward AB. Potent anti-influenza H7 human monoclonal antibody induces separation of hemagglutinin receptor-binding head domains. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000139. [PMID: 30716060 PMCID: PMC6375650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza virus infections can cause significant morbidity and mortality, but the threat from the emergence of a new pandemic influenza strain might have potentially even more devastating consequences. As such, there is intense interest in isolating and characterizing potent neutralizing antibodies that target the hemagglutinin (HA) viral surface glycoprotein. Here, we use cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) to decipher the mechanism of action of a potent HA head-directed monoclonal antibody (mAb) bound to an influenza H7 HA. The epitope of the antibody is not solvent accessible in the compact, prefusion conformation that typifies all HA structures to date. Instead, the antibody binds between HA head protomers to an epitope that must be partly or transiently exposed in the prefusion conformation. The "breathing" of the HA protomers is implied by the exposure of this epitope, which is consistent with metastability of class I fusion proteins. This structure likely therefore represents an early structural intermediate in the viral fusion process. Understanding the extent of transient exposure of conserved neutralizing epitopes also may lead to new opportunities to combat influenza that have not been appreciated previously.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/metabolism
- Antibody Specificity
- Baculoviridae/genetics
- Baculoviridae/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Gene Expression
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hydrogen Bonding
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/metabolism
- Influenza A virus/chemistry
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical
- Protein Conformation, beta-Strand
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sf9 Cells
- Spodoptera
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. Turner
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jesper Pallesen
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Shanshan Lang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sandhya Bangaru
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sarah Urata
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Cottrell
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Charles A. Bowman
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - James E. Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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