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Cellular, molecular, and therapeutic characterization of pilocarpine-induced temporal lobe epilepsy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19102. [PMID: 34580351 PMCID: PMC8476594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98534-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models have expanded our understanding of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). However, translating these to cell-specific druggable hypotheses is not explored. Herein, we conducted an integrative insilico-analysis of an available transcriptomics dataset obtained from animals with pilocarpine-induced-TLE. A set of 119 genes with subtle-to-moderate impact predicted most forms of epilepsy with ~ 97% accuracy and characteristically mapped to upregulated homeostatic and downregulated synaptic pathways. The deconvolution of cellular proportions revealed opposing changes in diverse cell types. The proportion of nonneuronal cells increased whereas that of interneurons, except for those expressing vasoactive intestinal peptide (Vip), decreased, and pyramidal neurons of the cornu-ammonis (CA) subfields showed the highest variation in proportion. A probabilistic Bayesian-network demonstrated an aberrant and oscillating physiological interaction between nonneuronal cells involved in the blood–brain-barrier and Vip interneurons in driving seizures, and their role was evaluated insilico using transcriptomic changes induced by valproic-acid, which showed opposing effects in the two cell-types. Additionally, we revealed novel epileptic and antiepileptic mechanisms and predicted drugs using causal inference, outperforming the present drug repurposing approaches. These well-powered findings not only expand the understanding of TLE and seizure oscillation, but also provide predictive biomarkers of epilepsy, cellular and causal micro-circuitry changes associated with it, and a drug-discovery method focusing on these events.
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Henley JM, Nair JD, Seager R, Yucel BP, Woodhall G, Henley BS, Talandyte K, Needs HI, Wilkinson KA. Kainate and AMPA receptors in epilepsy: Cell biology, signalling pathways and possible crosstalk. Neuropharmacology 2021; 195:108569. [PMID: 33915142 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is caused when rhythmic neuronal network activity escapes normal control mechanisms, resulting in seizures. There is an extensive and growing body of evidence that the onset and maintenance of epilepsy involves alterations in the trafficking, synaptic surface expression and signalling of kainate and AMPA receptors (KARs and AMPARs). The KAR subunit GluK2 and AMPAR subunit GluA2 are key determinants of the properties of their respective assembled receptors. Both subunits are subject to extensive protein interactions, RNA editing and post-translational modifications. In this review we focus on the cell biology of GluK2-containing KARs and GluA2-containing AMPARs and outline how their regulation and dysregulation is implicated in, and affected by, seizure activity. Further, we discuss role of KARs in regulating AMPAR surface expression and plasticity, and the relevance of this to epilepsy. This article is part of the special issue on 'Glutamate Receptors - Kainate receptors'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Henley
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK; Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jithin D Nair
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Richard Seager
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Busra P Yucel
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Gavin Woodhall
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Benjamin S Henley
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Karolina Talandyte
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Hope I Needs
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Kevin A Wilkinson
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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53
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Kandeda AK, Taiwe GS, Ayissi REM, Moutchida C. An aqueous extract of Canarium schweinfurthii attenuates seizures and potentiates sleep in mice: Evidence for involvement of GABA Pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:111973. [PMID: 34343898 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
About 30% of epileptic patients continue to have seizures. The present study investigates the anticonvulsant and sedative effects of an aqueous extract of C. schweinfurthii in mice. Anticonvulsant effects of C. schweinfurthii aqueous extract (0.01-300 mg/kg, p.o.) were tested against 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 15 mg/kg, i.p.) -, pilocarpine (PILO, 380 mg/kg, i.p.) - and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ, 75 mg/kg, i.p.) -induced seizures, while sedative effects were tested on diazepam (35 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced sleep. Afterward, the most effective dose of the extract (11.9 mg/kg) was antagonized with N-methyl-β-carboline-3-carboxamide or flumazenil. In another set of experiments, mice were sacrificed for the estimation of GABA content and GABA-T activity in the cerebral cortex. The dose of the extract that protected 50% of mice (ED50) against 4-AP, PILO, and PTZ was respectively 4.43 mg/kg (versus 12.01 for phenobarbital), 9.59 mg/kg (vs 8.67 for diazepam), and 2.12 mg/kg (vs 0.20 for clonazepam). Further, the ED50 of the extract that increased the duration of sleep was 0.24 mg/kg (vs 0.84 for phenobarbital). N-methyl-β-carboline-3-carboxamide or flumazenil antagonized (p < 0.001) the anticonvulsant effect of C. schweinfurthii in PTZ-induced seizures and diazepam-induced sleep when compared to the negative control group. The extract at all doses increased (p < 0.001) the GABA content and decreased (p < 0.001) GABA-T activity. These findings suggest that C. schweinfurthii possesses anticonvulsant and sedative effects. These effects seem to be mediated via the modulation of the GABA neurotransmission. These data explain the use of this plant to treat epilepsy in Cameroon traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Kavaye Kandeda
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Germain Sotoing Taiwe
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Rigobert Espoir Mbomo Ayissi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Clémentine Moutchida
- Department of Psychology, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 755, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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54
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Szewczyk A, Zagaja M, Szala-Rycaj J, Maj M, Andres-Mach M. Effect of Lacosamide and Ethosuximide Chronic Treatment on Neural Precursor Cells and Cognitive Functions after Pilocarpine Induced Status Epilepticus in Mice. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11081014. [PMID: 34439633 PMCID: PMC8392532 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures in about 40% of patients with epilepsy fail to respond to anti-seizure medication (ASM) and may lead to uncontrolled and prolonged seizures often inducing status epilepticus (SE). The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of a long-term treatment with two different generation ASMs: ethosuximide (ETS, a classic ASM) and lacosamide (LCM, a 3rd generation ASM) on neural stem cells’ (NSCs’) proliferation and learning and memory functions after pilocarpine (PILO)-induced SE in mice. The following drugs were used: LCM (10 mg/kg), ETS (20 mg/kg), and PILO (300 mg/kg). Cell counting was done using confocal microscope and ImageJ software. Cognitive functions were evaluated with the Morris water maze (MWM) test. The level of several selected neurometabolites was measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Obtained results indicated no significant impact of ETS treatment on the neurogenesis process in PILO mice. Interestingly, LCM significantly decreased the total amount of newborn neurons. The MWM test indicated no significant changes in the time and distance traveled by the ETS and LCM groups compared to PILO control mice, although all measured parameters were more favorable for the PILO mice treated with ASM. Conclusions: The presented results show that long term treatment with LCM and ETS seems to be safe for the cognitive functions and the proper course of neurogenesis in the mouse PILO-induced SE model, although one should remember that LCM administered chronically may act to reduce new neurons’ formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Szewczyk
- Isobolographic Analysis Laboratory, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.S.); (M.Z.); (J.S.-R.)
| | - Mirosław Zagaja
- Isobolographic Analysis Laboratory, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.S.); (M.Z.); (J.S.-R.)
| | - Joanna Szala-Rycaj
- Isobolographic Analysis Laboratory, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.S.); (M.Z.); (J.S.-R.)
| | - Maciej Maj
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Marta Andres-Mach
- Isobolographic Analysis Laboratory, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.S.); (M.Z.); (J.S.-R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-718-4488
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55
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Scopolamine prevents aberrant mossy fiber sprouting and facilitates remission of epilepsy after brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 158:105446. [PMID: 34280524 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevention or modification of acquired epilepsy in patients at risk is an urgent, yet unmet, clinical need. Following acute brain insults, there is an increased risk of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE), which is often associated with debilitating comorbidities and reduced life expectancy. The latent period between brain injury and the onset of epilepsy may offer a therapeutic window for interfering with epileptogenesis. The pilocarpine model of mTLE is widely used in the search for novel antiepileptogenic treatments. Recent biochemical studies indicated that cholinergic mechanisms play a role in the epileptogenic alterations induced by status epilepticus (SE) in this and other models of mTLE, which prompted us to evaluate whether treatment with the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine during the latent period after SE is capable of preventing or modifying epilepsy and associated behavioral and cognitive alterations in female Sprague-Dawley rats. First, in silico pharmacokinetic modeling was used to select a dosing protocol by which M-receptor inhibitory brain levels of scopolamine are maintained during prolonged treatment. This protocol was verified by drug analysis in vivo. Rats were then treated twice daily with scopolamine over 17 days after SE, followed by drug wash-out and behavioral and video/EEG monitoring up to ~6 months after SE. Compared to vehicle controls, rats that were treated with scopolamine during the latent period exhibited a significantly lower incidence of spontaneous recurrent seizures during periods of intermittent recording in the chronic phase of epilepsy, less behavioral excitability, less cognitive impairment, and significantly reduced aberrant mossy fiber sprouting in the hippocampus. The present data may indicate that scopolamine exerts antiepileptogenic/disease-modifying activity in the lithium-pilocarpine rat model, possibly involving increased remission of epilepsy as a new mechanism of disease-modification. For evaluating the rigor of the present data, we envision a study that more thoroughly addresses the gender bias and video-EEG recording limitations of the present study.
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56
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An inventory of basic research in temporal lobe epilepsy. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2021; 177:1069-1081. [PMID: 34176659 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2021.02.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy is a severe neurological disease, characterized by seizure occurrence and invalidating cognitive co-morbidities, which affects up to 1% of the adults. Roughly one third of the patients are resistant to any conventional pharmacological treatments. The last option in that case is the surgical removal of the epileptic focus, with no guarantee for clinical symptom alleviation. This state of affairs requests the identification of cellular or molecular targets for novel therapeutic approaches with limited side effects. Here we review some generalities about the disease as well as some of the most recent discoveries about the cellular and molecular mechanisms of TLE, and the latest perspectives for novel treatments.
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57
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Jalloul D, Hajjar H, Asdikian R, Maawie M, Nasrallah L, Medlej Y, Darwich M, Karnib N, Lawand N, Abdel Rassoul R, Wang KKW, Kobeissy F, Darwish H, Obeid M. Potentiating Hemorrhage in a Periadolescent Rat Model of Closed-Head Traumatic Brain Injury Worsens Hyperexcitability but Not Behavioral Deficits. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6456. [PMID: 34208666 PMCID: PMC8234967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) and neurocognitive deficits are devastating sequelae of head injuries that are common in adolescents. Investigating desperately needed treatments is hindered by the difficulties in inducing PTE in rodents and the lack of established immature rat models of pediatric PTE. Hemorrhage is a significant risk factor for PTE, but compared to humans, rats are less prone to bleeding because of their rapid blood coagulation system. In this study, we promoted bleeding in the controlled cortical impact (CCI) closed-head injury model with a 20 min pre-impact 600 IU/kg intraperitoneal heparin injection in postnatal day 35 (P35) periadolescent rats, given the preponderance of such injuries in this age group. Temporo-parietal CCI was performed post-heparin (HTBI group) or post-saline (TBI group). Controls were subjected to sham procedures following heparin or saline administration. Continuous long-term EEG monitoring was performed for 3 months post-CCI. Sensorimotor testing, the Morris water maze, and a modified active avoidance test were conducted between P80 and P100. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels and neuronal damage were also assessed. Compared to TBI rats, HTBI rats had persistently higher EEG spiking and increased hippocampal GFAP levels (p < 0.05). No sensorimotor deficits were detected in any group. Compared to controls, both HTBI and TBI groups had a long-term hippocampal neuronal loss (p < 0.05), as well as contextual and visuospatial learning deficits (p < 0.05). The hippocampal astrogliosis and EEG spiking detected in all rats subjected to our hemorrhage-promoting procedure suggest the emergence of hyperexcitable networks and pave the way to a periadolescent PTE rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dounya Jalloul
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (D.J.); (H.H.); (R.A.); (Y.M.); (N.K.); (N.L.)
| | - Helene Hajjar
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (D.J.); (H.H.); (R.A.); (Y.M.); (N.K.); (N.L.)
| | - Rita Asdikian
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (D.J.); (H.H.); (R.A.); (Y.M.); (N.K.); (N.L.)
| | - Mariam Maawie
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath P.O. Box 6573/14, Lebanon; (M.M.); (R.A.R.)
| | - Leila Nasrallah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon;
| | - Yasser Medlej
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (D.J.); (H.H.); (R.A.); (Y.M.); (N.K.); (N.L.)
| | - Mouhamad Darwich
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon;
| | - Nabil Karnib
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (D.J.); (H.H.); (R.A.); (Y.M.); (N.K.); (N.L.)
| | - Nada Lawand
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (D.J.); (H.H.); (R.A.); (Y.M.); (N.K.); (N.L.)
- Department of Neurology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Ronza Abdel Rassoul
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath P.O. Box 6573/14, Lebanon; (M.M.); (R.A.R.)
| | - Kevin K. W. Wang
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA;
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Departments of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon;
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA;
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Departments of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Hala Darwish
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (D.J.); (H.H.); (R.A.); (Y.M.); (N.K.); (N.L.)
- Rafic Hariri School of Nursing, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Makram Obeid
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (D.J.); (H.H.); (R.A.); (Y.M.); (N.K.); (N.L.)
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon;
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Wyatt-Johnson SK, Sommer AL, Shim KY, Brewster AL. Suppression of Microgliosis With the Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor Inhibitor PLX3397 Does Not Attenuate Memory Defects During Epileptogenesis in the Rat. Front Neurol 2021; 12:651096. [PMID: 34149593 PMCID: PMC8209304 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.651096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Events of status epilepticus (SE) trigger the development of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), a type of focal epilepsy that is commonly drug-resistant and is highly comorbid with cognitive deficits. While SE-induced hippocampal injury, accompanied by gliosis and neuronal loss, typically disrupts cognitive functions resulting in memory defects, it is not definitively known how. Our previous studies revealed extensive hippocampal microgliosis that peaked between 2 and 3 weeks after SE and paralleled the development of cognitive impairments, suggesting a role for reactive microglia in this pathophysiology. Microglial survival and proliferation are regulated by the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R). The CSF1R inhibitor PLX3397 has been shown to reduce/deplete microglial populations and improve cognitive performance in models of neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, we hypothesized that suppression of microgliosis with PLX3397 during epileptogenesis may attenuate the hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory deficits in the rat pilocarpine model of SE and acquired TLE. Different groups of control and SE rats were fed standard chow (SC) or chow with PLX3397 starting immediately after SE and for 3 weeks. Novel object recognition (NOR) and Barnes maze (BM) were performed to determine memory function between 2 and 3 weeks after SE. Then microglial populations were assessed using immunohistochemistry. Control rats fed with either SC or PLX3397 performed similarly in both NOR and BM tests, differentiating novel vs. familiar objects in NOR, and rapidly learning the location of the hidden platform in BM. In contrast, both SE groups (SC and PLX3397) showed significant deficits in both NOR and BM tests compared to controls. Both PLX3397-treated control and SE groups had significantly decreased numbers of microglia in the hippocampus (60%) compared to those in SC. In parallel, we found that PLX3397 treatment also reduced SE-induced hippocampal astrogliosis. Thus, despite drastic reductions in microglial cells, memory was unaffected in the PLX3397-treated groups compared to those in SC, suggesting that remaining microglia may be sufficient to help maintain hippocampal functions. In sum, PLX3397 did not improve or worsen the memory deficits in rats that sustained pilocarpine-induced SE. Further research is required to determine whether microglia play a role in cognitive decline during epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Season K Wyatt-Johnson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Alexandra L Sommer
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Kevin Y Shim
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Amy L Brewster
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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59
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In Vivo Microelectrode Arrays for Detecting Multi-Region Epileptic Activities in the Hippocampus in the Latent Period of Rat Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12060659. [PMID: 34205055 PMCID: PMC8228658 DOI: 10.3390/mi12060659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a form of refractory focal epilepsy, which includes a latent period and a chronic period. Microelectrode arrays capable of multi-region detection of neural activities are important for accurately identifying the epileptic focus and pathogenesis mechanism in the latent period of TLE. Here, we fabricated multi-shank MEAs to detect neural activities in the DG, hilus, CA3, and CA1 in the TLE rat model. In the latent period in TLE rats, seizures were induced and changes in neural activities were detected. The results showed that induced seizures spread from the hilus and CA3 to other areas. Furthermore, interneurons in the hilus and CA3 were more excited than principal cells and exhibited rhythmic oscillations at approximately 15 Hz in grand mal seizures. In addition, the power spectral density (PSD) of neural spikes and local field potentials (LFPs) were synchronized in the frequency domain of the alpha band (9–15 Hz) after the induction of seizures. The results suggest that fabricated MEAs have the advantages of simultaneous and precise detection of neural activities in multiple subregions of the hippocampus. Our MEAs promote the study of cellular mechanisms of TLE during the latent period, which provides an important basis for the diagnosis of the lesion focus of TLE.
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60
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Sano F, Shigetomi E, Shinozaki Y, Tsuzukiyama H, Saito K, Mikoshiba K, Horiuchi H, Cheung DL, Nabekura J, Sugita K, Aihara M, Koizumi S. Reactive astrocyte-driven epileptogenesis is induced by microglia initially activated following status epilepticus. JCI Insight 2021; 6:135391. [PMID: 33830944 PMCID: PMC8262323 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.135391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive activation of glial cells during a latent period has been well documented in various animal models of epilepsy. However, it remains unclear whether activated glial cells contribute to epileptogenesis, i.e., the chronically persistent process leading to epilepsy. Particularly, it is not clear whether interglial communication between different types of glial cells contributes to epileptogenesis, because past literature has mainly focused on one type of glial cell. Here, we show that temporally distinct activation profiles of microglia and astrocytes collaboratively contributed to epileptogenesis in a drug-induced status epilepticus model. We found that reactive microglia appeared first, followed by reactive astrocytes and increased susceptibility to seizures. Reactive astrocytes exhibited larger Ca2+ signals mediated by IP3R2, whereas deletion of this type of Ca2+ signaling reduced seizure susceptibility after status epilepticus. Immediate, but not late, pharmacological inhibition of microglial activation prevented subsequent reactive astrocytes, aberrant astrocyte Ca2+ signaling, and the enhanced seizure susceptibility. These findings indicate that the sequential activation of glial cells constituted a cause of epileptogenesis after status epilepticus. Thus, our findings suggest that the therapeutic target to prevent epilepsy after status epilepticus should be shifted from microglia (early phase) to astrocytes (late phase).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumikazu Sano
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, and.,Yamanashi GLIA Center, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Eiji Shigetomi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine.,Yamanashi GLIA Center, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Youichi Shinozaki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine.,Yamanashi GLIA Center, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Haruka Tsuzukiyama
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kozo Saito
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine.,Yamanashi GLIA Center, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Mikoshiba
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hiroshi Horiuchi
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Dennis Lawrence Cheung
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Junichi Nabekura
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kanji Sugita
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Masao Aihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine.,Yamanashi GLIA Center, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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61
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Identification of clinically relevant biomarkers of epileptogenesis - a strategic roadmap. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17:231-242. [PMID: 33594276 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00461-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Onset of many forms of epilepsy occurs after an initial epileptogenic insult or as a result of an identified genetic defect. Given that the precipitating insult is known, these epilepsies are, in principle, amenable to secondary prevention. However, development of preventive treatments is difficult because only a subset of individuals will develop epilepsy and we cannot currently predict which individuals are at the highest risk. Biomarkers that enable identification of these individuals would facilitate clinical trials of potential anti-epileptogenic treatments, but no such prognostic biomarkers currently exist. Several putative molecular, imaging, electroencephalographic and behavioural biomarkers of epileptogenesis have been identified, but clinical translation has been hampered by fragmented and poorly coordinated efforts, issues with inter-model reproducibility, study design and statistical approaches, and difficulties with validation in patients. These challenges demand a strategic roadmap to facilitate the identification, characterization and clinical validation of biomarkers for epileptogenesis. In this Review, we summarize the state of the art with respect to biomarker research in epileptogenesis and propose a five-phase roadmap, adapted from those developed for cancer and Alzheimer disease, that provides a conceptual structure for biomarker research.
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Lo AC, Rajan N, Gastaldo D, Telley L, Hilal ML, Buzzi A, Simonato M, Achsel T, Bagni C. Absence of RNA-binding protein FXR2P prevents prolonged phase of kainate-induced seizures. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51404. [PMID: 33779029 PMCID: PMC8024897 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a condition in which seizures are not self-terminating and thereby pose a serious threat to the patient's life. The molecular mechanisms underlying SE are likely heterogeneous and not well understood. Here, we reveal a role for the RNA-binding protein Fragile X-Related Protein 2 (FXR2P) in SE. Fxr2 KO mice display reduced sensitivity specifically to kainic acid-induced SE. Immunoprecipitation of FXR2P coupled to next-generation sequencing of associated mRNAs shows that FXR2P targets are enriched in genes that encode glutamatergic post-synaptic components. Of note, the FXR2P target transcriptome has a significant overlap with epilepsy and SE risk genes. In addition, Fxr2 KO mice fail to show sustained ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by KA and present reduced burst activity in the hippocampus. Taken together, our findings show that the absence of FXR2P decreases the expression of glutamatergic proteins, and this decrease might prevent self-sustained seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Lo
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas Rajan
- Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Denise Gastaldo
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic Telley
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Muna L Hilal
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Buzzi
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michele Simonato
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Tilmann Achsel
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Bagni
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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63
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Senik MH, Abu IF, Fadhullah W. Analysis of K ATP Channels Opening Probability of Hippocampus Cells Treated with Kainic Acid. Malays J Med Sci 2021; 28:15-26. [PMID: 33679216 PMCID: PMC7909348 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2021.28.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures may be a valuable tool in the assessment of anti-epileptic drug efficacy in complex partial seizures. This study investigated the effects of KA on ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels opening probability (NPo), which plays a crucial role in neuronal activities. Methods For the optimisation and validation protocol, β-cells were plated onto 35 mm plastic petri dishes and maintained in RPMI-1640 media supplemented with 10 mM glucose, 10% FCS and 25 mM of N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES). The treatment effects of 10 mM glucose and 30 μM fluoxetine on KATP channels NPo of β-cells were assessed via cell-attached patch-clamp recordings. For hippocampus cell experiments, hippocampi were harvested from day 17 of maternal Lister-hooded rat foetus, and then transferred to a Ca2+ and Mg2+-free HEPES-buffered Hank's salt solution (HHSS). The dissociated cells were cultured and plated onto a 25 mm round cover glasses coated with poly-d-lysine (0.1 mg/mL) in a petri dish. The KATP channels NPo of hippocampus cells when perfused with 1 mM and 10 mM of KA were determined. Results NPo of β-cells showed significant decreasing patterns (P < 0.001) when treated with 10 mM glucose 0.048 (0.027) as well as 30 μM fluoxetine 0.190 (0.141) as compared to basal counterpart. In hippocampus cell experiment, a significant increase (P < 0.001) in mean NPo 2.148 (0.175) of neurons when applied with 1 mM of KA as compared to basal was observed. Conclusion The two concentrations of KA used in the study exerted contrasting effects toward the mean of NPo. It is hypothesised that KA at lower concentration (1 mM) opens more KATP channels, leading to hyperpolarisation of the neurons, which may prevent neuronal hyper excitability. No effect was shown in 10 mM KA treatment, suggesting that only lower than 10 mM KA produced significant changes in KATP channels. This implies further validation of KA concentration to be used in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Harizal Senik
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.,School of Life Sciences, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Izuddin Fahmy Abu
- Institute of Medical Science Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Widad Fadhullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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64
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Zhang J, Zhang C, Chen X, Wang B, Ma W, Yang Y, Zheng R, Huang Z. PKA-RIIβ autophosphorylation modulates PKA activity and seizure phenotypes in mice. Commun Biol 2021; 4:263. [PMID: 33649504 PMCID: PMC7921646 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01748-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is one of the most common and intractable neurological disorders in adults. Dysfunctional PKA signaling is causally linked to the TLE. However, the mechanism underlying PKA involves in epileptogenesis is still poorly understood. In the present study, we found the autophosphorylation level at serine 114 site (serine 112 site in mice) of PKA-RIIβ subunit was robustly decreased in the epileptic foci obtained from both surgical specimens of TLE patients and seizure model mice. The p-RIIβ level was negatively correlated with the activities of PKA. Notably, by using a P-site mutant that cannot be autophosphorylated and thus results in the released catalytic subunit to exert persistent phosphorylation, an increase in PKA activities through transduction with AAV-RIIβ-S112A in hippocampal DG granule cells decreased mIPSC frequency but not mEPSC, enhanced neuronal intrinsic excitability and seizure susceptibility. In contrast, a reduction of PKA activities by RIIβ knockout led to an increased mIPSC frequency, a reduction in neuronal excitability, and mice less prone to experimental seizure onset. Collectively, our data demonstrated that the autophosphorylation of RIIβ subunit plays a critical role in controlling neuronal and network excitabilities by regulating the activities of PKA, providing a potential therapeutic target for TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyu Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Bingwei Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Weining Ma
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ruimao Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of National Health Commission, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of National Health Commission, Beijing, China.
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65
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Martin-Batista E, Maglio LE, Armas-Capote N, Hernández G, Alvarez de la Rosa D, Giraldez T. SGK1.1 limits brain damage after status epilepticus through M current-dependent and independent mechanisms. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 153:105317. [PMID: 33639207 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological condition associated to significant brain damage produced by status epilepticus (SE) including neurodegeneration, gliosis and ectopic neurogenesis. Reduction of these processes constitutes a useful strategy to improve recovery and ameliorate negative outcomes after an initial insult. SGK1.1, the neuronal isoform of the serum and glucocorticoids-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1), has been shown to increase M-current density in neurons, leading to reduced excitability and protection against seizures. For this study, we used 4-5 months old male transgenic C57BL/6 J and FVB/NJ mice expressing near physiological levels of a constitutively active form of the kinase controlled by its endogenous promoter. Here we show that SGK1.1 activation potently reduces levels of neuronal death (assessed using Fluoro-Jade C staining) and reactive glial activation (reported by GFAP and Iba-1 markers) in limbic regions and cortex, 72 h after SE induced by kainate, even in the context of high seizure activity. This neuroprotective effect is not exclusively through M-current activation but is also directly linked to decreased apoptosis levels assessed by TUNEL assays and quantification of Bim and Bcl-xL by western blot of hippocampal protein extracts. Our results demonstrate that this newly described antiapoptotic role of SGK1.1 activation acts synergistically with the regulation of cellular excitability, resulting in a significant reduction of SE-induced brain damage in areas relevant to epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elva Martin-Batista
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ciencias de la Salud sn, 38200 San Cristobal de La Laguna, Spain; Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud sn, 38071 San Cristobal de La Laguna, Spain.
| | - Laura E Maglio
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ciencias de la Salud sn, 38200 San Cristobal de La Laguna, Spain; Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud sn, 38071 San Cristobal de La Laguna, Spain.
| | - Natalia Armas-Capote
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ciencias de la Salud sn, 38200 San Cristobal de La Laguna, Spain; Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud sn, 38071 San Cristobal de La Laguna, Spain.
| | - Guadalberto Hernández
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ciencias de la Salud sn, 38200 San Cristobal de La Laguna, Spain; Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud sn, 38071 San Cristobal de La Laguna, Spain.
| | - Diego Alvarez de la Rosa
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ciencias de la Salud sn, 38200 San Cristobal de La Laguna, Spain; Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud sn, 38071 San Cristobal de La Laguna, Spain.
| | - Teresa Giraldez
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ciencias de la Salud sn, 38200 San Cristobal de La Laguna, Spain; Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud sn, 38071 San Cristobal de La Laguna, Spain.
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Pawlik MJ, Obara-Michlewska M, Popek MP, Czarnecka AM, Czuczwar SJ, Łuszczki J, Kołodziej M, Acewicz A, Wierzba-Bobrowicz T, Albrecht J. Pretreatment with a glutamine synthetase inhibitor MSO delays the onset of initial seizures induced by pilocarpine in juvenile rats. Brain Res 2021; 1753:147253. [PMID: 33422530 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of glutamatergic transmission to generation of initial convulsive seizures (CS) is debated. We tested whether pretreatment with a glutamine synthetase (GS) inhibitor, methionine sulfoximine (MSO), affects the onset and progression of initial CS by cholinergic stimulus in juvenile rats. Male rats (24 days old, Sprague Dawley) sequentially received i.p. injections of lithium-carbonate, MSO, methyl-scopolamine, and pilocarpine (Pilo). Pilo was given 150 min after MSO. Animals were continuously monitored using the Racine scale, EEG/EMG and intrahippocampal glutamate (Glu) biosensors. GS activity as measured in hippocampal homogenates, was not altered by MSO at 150 min, showed initial, varied inhibition at 165 (15 min post-Pilo), and dropped down to 11% of control at 60 min post-Pilo, whereas GS protein expression remained unaltered throughout. Pilo did neither modulate the effect of MSO on GS activity nor affect GS activity itself, at any time point. MSO reduced from 32% to 4% the number of animals showing CS during the first 12 min post-Pilo, delayed by ~6 min the appearance of electrographic seizures, and tended to decrease EMG power during ~15 min post-Pilo. The results indicate that MSO impairs an aspect of glutamatergic transmission involved in the transition from the first cholinergic stimulus to the onset of seizures. A continuous rise of extracellular Glu lasting 60 min was insignificantly affected by MSO, leaving the nature of the Glu pool(s) involved in altered glutamatergic transmission undefined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek J Pawlik
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Obara-Michlewska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mariusz P Popek
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Maria Czarnecka
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Stanisław J Czuczwar
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Jarogniew Łuszczki
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Marcin Kołodziej
- Institute of Theory of Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Information Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Albert Acewicz
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Jana III Sobieskiego 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Teresa Wierzba-Bobrowicz
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Jana III Sobieskiego 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jan Albrecht
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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Pijet B, Konopka A, Rejmak E, Stefaniuk M, Khomiak D, Bulska E, Pikul S, Kaczmarek L. The matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor marimastat inhibits seizures in a model of kainic acid-induced status epilepticus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21314. [PMID: 33277582 PMCID: PMC7718901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78341-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An intra-hippocampus injection of kainic acid serves as a model of status epilepticus and the subsequent development of temporal lobe epilepsy. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is an enzyme that controls remodeling of the extracellular milieu under physiological and pathological conditions. In response to brain insult, MMP-9 contributes to pathological synaptic plasticity that may play a role in the progression of an epileptic condition. Marimastat is a metalloproteinase inhibitor that was tested in clinical trials of cancer. The present study assessed whether marimastat can impair the development of epilepsy. The inhibitory efficacy of marimastat was initially tested in neuronal cultures in vitro. As a marker substrate, we used nectin-3. Next, we investigated the blood–brain barrier penetration of marimastat using mass spectrometry and evaluated the therapeutic potential of marimastat against seizure outcomes. We found that marimastat inhibited the cleavage of nectin-3 in hippocampal neuronal cell cultures. Marimastat penetrated the blood–brain barrier and exerted an inhibitory effect on metalloproteinase activity in the brain. Finally, marimastat decreased some seizure parameters, such as seizure score and number, but did not directly affect status epilepticus. The long-term effects of marimastat were evident up to 6 weeks after kainic acid administration, in which marimastat still inhibited seizure duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pijet
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Konopka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emilia Rejmak
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marzena Stefaniuk
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Danylo Khomiak
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Bulska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Pikul
- Pikralida Sp. z o.o., Bukowska 70/b424, 60-812, Poznań, Poland
| | - Leszek Kaczmarek
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
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Straub J, Gawda A, Ravichandran P, McGrew B, Nylund E, Kang J, Burke C, Vitko I, Scott M, Williamson J, Joshi S, Kapur J, Perez-Reyes E. Characterization of kindled VGAT-Cre mice as a new animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2020; 61:2277-2288. [PMID: 32954490 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Development of novel therapies for temporal lobe epilepsy is hindered by a lack of models suitable for drug screening. While testing the hypothesis that "inhibiting inhibitory neurons" was sufficient to induce seizures, it was discovered that a mild electrical kindling protocol of VGAT-Cre mice led to spontaneous motor and electrographic seizures. This study characterizes these seizures and investigates the mechanism. METHODS Mice were implanted with electroencephalographic (EEG) headsets that included a stimulating electrode in the hippocampus before being electrically kindled. Seizures were evaluated by review of EEG recordings and behavior. γ-Aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) neurotransmission was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunocytochemistry, Western blot, and electrophysiology. RESULTS Electrical kindling of VGAT-Cre mice induces spontaneous recurring seizures after a short latency (6 days). Seizures occur 1-2 times per day in both male and female mice, with only minimal neuronal death. These mice express Cre recombinase under the control of the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT), a gene that is specifically expressed in GABAergic inhibitory neurons. The insertion of Cre disrupts the expression of VGAT mRNA and protein, and impairs GABAergic synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. SIGNIFICANCE Kindled VGAT-Cre mice can be used to study the mechanisms involved in epileptogenesis and may be useful for screening novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Straub
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Agnieszka Gawda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Pranav Ravichandran
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Bailey McGrew
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Elsa Nylund
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Julianna Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Cassidy Burke
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Iuliia Vitko
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - John Williamson
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Suchitra Joshi
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jaideep Kapur
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,UVA Brain Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Edward Perez-Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,UVA Brain Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Hori K, Tsujikawa S, Novakovic MM, Yamashita M, Prakriya M. Regulation of chemoconvulsant-induced seizures by store-operated Orai1 channels. J Physiol 2020; 598:5391-5409. [PMID: 32851638 DOI: 10.1113/jp280119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Temporal lobe epilepsy is a complex neurological disease caused by imbalance of excitation and inhibition in the brain. Growing literature implicates altered Ca2+ signalling in many aspects of epilepsy but the diversity of Ca2+ channels that regulate this syndrome are not well-understood. Here, we report that mice lacking the store-operated Ca2+ channel, Orai1, in the brain show markedly stronger seizures in response to the chemoconvulsants, kainic acid and pilocarpine. Electrophysiological analysis reveals that selective deletion of Orai1 channels in inhibitory neurons disables chemoconvulsant-induced excitation of GABAergic neurons in the CA1 hippocampus. Likewise, deletion of Orai1 in GABAergic neurons abrogates the chemoconvulsant-induced burst of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) on CA1 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus. This loss of chemoconvulsant inhibition likely aggravates status epilepticus in Orai1 KO mice. These results identify Orai1 channels as regulators of hippocampal interneuron excitability and seizures. ABSTRACT Store-operated Orai1 channels are a major mechanism for Ca2+ entry in many cells and mediate numerous functions including gene expression, cytokine production and gliotransmitter release. Orai1 is expressed in many regions of the mammalian brain; however, its role in regulating neuronal excitability, synaptic function and brain disorders has only now begun to be investigated. To investigate a potential role of Orai1 channels in status epilepticus induced by chemoconvulsants, we examined acute seizures evoked by intraperitoneal injections of kainic acid (KA) and pilocarpine in mice with a conditional deletion of Orai1 (or its activator STIM1) in the brain. Brain-specific Orai1 and STIM1 knockout (KO) mice exhibited significantly stronger seizures (P = 0.00003 and P < 0.00001), and higher chemoconvulsant-induced mortality (P = 0.02) compared with wildtype (WT) littermates. Electrophysiological recordings in hippocampal brain slices revealed that KA stimulated the activity of inhibitory interneurons in the CA1 hippocampus (P = 0.04) which failed to occur in Orai1 KO mice. Further, KA and pilocarpine increased the frequency of spontaneous IPSCs in CA1 pyramidal neurons >twofold (KA: P = 0.04; pilocarpine: P = 0.0002) which was abolished in Orai1 KO mice. Mice with selective deletion of Orai1 in GABAergic neurons alone also showed stronger seizures to KA (P = 0.001) and pilocarpine (P < 0.00001) and loss of chemoconvulsant-induced increases in sIPSC responses compared with WT controls. We conclude that Orai1 channels regulate chemoconvulsant-induced excitation in GABAergic neurons and that destabilization of the excitatory/inhibitory balance in Orai1 KO mice aggravates chemoconvulsant-mediated seizures. These results identify Orai1 channels as novel molecular regulators of hippocampal neuronal excitability and seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Hori
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shogo Tsujikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michaela M Novakovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Megumi Yamashita
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Murali Prakriya
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Ahmed Juvale II, Che Has AT. The evolution of the pilocarpine animal model of status epilepticus. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04557. [PMID: 32775726 PMCID: PMC7393986 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The pilocarpine animal model of status epilepticus is a well-established, clinically translatable model that satisfies all of the criteria essential for an animal model of status epilepticus: a latency period followed by spontaneous recurrent seizures, replication of behavioural, electrographic, metabolic, and neuropathological changes, as well as, pharmacoresistance to anti-epileptic drugs similar to that observed in human status epilepticus. However, this model is also characterized by high mortality rates and studies in recent years have also seen difficulties in seizure induction due to pilocarpine resistant animals. This can be attributed to differences in rodent strains, species, gender, and the presence of the multi-transporter, P-glycoprotein at the blood brain barrier. The current paper highlights the various alterations made to the original pilocarpine model over the years to combat both the high mortality and low induction rates. These range from the initial lithium-pilocarpine model to the more recent Reduced Intensity Status Epilepticus (RISE) model, which finally brought the mortality rates down to 1%. These modifications are essential to improve animal welfare and future experimental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Imtiyaz Ahmed Juvale
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Tarmizi Che Has
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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71
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Skopin MD, Bayat A, Kurada L, Siddu M, Joshi S, Zelano CM, Koubeissi MZ. Epileptogenesis-induced changes of hippocampal-piriform connectivity. Seizure 2020; 81:1-7. [PMID: 32682283 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tissue remodeling has been described in brain circuits that are involved in the generation and propagation of epileptic seizures. Human and animal studies suggest that the anterior piriform cortex (aPC) is crucial for seizure expression in focal epilepsies. Here, we investigate the effect of kainic-acid (KA)-induced seizures on the effective connectivity of the aPC with bilateral hippocampal CA3 regions using cerebro-cerebral evoked potentials (CCEPs). METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with a tripolar electrode in the left aPC for stimulation and recording, and with unipolar recording electrodes in bilateral CA3 regions. Single pulse stimulations were given to the aPC and CCEPs were averaged before KA injections and after the emergence of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). Similar recordings at equivalent time intervals were obtained from animals that received saline injections instead of KA (controls). RESULTS In the experimental group, the percentage change of increased amplitude of the contralateral (but not ipsilateral) CA3 CCEPs between pre-KA injection and after the emergence of SRS was significantly greater than in controls. No significant single-pulse-induced spectral change responses were observed in either epileptic or control rats when comparing pre- and post-stimulus time intervals. Also, we found no correlation between seizure frequency and the extent of amplitude changes in the CCEPs. CONCLUSIONS In the KA model, epileptogenesis results in plastic changes that manifest as an amplification of evoked potential amplitudes recorded in the contralateral hippocampus in response to single-pulse stimulation of the aPC. These results suggest epileptogenesis-induced facilitation of interhemispheric connectivity between the aPC and the hippocampus. Since the amplitude increase of the contralateral CCEP is a possible in vivo biomarker of epilepsy, any intervention (e.g. neuromodulatory) that can reverse this phenomenon may hold a potential antiepileptic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Skopin
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Arezou Bayat
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Lalitha Kurada
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Mithilesh Siddu
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Sweta Joshi
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Christina M Zelano
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mohamad Z Koubeissi
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA.
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72
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Ohgomori T, Jinno S. Modulation of neuropathology and cognitive deficits by lipopolysaccharide preconditioning in a mouse pilocarpine model of status epilepticus. Neuropharmacology 2020; 176:108227. [PMID: 32634527 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that microglia may play a critical role in epileptogenesis during the early post-status epilepticus (SE) period. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the effects of preconditioning of microglia with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on neuropathology and cognitive deficits in a mouse pilocarpine model of SE. Mice were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of LPS 24 h before SE induction. The open field test at 13 days after SE showed that LPS preconditioning suppressed SE-induced hyperactivity. The Y-maze test at 14 days after SE showed that LPS preconditioning ameliorated SE-induced working memory impairment. The extent of neuronal damage was decreased by LPS preconditioning in the hippocampus of mice euthanized at 15 days after SE. Gene profile analysis of hippocampal microglia at 15 days after SE showed that the expression level of interleukin-1β was increased by SE induction but decreased by LPS preconditioning. By contrast, SE induction increased the expression levels of phagocytosis-related genes, and LPS preconditioning further enhanced their expression. Interestingly, LPS preconditioning increased the numerical density of hippocampal microglia expressing the 5D4 keratan sulfate epitope, a population of cells known to be involved in phagocytosis. The voxel density of glutamatergic synapses was increased by SE induction but decreased by LPS preconditioning, while GABAergic synapses were not affected by these procedures. Our findings indicate that LPS preconditioning may in part alleviate SE-related abnormal synaptogenesis and cognitive deficits, and also suggest that modulation of microglial activation during the early post-SE period may be a novel strategy for epilepsy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ohgomori
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Kaizuka, 597-0104, Japan
| | - Shozo Jinno
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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73
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Yang Y, Zhang F, Zhu J, Wang Y, Xu K. Time-variant Epileptic Brain Functional Connectivity of Focal and Generalized Seizure in Chronic Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Rat . ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:2833-2836. [PMID: 33018596 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Seizure types and characteristics may vary with time in a patient with distinct mechanisms underlying the propagation of ictal activity. Similarly, we found that both focal and generalized seizures coexist in some pilocarpine-induced chronic temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) rats. In different seizure patterns, mapping complex networks and analyzing epileptic characteristics involved in seizure propagation are likely to reflect seizure propagation mechanisms, and indicate the establishment of stimulation strategy for epilepsy treatment, especially on the selection of stimulation targets. In our study, we used Granger causality method to track the time-variant epileptic brain functional connectivity in focal and generalized seizures from multi-site local field potentials (LFPs). Results showed that these two major types of seizures had different propagation patterns during ictal period. When comparing them, generalized seizures involved in a network with more complex relationships and spread to more extensive brain regions than in local seizures at mid-ictal stage. Moreover, we observed that focal seizures had a focused causal hub with strong interactions, while generalized seizures had relative distributed causal hubs to drive the development of seizure during seizure-onset stage. These findings suggest that stimulation strategy might need to be adapted to different seizure types thus allowing for retuning abnormal epileptic brain network and obtaining better treatment effect on seizure suppression.
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74
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The adenosine A1 receptor agonist WAG 994 suppresses acute kainic acid-induced status epilepticus in vivo. Neuropharmacology 2020; 176:108213. [PMID: 32615188 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency characterized by continuous seizure activity lasting longer than 5 min, often with no recovery between seizures (Trinka et al., 2015). SE is refractory to benzodiazepine and second-line treatments in about 30% cases. Novel treatment approaches are urgently needed as refractory SE is associated with mortality rates of up to 70%. Robust adenosinergic anticonvulsant effects have been known for decades, but translation into seizure treatments was hampered by cardiovascular side effects. However, the selective adenosine A1 receptor agonist SDZ WAG 994 (WAG) displays diminished cardiovascular side effects compared to classic A1R agonists and was safely administered systemically in human clinical trials. Here, we investigate the anticonvulsant efficacy of WAG in vitro and in vivo. WAG robustly inhibited high-K+-induced continuous epileptiform activity in rat hippocampal slices (IC50 = 52.5 nM). Importantly, WAG acutely suppressed SE in vivo induced by kainic acid (20 mg/kg i.p.) in mice. After SE was established, mice received three i.p. injections of WAG or diazepam (DIA, 5 mg/kg). Interestingly, DIA did not attenuate SE while the majority of WAG-treated mice (1 mg/kg) were seizure-free after three injections. Anticonvulsant effects were retained when a lower dose of WAG (0.3 mg/kg) was used. Importantly, all WAG-treated mice survived kainic acid induced SE. In summary, we report for the first time that an A1R agonist with an acceptable human side-effect profile can acutely suppress established SE in vivo. Our results suggest that WAG stops or vastly attenuates SE while DIA fails to mitigate SE in this model.
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75
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Maes M, Supasitthumrong T, Limotai C, Michelin AP, Matsumoto AK, de Oliveira Semão L, de Lima Pedrão JV, Moreira EG, Carvalho AF, Sirivichayakul S, Barbosa DS, Kanchanatawan B. Increased Oxidative Stress Toxicity and Lowered Antioxidant Defenses in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Mesial Temporal Sclerosis: Associations with Psychiatric Comorbidities. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3334-3348. [PMID: 32514863 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01949-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress toxicity (OSTOX), as well as lowered antioxidant defenses (ANTIOX), plays a role in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Nevertheless, the associations between OSTOX/ANTIOX and psychiatric comorbidities in TLE are largely unknown. Thus, this study examines plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP), and sulfhydryl (-SH) groups in depression due to TLE (n = 25); anxiety disorders due to TLE (n = 27); psychotic disorder due to TLE (n = 25); "pure TLE" (n = 27); and healthy controls (n = 40). TLE and mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) were characterized by significant increases in OSTOX (MDA, AOPP, LOOH) and lowered ANTIOX (-SH groups, TRAP). The discrimination of pure TLE from controls yielded a significant area under the ROC curve for MDA (0.999), AOPP (0.851), -SH groups (0.899), and the OSTOX/ANTIOX ratio (0.996). Seizure frequency is significantly associated with increased MDA and lowered LOOH and NOx levels. Increased MDA was associated with the severity of depressive and physiosomatic symptoms, while increased AOPP levels predicted suicidal ideation. Depression and anxiety disorders co-occurring with TLE showed significantly lower MDA levels than TLE without any comorbidities. The psychotic and negative symptoms of TLE are associated with increased MDA levels and excitation with increased LOOH and lowered TRAP levels. These results indicate that oxidative stress toxicity especially protein oxidation and aldehyde formation coupled with lowered -SH groups plays a key role in the pathophysiology of TLE/MTS. Increased aldehyde formation also impacts psychopathology and psychosis, as well as negative and depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.,IMPACT Strategic Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Thitiporn Supasitthumrong
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chusak Limotai
- Chulalongkorn Comprehensive Epilepsy Center of Excellence (CCEC), The Thai Red Cross Society; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ana Paula Michelin
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Andressa Keiko Matsumoto
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Laura de Oliveira Semão
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - João Victor de Lima Pedrão
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Andre F Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Décio Sabbatini Barbosa
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Buranee Kanchanatawan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Stephens GS, Fu CH, St Romain CP, Zheng Y, Botterill JJ, Scharfman HE, Liu Y, Chin J. Genes Bound by ΔFosB in Different Conditions With Recurrent Seizures Regulate Similar Neuronal Functions. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:472. [PMID: 32536852 PMCID: PMC7268090 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizure incidence is increased in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients and mouse models, and treatment with the antiseizure drug levetiracetam improves cognition. We reported that one mechanism by which seizures can exert persistent effects on cognition is through accumulation of ΔFosB, a transcription factor with a long half-life. Even the infrequent seizures that spontaneously occur in transgenic mice expressing human amyloid precursor protein (APP) lead to persistent increases in ΔFosB in the hippocampus, similar to what we observed in patients with AD or temporal lobe epilepsy. ΔFosB epigenetically regulates expression of target genes, however, whether ΔFosB targets the same genes when induced by seizures in different neurological conditions is not clear. We performed ChIP-sequencing to assess the repertoire of ΔFosB target genes in APP mice and in pilocarpine-treated wildtype mice (Pilo mice), a pharmacological model of epilepsy. These mouse models allowed us to compare AD, in which seizures occur in the context of high levels of amyloid beta, and epilepsy, in which recurrent seizures occur without AD-specific pathophysiology. Network profiling of genes bound by ΔFosB in APP mice, Pilo mice, and respective control mice revealed that functional domains modulated by ΔFosB in the hippocampus are expanded and diversified in APP and Pilo mice (vs. respective controls). Domains of interest in both disease contexts involved neuronal excitability and neurotransmission, neurogenesis, chromatin remodeling, and cellular stress and neuroinflammation. To assess the gene targets bound by ΔFosB regardless of seizure etiology, we focused on 442 genes with significant ΔFosB binding in both APP and Pilo mice (vs. respective controls). Functional analyses identified pathways that regulate membrane potential, glutamatergic signaling, calcium homeostasis, complement activation, neuron-glia population maintenance, and chromatin dynamics. RNA-sequencing and qPCR measurements in independent mice detected altered expression of several ΔFosB targets shared in APP and Pilo mice. Our findings indicate that seizure-induced ΔFosB can bind genes in patterns that depend on seizure etiology, but can bind other genes regardless of seizure etiology. Understanding the factors that underlie these differences, such as chromatin accessibility and/or abundance of co-factors, could reveal novel insights into the control of gene expression in disorders with recurrent seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Stephens
- Memory and Brain Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Chia-Hsuan Fu
- Memory and Brain Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Corey P St Romain
- Memory and Brain Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yi Zheng
- Memory and Brain Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Justin J Botterill
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
| | - Helen E Scharfman
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States.,Departments of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Neuroscience & Physiology, and Psychiatry, New York University Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jeannie Chin
- Memory and Brain Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Zhang H, Lian Y, Xie N, Cheng X, Chen C, Xu H, Zheng Y. Antagomirs targeting miR-142-5p attenuate pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in mice. Exp Cell Res 2020; 393:112089. [PMID: 32439493 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are reported to involve in pathogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). miR-142-5p is found increased in TLE, but its role remains unknown. In the study, we established a mouse model of status epilepticus (SE) with pilocarpine and a cell model of TLE. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed an up-regulation of miR-142-5p and down-regulation of mitochondrial Rho 1 (Miro1) in the mouse mode of SE. Administration of miR-142-5p antagomirs via intracerebroventricular injection attenuated pilocarpine-induced SE and hippocampal damage, and alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction along with increased mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular ATP and Ca (2+) levels. The expression of mitochondrial trafficking kinesin protein (Trak) 1 and Trak2 was up-regulated by inhibiting miR-142-5p. Antagomirs targeting miR-142-5p suppressed pilocarpine-induced oxidative stress as evidenced by decreased ROS generation and MPO activity, and increased SOD activity. Silencing miR-142-5p reduced neuronal death in pilocarpine-treated hippocampus and magnesium-free (MGF)-treated neurons. Inhibition of miR-142-5p decreased cytoplasmic Cytochrome C and increased mitochondrial Cytochrome C, reduced cleaved-caspase3 and Bax levels, and elevated Bcl2 in vivo and in vitro. Further, dual-luciferase assay verified Miro1 as a target of miR-142-5p, suggesting that miR-142-5p might function via targeting Mrio1. Depletion of Miro1 inhibited the protective effect of silencing miR-142-5p on hippocampal neurons in vitro. Taken together, down-regulation of miR-142-5p via targeting Miro1 inhibits neuronal death and mitochondrial dysfunction, and thus attenuates pilocarpine-induced SE, suggesting the potential involvement of miR-142-5p in the pathogenesis of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
| | - Yajun Lian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China.
| | - Nanchang Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
| | - Xuan Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
| | - Hongliang Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
| | - Yake Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
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Wilcox KS, West PJ, Metcalf CS. The current approach of the Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program contract site for identifying improved therapies for the treatment of pharmacoresistant seizures in epilepsy. Neuropharmacology 2020; 166:107811. [PMID: 31790717 PMCID: PMC7054975 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP), formerly known as the Anticonvulsant Screening Program (ASP), has played an important role in the preclinical evaluation of many of the antiseizure drugs (ASDs) that have been approved by the FDA and thus made available for the treatment of seizures. Recent changes to the animal models used at the contract site of the ETSP at the University of Utah have been implemented in an attempt to better model the unmet clinical needs of people with pharmacoresistant epilepsy and thus identify improved therapies. In this review, we describe the changes that have occurred over the last several years in the screening approach used at the contract site and, in particular, detail the pharmacology associated with several of the animal models and assays that are either new to the program or have been recently characterized in more depth. There is optimism that the refined approach used by the ETSP contract site, wherein etiologically relevant models that include those with spontaneous seizures are used, will identify novel, potentially disease modifying therapies for people with pharmacoresistant epilepsy and those at risk for developing epilepsy. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'New Epilepsy Therapies for the 21st Century - From Antiseizure Drugs to Prevention, Modification and Cure of Epilepsy'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Wilcox
- Anticonvulsant Drug Development (ADD) Program, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Utah, USA.
| | - Peter J West
- Anticonvulsant Drug Development (ADD) Program, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Utah, USA.
| | - Cameron S Metcalf
- Anticonvulsant Drug Development (ADD) Program, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Utah, USA.
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79
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Bradley SJ, Molloy C, Valuskova P, Dwomoh L, Scarpa M, Rossi M, Finlayson L, Svensson KA, Chernet E, Barth VN, Gherbi K, Sykes DA, Wilson CA, Mistry R, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A, Mogg AJ, Rosethorne EM, Sakata S, John Challiss RA, Broad LM, Tobin AB. Biased M1-muscarinic-receptor-mutant mice inform the design of next-generation drugs. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:240-249. [PMID: 32080630 PMCID: PMC7616160 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cholinesterase inhibitors, the current frontline symptomatic treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD), are associated with low efficacy and adverse effects. M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1 mAChRs) represent a potential alternate therapeutic target; however, drug discovery programs focused on this G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) have failed, largely due to cholinergic adverse responses. Employing novel chemogenetic and phosphorylation-deficient, G protein-biased, mouse models, paired with a toolbox of probe molecules, we establish previously unappreciated pharmacologically targetable M1 mAChR neurological processes, including anxiety-like behaviors and hyper-locomotion. By mapping the upstream signaling pathways regulating these responses, we determine the importance of receptor phosphorylation-dependent signaling in driving clinically relevant outcomes and in controlling adverse effects including 'epileptic-like' seizures. We conclude that M1 mAChR ligands that promote receptor phosphorylation-dependent signaling would protect against cholinergic adverse effects in addition to driving beneficial responses such as learning and memory and anxiolytic behavior relevant for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Bradley
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Colin Molloy
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paulina Valuskova
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Louis Dwomoh
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Miriam Scarpa
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mario Rossi
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lisa Finlayson
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kjell A Svensson
- Eli Lilly & Co, Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eyassu Chernet
- Eli Lilly & Co, Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Vanessa N Barth
- Eli Lilly & Co, Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Karolina Gherbi
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Excellerate Bioscience Ltd, BioCity, Nottingham, UK
| | - David A Sykes
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane and Protein and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Caroline A Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rajendra Mistry
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrian J Mogg
- Eli Lilly & Co, Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Rosethorne
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane and Protein and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Shuzo Sakata
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - R A John Challiss
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Lisa M Broad
- Eli Lilly & Co, Neuroscience Discovery, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Wang CC, Ho YH, Hung CF, Kuo JR, Wang SJ. Xanthohumol, an active constituent from hope, affords protection against kainic acid-induced excitotoxicity in rats. Neurochem Int 2020; 133:104629. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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81
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van Loo KMJ, Becker AJ. Transcriptional Regulation of Channelopathies in Genetic and Acquired Epilepsies. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 13:587. [PMID: 31992970 PMCID: PMC6971179 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterized by recurrent uncontrolled seizures and has an idiopathic “genetic” etiology or a symptomatic “acquired” component. Genetic studies have revealed that many epilepsy susceptibility genes encode ion channels, including voltage-gated sodium, potassium and calcium channels. The high prevalence of ion channels in epilepsy pathogenesis led to the causative concept of “ion channelopathies,” which can be elicited by specific mutations in the coding or promoter regions of genes in genetic epilepsies. Intriguingly, expression changes of the same ion channel genes by augmentation of specific transcription factors (TFs) early after an insult can underlie acquired epilepsies. In this study, we review how the transcriptional regulation of ion channels in both genetic and acquired epilepsies can be controlled, and compare these epilepsy “ion channelopathies” with other neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M J van Loo
- Department of Neuropathology, Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Albert J Becker
- Department of Neuropathology, Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
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82
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Fan J, Shan W, Yang H, Zhu F, Liu X, Wang Q. Neural Activities in Multiple Rat Brain Regions in Lithium-Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus Model. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 12:323. [PMID: 32009899 PMCID: PMC6974466 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the different regional brain electroencephalogram (EEG) activities and biochemical responses in seizure and epilepsy models, we assessed the EEG and c-Fos immunolabeling characteristics in a lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) model and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizure model. The regional brain activities were evaluated by EEG and c-Fos immunolabeling. ZnT3 immunostaining was performed to observe hippocampal mossy fiber sprouting (MFS) within 7 days after the induction of SE in the lithium-pilocarpine model. The EEG recordings showed distinctive features of activation in different brain areas. With the aggravation of the behavioral manifestations of the seizures, the frequency and amplitude of the discharges on EEG gradually increased. SE was eventually induced and sustained. The labeling of c-Fos was enhanced in the cortex and hippocampal CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG); however, compared to the PTZ-induced seizure model, c-Fos staining could only be observed in the striatum and thalamus in the lithium-pilocarpine-induced epilepsy model. In each brain region, prominent c-Fos labeling was observed 2 h and 4 h after the induction of SE or seizures and diminished at 24 h. During the lithium-pilocarpine-induced chronic epilepsy phase after SE induction, MFS was observed 7 days after SE and was accompanied by the dynamic evolution of epileptic EEG activities. These findings validated the lithium-pilocarpine-induced SE model as an epilepsy model with a specific spatial-temporal profile of neural activation. The EEG characteristics and c-Fos expression patterns differ from those presented in a previous study using a PTZ-induced seizure model. Hippocampal mossy fiber spouting might be associated with spontaneous seizures during the chronic phase and can be detected at least within 1 week by ZnT3 staining after stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Fan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Center for Clinical Medicine of Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Shan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Center for Clinical Medicine of Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Huajun Yang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Center for Clinical Medicine of Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Center for Clinical Medicine of Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Center for Clinical Medicine of Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Center for Clinical Medicine of Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
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83
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Gelfuso EA, Reis SL, Pereira AMS, Aguiar DSR, Beleboni RO. Neuroprotective effects and improvement of learning and memory elicited by erythravine and 11α-hydroxy-erythravine against the pilocarpine model of epilepsy. Life Sci 2020; 240:117072. [PMID: 31751584 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in cognitive functions are often observed in epileptic patients, particularly in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Evidence suggests that this cognitive decline can be associated with the occurrence of focal brain lesions, especially on hippocampus and cortex regions. We previously demonstrated that the erythrinian alkaloids, (+)-erythravine and (+)-11α-hydroxy-erythravine, inhibit seizures evoked in rats by different chemoconvulsants. AIMS The current study evaluated if these alkaloids would be acting in a neuroprotective way, reducing hippocampal sclerosis, and consequently, improving learning/memory performance. MAIN METHODS Here we confirmed the anticonvulsant effect of both alkaloids by means of the pilocarpine seizure-induced model and also showed that they enhanced spatial learning of rats submitted to the Morris Water Maze test reverting the cognition deficit. Additionally, immunohistochemistry assays showed that neuronal death and glial activation were prevented by the alkaloids in the hippocampus CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus regions at both hemispheres indistinctly 15 days after status epilepticus induction. KEY FINDINGS Our results show, for the first-time, the improvement on memory/learning elicited by these erythrinian alkaloids. Furthermore, data presented herein explain, at least partially, the cellular mechanism of action of these alkaloids. Together, (+)-erythravine and (+)-11α-hydroxy-erythravine seem to be a promising protective strategy against TLE, comprising three main aspects: neuroprotection, control of epileptic seizures and cognitive improvement. SIGNIFICANCE Moreover, our findings on neuroprotection corroborate the view that seizure frequency and severity, hippocampal lesions and memory deficits are interconnected events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Aparecida Gelfuso
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suelen Lorenzato Reis
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renê Oliveira Beleboni
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Medicine, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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84
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Role of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinases (JNKs) in Epilepsy and Metabolic Cognitive Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010255. [PMID: 31905931 PMCID: PMC6981493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that the regulatory function of the different c-Jun N-terminal kinases isoforms (JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3) play an essential role in neurological disorders, such as epilepsy and metabolic-cognitive alterations. Accordingly, JNKs have emerged as suitable therapeutic strategies. In fact, it has been demonstrated that some unspecific JNK inhibitors exert antidiabetic and neuroprotective effects, albeit they usually show high toxicity or lack therapeutic value. In this sense, natural specific JNK inhibitors, such as Licochalcone A, are promising candidates. Nonetheless, research on the understanding of the role of each of the JNKs remains mandatory in order to progress on the identification of new selective JNK isoform inhibitors. In the present review, a summary on the current gathered data on the role of JNKs in pathology is presented, as well as a discussion on their potential role in pathologies like epilepsy and metabolic-cognitive injury. Moreover, data on the effects of synthetic small molecule inhibitors that modulate JNK-dependent pathways in the brain and peripheral tissues is reviewed.
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85
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Kainic acid-induced status epilepticus decreases mGlu 5 receptor and phase-specifically downregulates Homer1b/c expression. Brain Res 2019; 1730:146640. [PMID: 31891692 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Globally, over 50 million people are affected by epilepsy, which is characterized by the occurrence of spontaneous recurrent seizures. Almost one-third of the patients show resistance to current anti-epileptic drugs, making the exploration of new molecular targets necessary. An interesting target may be Homer1, due to its diverse roles in epileptogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Indeed, Homer1 regulates group I metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors (i.e. mGlu1 and mGlu5) scaffolding and signaling in neurons. In the present work, using the systemic kainic acid (KA)-induced status epilepticus (SE) model in adult rats, we investigated the mRNA and protein expression patterns of the mGlu5 receptor, Homer1a and Homer1b/c at 10, 80 and 120 days post-SE (i.e. T10, T80 and T120). Epileptogenesis was validated by electrophysiological recordings of seizures via electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring and through upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein. At the protein level, the mGlu5 receptor was downregulated in the late latent phase (T10) and the early- and late exponential growth phase (T80 and T120, respectively), which was best observed in the hippocampal CA1 region. At mRNA level, significant downregulation of the mGlu5 receptor was only detected in the late exponential growth phase. Homer1a expression did not change at any investigated time point. Interestingly, Homer1b/c was only downregulated in the late latent phase, a period where spontaneous seizures are extremely rare. Thus, this phase-specific downregulation may be indicative of an endogenous neuroprotective mechanism. In conclusion, these results suggest that Homer1b/c may be an interesting molecular target to prevent epileptogenesis and/or control seizures.
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86
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87
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Armas-Capote N, Maglio LE, Pérez-Atencio L, Martin-Batista E, Reboreda A, Barios JA, Hernandez G, Alvarez de la Rosa D, Lamas JA, Barrio LC, Giraldez T. SGK1.1 Reduces Kainic Acid-Induced Seizure Severity and Leads to Rapid Termination of Seizures. Cereb Cortex 2019; 30:3184-3197. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Approaches to control epilepsy, one of the most important idiopathic brain disorders, are of great importance for public health. We have previously shown that in sympathetic neurons the neuronal isoform of the serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK1.1) increases the M-current, a well-known target for seizure control. The effect of SGK1.1 activation on kainate-induced seizures and neuronal excitability was studied in transgenic mice that express a permanently active form of the kinase, using electroencephalogram recordings and electrophysiological measurements in hippocampal brain slices. Our results demonstrate that SGK1.1 activation leads to reduced seizure severity and lower mortality rates following status epilepticus, in an M-current–dependent manner. EEG is characterized by reduced number, shorter duration, and early termination of kainate-induced seizures in the hippocampus and cortex. Hippocampal neurons show decreased excitability associated to increased M-current, without altering basal synaptic transmission or other neuronal properties. Altogether, our results reveal a novel and selective anticonvulsant pathway that promptly terminates seizures, suggesting that SGK1.1 activation can be a potent factor to secure the brain against permanent neuronal damage associated to epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Armas-Capote
- Departamento de Ciencias Medicas Basicas-Fisiologia and Instituto de Tecnologías Biomedicas (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38071 Spain
| | - Laura E Maglio
- Departamento de Ciencias Medicas Basicas-Fisiologia and Instituto de Tecnologías Biomedicas (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38071 Spain
| | - Leonel Pérez-Atencio
- Unidad de Neurologia Experimental, Hospital Ramon y Cajal-IRYCIS, Madrid, 28034 Spain
| | - Elva Martin-Batista
- Departamento de Ciencias Medicas Basicas-Fisiologia and Instituto de Tecnologías Biomedicas (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38071 Spain
| | - Antonio Reboreda
- Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology-CINBIO-IBIV, University of Vigo, Vigo, 36310 Spain
| | - Juan A Barios
- Systems Engineering and Automation Department, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, 03202 Spain
| | - Guadalberto Hernandez
- Departamento de Ciencias Medicas Basicas-Fisiologia and Instituto de Tecnologías Biomedicas (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38071 Spain
| | - Diego Alvarez de la Rosa
- Departamento de Ciencias Medicas Basicas-Fisiologia and Instituto de Tecnologías Biomedicas (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38071 Spain
| | - José Antonio Lamas
- Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology-CINBIO-IBIV, University of Vigo, Vigo, 36310 Spain
| | - Luis C Barrio
- Unidad de Neurologia Experimental, Hospital Ramon y Cajal-IRYCIS, Madrid, 28034 Spain
| | - Teresa Giraldez
- Departamento de Ciencias Medicas Basicas-Fisiologia and Instituto de Tecnologías Biomedicas (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38071 Spain
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88
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Lenz M, Shimon MB, Benninger F, Neufeld MY, Shavit-Stein E, Vlachos A, Maggio N. Systemic thrombin inhibition ameliorates seizures in a mouse model of pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:1567-1574. [PMID: 31667526 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01837-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a life-threatening condition characterized by ongoing seizure activity which can lead to severe brain damage and death if not treated properly. Recent work suggests that alterations in blood-brain barrier (BBB) function and subsequent cortical exposure to coagulation factors may initiate, promote, and/or sustain SE. This suggestion is based on the observation that the serine protease thrombin, which plays a fundamental role in the blood coagulation cascade, increases neural excitability through the activation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1). However, it remains unclear whether systemic inhibition of thrombin asserts "anti-epileptic" effects in vivo. We here used the pilocarpine model of SE in adult 3-month-old male mice to address the question whether intraperitoneal injection of the thrombin inhibitor α-NAPAP (0.75 mg/kg) counters SE. Indeed, pharmacological inhibition of thrombin ameliorates the behavioral outcome of pilocarpine-induced SE. Similar results are obtained when the thrombin receptor PAR1 is pharmacologically blocked using intraperitoneal injection of SCH79797 (25 μg/kg) prior to SE induction. Consistent with these results, an increase in thrombin immunofluorescence is detected in the hippocampus of pilocarpine-treated animals. Moreover, increased hippocampal serine protease activity is detected 90 min after SE induction, which is not observed in animals treated with α-NAPAP prior to SE induction. Together, these results corroborate and extend recent studies suggesting that novel oral anticoagulants which target thrombin (and PAR1) may assert anti-epileptic effects in vivo. KEY MESSAGES: Systemic thrombin/PAR1-inhibition ameliorates anticoagulants behavioral seizures. Status epilepticus increases thrombin levels in the hippocampus. Increased serine protease activity in the hippocampus after status epileptic. Anti-epileptic potential of clinically used anticoagulants must be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Lenz
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Marina Ben Shimon
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Felix Benninger
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Miri Y Neufeld
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Efrat Shavit-Stein
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Andreas Vlachos
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany. .,Center for Basics in Neuromodulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. .,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. .,Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel. .,Department of Neurology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. .,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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89
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Microglial P2Y12 Receptor Regulates Seizure-Induced Neurogenesis and Immature Neuronal Projections. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9453-9464. [PMID: 31597724 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0487-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures are common in humans with various etiologies ranging from congenital aberrations to acute injuries that alter the normal balance of brain excitation and inhibition. A notable consequence of seizures is the induction of aberrant neurogenesis and increased immature neuronal projections. However, regulatory mechanisms governing these features during epilepsy development are not fully understood. Recent studies show that microglia, the brain's resident immune cell, contribute to normal neurogenesis and regulate seizure phenotypes. However, the role of microglia in aberrant neurogenic seizure contexts has not been adequately investigated. To address this question, we coupled the intracerebroventricular kainic acid model with current pharmacogenetic approaches to eliminate microglia in male mice. We show that microglia promote seizure-induced neurogenesis and subsequent seizure-induced immature neuronal projections above and below the pyramidal neurons between the DG and the CA3 regions. Furthermore, we identify microglial P2Y12 receptors (P2Y12R) as a participant in this neurogenic process. Together, our results implicate microglial P2Y12R signaling in epileptogenesis and provide further evidence for targeting microglia in general and microglial P2Y12R in specific to ameliorate proepileptogenic processes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Epileptogenesis is a process by which the brain develops epilepsy. Several processes have been identified that confer the brain with such epileptic characteristics, including aberrant neurogenesis and increased immature neuronal projections. Understanding the mechanisms that promote such changes is critical in developing therapies to adequately restrain epileptogenesis. We investigated the role of purinergic P2Y12 receptors selectively expressed by microglia, the resident brain immune cells. We report, for the first time, that microglia in general and microglial P2Y12 receptors in specific promote both aberrant neurogenesis and increased immature neuronal projections. These results indicate that microglia enhance epileptogenesis by promoting these processes and suggest that targeting this immune axis could be a novel therapeutic strategy in the clinic.
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90
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Shmakova AA, Rubina KA, Rysenkova KD, Gruzdeva AM, Ivashkina OI, Anokhin KV, Tkachuk VA, Semina EV. Urokinase receptor and tissue plasminogen activator as immediate-early genes in pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in the mouse brain. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:1559-1572. [PMID: 31587391 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Epileptogenesis progressively leads to the rearrangement of normal neuronal networks into more excitable ones and can be viewed as a form of neuroplasticity, the molecular mechanisms of which still remain obscure. Here, we studied pentylenetetrazole seizure-induced regulation of genes for plasminogen activator system in the mouse brain. We found that expression of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase receptor (uPAR) mRNA was strongly increased in the mouse cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum and amygdala as early as 3 hr after pentylenetetrazole seizures. Such early activity-induced expression of uPAR in the central nervous system has not been demonstrated before. uPAR mRNA accumulation was followed by elevation of uPAR protein, indicating a complete transcription-translation process. Both tPA gene induction and uPAR gene induction were independent of the protein synthesis, suggesting that they are regulated by neural activity as immediate-early genes. In contrast to tPA and uPAR genes, the expression of which returned to the basal level 6 hr following seizures, urokinase and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene expression showed a delayed activation only at 3 days after seizures. In conclusion, our results suggest an important sensitivity of the brain plasminogen activator system to seizure activity which raises the question of its role in activity-dependent neural tissue remodeling in pathological and normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Shmakova
- Laboratory of Gene and Cell Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kseniya A Rubina
- Laboratory of Gene and Cell Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Karina D Rysenkova
- Laboratory of Gene and Cell Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna M Gruzdeva
- Institute for Advanced Brain Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Laboratory for Neurobiology of Memory, P.K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Olga I Ivashkina
- Institute for Advanced Brain Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Laboratory for Neurobiology of Memory, P.K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin V Anokhin
- Institute for Advanced Brain Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Laboratory for Neurobiology of Memory, P.K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vsevolod A Tkachuk
- Laboratory of Gene and Cell Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina V Semina
- Laboratory of Gene and Cell Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
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91
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Upadhya D, Kodali M, Gitai D, Castro OW, Zanirati G, Upadhya R, Attaluri S, Mitra E, Shuai B, Hattiangady B, Shetty AK. A Model of Chronic Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Presenting Constantly Rhythmic and Robust Spontaneous Seizures, Co-morbidities and Hippocampal Neuropathology. Aging Dis 2019; 10:915-936. [PMID: 31595192 PMCID: PMC6764729 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animal prototypes illustrating the various attributes of human temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) are available. These models have been invaluable for comprehending multiple epileptogenic processes, modifications in electrophysiological properties, neuronal hyperexcitability, neurodegeneration, neural plasticity, and chronic neuroinflammation in TLE. Some models have also uncovered the efficacy of new antiepileptic drugs or biologics for alleviating epileptogenesis, cognitive impairments, or spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). Nonetheless, the suitability of these models for testing candidate therapeutics in conditions such as chronic TLE is debatable because of a lower frequency of SRS and an inconsistent pattern of SRS activity over days, weeks or months. An ideal prototype of chronic TLE for investigating novel therapeutics would need to display a large number of SRS with a dependable frequency and severity and related co-morbidities. This study presents a new kainic acid (KA) model of chronic TLE generated through induction of status epilepticus (SE) in 6-8 weeks old male F344 rats. A rigorous characterization in the chronic epilepsy period validated that the animal prototype mimicked the most salient features of robust chronic TLE. Animals displayed a constant frequency and intensity of SRS across weeks and months in the 5th and 6th month after SE, as well as cognitive and mood impairments. Moreover, SRS frequency displayed a rhythmic pattern with 24-hour periodicity and a consistently higher number of SRS in the daylight period. Besides, the model showed many neuropathological features of chronic TLE, which include a partial loss of inhibitory interneurons, reduced neurogenesis with persistent aberrant migration of newly born neurons, chronic neuroinflammation typified by hypertrophied astrocytes and rod-shaped microglia, and a significant aberrant mossy fiber sprouting in the hippocampus. This consistent chronic seizure model is ideal for investigating the efficacy of various antiepileptic drugs and biologics as well as understanding multiple pathophysiological mechanisms underlying chronic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Upadhya
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Maheedhar Kodali
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Gitai
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Olagide W Castro
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Gabriele Zanirati
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Raghavendra Upadhya
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sahithi Attaluri
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Eeshika Mitra
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Bing Shuai
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Bharathi Hattiangady
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
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Effects of Single Cage Housing on Stress, Cognitive, and Seizure Parameters in the Rat and Mouse Pilocarpine Models of Epilepsy. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0179-18.2019. [PMID: 31331937 PMCID: PMC6709207 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0179-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many experimental approaches require housing rodents in individual cages, including in epilepsy research. However, rats and mice are social animals; and individual housing constitutes a stressful situation. The goal of the present study was to determine the effects of individual housing as compared to conditions maintaining social contact on stress markers and epilepsy. Control male mice socially housed during pretest and then transferred to individual cages for six weeks displayed anhedonia, increased anxiety and biological markers of stress as compared to pretest values or mice kept socially housed during six weeks. Pilocarpine (pilo)-treated mice housed together showed increased levels of anhedonia, anxiety and stress markers as well as decreased cognitive performance as compared to the control group. The differences were more significant in pilo-treated mice housed individually. Anxiety correlated linearly with cognitive performance and stress markers independently of the experimental conditions. In the male rat pilo model, seizures were sixteen times more frequent in singly housed animals as compared to animals kept in pairs. Daily interactions with an experimenter in otherwise singly housed animals was sufficient to produce results identical to those found in animals kept in pairs. We propose that social isolation produces a severe phenotype in terms of stress and seizure frequency as compared to animals maintaining social contact (at least in these two models), a factor that needs to be taken into account for data interpretation, in particular for preclinical studies.
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93
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Di Maio R, Colangeli R, Di Giovanni G. WIN 55,212-2 Reverted Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus Early Changes of the Interaction among 5-HT 2C/NMDA/CB 1 Receptors in the Rat Hippocampus. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3296-3306. [PMID: 30912644 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis for temporal lobe epileptogenesis remains poorly defined. Recent evidence shows that serotonin 2C receptors (5-HT2CRs), NR2A and NR2B subunit-containing N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and cannabinoid 1 receptors (CB1Rs) may be involved in the progression of the epileptic disorders. Moreover, CB1R activation has been reported to modulate the activity of 5-HT2C and NMDA receptors. Here, we treated Sprague-Dawley rats with the pro-convulsant agent pilocarpine (PILO) to induce status epilepticus (SE) in order to study the effect, with regards to receptor signaling and their interactions, of the preactivation of the CB1Rs on early changes that occur 24 h from the initial insult in the hippocampus. Pretreatment with the synthetic CB1/2R agonist WIN 55,212-2 (2 mg/kg, ip) counteracted PILO-induced 5-HT2CR downregulation. Moreover, WIN 55,212-2 uncoupled PILO-induced 5-HT2CR/NR2A and prevented NR2ATyr1325 phosphorylation indirectly since no 5-HT2CR/CB1R interactions were observed. WIN 55,212-2 treatment also prevented PILO-mediated impairment of CB1R/NR2B interactions and NR2B subunit internalization, suggesting a possible role of CB1R in NR2B-containing NMDAR turn over. All the effects observed in animals treated with WIN 55,212-2 were blocked by pretreatment with the selective CB1R antagonist AM251 (1 mg/kg, ip) given 45 min before PILO injection. These results, obtained in vivo in post-PILO-induced SE, provide new insights on the early cellular responses during epileptogenesis and identify new CB1R-mediated mechanisms by which cannabinoids may prevent the development of chronic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Di Maio
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Roberto Colangeli
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
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94
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Ohgomori T, Jinno S. The expression of keratan sulfate reveals a unique subset of microglia in the mouse hippocampus after pilocarpine-induced status epileptics. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:14-31. [PMID: 31237692 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Induction of keratan sulfate in microglia has been found in several animal models of neurological disorders. However, the significance of keratan sulfate-expressing microglia is not fully understood. To address this issue, we analyzed the characteristics of microglia labeled by the 5D4 epitope, a marker of high-sulfated keratan sulfate, in the mouse hippocampus during the latent period after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). Only 5D4-negative (5D4- ) microglia were found in the CA1 region of vehicle-treated controls and pilocarpine-treated mice at 1 day after SE onset. A few 5D4+ microglia appeared in the strata oriens and radiatum at 5 days post-SE, and they were distributed into the stratum pyramidale at 14 days post-SE. The expressions of genes related to both anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines were higher in 5D4+ cells than in 5D4- cells at 5 but not 14 days post-SE. The expressions of genes related to phagocytosis were higher in 5D4+ cells than in 5D4- cells throughout the latent period. The phagocytic activity of microglia, as measured by engulfment of the zymosan bioparticles, was higher in 5D4+ cells than in 5D4- cells. The contact ratios between excitatory synaptic boutons and microglia were also higher in 5D4+ cells than in 5D4- cells at 5 and 14 days post-SE. The excitatory/inhibitory ratios of synaptic boutons within the microglial domain were lower in 5D4+ cells than in 5D4- cells at 14 days post-SE. Our findings indicate that 5D4+ microglia may play some role in epileptogenesis via pruning of excitatory synapses during the latent period after SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ohgomori
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shozo Jinno
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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95
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Shahpari M, Aligholi H, Namavar MR, Vafaee F, Emamghoreishi M. Improved Stage Categorization of PTZ-Induced Kindling and Late Enhanced Neurogenesis in PTZ Kindled Mice. Galen Med J 2019; 8:e1511. [PMID: 34466519 PMCID: PMC8343660 DOI: 10.22086/gmj.v8i0.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is no universally accepted behavioral scoring to define the early development of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) kindling. Therefore, studies investigating alterations of neurogenesis in the PTZ model were mainly focused on full kindled animals rather than early stages of kindling. This study aimed to determine an appropriate behavioral index for categorizing stages of PTZ kindling progress and to evaluate neurogenesis during PTZ kindling. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four mice were intraperitoneally injected with a sub-convulsive dose of PTZ (40mg/kg) every other day until they became full kindled. The first occurrence of different seizure behaviors and their durations were recorded during kindling development, and the different stages of kindling were categorized. Neurogenesis was evaluated in the lateral subventricular zone (SVZ) at each stage of kindling by immunofluorescence staining. Results: First occurrence of restlessness, motionless staring, hind limb tonic extension, Straub’s tail, myoclonic jerk, and tonic-clonic were sequentially observed in more than 80% of animals with increasing PTZ injections. The duration of the myoclonic jerk was significantly longer than the other seizure behaviors. The significantly higher percentage of BrdU-positive cells was found in SVZ of mice showing tonic-clonic in comparison to other seizure behaviors. Conclusion: A hierarchy behavior was observed during the kindling process when considering the first occurrence of seizure behaviors. We defined the first occurrence of restlessness, motionless, hind limb tonic extension and Straub’s tail behaviors as an early phase, myoclonic jerk as a borderline phase and tonic-clonic as a late phase of PTZ-induced kindling. Our results indicated an enhanced SVZ neurogenesis at the late phase of kindling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Shahpari
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hadi Aligholi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Namavar
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Vafaee
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Emamghoreishi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Research Center for Psychiatry and Behavior Science, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
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96
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The effects of lamotrigine and ethosuximide on seizure frequency, neuronal loss, and astrogliosis in a model of temporal-lobe epilepsy. Brain Res 2019; 1712:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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97
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Neuroprotective effects of a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor against hippocampal excitotoxic injury. Brain Res 2019; 1719:133-139. [PMID: 31128098 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal excitotoxicity is the neuronal cell death arising from prolonged exposure to glutamate and the associated excessive influx of ions into the cell. Sodium orthovanadate (Na3VO4,) competitively inhibits the protein tyrosine phosphatases that affect intracellular protein phosphorylation. No study has examined the role of protein tyrosine phosphatases in kainic acid (KA)-induced excitotoxic injury using sodium orthovanadate. Thus, the present study was conducted to determine the neuroprotective effects of sodium orthovanadate on KA-induced neuronal death in organotypic hippocampal slice culture. We also performed an in vivo electrophysiology study in Sprague-Dawley rats to observe the function of surviving cells after sodium orthovanadate treatment in KA-induced excitotoxicity. Rats were anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and KA was injected unilaterally in CA3 of the hippocampus by microinjection-cannula. Neuronal cell death, as assessed by propidium iodide uptake, was reduced by 10 and 25 μM sodium orthovanadate treatment (24 and 48 h) compared with the KA-only group. Sodium orthovanadate enhanced survival signals by increasing levels of phospho-Akt and superoxide dismutase. In addition, sodium orthovanadate treatment reduced calcineurin level for neuronal protection, which regulates activation of cellular calcium caused by KA-induced injury. In vivo results showed that sodium orthovanadate treatment elicited resistance to KA-induced behavior seizures and significantly reduced the duration of epileptiform discharges. In addition, sodium orthovanadate treatment (25 mM) significantly prevented the increase in power spectra induced by KA injection. These results suggest that sodium orthovanadate decreases the acute effects of KA, thereby inducing neuroprotective effects with reduced reactive oxygen species and cellular Ca2+. Thus, sodium orthovanadate may protect hippocampal neurons against excitotoxicity, and surviving neurons may function to reduce seizures.
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98
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Hydrogen Alleviates Necroptosis and Cognitive Deficits in Lithium–Pilocarpine Model of Status Epilepticus. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:857-869. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00685-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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99
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Li X, Yang H, Yan J, Wang X, Li X, Yuan Y. Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Stimulation Modulates the Nonlinear Dynamics of Local Field Potentials in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:287. [PMID: 31001072 PMCID: PMC6454000 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation (LIPUS) can inhibit seizures associated with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), which is the most common epileptic syndrome in adults and accounts for more than half of the cases of intractable epilepsy. Electroencephalography (EEG) signal analysis is an important method for studying epilepsy. The nonlinear dynamics of epileptic EEG signals can be used as biomarkers for the prediction and diagnosis of epilepsy. However, how ultrasound modulates the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of EEG signals in TLE is still unclear. Here, we used low-intensity pulsed ultrasound to stimulate the CA3 region of kainite (KA)-induced TLE mice, simultaneously recorded local field potentials (LFP) in the stimulation regions before, during, and after LIPUS. The nonlinear characteristics, including complexity, approximate entropy of different frequency bands, and Lyapunov exponent of the LFP, were calculated. Compared with the control group, the experimental group showed that LIPUS inhibited TLE seizure and the complexity, approximate entropy of the delta (0.5–4 Hz) and theta (4–8 Hz) frequency bands, and Lyapunov exponent of the LFP significantly increased in response to ultrasound stimulation. The values before ultrasound stimulation were higher ∼1.87 (complexity), ∼1.39 (approximate entropy of delta frequency bands), ∼1.13 (approximate entropy of theta frequency bands) and ∼1.46 times (Lyapunov exponent) than that after ultrasound stimulation (p < 0.05). The above results demonstrated that LIPUS can alter nonlinear dynamic characteristics and provide a basis for the application of ultrasound stimulation in the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Huifang Yang
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Jiaqing Yan
- College of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xingran Wang
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
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100
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Stereotypical patterns of epileptiform calcium signal in hippocampal CA1, CA3, dentate gyrus and entorhinal cortex in freely moving mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4518. [PMID: 30872744 PMCID: PMC6418290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41241-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a multi-etiological brain dysfunction syndrome. Hippocampal neuronal damage induced by seizures may be one of the causes leading to cognitive impairment, but the underlying mechanism remains to be further elucidated. The kainic acid (KA) model of temporal lobe epilepsy is widely used in understanding of the epileptogenesis. Fiber photometry is a signal detection technology suitable for recording calcium activity of neurons in the deep brain of freely moving animal. Here, we used the optical fiber-based method to monitor the real-time neuronal population activities of freely moving mice after subcutaneous injection of KA. We observed that KA administration led to one to three kinds of stereotypical patterns of epileptiform calcium activity in CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, as well as the entorhinal cortex (EC). There were three kinds of waves in the hippocampal CA1, which we named wave 1, wave 2 and slow flash. Wave 1 and wave 2 appeared in both the CA3 and DG regions, but the EC only showed wave 1. In these epileptiform calcium signals, we observed a high amplitude and long duration calcium wave as a part of wave 2, which resembled cortical spreading depression (CSD) and always appeared at or after the end of seizure. Because the same characteristic of epileptiform calcium signal appeared in different brain regions, calcium signal may not exist with region specificity, but may exhibit a cell type specific manner. Thus, our work provides a support for the pathogenesis of epilepsy and epileptiform signal transmission research.
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