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Biemann R, Fischer B, Navarrete Santos A. Adipogenic effects of a combination of the endocrine-disrupting compounds bisphenol A, diethylhexylphthalate, and tributyltin. Obes Facts 2014; 7:48-56. [PMID: 24503497 PMCID: PMC5644809 DOI: 10.1159/000358913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The food contaminants bisphenol A (BPA), diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP), and tributyltin (TBT) are potent endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDC) known to interfere with adipogenesis. EDC usually act in mixtures and not as single compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a simultaneous exposure of BPA, DEHP, and TBT on mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into adipocytes. METHODS Multipotent murine mesenchymal stem cells (C3H10T1/2) were exposed to EDC mixtures in high concentrations, i.e. MIX-high (10 µmol/l BPA, 100 µmol/l DEHP, 100 nmol/l TBT), and in environmentally relevant concentrations, i.e. MIX-low (10 nmol/l BPA, 100 nmol/l DEHP, 1 nmol/l TBT). The exposure was performed either for the entire culture time (0-12 days) or at distinct stages of adipogenic differentiation. At day 12 of cell culture, the amount of adipocytes, triglyceride content (TG), and adipogenic marker gene expression were analyzed. RESULTS MIX-high increased the development of adipocytes and the expression of adipogenic marker genes independently of the exposure window. The total TG amount was not increased. The low-concentrated EDC mixture had no obvious impact on adipogenesis. CONCLUSION In EDC mixtures, the adipogenic effect of TBT and DEHP predominates single effects of BPA. Mixture effects of EDC are not deducible from single compound experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Biemann
- *Ronald Biemann, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg (Germany),
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Low dose of bisphenol A impairs the reproductive axis of prepuberal male rats. J Physiol Biochem 2013; 70:239-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0298-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zhu P, Yuen JML, Sham KWY, Cheng CHK. GPER mediates the inhibitory actions of estrogen on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells through perturbation of mitotic clonal expansion. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 193:19-26. [PMID: 23871778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER) mediates non-genomic signaling of estrogenic events. Here we showed for the first time that Gper/GPER is expressed in Swiss 3T3 mouse embryo preadipocytes 3T3-L1, and that Gper/GPER is up-regulated during differentiation of the cells induced by monocyte differentiation-inducing (MDI) cocktail. Activation of GPER by the natural ligand 17β-estradiol (E2), and the specific agonist G1, was shown to inhibit lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells, while such inhibition was reversed upon knockdown of GPER using specific siRNA. GPER was also found to mediate perturbation of mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) in these cells by inhibiting cell cycle arrest during MDI cocktail-induced differentiation. Persistent activation of cell cycle regulating factors cyclin-dependant kinase (CDK) 4, CDK6 and cyclin D1, and phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein at serine 795 was observed in the G1-treated cells. Taken together, our results indicate that E2-GPER signaling leads to an inhibition of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells via perturbation of MCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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Volberg V, Harley K, Calafat AM, Davé V, McFadden J, Eskenazi B, Holland N. Maternal bisphenol a exposure during pregnancy and its association with adipokines in Mexican-American children. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2013; 54:621-8. [PMID: 23908009 PMCID: PMC4422176 DOI: 10.1002/em.21803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high volume production chemical that has been detected in 93% of the United States population. It is thought to have endocrine disrupting activity but human data are limited. In this study, we examined whether prenatal or concurrent urinary BPA concentrations are associated with key metabolism-related hormones, adiponectin and leptin (adipokines), in 9-year-old children. For this analysis, we used 188 mother-child pairs from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) prospective study. BPA was measured in urinary spot samples during early (12.6 ± 3.9 weeks gestation) and late (26.3 ± 2.5 weeks gestation) pregnancy and in 9-year-old children. We found that BPA concentrations during late pregnancy were associated with increased plasma leptin in boys (β = 0.06, P = 0.01), controlling for maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), pregnancy soda consumption, and smoking, years in US prior to pregnancy, maternal education, household poverty status, child BMI and child soda, fast food and sweet snack consumption at 9 years. Additionally, we found that BPA concentrations during early pregnancy are directly associated with plasma adiponectin levels in girls (β = 3.71, P = 0.03). However, we did not find any significant relationships between concurrent BPA concentrations and 9-year child adiponectin or leptin. Overall, our data suggest that prenatal BPA concentrations may influence adipokine levels in 9-year-old children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Volberg
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Kim Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Antonia M. Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Veronica Davé
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Jessica McFadden
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Nina Holland
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
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Diaz Weinstein S, Villafane JJ, Juliano N, Bowman RE. Adolescent exposure to Bisphenol-A increases anxiety and sucrose preference but impairs spatial memory in rats independent of sex. Brain Res 2013; 1529:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Rönn M, Kullberg J, Karlsson H, Berglund J, Malmberg F, Örberg J, Lind L, Ahlström H, Lind PM. Bisphenol A exposure increases liver fat in juvenile fructose-fed Fischer 344 rats. Toxicology 2013; 303:125-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Behloul N, Wu G. Genistein: A promising therapeutic agent for obesity and diabetes treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Taxvig C, Dreisig K, Boberg J, Nellemann C, Schelde AB, Pedersen D, Boergesen M, Mandrup S, Vinggaard AM. Differential effects of environmental chemicals and food contaminants on adipogenesis, biomarker release and PPARγ activation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 361:106-15. [PMID: 22526026 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Eleven environmental relevant chemicals were investigated for their ability to affect adipogenesis in vitro, biomarker release from adipocytes and PPARα and γ activation. We found that butylparaben stimulated adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and increased release of leptin, adiponectin and resistin from the cells. Butylparaben activated PPARγ as well, which may be a mediator of the adipogenic effect. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)153 also stimulate adipogenesis and biomarker release, but did not affect PPARs. The data indicates that PPARγ activating chemicals often stimulate adipocyte differentiation although PPARγ activation is neither a requirement nor a guarantee for stimulation. Four out of the eleven chemicals (bisphenol A, mono-ethylhexyl phthalate, butylparaben, PCB 153) caused increased adipogenesis. The release of adipocyte-secreted hormones was sometimes but not always correlated with the effect on adipocyte differentiation. Eight chemicals were able to cause increased leptin release. These findings strengthen the hypothesis that chemicals can interfere with pathways related to obesity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Taxvig
- Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
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Lim S, Jang H, Park EH, Kim JK, Kim J, Kim E, Yea K, Kim Y, Lee‐Kwon W, Ryu SH, Suh P. Wedelolactone inhibits adipogenesis through the ERK pathway in human adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:3436-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyoung Lim
- School of Nano‐Bioscience & Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun‐Jun Jang
- School of Nano‐Bioscience & Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Park
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Kuk Kim
- School of Nano‐Bioscience & Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung‐Min Kim
- School of Nano‐Bioscience & Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung‐Kyun Kim
- School of Nano‐Bioscience & Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmoo Yea
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun‐Hee Kim
- Molecular Imaging & Therapy Branch, Division of Convergence Technology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Whaseon Lee‐Kwon
- School of Nano‐Bioscience & Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Ryu
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Pann‐Ghill Suh
- School of Nano‐Bioscience & Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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Shankar A, Teppala S, Sabanayagam C. Bisphenol A and peripheral arterial disease: results from the NHANES. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:1297-300. [PMID: 22645278 PMCID: PMC3440106 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is a common chemical used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, and > 93% of U.S. adults have detectable levels of urinary BPA. Recent animal studies have suggested that BPA exposure may have a role in several mechanisms involved in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), including weight gain, insulin resistance, thyroid dysfunction, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. However, few human studies have examined the association between markers of BPA exposure and CVD. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a subclinical measure of atherosclerotic vascular disease and a strong independent risk factor for CVD and mortality. OBJECTIVE We examined the association between urinary BPA levels and PAD in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. METHODS We analyzed data from 745 participants in the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2003-2004. We estimated associations between urinary BPA levels (in tertiles) and PAD (ankle-brachial index < 0.9, n = 63) using logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders (age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, smoking, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, urinary creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and serum cholesterol levels). RESULTS We observed a significant, positive association between increasing levels of urinary BPA and PAD before and after adjusting for confounders. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio for PAD associated with the highest versus lowest tertile of urinary BPA was 2.69 (95% confidence interval: 1.02, 7.09; p-trend = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Urinary BPA levels were significantly associated with PAD, independent of traditional CVD risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Shankar
- Department of Epidemiology, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.
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Arunkumar E, Anuradha CV. Genistein promotes insulin action through adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activation and p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 inhibition in the skeletal muscle of mice fed a high energy diet. Nutr Res 2012; 32:617-25. [PMID: 22935345 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genistein (GEN), a soy isoflavone, exerts insulin-sensitizing actions in animals; however, the underlying mechanisms have not been determined. Because GEN is a known activator of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), we hypothesize that GEN activates insulin signaling through AMPK activation. To test this hypothesis, a high fat-high fructose diet (HFFD)-fed mice model of insulin resistance was administered GEN, and the insulin signaling pathway proteins in the skeletal muscle were examined. Hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia observed in HFFD-fed mice were significantly lowered by GEN. GEN increased insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor-β and insulin receptor substrate (IRS) 1 but down-regulated IRS-1 serine phosphorylation in the skeletal muscle of HFFD-fed mice. Furthermore, GEN treatment improved muscle IRS-1-associated phospatidylinositol-3 kinase expression, phosphorylation of Akt at Ser(473), and translocation of glucose transporter subtype 4. Phosphorylation of AMPK at Thr(172) and acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) at Ser(79) was augmented, whereas phosphorylation of p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 at Thr(389) was significantly decreased after GEN treatment in the skeletal muscle of HFFD-fed mice. These results suggest that GEN might improve insulin action in the skeletal muscle by targeting AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elumalai Arunkumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
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Chirumbolo S. Hypothesis: The role of quercetin in adipokine biology. Nutrition 2012; 28:727-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Nutraceuticals as Ligands of PPARγ. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:858352. [PMID: 22792089 PMCID: PMC3388323 DOI: 10.1155/2012/858352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated nuclear receptors that respond to several exogenous and endogenous ligands by modulating genes related to lipid, glucose, and insulin homeostasis. PPARγ, expressed in adipose tissue and liver, regulates lipid storage and glucose metabolism and is the target of type 2 diabetes drugs, thiazolidinediones (TZDs). Due to high levels of toxicity associated with the first generation TZDs, troglitazone (Rezulin), rosiglitazone (Avandia), and pioglitazone (Actos), there is a renewed search for newer PPAR drugs that exhibit better efficacy but lesser toxicity. In recent years, there has been a definite increase in the consumption of dietary supplements among diabetics, due to the possible health benefits associated with these nutraceutical components. With this impetus, investigations into alternative natural ligands of PPARs has also risen. This review highlights some of the dietary compounds (dietary lipids, isoflavones, and other flavanoids) that bind and transactivate PPARγ. A better understanding of the physiological effects of this PPAR activation by nutraceuticals and the availability of high-throughput technologies should lead to the discovery of less toxic alternatives to the PPAR drugs currently on the market.
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Ptak A, Gregoraszczuk EL. Bisphenol A induces leptin receptor expression, creating more binding sites for leptin, and activates the JAK/Stat, MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways in human ovarian cancer cell. Toxicol Lett 2012; 210:332-7. [PMID: 22343039 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ptak
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Chair of Animal Physiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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Batista TM, Alonso-Magdalena P, Vieira E, Amaral MEC, Cederroth CR, Nef S, Quesada I, Carneiro EM, Nadal A. Short-term treatment with bisphenol-A leads to metabolic abnormalities in adult male mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33814. [PMID: 22470480 PMCID: PMC3314682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA) is one of the most widespread endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) used as the base compound in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics. Although evidence points to consider exposure to BPA as a risk factor for insulin resistance, its actions on whole body metabolism and on insulin-sensitive tissues are still unclear. The aim of the present work was to study the effects of low doses of BPA in insulin-sensitive peripheral tissues and whole body metabolism in adult mice. Adult mice were treated with subcutaneous injection of 100 µg/kg BPA or vehicle for 8 days. Whole body energy homeostasis was assessed with in vivo indirect calorimetry. Insulin signaling assays were conducted by western blot analysis. Mice treated with BPA were insulin resistant and had increased glucose-stimulated insulin release. BPA-treated mice had decreased food intake, lower body temperature and locomotor activity compared to control. In skeletal muscle, insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor β subunit was impaired in BPA-treated mice. This impairment was associated with a reduced insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation in the Thr(308) residue. Both skeletal muscle and liver displayed an upregulation of IRS-1 protein by BPA. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was also impaired in the skeletal muscle from BPA-treated mice. In the liver, BPA effects were of lesser intensity with decreased insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor β subunit.In conclusion, short-term treatment with low doses of BPA slows down whole body energy metabolism and disrupts insulin signaling in peripheral tissues. Thus, our findings support the notion that BPA can be considered a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago M. Batista
- Departamento de Anatomia, Biologia Celular, Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Obesidade e Diabetes, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paloma Alonso-Magdalena
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Elche, Spain
| | - Elaine Vieira
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Elche, Spain
| | - Maria Esmeria C. Amaral
- Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biomédicas - UNIARARAS, Araras, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christopher R. Cederroth
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Nef
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Quesada
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Elche, Spain
| | - Everardo M. Carneiro
- Departamento de Anatomia, Biologia Celular, Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Obesidade e Diabetes, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (EMC); (AN)
| | - Angel Nadal
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Elche, Spain
- * E-mail: (EMC); (AN)
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Developmental exposure to bisphenol A leads to cardiometabolic dysfunction in adult mouse offspring. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2012; 3:287-92. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174412000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical compound that has adverse health outcomes in adults when exposed during the perinatal period. However, its effect on cardiovascular function remains to be elucidated. In this study, we examined the effects of daily administration of BPA to pregnant mice from gestational days 11 to 19 on cardiometabolic outcomes in the adult offspring. Prenatal BPA exposure resulted in altered growth trajectory and organ size, increase adiposity and impaired glucose homeostasis in male and female offspring. In addition, these BPA offspring exhibited raised systolic blood pressure, and in the males this was accompanied by impaired vascular tone. The aortas in females, but not in males, from the BPA group also showed reduced estrogen receptor gene expression. These results indicate that prenatal exposure to BPA increased susceptibility of the offspring to developing cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction later in life.
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Marmugi A, Ducheix S, Lasserre F, Polizzi A, Paris A, Priymenko N, Bertrand-Michel J, Pineau T, Guillou H, Martin PGP, Mselli-Lakhal L. Low doses of bisphenol A induce gene expression related to lipid synthesis and trigger triglyceride accumulation in adult mouse liver. Hepatology 2012; 55:395-407. [PMID: 21932408 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Changes in lifestyle are suspected to have strongly influenced the current obesity epidemic. Based on recent experimental, clinical, and epidemiological work, it has been proposed that some food contaminants may exert damaging effects on endocrine and metabolic functions, thereby promoting obesity and associated metabolic diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this work, we investigated the effect of one suspicious food contaminant, bisphenol A (BPA), in vivo. We used a transcriptomic approach in male CD1 mice exposed for 28 days to different doses of BPA (0, 5, 50, 500, and 5,000 μg/kg/day) through food contamination. Data analysis revealed a specific impact of low doses of BPA on the hepatic transcriptome, more particularly on genes involved in lipid synthesis. Strikingly, the effect of BPA on the expression of de novo lipogenesis followed a nonmonotonic dose-response curve, with more important effects at lower doses than at the higher dose. In addition to lipogenic enzymes (Acc, Fasn, Scd1), the expression of transcription factors such as liver X Receptor, the sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c, and the carbohydrate responsive element binding protein that govern the expression of lipogenic genes also followed a nonmonotonic dose-response curve in response to BPA. Consistent with an increased fatty acid biosynthesis, determination of fat in the liver showed an accumulation of cholesteryl esters and of triglycerides. CONCLUSION Our work suggests that exposure to low BPA doses may influence de novo fatty acid synthesis through increased expression of lipogenic genes, thereby contributing to hepatic steatosis. Exposure to such contaminants should be carefully examined in the etiology of metabolic diseases such as NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Marmugi
- INRA, TOXALIM (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Toulouse, France
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[Endocrine disruptors and obesity: obesogens]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 59:261-7. [PMID: 22300604 DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Incidence and prevalence of owerweight and obesity have greatly increased over the past three decades in almost all countries around the world. This phenomenon is not easily explained by lifestyle changes in populations with very different initial habits. This has led to consider the influence of other factors, the so-called endocrine disruptors, and more specifically obesogens. This study reviewed the available evidence about polluting chemical substances which may potentially be obesogens in humans: DES, genistein, bisphenol A, organotins (TBT, TPT), and phthalates. The first three groups of substances mainly act upon estrogen receptors, while organotins and phthalates activate PPARγ. It was concluded that evidence exists of the obesogenic effect of these chemical substances in tissues and experimental animals, but few data are available in humans.
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Urinary bisphenol A and hypertension in a multiethnic sample of US adults. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 2012:481641. [PMID: 22363351 PMCID: PMC3272835 DOI: 10.1155/2012/481641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Bisphenol A (BPA) is a common chemical used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, with >93% of US adults having detectable BPA levels in urine. Recent animal studies have suggested that BPA exposure may have a role in several mechanisms involved in the development of hypertension, including weight gain, insulin resistance, thyroid dysfunction, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. However, no previous human study has examined the association between markers of BPA exposure and hypertension. Methods. We examined urinary BPA levels in 1380 subjects from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2003-2004. Main outcome-of-interest was hypertension, defined as blood pressure-reducing medication use and/or blood pressures >140/90 mm of Hg (n = 580). Results. We observed a positive association between increasing levels of urinary BPA and hypertension independent of confounding factors such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, smoking, body mass index (BMI), diabetes mellitus and total serum cholesterol levels. Compared to tertile 1 (referent), the multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of hypertension associated with tertile 3 was 1.50 (1.12−2.00); P-trend = 0.007. The association was consistently present in subgroup analyses by race/ethnicity, smoking status, BMI, and diabetes mellitus. Conclusions. Urinary BPA levels are associated with hypertension, independent of traditional risk factors.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely used chemical in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Recent animal studies have suggested that BPA exposure may have a role in the development of weight gain, insulin resistance, pancreatic endocrine dysfunction, thyroid hormone disruption, and several other mechanisms involved in the development of diabetes. However, few human studies have examined the association between markers of BPA exposure and diabetes mellitus. METHODS We examined the association between urinary BPA levels and diabetes mellitus in the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2008. Urinary BPA levels were examined in quartiles. The main outcome of interest was diabetes mellitus defined according the latest American Diabetes Association guidelines. RESULTS Overall, we observed a positive association between increasing levels of urinary BPA and diabetes mellitus, independent of confounding factors such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, body mass index, and serum cholesterol levels. Compared to quartile 1 (referent), the multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of diabetes associated with quartile 4 was 1.68 (1.22-2.30) (p-trend = 0.002). The association was present among normal-weight as well as overweight and obese subjects. CONCLUSIONS Urinary BPA levels are found to be associated with diabetes mellitus independent of traditional diabetes risk factors. Future prospective studies are needed to confirm or disprove this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Shankar
- Department of Community Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 9190, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-9190, USA.
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71
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Chou WC, Chen JL, Lin CF, Chen YC, Shih FC, Chuang CY. Biomonitoring of bisphenol A concentrations in maternal and umbilical cord blood in regard to birth outcomes and adipokine expression: a birth cohort study in Taiwan. Environ Health 2011; 10:94. [PMID: 22050967 PMCID: PMC3225308 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-10-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is a sealant and flux of plastic materials and has been determined to be an endocrine-disrupting chemical. Prenatal exposure to BPA can lead to substantial adverse effects on fetal growth and development. This study was conducted to assess BPA concentration in pregnant women and umbilical cord blood, and to investigate whether maternal BPA exposure affected fetal outcomes including lower birth weight (LBW), smaller size for gestational age (SGA), and high leptin (HLP) and low adiponectin (LAD) secretion. METHODS We measured the BPA levels of maternal blood (n = 97) and umbilical cord blood (n = 97) with a high-performance liquid chromatography/UV detector. The protein secretion of leptin and adiponectin were separately determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A logistic regression was performed to estimate the effects of maternal exposure to BPA on LBW, SGA, and adverse action of adipokines in newborns. RESULTS The geometric means of BPA concentration in maternal blood and fetal cord blood were 2.5 ng/ml and 0.5 ng/ml, respectively. Elevated risks of LBW (OR 2.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.72-3.36), SGA (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.39-3.01), and adverse action of leptin (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.12-2.25) and adiponectin (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.52-3.97) were observed in male neonates in the highest quartile of maternal BPA exposure. CONCLUSIONS Elevated prenatal BPA exposure increased the risk of LBW, SGA, and adverse actions of adipokines in neonates, especially in male infants. These results provide further evidence that maternal exposure is correlated with adverse birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Chou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Larng Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, College of Health Science, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Fen Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Health Care Administration, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Cheng Shih
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, College of Health Science, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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72
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Rubin BS. Bisphenol A: an endocrine disruptor with widespread exposure and multiple effects. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:27-34. [PMID: 21605673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 836] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the highest volume chemicals produced worldwide. This compound is a building block of polycarbonate plastics often used for food and beverage storage, and BPA is also a component of epoxy resins that are used to line food and beverage containers. Studies have shown that BPA can leach from these and other products in contact with food and drink, and as a result, routine ingestion of BPA is presumed. This compound is also found in an enormous number of other products that we come into contact with daily, and therefore it is not surprising that it has been detected in the majority of individuals examined. BPA is a known endocrine disruptor. Although initially considered to be a weak environmental estrogen, more recent studies have demonstrated that BPA may be similar in potency to estradiol in stimulating some cellular responses. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that BPA may influence multiple endocrine-related pathways. Studies in rodents have identified adverse effects of BPA at levels at or below the current acceptable daily intake level for this compound. The various reported adverse effects of BPA are reviewed, and potential mechanisms of BPA action are discussed. Much more investigation is needed to understand the potential adverse health effects of BPA exposure in humans and to understand the multiple pathways through which it may act. Although many questions remain to be answered, it is becoming increasingly apparent that exposure to BPA is ubiquitous and that the effects of this endocrine disruptor are complex and wide-ranging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly S Rubin
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, United States.
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73
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Perks CM, Holly JMP. Hormonal mechanisms underlying the relationship between obesity and breast cancer. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2011; 40:485-507, vii. [PMID: 21889716 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Given the worldwide epidemic of obesity, it is inevitably an increasingly common comorbidity for women who develop breast cancer; therefore, it is critical to understand its impact on this disease. This review focuses on the influence of obesity on breast cancer development and progression and describes the hormonal factors that may underlie the observations, with particular emphasis on the roles of estrogen, insulin/insulin-like growth factor axis, and adipokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Perks
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.
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74
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Wada T, Ihunnah CA, Gao J, Chai X, Zeng S, Philips BJ, Rubin JP, Marra KG, Xie W. Estrogen sulfotransferase inhibits adipocyte differentiation. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:1612-23. [PMID: 21816900 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The estrogen sulfotransferase (EST) is a phase II drug-metabolizing enzyme known to catalyze the sulfoconjugation of estrogens. EST is highly expressed in the white adipose tissue of male mice, but the role of EST in the development and function of adipocytes remains largely unknown. In this report, we showed that EST played an important role in adipocyte differentiation. EST was highly expressed in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and primary mouse preadipocytes. The expression of EST was dramatically reduced in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells and mature primary adipocytes. Overexpression of EST in 3T3-L1 cells prevented adipocyte differentiation. In contrast, preadipocytes isolated from EST knockout (EST-/-) mice exhibited enhanced differentiation. The inhibitory effect of EST on adipogenesis likely resulted from the sustained activation of ERK1/2 MAPK and inhibition of insulin signaling, leading to a failure of switch from clonal expansion to differentiation. The enzymatic activity of EST was required for the inhibitory effect of EST on adipogenesis, because an enzyme-dead EST mutant failed to inhibit adipocyte differentiation. In vivo, overexpression of EST in the adipose tissue of female transgenic mice resulted in smaller adipocyte size. Taken together, our results suggest that EST functions as a negative regulator of adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taira Wada
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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75
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Abstract
Synthetic chemicals currently used in a variety of industrial and agricultural applications are leading to widespread contamination of the environment. Even though the intended uses of pesticides, plasticizers, antimicrobials, and flame retardants are beneficial, effects on human health are a global concern. These so-called endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can disrupt hormonal balance and result in developmental and reproductive abnormalities. New in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological studies link human EDC exposure with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Here we review the main chemical compounds that may contribute to metabolic disruption. We then present their demonstrated or suggested mechanisms of action with respect to nuclear receptor signaling. Finally, we discuss the difficulties of fairly assessing the risks linked to EDC exposure, including developmental exposure, problems of high- and low-dose exposure, and the complexity of current chemical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Casals-Casas
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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76
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Abstract
The etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus involves the induction of insulin resistance along with the disruption of pancreatic β-cell function and the loss of β-cell mass. In addition to a genetic predisposition, lifestyle factors seem to have an important role. Epidemiological studies indicate that the increased presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the environment may also play an important part in the incidence of metabolic diseases. Widespread EDCs, such as dioxins, pesticides and bisphenol A, cause insulin resistance and alter β-cell function in animal models. These EDCs are present in human blood and can accumulate in and be released from adipocytes. After binding to cellular receptors and other targets, EDCs either imitate or block hormonal responses. Many of them act as estrogens in insulin-sensitive tissues and in β cells, generating a pregnancy-like metabolic state characterized by insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Adult exposure in mice produces insulin resistance and other metabolic alterations; in addition, during pregnancy, EDCs alter glucose metabolism in female mice, as well as glucose homeostasis and endocrine pancreatic function in offspring. Although more experimental work is necessary, evidence already exists to consider exposure to EDCs as a risk factor in the etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and other diseases related to insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Alonso-Magdalena
- Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM, Miguel Hernandez University, Edifício Vinalopó, Avenida de la Universidad s/n 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain
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Wang T, An Y, Zhao C, Han L, Boakye-Yiadom M, Wang W, Zhang Y. Regulation effects of Crataegus pinnatifida leaf on glucose and lipids metabolism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:4987-4994. [PMID: 21425878 DOI: 10.1021/jf1049062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The leaf of Crataegus pinnatifida (Rosaceae) is commonly consumed either raw or cooked to improve digestion and promote blood circulation in China. To investigate the regulation effects of it on glucose and lipid metabolism, the flavonoids fraction was prepared and analyzed by HPLC and LC-MS. In vivo, at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, the flavonoids fraction showed inhibitory effects on TG and glucose absorption, accelerating effects on gastrointestinal transit but no effect on gastric emptying. In vitro, treatment of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes with 30 μg/mL flavonoids fraction significantly suppressed the accumulation of TG and free fatty acid. It also suppressed the gene expressions of C/EBPα, PPARγ, SREBP 1c, aP2 and adiponectin but did not affect that of leptin. C. pinnatifida leaf may be useful for type 2 diabetics and hyperlipidemics as a foodstuff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nankai District, Tianjin, China
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78
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Bruno A, Siena L, Gerbino S, Ferraro M, Chanez P, Giammanco M, Gjomarkaj M, Pace E. Apigenin affects leptin/leptin receptor pathway and induces cell apoptosis in lung adenocarcinoma cell line. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:2042-51. [PMID: 21550230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apigenin, a common edible plant flavonoid, is a well characterised antioxidant. The adipokine leptin exerts proliferative and anti-apoptotic activities in a variety of cell types. In cancer cells, apigenin may induce a pro-apoptotic pathway whereas leptin has an anti-apoptotic role. The purpose of the study is to investigate the role of apigenin and of leptin/leptin receptor pathway on proliferation and on apoptosis in lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS Immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry and RT-q-RT PCR, were used to investigate the expression and modulation of leptin receptors on the lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 in presence or absence of apigenin and of leptin, alone or combined. Clonogenic test to evaluate cell proliferation was assessed. Exogenous leptin binding to its receptors by flow cytometry, reactive oxygen species (ROS) by dichlorofluorescein diacetate analysis, cell death by ethidium bromide and apoptosis by annexin V analysis were assessed. Apoptosis was assessed also in presence of lung adenocarcinoma pleural fluids (PF) (n=6). RESULTS A549 express leptin/leptin receptor pathway and its expression is upregulated by apigenin. Apigenin alone or combined with leptin significantly decreases cell proliferation and significantly increases the spontaneous release of ROS, with augmented cell death and apoptosis, this latter also in the presence of lung adenocarcinoma PF. Leptin alone significantly increases cell proliferation and significantly decreases cell death. CONCLUSIONS These results strongly suggest the potential utility of the flavonoid apigenin in the complementary therapeutic approach of patients with lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreina Bruno
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy.
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79
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An Y, Zhang Y, Li C, Qian Q, He W, Wang T. Inhibitory effects of flavonoids from Abelmoschus manihot flowers on triglyceride accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Fitoterapia 2011; 82:595-600. [PMID: 21281705 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Revised: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The 95% EtOH extract from the flowers of Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medic showed inhibitory activity on TG accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte. Chemical studies on the active fraction led to the isolation of 14 flavonoids (1-14). To clarify the multi-mechanism of the isolates on preadipocyte differentiation, the levels of TG and FFA and the related role transcription factors (PPARγ, CEBP/α, and ap2) expression were evaluated. At the concentration of 30 μM, compounds 1-6 and 10-14 showed inhibitory activity on TG accumulation significantly in mature 3T3-L1 cells. 1, 2, 4-7, 9, 10, 13, and 14 reduced the level of FFA. At the molecular level, the mRNA expressions of PPARγ, CEBP/α, and ap2 were down-regulated by compounds 1, 5, 9, 12, 13; 1-8, 10-14; and 1-4, 6, 8-12, 14, respectively. The structure-activity relationships of the 14 flavonoids were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating An
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China
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80
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Gorres BK, Bomhoff GL, Gupte AA, Geiger PC. Altered estrogen receptor expression in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue of female rats fed a high-fat diet. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 110:1046-53. [PMID: 21233345 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00541.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptors (ERs) are expressed in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, with potential implications for glucose metabolism and insulin signaling. Previous studies examining the role of ERs in glucose metabolism have primarily used knockout mouse models of ERα and ERβ, and it is unknown whether ER expression is altered in response to an obesity-inducing high-fat diet (HFD). The purpose of the current study was to determine whether modulation of glucose metabolism in response to a HFD in intact and ovariectomized (OVX) female rats is associated with alterations in ER expression. Our results demonstrate that a 6-wk HFD (60% calories from fat) in female rats induces whole body glucose intolerance with tissue-specific effects isolated to the adipose tissue, and no observed differences in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, GLUT4, or ERα protein expression levels in skeletal muscle. In chow-fed rats, OVX resulted in decreased ERα with a trend toward decreased GLUT4 expression in adipose tissue. Sham-treated and OVX rats fed a HFD demonstrated a decrease in ERα and GLUT4 in adipose tissue. The HFD also increased activation of stress kinases (c-jun NH₂-terminal kinase and inhibitor of κB kinase β) in the sham-treated rats and decreased expression of the protective heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) in both sham-treated and OVX rats. Our findings suggest that decreased glucose metabolism and increased inflammation in adipose tissue with a HFD in female rats could stem from a significant decrease in ERα expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany K Gorres
- Dept. of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Univ. of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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81
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Fernández M, Bourguignon N, Lux-Lantos V, Libertun C. Neonatal exposure to bisphenol a and reproductive and endocrine alterations resembling the polycystic ovarian syndrome in adult rats. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:1217-22. [PMID: 20413367 PMCID: PMC2944080 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor, is a component of polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins, and polystyrene. Several studies have reported potent in vivo effects, because BPA behaves as an estrogen agonist and/or antagonist and as an androgen and thyroid hormone antagonist. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effects of neonatal exposure to BPA on the reproductive axis in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. METHODS Female rats were injected subcutaneously, daily from postnatal day 1 (PND1) to PND10 with BPA in castor oil at 500 microg/50 microL [BPA500; approximately 10-4 M, a dose higher than the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) of 50 mg/kg], 50 microg/50 microL (BPA50), or 5 microg/50 microL (both BPA50 and BPA5 are doses lower than the LOAEL), or castor oil vehicle alone. In adults we studied a) the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamic explants, b) serum sex hormone levels, and c) ovarian morphology, ovulation, and fertility. RESULTS Neonatal exposure to BPA was associated with increased serum testosterone and estradiol levels, reduced progesterone in adulthood, and altered in vitro GnRH secretion. Animals exposed to BPA500 had altered ovarian morphology, showing a large number of cysts. Animals exposed to BPA50 had reduced fertility without changes in the number of oocytes on the morning of estrus, whereas animals exposed to BPA500 showed infertility. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to high doses of BPA during the period of brain sexual differentiation altered the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in female Sprague-Dawley rats. These results have the potential to link neonatal exposure to high doses of BPA in rats with the development of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Studies of doses and routes of administration more consistent with human exposures are needed to determine the relevance of these findings to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Fernández
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nadia Bourguignon
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Carlos Libertun
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Address correspondence to C. Libertun, IByME-CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, (C1428ADN) Buenos Aires, Argentina. Telephone: 54-11-4783-2869. Fax: 54-11-4786-2564. E-mail:
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Ray A, Cleary MP. Leptin as a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer prevention and treatment. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:443-51. [PMID: 20230196 DOI: 10.1517/14728221003716466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Obesity is considered to be an important risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer. Elevated estrogen levels are thought to be a growth factor associated with this relationship. However, there is increasing evidence that factors produced directly in adipose tissue, adipokines, can also affect breast cancer development. Leptin is one of the adipokines that is measured in serum/plasma in increasing amounts as body weight/body fat increases. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW We highlight important aspects of leptin in relationship to mammary/breast tumor development. This includes findings from human, in vitro and animal studies. Information on leptin-related compounds which may have therapeutic use is presented. Additionally strategies to alter serum leptin levels by dietary and pharmacological interventions are discussed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader will gain insights into the relationship of an adipose tissue protein and its potential role in breast cancer development as well as ways to intervene in leptin's actions. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Continued research will determine if interfering with the action of leptin has preventive or therapeutic applications in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitbha Ray
- University of Minnesota, The Hormel Institute, 801 16th Avenue NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA.
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83
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Potential health-modulating effects of isoflavones and metabolites via activation of PPAR and AhR. Nutrients 2010; 2:241-79. [PMID: 22254019 PMCID: PMC3257647 DOI: 10.3390/nu2030241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones have multiple actions on cell functions. The most prominent one is the activation of estrogen receptors. Other functions are often overlooked, but are equally important and explain the beneficial health effects of isoflavones. Isoflavones are potent dual PPARα/γ agonists and exert anti-inflammatory activity, which may contribute to the prevention of metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis and various other inflammatory diseases. Some isoflavones are potent aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists and induce cell cycle arrest, chemoprevention and modulate xenobiotic metabolism. This review discusses effects mediated by the activation of AhR and PPARs and casts a light on the concerted action of isoflavones.
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Toxic environment and obesity pandemia: is there a relationship? Ital J Pediatr 2010; 36:8. [PMID: 20205780 PMCID: PMC2823765 DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-36-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a multi-factorial disease, resulting from genes, environment and behaviour interactions, and represents the most common metabolic disorder in the Western Hemisphere. Its prevalence has dramatically risen during the last three decades, reaching worldwide epidemic proportions. Recent cumulating evidence suggests that obesity may represent an adverse health consequence of exposure during the critical developmental windows to environmental chemicals disrupting endocrine function. Moreover, exposure to these chemicals seems to play a key role in the development of obesity-related metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Further research is needed to elucidate the relationship between this exposure and the obesity pandemia and the involved mechanisms as well as to refine hazard identification.
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Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a component of polycarbonate and other plastics including resins that line food and beverage containers. BPA is known to leach from products in contact with food and drink, and is therefore thought to be routinely ingested. In a recent cross sectional study, BPA was detected in urine samples from 92.6% of the US population examined. The potential for BPA to influence body weight is suggested by in vitro studies demonstrating effects of BPA on adipocyte differentiation, lipid accumulation, glucose transport and adiponectin secretion. Data from in vivo studies have revealed dose-dependent and sex dependent effects on body weight in rodents exposed perinatally to BPA. The mechanisms through which perinatal BPA exposure acts to exert persistent effects on body weight and adiposity remain to be determined. Possible targets of BPA action are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly S Rubin
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, United States.
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86
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Abstract
The recent dramatic rise in obesity rates is an alarming global health trend that consumes an ever increasing portion of health care budgets in Western countries. The root cause of obesity is thought to be a prolonged positive energy balance. Hence, the major focus of preventative programs for obesity has been to target overeating and inadequate physical exercise. Recent research implicates environmental risk factors, including nutrient quality, stress, fetal environment and pharmaceutical or chemical exposure as relevant contributing influences. Evidence points to endocrine disrupting chemicals that interfere with the body's adipose tissue biology, endocrine hormone systems or central hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis as suspects in derailing the homeostatic mechanisms important to weight control. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the molecular targets and mechanisms of action for these compounds and areas of future research needed to evaluate the significance of their contribution to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Grün
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, 92697-2300, USA
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Abstract
Obesity and obesity-related disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease, are epidemic in Western countries, particularly the United States. The conventional wisdom holds that obesity is primarily the result of a positive energy balance, i.e. too many calories in and too few calories burned. Although it is self-evident that fat cannot be accumulated without a higher caloric intake than expenditure, recent research in a number of laboratories suggests the existence of chemicals that alter regulation of energy balance to favor weight gain and obesity. These obesogens derail the homeostatic mechanisms important for weight control, such that exposed individuals are predisposed to weight gain, despite normal diet and exercise. This review considers the evidence for obesogens, how they might act, and where future research is needed to clarify their relative contribution to the obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Grün
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2300, USA
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