51
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Freire Valls A, Knipper K, Giannakouri E, Sarachaga V, Hinterkopf S, Wuehrl M, Shen Y, Radhakrishnan P, Klose J, Ulrich A, Schneider M, Augustin HG, Ruiz de Almodovar C, Schmidt T. VEGFR1 + Metastasis-Associated Macrophages Contribute to Metastatic Angiogenesis and Influence Colorectal Cancer Patient Outcome. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:5674-5685. [PMID: 31239322 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the clinical relevance of macrophages in liver metastasis of colorectal cancer and their influence on angiogenesis and patient survival. Moreover to evaluate specific blood monocytes as markers of disease recurrence.Experimental design: In a mouse model with spontaneous liver metastasis, the angiogenic characteristics of tumor- and metastasis (MAM)-associated macrophages were evaluated. Macrophages and the vasculature from 130 primary tumor (pTU) and 123 patients with liver metastasis were assessed. In vivo and in human samples, the clinical relevance of macrophage VEGFR1 expression was analyzed. Blood samples from patients (n = 157, 80 pTU and 77 liver metastasis) were analyzed for assessing VEGFR1-positive (VEGFR1+) cells as suitable biomarkers of disease recurrence. RESULTS The number of macrophages positively correlated with vascularization in metastasis. Both in the murine model as well as in primary isolated human cells, a subpopulation of MAMs expressing VEGFR1 were found highly angiogenic. While VEGFR1 expression in pTU patients did not predict prognosis; high percentage of VEGFR1+ cells in liver metastasis was associated with worse patient outcome. Interestingly, VEGFR1+-circulating monocytes in blood samples from patients with liver metastasis not only predicted progression but also site of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Our findings identify a new subset of proangiogenic VEGFR1+ MAMs in colorectal cancer that support metastatic growth and may become a liquid biomarker to predict disease recurrence in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Freire Valls
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Biochemistry Center Heidelberg (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl Knipper
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Evangelia Giannakouri
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Víctor Sarachaga
- Biochemistry Center Heidelberg (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sascha Hinterkopf
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Wuehrl
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Praveenkumar Radhakrishnan
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Klose
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexis Ulrich
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schneider
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hellmut G Augustin
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carmen Ruiz de Almodovar
- Biochemistry Center Heidelberg (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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52
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West ME, Sefton EJ, Sefton MV. Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages Enhance Vessel Stability in Modular Engineered Tissues. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 25:911-923. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E.D. West
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elana J.B. Sefton
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael V. Sefton
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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53
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Mahlbacher GE, Reihmer KC, Frieboes HB. Mathematical modeling of tumor-immune cell interactions. J Theor Biol 2019; 469:47-60. [PMID: 30836073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The anti-tumor activity of the immune system is increasingly recognized as critical for the mounting of a prolonged and effective response to cancer growth and invasion, and for preventing recurrence following resection or treatment. As the knowledge of tumor-immune cell interactions has advanced, experimental investigation has been complemented by mathematical modeling with the goal to quantify and predict these interactions. This succinct review offers an overview of recent tumor-immune continuum modeling approaches, highlighting spatial models. The focus is on work published in the past decade, incorporating one or more immune cell types and evaluating immune cell effects on tumor progression. Due to their relevance to cancer, the following immune cells and their combinations are described: macrophages, Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes, Natural Killer cells, dendritic cells, T regulatory cells, and CD4+ T helper cells. Although important insight has been gained from a mathematical modeling perspective, the development of models incorporating patient-specific data remains an important goal yet to be realized for potential clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kara C Reihmer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Hermann B Frieboes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, KY, USA; James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, KY, USA.
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54
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Gong T, Song X, Yang L, Chen T, Zhao T, Zheng T, Sun X, Gong T, Zhang Z. Spontaneously formed porous structure and M1 polarization effect of Fe3O4 nanoparticles for enhanced antitumor therapy. Int J Pharm 2019; 559:329-340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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55
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Activation of GPR120 promotes the metastasis of breast cancer through the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway. Anticancer Drugs 2019; 30:260-270. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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56
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Li A, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Dong H, Fu N, Han X. The roles and signaling pathways of prolyl-4-hydroxylase 2 in the tumor microenvironment. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 303:40-49. [PMID: 30817904 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia is a well-known microenvironmental factor that causes cancer progression and resistance to cancer treatment. Proline hydroxylases (PHDs), a small protein family, belong to an evolutionarily conserved superfamily of dioxygenases, considered the central regulator of the molecular hypoxia response. Prolyl-4-hydroxylase 2 (PHD2), one member of PHDs family, regulates the stability of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) in response to oxygen availability. During hypoxia, the inhibition of PHD2 permits the accumulation of HIF-1α, allowing the cellular adaptation to oxygen limitation, causing activation of numerous genes, which enhances the angiogenesis, metastasis and invasiveness. Accurate regulation of oxygen homeostasis is essential, and which implies PHD2 may have a regulatory role in the pathogenesis of cancer. Although ample evidence exists for a positive correlation between HIFs and tumor formation, metastasis and poor prognosis, the function of the PHD2 in carcinogenesis is less well understood. Despite their original role as the oxygen sensors of the cell and many of the its functions are clearly conveyed through the HIF system, PHD2 is currently known to display HIF-independent and hydroxylase-independent functions in cancer cells and stroma in the control of different cellular pathways. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the structure, regulation and functions of PHD2 in cancer microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Zuojun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Linqu Country People's Hospital, 438 Shanwang Road, Linqu, 262600, China
| | - Hailing Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Nange Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xiuzhen Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, China.
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57
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Sanchez LR, Borriello L, Entenberg D, Condeelis JS, Oktay MH, Karagiannis GS. The emerging roles of macrophages in cancer metastasis and response to chemotherapy. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:259-274. [PMID: 30720887 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0218-056rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages represent a heterogeneous group of cells, capable of carrying out distinct functions in a variety of organs and tissues. Even within individual tissues, their functions can vary with location. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) specialize into three major subtypes that carry out multiple tasks simultaneously. This is especially true in the context of metastasis, where TAMs establish most of the cellular and molecular prerequisites for successful cancer cell dissemination and seeding to the secondary site. Perivascular TAMs operate in the perivascular niche, where they promote tumor angiogenesis and aid in the assembly of intravasation sites called tumor microenvironment of metastasis (TMEM). Streaming TAMs co-migrate with tumor cells (irrespective of the perivascular niche) and promote matrix remodeling, tumor cell invasiveness, and an immunosuppressive local microenvironment. Premetastatic TAMs are recruited to the premetastatic niche, where they can assist in tumor cell extravasation, seeding, and metastatic colonization. The dynamic interplay between TAMs and tumor cells can also modify the ability of the latter to resist cytotoxic chemotherapy (a phenotype known as environment-mediated drug resistance) and induce chemotherapy-mediated pro-metastatic microenvironmental changes. These observations suggest that future therapeutics should be designed to target TAMs with the aim of suppressing the metastatic potential of tumors and rendering chemotherapy more efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Rivera Sanchez
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.,Department of Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Lucia Borriello
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - David Entenberg
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.,Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - John S Condeelis
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.,Department of Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.,Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Maja H Oktay
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.,Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - George S Karagiannis
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.,Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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58
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Musetti S, Huang L. Nanoparticle-Mediated Remodeling of the Tumor Microenvironment to Enhance Immunotherapy. ACS NANO 2018; 12:11740-11755. [PMID: 30508378 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscience has long been lauded as a method through which tumor-associated barriers could be overcome. As successful as cancer immunotherapy has been, limitations associated with the tumor microenvironment or side effects of systemic treatment have become more apparent. In this Review, we seek to lay out the therapeutic challenges associated with the tumor microenvironment and the ways in which nanoscience is being applied to remodel the tumor microenvironment and increase the susceptibility of many cancer types to immunotherapy. We detail the nanomedicines on the cutting edge of cancer immunotherapy and how their interactions with the tumor microenvironment make them more effective than systemically administered immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Musetti
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Leaf Huang
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
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59
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Britto DD, Wyroba B, Chen W, Lockwood RA, Tran KB, Shepherd PR, Hall CJ, Crosier KE, Crosier PS, Astin JW. Macrophages enhance Vegfa-driven angiogenesis in an embryonic zebrafish tumour xenograft model. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.035998. [PMID: 30396905 PMCID: PMC6307908 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.035998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour angiogenesis has long been a focus of anti-cancer therapy; however, anti-angiogenic cancer treatment strategies have had limited clinical success. Tumour-associated myeloid cells are believed to play a role in the resistance of cancer towards anti-angiogenesis therapy, but the mechanisms by which they do this are unclear. An embryonic zebrafish xenograft model has been developed to investigate the mechanisms of tumour angiogenesis and as an assay to screen anti-angiogenic compounds. In this study, we used cell ablation techniques to remove either macrophages or neutrophils and assessed their contribution towards zebrafish xenograft angiogenesis by quantitating levels of graft vascularisation. The ablation of macrophages, but not neutrophils, caused a strong reduction in tumour xenograft vascularisation and time-lapse imaging demonstrated that tumour xenograft macrophages directly associated with the migrating tip of developing tumour blood vessels. Finally, we found that, although macrophages are required for vascularisation in xenografts that either secrete VEGFA or overexpress zebrafish vegfaa, they are not required for the vascularisation of grafts with low levels of VEGFA, suggesting that zebrafish macrophages can enhance Vegfa-driven tumour angiogenesis. The importance of macrophages to this angiogenic response suggests that this model could be used to further investigate the interplay between myeloid cells and tumour vascularisation. Summary: Zebrafish embryonic macrophages associate with the distal tips of tumour xenograft blood vessels and are required for Vegfa-driven angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denver D Britto
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Barbara Wyroba
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Wenxuan Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Rhoswen A Lockwood
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Khanh B Tran
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Peter R Shepherd
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Christopher J Hall
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn E Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Philip S Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan W Astin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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60
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Xu F, Cui WQ, Wei Y, Cui J, Qiu J, Hu LL, Gong WY, Dong JC, Liu BJ. Astragaloside IV inhibits lung cancer progression and metastasis by modulating macrophage polarization through AMPK signaling. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2018; 37:207. [PMID: 30157903 PMCID: PMC6116548 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0878-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests that M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role in cancer progression and metastasis, making M2 polarization of TAMs an ever more appealing target for therapeutic intervention. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), a saponin component isolated from Astragali radix, has been reported to inhibit the invasion and metastasis of lung cancer, but its effects on TAMs during lung cancer progression have not been investigated. METHODS Human THP-1 monocytes were induced to differentiate into M2 macrophages through treatments with IL-4, IL-13, and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). We used the lung cancer cell lines A549 and H1299 cultured in conditioned medium from M2 macrophages (M2-CM) to investigate the effects of AS-IV on tumor growth, invasion, migration, and angiogenesis of lung cancer cells. Macrophage subset distribution, M1 and M2 macrophage-associated markers, and mRNA expression were analyzed by flow cytometry and quantitative PCR. The activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways that mediate M2-CM-promoted tumor migration was detected using western blotting. RESULTS Here we found that AS-IV significantly inhibited IL-13 and IL-4-induced M2 polarization of macrophages, as illustrated by reduced expression of CD206 and M2-associated genes, and that AS-IV suppressed the M2-CM-induced invasion, migration, and angiogenesis of A549 and H1299 cells. In vivo experiments demonstrated that AS-IV greatly inhibited tumor growth and reduced the number of metastases of Lewis lung cancer. The percentage of M2 macrophages was decreased in tumor tissue after AS-IV treatment. Furthermore, AS-IV inhibited AMPKα activation in M2 macrophages, and silencing of AMPKα partially abrogated the inhibitory effect of AS-IV. CONCLUSIONS AS-IV reduced the growth, invasion, migration, and angiogenesis of lung cancer by blocking the M2 polarization of macrophages partially through the AMPK signaling pathway, which appears to play an important role in AS-IV's ability to inhibit the metastasis of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- 0000 0004 1757 8861grid.411405.5Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- 0000 0001 0125 2443grid.8547.eInstitutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Cui
- 0000 0001 0125 2443grid.8547.eInstitutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- 0000 0001 0125 2443grid.8547.eDepartment of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Acupuncture Research, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wei
- 0000 0004 1757 8861grid.411405.5Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- 0000 0001 0125 2443grid.8547.eInstitutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Cui
- 0000 0004 1757 8861grid.411405.5Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- 0000 0001 0125 2443grid.8547.eInstitutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Qiu
- 0000 0004 1757 8861grid.411405.5Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- 0000 0001 0125 2443grid.8547.eInstitutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Li Hu
- 0000 0004 1757 8861grid.411405.5Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- 0000 0001 0125 2443grid.8547.eInstitutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Yi Gong
- 0000 0004 1757 8861grid.411405.5Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- 0000 0001 0125 2443grid.8547.eInstitutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Cheng Dong
- 0000 0004 1757 8861grid.411405.5Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- 0000 0001 0125 2443grid.8547.eInstitutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bao-Jun Liu
- 0000 0004 1757 8861grid.411405.5Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- 0000 0001 0125 2443grid.8547.eInstitutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Role of mTOR Signaling in Tumor Microenvironment: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082453. [PMID: 30126252 PMCID: PMC6121402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway regulates major processes by integrating a variety of exogenous cues, including diverse environmental inputs in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In recent years, it has been well recognized that cancer cells co-exist and co-evolve with their TME, which is often involved in drug resistance. The mTOR pathway modulates the interactions between the stroma and the tumor, thereby affecting both the tumor immunity and angiogenesis. The activation of mTOR signaling is associated with these pro-oncogenic cellular processes, making mTOR a promising target for new combination therapies. This review highlights the role of mTOR signaling in the characterization and the activity of the TME’s elements and their implications in cancer immunotherapy.
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62
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Vakili‐Ghartavol R, Mombeiny R, Salmaninejad A, Sorkhabadi SMR, Faridi‐Majidi R, Jaafari MR, Mirzaei H. Tumor‐associated macrophages and epithelial–mesenchymal transition in cancer: Nanotechnology comes into view. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:9223-9236. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roghayyeh Vakili‐Ghartavol
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Reza Mombeiny
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Arash Salmaninejad
- Drug Applied Research Center, Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Science Tabriz Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics Faculty of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Rezayat Sorkhabadi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Department of Toxicology–Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Science Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAUPS) Tehran Iran
| | - Reza Faridi‐Majidi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Biomaterials Tissue Engineering and Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran
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63
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Gurevich DB, Severn CE, Twomey C, Greenhough A, Cash J, Toye AM, Mellor H, Martin P. Live imaging of wound angiogenesis reveals macrophage orchestrated vessel sprouting and regression. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201797786. [PMID: 29866703 PMCID: PMC6028026 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound angiogenesis is an integral part of tissue repair and is impaired in many pathologies of healing. Here, we investigate the cellular interactions between innate immune cells and endothelial cells at wounds that drive neoangiogenic sprouting in real time and in vivo. Our studies in mouse and zebrafish wounds indicate that macrophages are drawn to wound blood vessels soon after injury and are intimately associated throughout the repair process and that macrophage ablation results in impaired neoangiogenesis. Macrophages also positively influence wound angiogenesis by driving resolution of anti‐angiogenic wound neutrophils. Experimental manipulation of the wound environment to specifically alter macrophage activation state dramatically influences subsequent blood vessel sprouting, with premature dampening of tumour necrosis factor‐α expression leading to impaired neoangiogenesis. Complementary human tissue culture studies indicate that inflammatory macrophages associate with endothelial cells and are sufficient to drive vessel sprouting via vascular endothelial growth factor signalling. Subsequently, macrophages also play a role in blood vessel regression during the resolution phase of wound repair, and their absence, or shifted activation state, impairs appropriate vessel clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charlotte E Severn
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Blood and Transplant Unit in Red Blood Cell Products, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Jenna Cash
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh Medical School, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ashley M Toye
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Blood and Transplant Unit in Red Blood Cell Products, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, NHS Blood and Transplant, Filton, Bristol, UK
| | - Harry Mellor
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Paul Martin
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK .,School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Medicine, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, UK
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Perrotta C, Cervia D, Di Renzo I, Moscheni C, Bassi MT, Campana L, Martelli C, Catalani E, Giovarelli M, Zecchini S, Coazzoli M, Capobianco A, Ottobrini L, Lucignani G, Rosa P, Rovere-Querini P, De Palma C, Clementi E. Nitric Oxide Generated by Tumor-Associated Macrophages Is Responsible for Cancer Resistance to Cisplatin and Correlated With Syntaxin 4 and Acid Sphingomyelinase Inhibition. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1186. [PMID: 29896202 PMCID: PMC5987706 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment is fundamental for cancer progression and chemoresistance. Among stromal cells tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent the largest population of infiltrating inflammatory cells in malignant tumors, promoting their growth, invasion, and immune evasion. M2-polarized TAMs are endowed with the nitric oxide (NO)-generating enzyme inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). NO has divergent effects on tumors, since it can either stimulate tumor cells growth or promote their death depending on the source of it; likewise the role of iNOS in cancer differs depending on the cell type. The role of NO generated by TAMs has not been investigated. Using different tumor models in vitro and in vivo we found that NO generated by iNOS of M2-polarized TAMs is able to protect tumor cells from apoptosis induced by the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin (CDDP). Here, we demonstrate that the protective effect of NO depends on the inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase (A-SMase), which is activated by CDDP in a pathway involving the death receptor CD95. Mechanistic insights indicate that NO actions occur via generation of cyclic GMP and activation of protein kinase G (PKG), inducing phosphorylation of syntaxin 4 (synt4), a SNARE protein responsible for A-SMase trafficking and activation. Noteworthy, phosphorylation of synt4 at serine 78 by PKG is responsible for the proteasome-dependent degradation of synt4, which limits the CDDP-induced exposure of A-SMase to the plasma membrane of tumor cells. This inhibits the cytotoxic mechanism of CDDP reducing A-SMase-triggered apoptosis. This is the first demonstration that endogenous NO system is a key mechanism through which TAMs protect tumor cells from chemotherapeutic drug-induced apoptosis. The identification of the pathway responsible for A-SMase activity downregulation in tumors leading to chemoresistance warrants further investigations as a means to identify new anti-cancer molecules capable of specifically inhibiting synt4 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Perrotta
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Cervia
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Renzo
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Moscheni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Lara Campana
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Martelli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Catalani
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Matteo Giovarelli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Zecchini
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital "L. Sacco"-ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, CNR-Institute of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Coazzoli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Capobianco
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Ottobrini
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,CNR-Institute for Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lucignani
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rosa
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine Pharmacology, CNR-Institute of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rovere-Querini
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Clara De Palma
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital "L. Sacco"-ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, CNR-Institute of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emilio Clementi
- "Eugenio Medea" Scientific Institute, Bosisio Parini, Italy.,Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital "L. Sacco"-ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, CNR-Institute of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Hameed S, Bhattarai P, Dai Z. Nanotherapeutic approaches targeting angiogenesis and immune dysfunction in tumor microenvironment. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:380-391. [PMID: 29607461 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) comprising cellular and non-cellular components is a major source of cancer hallmarks. Notably, angiogenesis responsible for normal physiological remodeling process can otherwise harness vessel abnormalities during tumorigenesis eliciting severe therapeutic inefficiency. Currently, FDA approved antiangiogenic drugs have only shown modest clinical success owing to tumor hypoxia, antiangiogenic therapeutic resistance, and limited knowledge in understanding TME. In order to overcome these limitations, targeting angiogenesis combined with immunosuppressive TME could offer potential therapeutic opportunities. Indeed, these therapeutic approaches can be further revisited with the advent of nanotechnology that can target the key cellular components of TME and tumor cells more precisely. Synergetic targeting without eliciting systemic toxicity achieved by integration of antiangiogenic and immunotherapy in a single nanoplatform is vital for therapeutic success. In this review, we will discuss the most promising nanotechnological advancements oriented to modulate the immunosuppressive TME in association with antiangiogenic therapy that has gained immense popularity in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Hameed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Pravin Bhattarai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhifei Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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66
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Kobori T, Hamasaki S, Kitaura A, Yamazaki Y, Nishinaka T, Niwa A, Nakao S, Wake H, Mori S, Yoshino T, Nishibori M, Takahashi H. Interleukin-18 Amplifies Macrophage Polarization and Morphological Alteration, Leading to Excessive Angiogenesis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:334. [PMID: 29559970 PMCID: PMC5845536 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
M2 macrophage (Mφ) promotes pathologic angiogenesis through a release of pro-angiogenic mediators or the direct cell–cell interaction with endothelium in the micromilieu of several chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and cancer, where interleukin (IL)-18 also contributes to excessive angiogenesis. However, the detailed mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanism by which M2 Mφs in the micromilieu containing IL-18 induce excessive angiogenesis in the in vitro experimental model using mouse Mφ-like cell line, RAW264.7 cells, and mouse endothelial cell line, b.End5 cells. We discovered that IL-18 acts synergistically with IL-10 to amplify the production of Mφ-derived mediators like osteopontin (OPN) and thrombin, yielding thrombin-cleaved form of OPN generation, which acts through integrins α4/α9, thereby augmenting M2 polarization of Mφ with characteristics of increasing surface CD163 expression in association with morphological alteration. Furthermore, the results of visualizing temporal behavior and morphological alteration of Mφs during angiogenesis demonstrated that M2-like Mφs induced excessive angiogenesis through the direct cell–cell interaction with endothelial cells, possibly mediated by CD163.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Kobori
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Hamasaki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Kitaura
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Yui Yamazaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishinaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Atsuko Niwa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Nakao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Hidenori Wake
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shuji Mori
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yoshino
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishibori
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hideo Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
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Shapouri-Moghaddam A, Mohammadian S, Vazini H, Taghadosi M, Esmaeili SA, Mardani F, Seifi B, Mohammadi A, Afshari JT, Sahebkar A. Macrophage plasticity, polarization, and function in health and disease. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6425-6440. [PMID: 29319160 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2681] [Impact Index Per Article: 446.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are heterogeneous and their phenotype and functions are regulated by the surrounding micro-environment. Macrophages commonly exist in two distinct subsets: 1) Classically activated or M1 macrophages, which are pro-inflammatory and polarized by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) either alone or in association with Th1 cytokines such as IFN-γ, GM-CSF, and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, and TNF-α; and 2) Alternatively activated or M2 macrophages, which are anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory and polarized by Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13 and produce anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β. M1 and M2 macrophages have different functions and transcriptional profiles. They have unique abilities by destroying pathogens or repair the inflammation-associated injury. It is known that M1/M2 macrophage balance polarization governs the fate of an organ in inflammation or injury. When the infection or inflammation is severe enough to affect an organ, macrophages first exhibit the M1 phenotype to release TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12, and IL-23 against the stimulus. But, if M1 phase continues, it can cause tissue damage. Therefore, M2 macrophages secrete high amounts of IL-10 and TGF-β to suppress the inflammation, contribute to tissue repair, remodeling, vasculogenesis, and retain homeostasis. In this review, we first discuss the basic biology of macrophages including origin, differentiation and activation, tissue distribution, plasticity and polarization, migration, antigen presentation capacity, cytokine and chemokine production, metabolism, and involvement of microRNAs in macrophage polarization and function. Secondly, we discuss the protective and pathogenic role of the macrophage subsets in normal and pathological pregnancy, anti-microbial defense, anti-tumor immunity, metabolic disease and obesity, asthma and allergy, atherosclerosis, fibrosis, wound healing, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Shapouri-Moghaddam
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, BuAli Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeed Mohammadian
- Faculty of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Vazini
- Nursing Department, Basic Sciences Faculty, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Taghadosi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Seyed-Alireza Esmaeili
- Faculty of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mardani
- Faculty of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bita Seifi
- Department of Anatomy, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Iran
| | - Asadollah Mohammadi
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Jalil T Afshari
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, BuAli Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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68
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Abstract
Semaphorins are extracellular signaling proteins that are essential for the development and maintenance of many organs and tissues. The more than 20-member semaphorin protein family includes secreted, transmembrane and cell surface-attached proteins with diverse structures, each characterized by a single cysteine-rich extracellular sema domain, the defining feature of the family. Early studies revealed that semaphorins function as axon guidance molecules, but it is now understood that semaphorins are key regulators of morphology and motility in many different cell types including those that make up the nervous, cardiovascular, immune, endocrine, hepatic, renal, reproductive, respiratory and musculoskeletal systems, as well as in cancer cells. Semaphorin signaling occurs predominantly through Plexin receptors and results in changes to the cytoskeletal and adhesive machinery that regulate cellular morphology. While much remains to be learned about the mechanisms underlying the effects of semaphorins, exciting work has begun to reveal how semaphorin signaling is fine-tuned through different receptor complexes and other mechanisms to achieve specific outcomes in various cellular contexts and physiological systems. These and future studies will lead to a more complete understanding of semaphorin-mediated development and to a greater understanding of how these proteins function in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Taylor Alto
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jonathan R Terman
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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69
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Fang M, Yuan J, Chen M, Sun Z, Liu L, Cheng G, Ying H, Yang S, Chen M. The heterogenic tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma and prognostic analysis based on tumor neo-vessels, macrophages and α-SMA. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:4805-4812. [PMID: 29552120 PMCID: PMC5840703 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to quantify tumor neo-vessels, macrophages and fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and explore the prognostic factors of HCC. The distribution of tumor neo-vessels, macrophages and fibroblasts was quantified by immunohistochemistry and inverted microscopy with the CRi Nuance multispectral imaging system, and the correlation of these parameters with the clinico-pathological characteristics and overall survival of the patients was analyzed. The number of tumor neo-vessels and macrophages, and density of the fibroblasts, as calculated by the thickness of the tumor stroma in the tumor microenvironment, ranged from 51-429 (median, 218), 110-555 (median, 259) and 35.6-555.5 µm (median, 247.0), respectively. Using the median values as a cutoff, the cases were stratified into high- and low-density groups. Survival analysis demonstrated that the high-density groups regarding macrophages (χ2=5.249, P=0.022) and fibroblasts (χ2=18.073, P<0.001) had a significantly shorter disease-free survival (DFS) than the low-density groups. The high-density tumor neo-vessel group had a shorter DFS with a median of 5 months than the low-density group with a median of 7 months; however, there was no statistical significance between these two groups (χ2=1.663, P=0.197). Regarding the above three stromal components combined, all of the cases were classified into low-, middle- and high-density groups. Survival analysis demonstrated that the high-density group of stromal components had a shorter DFS than the other two groups with a median of 3 months (χ2=14.439, P=0.001). Multivariate analysis by Cox regression indicated that cirrhosis, metastasis stage, as well as macrophage and fibroblast density were independent prognostic factors. In conclusion, the key elements in the tumor microenvironment, including tumor neo-vessels, macrophages and fibroblasts, were heterogenic in HCC tissues and have significant roles in HCC invasion and metastasis. Stromal components are associated with the prognosis of patients with HCC; the higher the density of stromal components, the poorer the prognosis of patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Fang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Jingping Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Mengyuan Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Zongwen Sun
- Department of Oncology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Lulu Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Guoping Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Hangjie Ying
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Shifeng Yang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
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70
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Mahlbacher G, Curtis LT, Lowengrub J, Frieboes HB. Mathematical modeling of tumor-associated macrophage interactions with the cancer microenvironment. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:10. [PMID: 29382395 PMCID: PMC5791333 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0313-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immuno-oncotherapy has emerged as a promising means to target cancer. In particular, therapeutic manipulation of tumor-associated macrophages holds promise due to their various and sometimes opposing roles in tumor progression. It is established that M1-type macrophages suppress tumor progression while M2-types support it. Recently, Tie2-expressing macrophages (TEM) have been identified as a distinct sub-population influencing tumor angiogenesis and vascular remodeling as well as monocyte differentiation. Methods This study develops a modeling framework to evaluate macrophage interactions with the tumor microenvironment, enabling assessment of how these interactions may affect tumor progression. M1, M2, and Tie2 expressing variants are integrated into a model of tumor growth representing a metastatic lesion in a highly vascularized organ, such as the liver. Behaviors simulated include M1 release of nitric oxide (NO), M2 release of growth-promoting factors, and TEM facilitation of angiogenesis via Angiopoietin-2 and promotion of monocyte differentiation into M2 via IL-10. Results The results show that M2 presence leads to larger tumor growth regardless of TEM effects, implying that immunotherapeutic strategies that lead to TEM ablation may fail to restrain growth when the M2 represents a sizeable population. As TEM pro-tumor effects are less pronounced and on a longer time scale than M1-driven tumor inhibition, a more nuanced approach to influence monocyte differentiation taking into account the tumor state (e.g., under chemotherapy) may be desirable. Conclusions The results highlight the dynamic interaction of macrophages within a growing tumor, and, further, establish the initial feasibility of a mathematical framework that could longer term help to optimize cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Mahlbacher
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Lutz Hall 419, Louisville, KY, 40208, USA
| | - Louis T Curtis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Lutz Hall 419, Louisville, KY, 40208, USA
| | - John Lowengrub
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, 540H Rowland Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hermann B Frieboes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Lutz Hall 419, Louisville, KY, 40208, USA. .,James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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71
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Ying X, Wu Q, Wu X, Zhu Q, Wang X, Jiang L, Chen X, Wang X. Epithelial ovarian cancer-secreted exosomal miR-222-3p induces polarization of tumor-associated macrophages. Oncotarget 2018; 7:43076-43087. [PMID: 27172798 PMCID: PMC5190009 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer secreted exosomal miRNAs are emerging as mediators between tumor-stoma crosstalk. Here, we show epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC)-derived exosomes activated macrophages to a tumor-associated macrophage (TAM)-like phenotype with SOCS3/STAT3 pathway involvement, which could facilitate the progression of cancer. MiR-222-3p was enrichment in exosomes released from EOC cells and it could be transferred to macrophages. Overexpression of miR-222-3p in macrophages induced polarization of the M2 phenotype. Luciferase assay verified miR-222-3p targeted SOCS3 genes and expression of SOCS3 was decreased after transfection with a miR-222-3p mimic. Down-regulation of SOCS3 correlated with an increased expression of STAT3 activation. MiR-222-3p could be detected in the exosomes from serum and its levels were related to EOC. These observations propose tumor-derived exosomal miR-222-3p is an effective regulator in the polarization of tumor-promoting M2 macrophages and may be a biomarker of EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ying
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanfeng Wu
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinyi Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinjing Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xipeng Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Evolving Significance and Future Relevance of Anti-Angiogenic Activity of mTOR Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9110152. [PMID: 29104248 PMCID: PMC5704170 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9110152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
mTOR inhibitors have demonstrated remarkable anti-tumor activity in experimental models, mainly by reducing cancer cell growth and tumor angiogenesis. Their use in cancer patients as monotherapy has, however, generated only limited benefits, increasing median overall survival by only a few months. Likewise, in other targeted therapies, cancer cells develop resistance mechanisms to overcome mTOR inhibition. Hence, novel therapeutic strategies have to be designed to increase the efficacy of mTOR inhibitors in cancer. In this review, we discuss the present and future relevance of mTOR inhibitors in cancer therapy by focusing on their effects on tumor angiogenesis.
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TTI-621 (SIRPαFc), a CD47-blocking cancer immunotherapeutic, triggers phagocytosis of lymphoma cells by multiple polarized macrophage subsets. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187262. [PMID: 29084248 PMCID: PMC5662218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are heterogeneous and can adopt a spectrum of activation states between pro-inflammatory and pro-tumorigenic in response to the microenvironment. We have previously shown that TTI-621, a soluble SIRPαFc fusion protein that blocks the CD47 “do-not-eat” signal, promotes tumor cell phagocytosis by IFN-γ-primed macrophages. To assess the impact of CD47 blockade on diverse types of macrophages that are found within the tumor microenvironment, six different polarized human macrophage subsets (M(-), M(IFN-γ), M(IFN-γ+LPS), M(IL-4), M(HAGG+IL-1β), M(IL-10 + TGFβ)) with distinct cell surface markers and cytokine profiles were generated. Blockade of CD47 using TTI-621 significantly increased phagocytosis of lymphoma cells by all macrophage subsets, with M(IFN-γ), M(IFN-γ+LPS) and M(IL-10 + TGFβ) macrophages having the highest phagocytic response. TTI-621-mediated phagocytosis involves macrophage expression of both the low- and high-affinity Fcγ receptors II (CD32) and I (CD64), respectively. Moreover, macrophages with lower phagocytic capabilities (M(-), M(IL-4), M(HAGG+IL-1β)) could readily be re-polarized into highly phagocytic macrophages using various cytokines or TLR agonists. In line with the in vitro study, we further demonstrate that TTI-621 can trigger phagocytosis of tumor cells by diverse subsets of isolated mouse TAMs ex vivo. These data suggest that TTI-621 may be efficacious in triggering the destruction of cancer cells by a diverse population of TAMs found in vivo and support possible combination approaches to augment the activity of CD47 blockade.
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Capobianco A, Cottone L, Monno A, Manfredi AA, Rovere-Querini P. The peritoneum: healing, immunity, and diseases. J Pathol 2017; 243:137-147. [PMID: 28722107 DOI: 10.1002/path.4942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The peritoneum defines a confined microenvironment, which is stable under normal conditions, but is exposed to the damaging effect of infections, surgical injuries, and other neoplastic and non-neoplastic events. Its response to damage includes the recruitment, proliferation, and activation of a variety of haematopoietic and stromal cells. In physiological conditions, effective responses to injuries are organized; inflammatory triggers are eliminated; inflammation quickly abates; and the normal tissue architecture is restored. However, if inflammatory triggers are not cleared, fibrosis or scarring occurs and impaired tissue function ultimately leads to organ failure. Autoimmune serositis is characterized by the persistence of self-antigens and a relapsing clinical pattern. Peritoneal carcinomatosis and endometriosis are characterized by the persistence of cancer cells or ectopic endometrial cells in the peritoneal cavity. Some of the molecular signals orchestrating the recruitment of inflammatory cells in the peritoneum have been identified in the last few years. Alternative activation of peritoneal macrophages was shown to guide angiogenesis and fibrosis, and could represent a novel target for molecular intervention. This review summarizes current knowledge of the alterations to the immune response in the peritoneal environment, highlighting the ambiguous role played by persistently activated reparative macrophages in the pathogenesis of common human diseases. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Capobianco
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Cottone
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Milan, Italy.,University College London, Genetics and Cell Biology of Sarcoma Group, London, UK
| | - Antonella Monno
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo A Manfredi
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rovere-Querini
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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75
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Abstract
Tumours display considerable variation in the patterning and properties of angiogenic blood vessels, as well as in their responses to anti-angiogenic therapy. Angiogenic programming of neoplastic tissue is a multidimensional process regulated by cancer cells in concert with a variety of tumour-associated stromal cells and their bioactive products, which encompass cytokines and growth factors, the extracellular matrix and secreted microvesicles. In this Review, we discuss the extrinsic regulation of angiogenesis by the tumour microenvironment, highlighting potential vulnerabilities that could be targeted to improve the applicability and reach of anti-angiogenic cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele De Palma
- The Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Biziato
- The Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Division of Experimental Pathology, University of Lausanne and University of Lausanne Hospital, 1066 Lausanne, Switzerland
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76
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Tariq M, Zhang J, Liang G, Ding L, He Q, Yang B. Macrophage Polarization: Anti-Cancer Strategies to Target Tumor-Associated Macrophage in Breast Cancer. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2484-2501. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tariq
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Jieqiong Zhang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Guikai Liang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Ling Ding
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
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77
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Gerri C, Marín-Juez R, Marass M, Marks A, Maischein HM, Stainier DYR. Hif-1α regulates macrophage-endothelial interactions during blood vessel development in zebrafish. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15492. [PMID: 28524872 PMCID: PMC5493593 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are known to interact with endothelial cells during developmental and pathological angiogenesis but the molecular mechanisms modulating these interactions remain unclear. Here, we show a role for the Hif-1α transcription factor in this cellular communication. We generated hif-1aa;hif-1ab double mutants in zebrafish, hereafter referred to as hif-1α mutants, and find that they exhibit impaired macrophage mobilization from the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region as well as angiogenic defects and defective vascular repair. Importantly, macrophage ablation is sufficient to recapitulate the vascular phenotypes observed in hif-1α mutants, revealing for the first time a macrophage-dependent angiogenic process during development. Further substantiating our observations of vascular repair, we find that most macrophages closely associated with ruptured blood vessels are Tnfα-positive, a key feature of classically activated macrophages. Altogether, our data provide genetic evidence that Hif-1α regulates interactions between macrophages and endothelial cells starting with the mobilization of macrophages from the AGM. The molecular mechanism regulating macrophage interaction with endothelial cells during development is unclear. Here, the authors show that in zebrafish mutation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α impairs macrophage mobilization from the aorta-gonad-mesonephros, causing defects in angiogenesis and vessel repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gerri
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Rubén Marín-Juez
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Michele Marass
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Alora Marks
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Maischein
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
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78
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Lee S, Kivimäe S, Dolor A, Szoka FC. Macrophage-based cell therapies: The long and winding road. J Control Release 2016; 240:527-540. [PMID: 27422609 PMCID: PMC5064880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the quest for better medicines, attention is increasingly turning to cell-based therapies. The rationale is that infused cells can provide a targeted therapy to precisely correct a complex disease phenotype. Between 1987 and 2010, autologous macrophages (MΦs) were used in clinical trials to treat a variety of human tumors; this approach provided a modest therapeutic benefit in some patients but no lasting remissions. These trials were initiated prior to an understanding of: the complexity of MΦ phenotypes, their ability to alter their phenotype in response to various cytokines and/or the environment, and the extent of survival of the re-infused MΦs. It is now known that while inflammatory MΦs can kill tumor cells, the tumor environment is able to reprogram MΦs into a tumorigenic phenotype; inducing blood vessel formation and contributing to a cancer cell growth-promoting milieu. We review how new information enables the development of large numbers of ex vivo generated MΦs, and how conditioning and gene engineering strategies are used to restrict the MΦ to an appropriate phenotype or to enable production of therapeutic proteins. We survey applications in which the MΦ is loaded with nanomedicines, such as liposomes ex vivo, so when the drug-loaded MΦs are infused into an animal, the drug is released at the disease site. Finally, we also review the current status of MΦ biodistribution and survival after transplantation into an animal. The combination of these recent advances opens the way for improved MΦ cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lee
- The UC-Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley 94720, USA
| | - Saul Kivimäe
- Department of Bioengineering, Therapeutic Sciences and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA
| | - Aaron Dolor
- Department of Bioengineering, Therapeutic Sciences and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA
| | - Francis C Szoka
- The UC-Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley 94720, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Therapeutic Sciences and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA.
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79
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Development of a multi-target peptide for potentiating chemotherapy by modulating tumor microenvironment. Biomaterials 2016; 108:44-56. [PMID: 27619239 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Finding effective cures against aggressive malignancy remains a major challenge in cancer chemotherapy. Here, we report a "tadpole"-like peptide by covalently conjugating the alanine-alanine-asparagine "tail" residual to the cyclic tumor homing peptide iRGD (CCRGDKGPDC) to afford nRGD, which significantly enhanced tumoricidal effects of doxorubicin, by either co-administered as a physical mixture or as a targeting ligand covalently conjugated to the liposomal carrier. Given twice at an equivalent dose of 5 mg/kg, doxorubicin loaded liposomes modified with nRGD (nRGD-Lipo-Dox) showed excellent antitumor efficacy in 4T1 breast cancer mice, of which 44.4% remained alive for over 90 days without recurrence during the period of investigation. The dramatic improvement in antitumor efficacy was attributed to nRGD-Lipo-Dox which appeared to specifically interact with tumor vascular endothelial cells to achieve efficient tumor penetration, and modulate tumor microenvironment with depletion of tumor associated macrophages.
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80
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Yao Y, Shi Q, Chen B, Wang Q, Li X, Li L, Huang Y, Ji J, Shen P. Identification of Caspase-6 as a New Regulator of Alternatively Activated Macrophages. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:17450-66. [PMID: 27325699 PMCID: PMC5016141 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.717868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) play essential roles in the promotion of tissue remodeling, vasculogenesis, and tumor progression; however, the detailed mechanisms underlying the activation of AAMs remain largely unknown. Here, by using quantitative proteomic analysis, we identified 62 proteins that were up-regulated in IL-4-induced macrophages. Among these, Caspase-6 was increased significantly. Caspase-6 is important in the apoptotic signaling pathway; however, its role in non-apoptosis is also reported. Here, we first examined the non-apoptotic role of Caspase-6 in the alternative activation of macrophages after administration of IL-4, 4T1 tumor conditional medium, or co-culture with 4T1 cells. Both treatments promoted alternative activation of RAW264.7 cells and primary macrophages, whereas disruption of caspase-6 expression and activity could markedly suppress the biomarker levels of AAMs. Overexpression of Caspase-6 could significantly promote the activation of AAMs. Importantly, we further present evidence that caspase-6 could regulate breast cancer cell invasion by modulating MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in 4T1 tumor-associated macrophages, as ablation of protein levels or activity of caspase-6 suppressed tumor cell invasion in vitro In conclusion, the observed results markedly expanded our views of the dynamic changes in protein composition during alternative activation of macrophages, and they revealed a critical new role of caspase-6 in regulating this cellular biological process, which suggested that caspase-6 might be a key nod molecule to regulate immunological steady-state and be a therapeutic candidate for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfang Yao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qian Shi
- the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Bing Chen
- the Department of Hematology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China, and
| | - Qingsong Wang
- the State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinda Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Long Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yahong Huang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianguo Ji
- the State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pingping Shen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China,
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81
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Yang L, Moghaddas S, Dezvareh H, Belkacemi L, Bark SJ, Bose RN, Do LH. Insights into the anti-angiogenic properties of phosphaplatins. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 164:5-16. [PMID: 27591123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphaplatins are platinum-based antitumor compounds that, unlike other clinically utilized platinum drugs (i.e. cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin), appear to target proteins rather than DNA. Because of their unique mode of action, phosphaplatins are promising drug candidates for cisplatin-resistant cancers. In this study, we discovered that Pt(II) and Pt(IV) phosphaplatins possess diverse antitumor properties. In addition to targeting apoptosis antigen (FAS) and proapoptotic gene products as described previously, phosphaplatins also target angiogenesis. We demonstrate that phosphaplatins inhibit human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) migration and tube formation in vitro and suppress tumor angiogenesis and growth in immunodeficient mice that were inoculated with A2780 ovarian cancer cells in vivo. To provide insight into this novel antitumor mechanism, phosphaplatin-treated HUVECs were found to exhibit lower gene expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and the VEGFR-2 receptor compared to untreated cells. Kinase inhibition studies suggest that phosphaplatins are inhibitors of VEGFR-2. In ligand exchange experiments using both Pt atomic absorption and 31P NMR spectroscopies, we show that phosphaplatins most likely bind to VEGFR-2 through metal-ligand coordination rather than electrostatic interactions. These studies enhance our understanding of the diverse and novel mechanisms of action of the phosphaplatin antitumor agents, which could potentially be used as chemotherapeutic agents against cisplatin-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States
| | - Shadi Moghaddas
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States
| | - Homa Dezvareh
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States
| | - Louiza Belkacemi
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States
| | - Steven J Bark
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States
| | - Rathindra N Bose
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States; Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States
| | - Loi H Do
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States.
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82
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Purushothaman P, Uppal T, Sarkar R, Verma SC. KSHV-Mediated Angiogenesis in Tumor Progression. Viruses 2016; 8:E198. [PMID: 27447661 PMCID: PMC4974533 DOI: 10.3390/v8070198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), is a malignant human oncovirus belonging to the gamma herpesvirus family. HHV-8 is closely linked to the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and two other B-cell lymphoproliferative diseases: primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and a plasmablastic variant of multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). KS is an invasive tumor of endothelial cells most commonly found in untreated HIV-AIDS or immuno-compromised individuals. KS tumors are highly vascularized and have abnormal, excessive neo-angiogenesis, inflammation, and proliferation of infected endothelial cells. KSHV directly induces angiogenesis in an autocrine and paracrine fashion through a complex interplay of various viral and cellular pro-angiogenic and inflammatory factors. KS is believed to originate due to a combination of KSHV's efficient strategies for evading host immune systems and several pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory stimuli. In addition, KSHV infection of endothelial cells produces a wide array of viral oncoproteins with transforming capabilities that regulate multiple host-signaling pathways involved in the activation of angiogenesis. It is likely that the cellular-signaling pathways of angiogenesis and lymph-angiogenesis modulate the rate of tumorigenesis induction by KSHV. This review summarizes the current knowledge on regulating KSHV-mediated angiogenesis by integrating the findings reported thus far on the roles of host and viral genes in oncogenesis, recent developments in cell-culture/animal-model systems, and various anti-angiogenic therapies for treating KSHV-related lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravinkumar Purushothaman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, 1664 N Virginia Street, MS 320, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Timsy Uppal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, 1664 N Virginia Street, MS 320, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Roni Sarkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, 1664 N Virginia Street, MS 320, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Subhash C Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, 1664 N Virginia Street, MS 320, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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83
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Whiteford JR, De Rossi G, Woodfin A. Mutually Supportive Mechanisms of Inflammation and Vascular Remodeling. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 326:201-78. [PMID: 27572130 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is often accompanied by angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels from existing ones. This vascular response is a response to chronic hypoxia and/or ischemia, but is also contributory to the progression of disorders including atherosclerosis, arthritis, and tumor growth. Proinflammatory and proangiogenic mediators and signaling pathways form a complex and interrelated network in these conditions, and many factors exert multiple effects. Inflammation drives angiogenesis by direct and indirect mechanisms, promoting endothelial proliferation, migration, and vessel sprouting, but also by mediating extracellular matrix remodeling and release of sequestered growth factors, and recruitment of proangiogenic leukocyte subsets. The role of inflammation in promoting angiogenesis is well documented, but by facilitating greater infiltration of leukocytes and plasma proteins into inflamed tissues, angiogenesis can also propagate chronic inflammation. This review examines the mutually supportive relationship between angiogenesis and inflammation, and considers how these interactions might be exploited to promote resolution of chronic inflammatory or angiogenic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Whiteford
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - G De Rossi
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Woodfin
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
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84
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Karagiannis GS, Goswami S, Jones JG, Oktay MH, Condeelis JS. Signatures of breast cancer metastasis at a glance. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:1751-8. [PMID: 27084578 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.183129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression profiling has yielded expression signatures from which prognostic tests can be derived to facilitate clinical decision making in breast cancer patients. Some of these signatures are based on profiling of whole tumor tissue (tissue signatures), which includes all tumor and stromal cells. Prognostic markers have also been derived from the profiling of metastasizing tumor cells, including circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and migratory-disseminating tumor cells within the primary tumor. The metastasis signatures based on CTCs and migratory-disseminating tumor cells have greater potential for unraveling cell biology insights and mechanistic underpinnings of tumor cell dissemination and metastasis. Of clinical interest is the promise that stratification of patients into high or low metastatic risk, as well as assessing the need for cytotoxic therapy, might be improved if prognostics derived from these two types of signatures are used in a combined way. The aim of this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster is to navigate through both types of signatures and their derived prognostics, as well as to highlight biological insights and clinical applications that could be derived from them, especially when they are used in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Karagiannis
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sumanta Goswami
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Joan G Jones
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Maja H Oktay
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - John S Condeelis
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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85
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Staiano RI, Loffredo S, Borriello F, Iannotti FA, Piscitelli F, Orlando P, Secondo A, Granata F, Lepore MT, Fiorelli A, Varricchi G, Santini M, Triggiani M, Di Marzo V, Marone G. Human lung-resident macrophages express CB1 and CB2 receptors whose activation inhibits the release of angiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 99:531-40. [PMID: 26467187 PMCID: PMC4787289 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3hi1214-584r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are pivotal effector cells in immune responses and tissue remodeling by producing a wide spectrum of mediators, including angiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors. Activation of cannabinoid receptor types 1 and 2 has been suggested as a new strategy to modulate angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. We investigated whether human lung-resident macrophages express a complete endocannabinoid system by assessing their production of endocannabinoids and expression of cannabinoid receptors. Unstimulated human lung macrophage produce 2-arachidonoylglycerol,N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine,N-palmitoyl-ethanolamine, and N-oleoyl-ethanolamine. On LPS stimulation, human lung macrophages selectively synthesize 2-arachidonoylglycerol in a calcium-dependent manner. Human lung macrophages express cannabinoid receptor types 1 and 2, and their activation induces ERK1/2 phosphorylation and reactive oxygen species generation. Cannabinoid receptor activation by the specific synthetic agonists ACEA and JWH-133 (but not the endogenous agonist 2-arachidonoylglycerol) markedly inhibits LPS-induced production of vascular endothelial growth factor-A, vascular endothelial growth factor-C, and angiopoietins and modestly affects IL-6 secretion. No significant modulation of TNF-α or IL-8/CXCL8 release was observed. The production of vascular endothelial growth factor-A by human monocyte-derived macrophages is not modulated by activation of cannabinoid receptor types 1 and 2. Given the prominent role of macrophage-assisted vascular remodeling in many tumors, we identified the expression of cannabinoid receptors in lung cancer-associated macrophages. Our results demonstrate that cannabinoid receptor activation selectively inhibits the release of angiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors from human lung macrophage but not from monocyte-derived macrophages. Activation of cannabinoid receptors on tissue-resident macrophages might be a novel strategy to modulate macrophage-assisted vascular remodeling in cancer and chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria I Staiano
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Borriello
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Arturo Iannotti
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Orlando
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
| | - Agnese Secondo
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
| | - Francescopaolo Granata
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Lepore
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
| | - Alfonso Fiorelli
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Santini
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Triggiani
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
| | - Gianni Marone
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
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86
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Liang W, Ni Y, Chen F. Tumor resistance to vascular disrupting agents: mechanisms, imaging, and solutions. Oncotarget 2016; 7:15444-59. [PMID: 26812886 PMCID: PMC4941252 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) is a significant advance in the treatment of solid tumors. VDAs induce rapid and selective shutdown of tumor blood flow resulting in massive necrosis. However, a viable marginal tumor rim always remains after VDA treatment and is a major cause of recurrence. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms involved in the resistance of solid tumors to VDAs. Hypoxia, tumor-associated macrophages, and bone marrow-derived circulating endothelial progenitor cells all may contribute to resistance. Resistance can be monitored using magnetic resonance imaging markers. The various solutions proposed to manage tumor resistance to VDAs emphasize combining these agents with other approaches including antiangiogenic agents, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, radioimmunotherapy, and sequential dual-targeting internal radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Liang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yicheng Ni
- Radiology Section, University Hospitals, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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87
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Powerful anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic activity of a new anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 peptide in colorectal cancer models. Oncotarget 2016; 6:10563-76. [PMID: 25868854 PMCID: PMC4496375 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the therapeutic outcome of selective block of VEGFR1, we have evaluated the activity of a new specific antagonist of VEGFR1, named iVR1 (inhibitor of VEGFR1), in syngenic and xenograft colorectal cancer models, in an artificial model of metastatization, and in laser-induced choroid neovascularization. iVR1 inhibited tumor growth and neoangiogenesis in both models of colorectal cancer, with an extent similar to that of bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody anti-VEGF-A. It potently inhibited VEGFR1 phosphorylation in vivo, determining a strong inhibition of the recruitment of monocyte-macrophages and of mural cells as confirmed, in vitro, by the ability to inhibit macrophages migration. iVR1 was able to synergize with irinotecan determining a shrinkage of tumors that became undetectable after three weeks of combined treatment. Such treatment induced a significant prolongation of survival similar to that observed with bevacizumab and irinotecan combination. iVR1 also fully prevented lung invasion by HCT-116 cells injected in mouse tail vein. Also, iVR1 impressively inhibited choroid neovascularization after a single intravitreal injection. Collectively, data showed the strong potential of iVR1 peptide as a new anti-tumor and anti-metastatic agent and demonstrate the high flexibility of VEGFR1 antagonists as therapeutic anti-angiogenic agents in different pathological contexts.
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88
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Baj-Krzyworzeka M, Mytar B, Szatanek R, Surmiak M, Węglarczyk K, Baran J, Siedlar M. Colorectal cancer-derived microvesicles modulate differentiation of human monocytes to macrophages. J Transl Med 2016; 14:36. [PMID: 26838097 PMCID: PMC4736475 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0789-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour-derived microvesicles (TMVs) are important players in tumour progression, modulating biological activity of immune cells e.g. lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages. This phenomenon is particularly interesting in the progression of colon cancer, as macrophages in this type of tumour are relevant for the recovery processes. In the present study, the role of colon cancer cell-derived microvesicles in monocyte differentiation and activity profile (polarization) was investigated. METHODS Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) were differentiated in vitro in the presence of TMVs obtained from colon cancer: Caco-2, SW620, LoVo or SW480 cell lines and analysed according to their morphology and biological functions, as defined by cytokine secretion, reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) production and cytotoxic activity against respective colon cancer cells. RESULTS Monocytes differentiated with TMVs exhibited morphological and phenotypical characteristics of macrophages. An early contact (beginning with the first day of the in vitro culture) of monocytes with TMVs resulted in increased IL-10 secretion and only slightly elevated TNF release. Early, or prolonged contact resulted in low ROI production and low cytotoxicity against tumour cells. On the other hand, late contact of MDM with TMVs, stimulated MDM to significant TNF and IL-12 secretion, ROI production and enhanced cytotoxicity against tumour cells in vitro. In addition, differences in MDM response to TMVs from different cell lines were observed (according to cytokine secretion, ROI production and cytotoxicity against tumour cells in vitro). Biological activity, STATs phosphorylation and microRNA profiling of MDMs indicated differences in their polarization/activation status which may suggest mixed polarization type M1/M2 with the predominance of proinflammatory cells after late contact with TMVs. CONCLUSIONS Macrophage activity (polarization status) may be regulated by contact with not only tumour cells but also with TMVs. Their final polarization status depends on the contact time, and probably on the vesicle "cargo", as signified by the distinct impact of TMVs which enabled the switching of MDM maturation to regulatory macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Baj-Krzyworzeka
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Peadiatrics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 265 Wielicka str., 30-663, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Bożenna Mytar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Peadiatrics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 265 Wielicka str., 30-663, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Rafał Szatanek
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Peadiatrics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 265 Wielicka str., 30-663, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Marcin Surmiak
- Division of Molecular Biology and Clinical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Peadiatrics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 265 Wielicka str., 30-663, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Jarek Baran
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Peadiatrics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 265 Wielicka str., 30-663, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Peadiatrics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 265 Wielicka str., 30-663, Cracow, Poland.
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89
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Huaier extract suppresses breast cancer via regulating tumor-associated macrophages. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20049. [PMID: 26831282 PMCID: PMC4735520 DOI: 10.1038/srep20049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages in tumor microenvironment are mostly M2-polarized - and have been reported to promote tumorigenesis, which are also defined as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Here, we examined the regulatory effects of Huaier extract on TAMs using RAW264.7 murine macrophage cell line. Our data demonstrated that Huaier extract could inhibit the infiltration of macrophages into tumor microenvironment in a dose-dependent manner. By performing RT-PCR, immunofluorescence and phagocytosis assay, we were able to find that Huaier extract could regulate the polarization of macrophages, with decreased M2-polarization and increased phagocytosis of RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, we identified that Huaier extract could suppress macrophages-induced angiogenesis by using HUVEC migration assay, tube formation and chorioallantoic membrane assay. Additionally, western blotting showed decreased expression of MMP2, MMP9 and VEGF with the use of Huaier extract. Finally, we found that Huaier extract could inhibit M2-macrophages infiltration and angiogenesis through treating 4T1 tumor bearing mice with Huaier extract. Our study revealed a novel mechanism of the anti-tumor effect of Huaier extract which inhibited angiogenesis by targeting TAMs. These findings provided that Huaier was a promising drug for clinical treatment of breast cancer.
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90
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Liu R, Luo F, Liu X, Wang L, Yang J, Deng Y, Huang E, Qian J, Lu Z, Jiang X, Zhang D, Chu Y. Biological Response Modifier in Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 909:69-138. [PMID: 27240457 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7555-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biological response modifiers (BRMs) emerge as a lay of new compounds or approaches used in improving cancer immunotherapy. Evidences highlight that cytokines, Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, and noncoding RNAs are of crucial roles in modulating antitumor immune response and cancer-related chronic inflammation, and BRMs based on them have been explored. In particular, besides some cytokines like IFN-α and IL-2, several Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists like BCG, MPL, and imiquimod are also licensed to be used in patients with several malignancies nowadays, and the first artificial small noncoding RNA (microRNA) mimic, MXR34, has entered phase I clinical study against liver cancer, implying their potential application in cancer therapy. According to amounts of original data, this chapter will review the regulatory roles of TLR signaling, some noncoding RNAs, and several key cytokines in cancer and cancer-related immune response, as well as the clinical cases in cancer therapy based on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Liu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Feifei Luo
- Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, China
| | - Luman Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuting Deng
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Enyu Huang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiawen Qian
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhou Lu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xuechao Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yiwei Chu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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91
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Urso E, Maffia M. Behind the Link between Copper and Angiogenesis: Established Mechanisms and an Overview on the Role of Vascular Copper Transport Systems. J Vasc Res 2015; 52:172-96. [PMID: 26484858 DOI: 10.1159/000438485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis critically sustains the progression of both physiological and pathological processes. Copper behaves as an obligatory co-factor throughout the angiogenic signalling cascades, so much so that a deficiency causes neovascularization to abate. Moreover, the progress of several angiogenic pathologies (e.g. diabetes, cardiac hypertrophy and ischaemia) can be tracked by measuring serum copper levels, which are being increasingly investigated as a useful prognostic marker. Accordingly, the therapeutic modulation of body copper has been proven effective in rescuing the pathological angiogenic dysfunctions underlying several disease states. Vascular copper transport systems profoundly influence the activation and execution of angiogenesis, acting as multi-functional regulators of apparently discrete pro-angiogenic pathways. This review concerns the complex relationship among copper-dependent angiogenic factors, copper transporters and common pathological conditions, with an unusual accent on the multi-faceted involvement of the proteins handling vascular copper. Functions regulated by the major copper transport proteins (CTR1 importer, ATP7A efflux pump and metallo-chaperones) include the modulation of endothelial migration and vascular superoxide, known to activate angiogenesis within a narrow concentration range. The potential contribution of prion protein, a controversial regulator of copper homeostasis, is discussed, even though its angiogenic involvement seems to be mainly associated with the modulation of endothelial motility and permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Urso
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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92
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Isaacs JT, Dalrymple SL, Rosen DM, Hammers H, Olsson A, Leanderson T. Anti-cancer potency of tasquinimod is enhanced via albumin-binding facilitating increased uptake in the tumor microenvironment. Oncotarget 2015; 5:8093-106. [PMID: 25193858 PMCID: PMC4226669 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tasquinimod, an orally active quinoline-3-carboxamide, binds with high affinity to HDAC4 and S100A9 in cancer and infiltrating host cells within compromised tumor microenvironment inhibiting adaptive survival pathways needed for an angiogenic response. Clinical trials document that as low as 0.5-1mg tasquinimod/day is therapeutic against castrate resistant metastatic prostate cancer. Tasquinimod is metabolized via cytochrome P4503A4, but ketoconazole at a dose which completely inhibits CYP3A metabolism does not affect tasquinimod's ability to inhibit endothelial “sprouting” in vitro or anti-cancer efficacy against human prostate cancer xenografts in vivo. Tasquinimod's potency is facilitated by its reversible binding (Kd < 35 μM) to the IIA subdomain of albumin (Sudlow's site I). As blood vessels within the compromised cancer microenvironment are characterized by a higher degree of leakiness than those in normal tissues, this results in an enhanced uptake of tasquinimod bound to albumin in cancer tissue via a tumor specific process known as the “enhanced permeability and retention” (i.e., EPR) effect. Thus, despite plasma levels of < 1 μM, the EPR effect results in intracellular drug concentrations of 2-3 μM, levels several-fold higher than needed for inhibition of endothelial sprouting (IC50 ~ 0.5 μM) or for inhibition of HDAC4 and S100A9 mediated tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Isaacs
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins ,Baltimore, MD; The Brady Urological Institute-Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine ,Baltimore, MD
| | - Susan L Dalrymple
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins ,Baltimore, MD
| | - D Marc Rosen
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins ,Baltimore, MD
| | - Hans Hammers
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins ,Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Tomas Leanderson
- Active Biotech, AB Lund, Sweden; Immunology group, Lund University, Sweden
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93
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Bygd HC, Forsmark KD, Bratlie KM. Altering in vivo macrophage responses with modified polymer properties. Biomaterials 2015; 56:187-97. [PMID: 25934291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage reprogramming has long been the focus of research in disease therapeutics and biomaterial implantation. With different chemical and physical properties of materials playing a role in macrophage polarization, it is important to investigate and categorize the activation effects of material parameters both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we have investigated the effects of material surface chemistry on in vivo polarization of macrophages. The library of materials used here include poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (p(NIPAm-co-AAc)) nanoparticles (∼600 nm) modified with various functional groups. This study also focuses on the development of a quantitative structure-activity relationship method (QSAR) as a predictive tool for determining the macrophage polarization in response to particular biomaterial surface chemistries. Here, we successfully use in vivo imaging and histological analysis to identify the macrophage response and activation. We demonstrate the ability to induce a spectrum of macrophage phenotypes with a change in material functionality as well as identify certain material parameters that seem to correlate with each phenotype. This suggests the potential to develop materials for a variety of applications and predict the outcome of macrophage activation in response to new surface chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Bygd
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Kiva D Forsmark
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Kaitlin M Bratlie
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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94
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Chen PC, Cheng HC, Wang J, Wang SW, Tai HC, Lin CW, Tang CH. Prostate cancer-derived CCN3 induces M2 macrophage infiltration and contributes to angiogenesis in prostate cancer microenvironment. Oncotarget 2015; 5:1595-608. [PMID: 24721786 PMCID: PMC4039234 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are M2-polarized macrophages that infiltrate the tumor microenvironment and promote tumorigenesis. However, the mechanisms by which TAMs modulate prostate cancer (PCa) growth are poorly understood. Here, we found that expression of Nephroblastoma Overexpressed (NOV/CCN3) is upregulated in PCa cells and correlated with M2 macrophage infiltration. RAW264.7 macrophage migration was induced by conditioned media (CM) from various PCa cells in proportion to the cellular level of CCN3 expression and was inhibited by an anti-CCN3 neutralizing antibody. CCN3 and PCaCM treatment skewed RAW264.7 cell differentiation from an M1 phenotype to an M2 phenotype. PCa-derived CCN3 induced focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/Akt/NF-κB signaling in RAW264.7 cells, which resulted in VEGF expression and subsequently increased tube formation in endothelial progenitor cells. Finally, PCa-secreted CCN3 stimulated RAW264.7 cells and promoted angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay (CAM), and increased tumor growth and tumor-associated angiogenesis in a PCa xenograft mouse model. Our results indicate that PCa-secreted CCN3 can recruit macrophages and skew their differentiation to an M2 phenotype. In turn, CCN3-stimulated macrophages contribute to VEGF-dependent angiogenesis. This study reveals a novel mechanism by which TAMs enhance PCa angiogenesis and identifies a potential therapeutic target for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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95
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The significance of macrophage phenotype in cancer and biomaterials. Clin Transl Med 2014; 3:62. [PMID: 26932379 PMCID: PMC4884036 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-014-0041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages have long been known to exhibit heterogeneous and plastic phenotypes. They show functional diversity with roles in homeostasis, tissue repair, immunity and disease. There exists a spectrum of macrophage phenotypes with varied effector functions, molecular determinants, cytokine and chemokine profiles, as well as receptor expression. In tumor microenvironments, the subset of macrophages known as tumor-associated macrophages generates byproducts that enhance tumor growth and angiogenesis, making them attractive targets for anti-cancer therapeutics. With respect to wound healing and the foreign body response, there is a necessity for balance between pro-inflammatory, wound healing, and regulatory macrophages in order to achieve successful implantation of a scaffold for tissue engineering. In this review, we discuss the multitude of ways macrophages are known to be important in cancer therapies and implanted biomaterials.
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96
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Keklikoglou
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michele De Palma
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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97
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Bouvard C, Segaoula Z, De Arcangelis A, Galy-Fauroux I, Mauge L, Fischer AM, Georges-Labouesse E, Helley D. Tie2-dependent deletion of α6 integrin subunit in mice reduces tumor growth and angiogenesis. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:2058-64. [PMID: 25176420 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The α6 integrin subunit (α6) has been implicated in cancer cell migration and in the progression of several malignancies, but its role in tumor angiogenesis is unclear. In mice, anti-α6 blocking antibodies reduce tumor angiogenesis, whereas Tie1-dependent α6 gene deletion enhances neovessel formation in melanoma and lung carcinoma. To clarify the discrepancy in these results we used the cre-lox system to generate a mouse line, α6fl/fl‑Tie2Cre(+), with α6 gene deletion specifically in Tie2-lineage cells: endothelial cells, pericytes, subsets of hematopoietic stem cells, and Tie2-expressing monocytes/macrophages (TEMs), known for their proangiogenic properties. Loss of α6 expression in α6fl/fl‑Tie2Cre(+) mice reduced tumor growth in a murine B16F10 melanoma model. Immunohistological analysis of the tumors showed that Tie2-dependent α6 gene deletion was associated with reduced tumor vascularization and with reduced infiltration of proangiogenic Tie2-expressing macrophages. These findings demonstrate that α6 integrin subunit plays a major role in tumor angiogenesis and TEM infiltration. Targeting α6 could be used as a strategy to reduce tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adèle De Arcangelis
- Institute of Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM U964, CNRS UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Laetitia Mauge
- University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Elisabeth Georges-Labouesse
- Institute of Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology, INSERM U964, CNRS UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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98
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Tan W, Chen L, Guo L, Ou X, Xie D, Quan S. Relationship between macrophages in mouse uteri and angiogenesis in endometrium during the peri-implantation period. Theriogenology 2014; 82:1021-7. [PMID: 25139754 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to examine the change in macrophage numbers, inducible form of NO synthase (iNOS), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression both before and after embryo implantation in the uterine tissue of mice. In order to explore the mechanism of macrophages in endometrial angiogenesis, 8-week-old female mice were divided into three groups: pregnant group, pseudopregnant group (mated to male mice that had been vasectomized), and estrous group (unmated). Individuals from these three groups were sacrificed at time intervals D1.5 to D6.5. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue was used for immunocytochemical localization of Mφ, iNOS, and VEGF utilizing standard methodology. The proportion of macrophages in the peripheral blood was determined by flow cytometry, and the relationship between macrophage, iNOS, and VEGF expression was analyzed. The proportion of peripheral blood macrophages in the pregnancy group was significantly higher than that in the other groups. The results of immunohistochemistry determined that the macrophages exhibited changes in both numbers and distribution. The number of macrophages in the endometrium of the pregnancy and pseudopregnancy groups was significantly higher than that in the control (estrous) group. In the pregnancy group, macrophage numbers dramatically decreased and gradually transferred to the perimetrium on D4.5. Immunostaining revealed strong staining in the pregnancy group and weaker staining in the pseudopregnant and control groups for both iNOS and VEGF. There was strong, dense immunostaining at the implantation site for both iNOS and VEGF, whereas light immunostaining was seen in interimplantation tissues on D5.5 to D6.5. In the pregnant group, peripheral blood and uterine macrophage proportions were negatively correlated, whereas the amount of macrophages, iNOS, and VEGF expression in the endometrium were positively correlated. The expression of iNOS and VEGF in the endometrium also displayed a strong positive correlation. In conclusion, during embryo implantation, macrophages levels decreased in the uterus, whereas the number of peripheral macrophages increased, suggesting that macrophages may migrate into the peripheral blood and uterus to adapt for pregnancy. Additionally, an increase in the expression of iNOS and VEGF was observed during the implantation window, implying that iNOS and VEGF may play an important role in promoting embryo implantation. The positive correlation between macrophages, iNOS, and VEGF in the implanting uterus implied that macrophages might regulate iNOS and VEGF during the implantation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Tan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leining Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianghong Ou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Duo Xie
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Quan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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99
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Stockmann C, Schadendorf D, Klose R, Helfrich I. The impact of the immune system on tumor: angiogenesis and vascular remodeling. Front Oncol 2014; 4:69. [PMID: 24782982 PMCID: PMC3986554 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, as well as inflammation with massive infiltration of leukocytes are hallmarks of various tumor entities. Various epidemiological, clinical, and experimental studies have not only demonstrated a link between chronic inflammation and cancer onset but also shown that immune cells from the bone marrow such as tumor-infiltrating macrophages significantly influence tumor progression. Tumor angiogenesis is critical for tumor development as tumors have to establish a blood supply in order to progress. Although tumor cells were first believed to fuel tumor angiogenesis, numerous studies have shown that the tumor microenvironment and infiltrating immune cell subsets are important for regulating the process of tumor angiogenesis. These infiltrates involve the adaptive immune system including several types of lymphocytes as well as cells of the innate immunity such as macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. Besides their known immune function, these cells are now recognized for their crucial role in regulating the formation and the remodeling of blood vessels in the tumor. In this review, we will discuss for each cell type the mechanisms that regulate the vascular phenotype and its impact on tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Stockmann
- UMR 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) , Paris , France
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Skin Cancer Unit, Dermatology Department, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Ralph Klose
- UMR 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) , Paris , France
| | - Iris Helfrich
- Skin Cancer Unit, Dermatology Department, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
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100
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Guo C, Buranych A, Sarkar D, Fisher PB, Wang XY. Correction: The role of tumor-associated macrophages in tumor vascularization. Vasc Cell 2014; 6:2. [PMID: 24512922 PMCID: PMC3921990 DOI: 10.1186/2045-824x-6-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, PO BOX 980033, Richmond VA23298, USA.
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