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Kleinert M, Sachs S, Habegger KM, Hofmann SM, Müller TD. Glucagon Regulation of Energy Expenditure. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215407. [PMID: 31671603 PMCID: PMC6862306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon's ability to increase energy expenditure has been known for more than 60 years, yet the mechanisms underlining glucagon's thermogenic effect still remain largely elusive. Over the last years, significant efforts were directed to unravel the physiological and cellular underpinnings of how glucagon regulates energy expenditure. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on how glucagon regulates systems metabolism with a special emphasis on its acute and chronic thermogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Kleinert
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Centre Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Stephan Sachs
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Centre Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, 85740 Munich, Germany.
| | - Kirk M Habegger
- Department of Medicine-Endocrinology and Comprehensive Diabetes Center, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35899, USA.
| | - Susanna M Hofmann
- Institute for Diabetes and Regeneration, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der LMU, 80336 München, Germany.
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Centre Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Cinti S. Anatomy and physiology of the nutritional system. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 68:101-107. [PMID: 30965049 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Klepac K, Georgiadi A, Tschöp M, Herzig S. The role of brown and beige adipose tissue in glycaemic control. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 68:90-100. [PMID: 31283940 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For the past decade, brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been extensively studied as a potential therapy for obesity and metabolic diseases due to its thermogenic and glucose-consuming properties. It is now clear that the function of BAT goes beyond heat production, as it also plays an important endocrine role by secreting the so-called batokines to communicate with other metabolic tissues and regulate systemic energy homeostasis. However, despite numerous studies showing the benefits of BAT in rodents, it is still not clear whether recruitment of BAT can be utilized to treat human patients. Here, we review the advances on understanding the role of BAT in metabolism and its benefits on glucose and lipid homeostasis in both humans and rodents. Moreover, we discuss the latest methodological approaches to assess the contribution of BAT to human metabolism as well as the possibility to target BAT, pharmacologically or by lifestyle adaptations, to treat metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Klepac
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Georgiadi
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Tschöp
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair Molecular Metabolic Control, Technical University Munich, Germany.
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González-García I, Milbank E, Diéguez C, López M, Contreras C. Glucagon, GLP-1 and Thermogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143445. [PMID: 31337027 PMCID: PMC6678955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis is a conserved mechanism to maintain body temperature in mammals. However, since BAT contribution to energy expenditure can represent a relevant modulator of metabolic homeostasis, many studies have focused on the nervous system and endocrine factors that control the activity of this tissue. There is long-established evidence that the counter-regulatory hormone glucagon negatively influences energy balance, enhances satiety, and increases energy expenditure. Despite compelling evidence showing that glucagon has direct action on BAT thermogenesis, recent findings are questioning this conventional attribute of glucagon action. Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin secreted by the intestinal tract which strongly decreases feeding, and, furthermore, improves metabolic parameters associated with obesity and diabetes. Therefore, GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1-R) have emerged as a promising target in the treatment of metabolic disorders. In this short review, we will summarize the latest evidence in this regard, as well as the current therapeutic glucagon- and GLP-1-based approaches to treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael González-García
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Edward Milbank
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina Contreras
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Adipose Tissue-Derived Signatures for Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Adipokines, Batokines and MicroRNAs. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8060854. [PMID: 31208019 PMCID: PMC6617388 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8060854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
: Obesity is one of the main risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is closely related to metabolic disturbances in the adipose tissue that primarily functions as a fat reservoir. For this reason, adipose tissue is considered as the primary site for initiation and aggravation of obesity and T2DM. As a key endocrine organ, the adipose tissue communicates with other organs, such as the brain, liver, muscle, and pancreas, for the maintenance of energy homeostasis. Two different types of adipose tissues-the white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT)-secrete bioactive peptides and proteins, known as "adipokines" and "batokines," respectively. Some of them have beneficial anti-inflammatory effects, while others have harmful inflammatory effects. Recently, "exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs)" were identified as novel adipokines, as adipose tissue-derived exosomal miRNAs can affect other organs. In the present review, we discuss the role of adipose-derived secretory factors-adipokines, batokines, and exosomal miRNA-in obesity and T2DM. It will provide new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in disturbances of adipose-derived factors and will support the development of adipose-derived factors as potential therapeutic targets for obesity and T2DM.
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Alemán G, Castro AL, Vigil-Martínez A, Torre-Villalvazo I, Díaz-Villaseñor A, Noriega LG, Medina-Vera I, Ordáz G, Torres N, Tovar AR. Interaction between the amount of dietary protein and the environmental temperature on the expression of browning markers in adipose tissue of rats. GENES AND NUTRITION 2019; 14:19. [PMID: 31178938 PMCID: PMC6549346 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-019-0642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background A low-protein diet increases the expression and circulating concentration of FGF21. FGF21 stimulates the browning process of WAT by enhancing the expression of UCP1 coupled with an increase in PGC1α. Interestingly, the consumption of a low-protein diet could stimulate WAT differentiation into beige/brite cells by increasing FGF21 expression and Ucp1 mRNA abundance. However, whether the stimulus of a low-protein diet on WAT browning can synergistically interact with another browning stimulus, such as cold exposure, remains elusive. Results In the present study, rats were fed 6% (low), 20% (adequate), or 50% (high) dietary protein for 10 days and subsequently exposed to 4 °C for 72 h. Body weight, food intake, and energy expenditure were measured, as well as WAT browning and BAT thermogenesis markers and FGF21 circulating levels. The results showed that during cold exposure, the consumption of a high-protein diet reduced UCP1, TBX1, Cidea, Cd137, and Prdm16 in WAT when compared with the consumption of a low-protein diet. In contrast, at room temperature, a low-protein diet increased the expression of UCP1, Cidea, and Prdm16 associated with an increase in FGF21 expression and circulating levels when compared with a consumption of a high-protein diet. Consequently, the consumption of a low-protein diet increased energy expenditure. Conclusions These results indicate that in addition to the environmental temperature, WAT browning is nutritionally modulated by dietary protein, affecting whole-body energy expenditure. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Alemán
- 1Department of Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, 14080 México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Castro
- 1Department of Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, 14080 México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Ana Vigil-Martínez
- 1Department of Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, 14080 México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Ivan Torre-Villalvazo
- 1Department of Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, 14080 México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Andrea Díaz-Villaseñor
- 1Department of Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, 14080 México, D.F, Mexico.,2Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lilia G Noriega
- 1Department of Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, 14080 México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Isabel Medina-Vera
- 3Department of Research Methodology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, 04530 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Ordáz
- 1Department of Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, 14080 México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Nimbe Torres
- 1Department of Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, 14080 México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Armando R Tovar
- 1Department of Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Av. Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, 14080 México, D.F, Mexico
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Dolegowska K, Marchelek-Mysliwiec M, Nowosiad-Magda M, Slawinski M, Dolegowska B. FGF19 subfamily members: FGF19 and FGF21. J Physiol Biochem 2019; 75:229-240. [PMID: 30927227 PMCID: PMC6611749 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-019-00675-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) constitute a large family of proteins with pleiotropic effects on development, organogenesis, and metabolism. The FGF19 subclass includes growth factors circulating with the blood referred to as endocrine FGF. Representatives of the FGF19 subclass, including FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23, act via FGFR receptors. The proteins of FGF19 subfamily influence the enterohepatic circulation of bile, participate in glucose and lipid metabolism regulation, and maintenance of phosphorus and vitamin D3 homeostasis. FGF19 and FGF21 are activated under different physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Dolegowska
- Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Marchelek-Mysliwiec
- Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Monika Nowosiad-Magda
- Department of Immunology Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Michal Slawinski
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 2, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Barbara Dolegowska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 2, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
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Geloneze B. Tratamento farmacológico da obesidade: passado, presente e futuro. HU REVISTA 2019. [DOI: 10.34019/1982-8047.2018.v44.13989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
O tratamento da obesidade deve ser baseado na percepção de que a obesidade é uma enfermidade crônica, neuroquímica e recidivante. Sendo assim, a combinação de eficácia, sustentabilidade de longo prazo e perfil de segurança de excelência devem nortear a utilização dos medicamentos disponíveis assim como das novas moléculas vindouras. No momento, a liraglutida parece ser a mais completa droga para a obesidade como doença crônica, mas certamente deverá ser superada pelos novos peptídeos de múltiplo agonismo e/ou pela combinação de várias medicações ainda não disponíveis em baixas dosagens para pacientes precisa e individualmente selecionados.
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Alexandre PA, Naval-Sanchez M, Porto-Neto LR, Ferraz JBS, Reverter A, Fukumasu H. Systems Biology Reveals NR2F6 and TGFB1 as Key Regulators of Feed Efficiency in Beef Cattle. Front Genet 2019; 10:230. [PMID: 30967894 PMCID: PMC6439317 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Systems biology approaches are used as strategy to uncover tissue-specific perturbations and regulatory genes related to complex phenotypes. We applied this approach to study feed efficiency (FE) in beef cattle, an important trait both economically and environmentally. Poly-A selected RNA of five tissues (adrenal gland, hypothalamus, liver, skeletal muscle and pituitary) of eighteen young bulls, selected for high and low FE, were sequenced (Illumina HiSeq 2500, 100 bp, pared-end). From the 17,354 expressed genes considering all tissues, 1,335 were prioritized by five selection categories (differentially expressed, harboring SNPs associated with FE, tissue-specific, secreted in plasma and key regulators) and used for network construction. NR2F6 and TGFB1 were identified and validated by motif discovery as key regulators of hepatic inflammatory response and muscle tissue development, respectively, two biological processes demonstrated to be associated with FE. Moreover, we indicated potential biomarkers of FE, which are related to hormonal control of metabolism and sexual maturity. By using robust methodologies and validation strategies, we confirmed the main biological processes related to FE in Bos indicus and indicated candidate genes as regulators or biomarkers of superior animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pâmela A. Alexandre
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Marina Naval-Sanchez
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Laercio R. Porto-Neto
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - José Bento S. Ferraz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Antonio Reverter
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Heidge Fukumasu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
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Cuevas-Ramos D, Mehta R, Aguilar-Salinas CA. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and Browning of White Adipose Tissue. Front Physiol 2019; 10:37. [PMID: 30804796 PMCID: PMC6370737 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest has been focused on differentiating anatomical, molecular, and physiological characteristics of the types of mammalian adipose tissues. White adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) are the two main forms of adipose tissue in humans. WAT functions as an endocrine organ and serves as a reservoir of energy in the form of triglycerides. The hormones released by WAT are called adipokines. BAT consists of a group of specialized cells with abundant uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in the inner mitochondrial membrane and also fulfills endocrine functions. Following the identification of functional (BAT) in human adults, there has been a great deal of interest in finding out how it is induced, its localization, and the mechanisms by which it regulates thermogenesis. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a key regulator of the differentiation to brown adipocytes. The main mechanisms occur through enhancing UCP1 expression. In addition, following exposure to cold or exercise, FGF21 induces upregulation of local peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator (PGC)-1-alfa and thus promotes thermogenesis in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. FGF21 integrates several pathways allowing the regulation of human energy balance, glucose levels, and lipid metabolism. Such mechanisms and their clinical relevance are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cuevas-Ramos
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R Mehta
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Tec Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
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Hu Q, Wang C, Liu F, He J, Wang F, Wang W, You P. High serum levels of FGF21 are decreased in bipolar mania patients during psychotropic medication treatment and are associated with increased metabolism disturbance. Psychiatry Res 2019; 272:643-648. [PMID: 30616135 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD), a psychiatric illness, results partly as a side effect of psychotropic medications and presents a high risk of metabolic disturbance. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is as an important regulator in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. In this study, we investigated the serum levels of FGF21 and analyzed its association with metabolic parameters in bipolar mania patients at pre- and post-treatment with psychotropic medications. Bipolar mania inpatients (n = 99) and healthy controls (n = 99) were included at baseline; the patients were followed up after four-week treatment. Serum levels of FGF21 and several metabolic parameters were measured by appropriate detection methods. We found that baseline serum FGF21 levels were significantly higher in bipolar manic patients when compared to that in controls. After four-week medication, FGF21 levels were found to be decreased in patients when compared to the baseline suggesting that FGF21 may be associated with the psychopathology of bipolar mania. Moreover, FGF21 levels were found to be negatively correlated with the serum triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (CHO), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein B (Apo B), glucose (Glu), and Body Mass Index (BMI). In addition, our data also indicates that FGF21 may monitor and/or prevent the metabolic abnormalities induced by psychotropic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Hu
- Xiamen City Xianyue Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Cong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Farong Liu
- Xiamen City Xianyue Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jue He
- Xiamen City Xianyue Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- Xiamen City Xianyue Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Pan You
- Xiamen City Xianyue Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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West MD, Chang CF, Larocca D, Li J, Jiang J, Sim P, Labat I, Chapman KB, Wong KE, Nicoll J, Van Kanegan MJ, de Grey ADNJ, Nasonkin IO, Stahl A, Sternberg H. Clonal derivation of white and brown adipocyte progenitor cell lines from human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:7. [PMID: 30616682 PMCID: PMC6323697 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1087-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of brown fat in non-shivering thermogenesis and the discovery of brown fat depots in adult humans has made it the subject of intense research interest. A renewable source of brown adipocyte (BA) progenitors would be highly valuable for research and therapy. Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells to white or brown adipocytes is limited by lack of cell purity and scalability. Here we describe an alternative approach involving the identification of clonal self-renewing human embryonic progenitor (hEP) cell lines following partial hPS cell differentiation and selection of scalable clones. METHODS We screened a diverse panel of hPS cell-derived clonal hEP cell lines for adipocyte markers following growth in adipocyte differentiation medium. The transcriptome of the human hES-derived clonal embryonic progenitor cell lines E3, C4ELS5.1, NP88, and NP110 representing three class of definitive adipocyte progenitors were compared to the relatively non-adipogenic line E85 and adult-derived BAT and SAT-derived cells using gene expression microarrays, RT-qPCR, metabolic analysis and immunocytochemistry. Differentiation conditions were optimized for maximal UCP1 expression. RESULTS Many of the differentiated hEP cell lines expressed the adipocyte marker, FAPB4, but only a small subset expressed definitive adipocyte markers including brown adipocyte marker, UCP1. Class I cells (i.e., E3) expressed CITED1, ADIPOQ, and C19orf80 but little to no UCP1. Class II (i.e., C4ELS5.1) expressed CITED1 and UCP1 but little ADIPOQ and LIPASIN. Class III (i.e., NP88, NP110) expressed CITED1, ADIPOQ, C19orf80, and UCP1 in a similar manner as fetal BAT-derived (fBAT) cells. Differentiated NP88 and NP110 lines were closest to fBAT cells morphologically in adiponectin and uncoupling protein expression. But they were more metabolically active than fBAT cells, had higher levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate, and lacked expression of fetal/adult marker, COX7A1. The hEP BA progenitor lines were scalable to 17 passages without loss of differentiation capacity and could be readily rederived. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data demonstrate that self-renewing adipocyte progenitor cells can be derived from hES cells and that they are functionally like BAT cells but with unique properties that might be advantageous for basic research and for development of cell-based treatments for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. West
- AgeX Therapeutics, Inc., 1010 Atlantic Ave, Alameda, CA 94501 USA
| | - Ching-Fang Chang
- 0000 0001 2181 7878grid.47840.3fUniversity of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Dana Larocca
- AgeX Therapeutics, Inc., 1010 Atlantic Ave, Alameda, CA 94501 USA
| | - Jie Li
- AgeX Therapeutics, Inc., 1010 Atlantic Ave, Alameda, CA 94501 USA
| | - Jianjie Jiang
- AgeX Therapeutics, Inc., 1010 Atlantic Ave, Alameda, CA 94501 USA
| | - Pamela Sim
- AgeX Therapeutics, Inc., 1010 Atlantic Ave, Alameda, CA 94501 USA
| | - Ivan Labat
- AgeX Therapeutics, Inc., 1010 Atlantic Ave, Alameda, CA 94501 USA
| | - Karen B. Chapman
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA
| | - Kari E. Wong
- grid.429438.0Metabolon Inc., Morrisville, NC 27560 USA
| | - James Nicoll
- grid.422945.cZen-Bio, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
| | | | - Aubrey D. N. J. de Grey
- AgeX Therapeutics, Inc., 1010 Atlantic Ave, Alameda, CA 94501 USA ,SENS Research Foundation, Mountain View, CA 94041 USA
| | | | - Andreas Stahl
- 0000 0001 2181 7878grid.47840.3fUniversity of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Hal Sternberg
- AgeX Therapeutics, Inc., 1010 Atlantic Ave, Alameda, CA 94501 USA
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Abstract
Brown adipokines are regulatory factors secreted by brown and beige adipocytes that exhibit endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine actions. Peptidic and non-peptidic molecules, including miRNAs and lipids, are constituents of brown adipokines. Brown adipose tissue remodeling to meet thermogenic needs is dependent on the secretory properties of brown/beige adipocytes. The association between brown fat activity and a healthy metabolic profile, in relation to energy balance and glucose and lipid homeostasis, is influenced by the endocrine actions of brown adipokines. A comprehensive knowledge of the brown adipocyte secretome is still lacking. Advancements in the identification and characterization of brown adipokines will facilitate therapeutic interventions for metabolic diseases, as these molecules are obvious candidates to therapeutic agents. Moreover, identification of brown adipokines as circulating biomarkers of brown adipose tissue activity may be particularly useful for noninvasive assessment of brown adipose tissue alterations in human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marion Peyrou
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
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Liu Q, Wang S, Wei M, Huang X, Cheng Y, Shao Y, Xia P, Zhong M, Liu S, Zhang G, Hu S. Improved FGF21 Sensitivity and Restored FGF21 Signaling Pathway in High-Fat Diet/Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats After Duodenal-Jejunal Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:566. [PMID: 31543863 PMCID: PMC6728857 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Bariatric surgery can profoundly improve glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetic rats. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an important hormone with multiple metabolic beneficial effects. Alteration in serum FGF21 level after bariatric surgery has been reported with conflicting results. Here, we investigated the effect of bariatric surgeries on FGF21 expression and sensitivity. Methods: We performed duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB), sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and sham surgery in diabetic rats induced by high fat diet and streptozotocin. Metabolic parameters, including body weight, food intake, glucose tolerance, and lipid profiles, were monitored. FGF21 levels in both serum and liver were measured after surgery. FGF21 signaling pathway including FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1), β-klotho (KLB), and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) was detected in the liver and white adipose tissue (WAT). We also determined FGF21 sensitivity post-operatively by acute recombinant human FGF21 injection. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) were conducted immediately after FGF21 injection. Serum triglyceride (TG) and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) were measured and the mRNA levels of early growth response 1 (Egr1) and c-Fos in the liver and WAT were detected after FGF21 injection. Results: Improvements in glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and lipid profiles were observed after bariatric surgeries along with ameliorated lipid metabolism in the liver and WAT. Serum and hepatic FGF21 levels decreased in both DJB and SG groups. FGFR1 and phosphorylated ERK1/2 levels increased in both DJB and SG groups 8 weeks after surgery. The expression of KLB was downregulated only in the WAT after DJB and SG. Significant alteration of OGTT and ITT were observed after acute FGF21 administration in DJB and SG groups. Serum TG and NEFA in DJB and SG groups also decreased after FGF21 administration. And increased mRNA levels of Egr1 and c-Fos were detected in the liver and WAT after DJB and SG surgeries. Conclusions: DJB and SG surgeries can downregulate hepatic expression of FGF21, restore FGF21 signaling pathway and improve FGF21 sensitivity in high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoran Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Meng Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yugang Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Pingtian Xia
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mingwei Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shaozhuang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guangyong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Sanyuan Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Sanyuan Hu
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He Z, Tian Y, Valenzuela PL, Huang C, Zhao J, Hong P, He Z, Yin S, Lucia A. Myokine Response to High-Intensity Interval vs. Resistance Exercise: An Individual Approach. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1735. [PMID: 30559681 PMCID: PMC6286984 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to compare the response to acute exercise of several myokines/hormones involved in metabolic function between two types of training sessions that are growing in popularity for their purported cardiometabolic benefits, high-intensity interval (HIIT) and resistance training (RT). Methods: Seventeen healthy, non-athletic men (23 ± 3 years) participated in this cross-over study. They randomly performed a HIIT [with short (HIIT1) or long (HIIT2) intervals] or a RT session. The concentration of fibroblast-growth factor (FGF) 21, follistatin, ghrelin, interleukin-15, irisin, myostatin, and peptide YY was measured at baseline and 0, 1, 3, 24, 48, and 72 h post-exercise. An individual approach was adopted to determine the rate of responsiveness to each specific cytokine and training mode. Results: A significant condition (session type) by time interaction (p = 0.004) effect was observed for FGF21, with RT eliciting a greater area under the curve (AUC) concentration than HIIT1 (p = 0.02). The AUC for follistatin was significantly greater after HIIT2 compared with RT (p = 0.02). Individual responsiveness to all session types ranged between 19 and 93% depending on the cytokine. However, most subjects (71-100%) responded positively for all cytokines (except for irisin, with only 53% of responders) after 1+ session type. Conclusion: Except for FGF21, our results show no overall differences in the myokine response to HIIT or RT. A considerable individual variability was observed, with some subjects responding to some but not other training session types. Notwithstanding, most responded to at least one training session. Thus, it is mostly the individual response of each subject rather than general recommendations on type of training session (i.e., RT vs. HIIT or HIIT subtypes) that must be taken into consideration for maximizing cardiometabolic benefits in the context of personalized exercise prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihong He
- Biology Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Culture Development Center, General Administration of Sport of China, Beijing, China
| | - Pedro L Valenzuela
- Physiology Unit, Systems Biology Department, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Chuanye Huang
- Graduate School, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiexiu Zhao
- Biology Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Hong
- Winter Sports Administrative Center, General Administration of Sport of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zilin He
- Cardiovascular Department, Beijing Jian Gong Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhui Yin
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Gastrointestinal Disease, The Rocket Force General Hospital of People's Liberation Army (PLA), Beijing, China
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre ('i+12'), Córdoba, Spain
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Luo W, Lin X, Wang T, Cai J, Zeng X, Zhu C, Li R, Wang H, Wu X. Identification of a crucial amino acid responsible for the loss of specifying FGFR1–KLB affinity of the iodinated FGF21. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2500-2510. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wu Luo
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou China
| | - Xiao‐Mian Lin
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou China
| | - Tian‐Xiang Wang
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou China
| | - Jia‐Long Cai
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou China
| | - Xiang‐Feng Zeng
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou China
| | - Cai‐Rong Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou China
| | - Rong‐Zhen Li
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou China
| | - Heng Wang
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou China
| | - Xiao‐Ping Wu
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou China
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67
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Cinti
- Professor of Human Anatomy, Director, Center of Obesity, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy
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Moxibustion-Simulating Bipolar Radiofrequency Suppresses Weight Gain and Induces Adipose Tissue Browning via Activation of UCP1 and FGF21 in a Mouse Model of Diet-Induced Obesity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:4737515. [PMID: 30275865 PMCID: PMC6151680 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4737515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Obesity is a pathological condition associated with various diseases including diabetes, stroke, arthritis, infertility, and heart disease. Moxibustion is widely used to prevent and manage obesity in traditional Asian medicine. We tested our hypothesis that moxibustion-simulating bipolar radiofrequency (M-RF) can suppress total body and white adipose tissue (WAT) weight gain via induction of WAT browning in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity (DIO). Methods We designed an M-RF device that could accurately adjust the depth and temperature at which heat stimulation was administered into the abdomen of DIO mice. High-fat-fed male C57BL/6 mice were treated with the M-RF device every two or three days for three weeks. We then harvested WAT and serum from the mice and measured total body and WAT weight, size of adipocytes, mitochondrial contents, features of the dead adipocyte environment, and levels of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Results Heat stimulation by M-RF in DIO mice resulted in precise temperature adjustment in the mice abdomen, with variance less than 1°C. Additionally, M-RF stimulation inhibited body and WAT weight gain, resulting in increased formation of beige adipocytes, increased mitochondrial content, and decreased formation of dead adipocytes in WAT. Moreover, treatment of M-RF induced expression of UCP1 and FGF21 in serum and/or epididymal WATs in DIO mice. Conclusion Heat stimulation by M-RF treatment induced upregulation of UCP1 and FGF21 expression in serum and/or WATs, which was correlated with reduced total body and WAT weight gain in DIO mice.
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Kahraman S, Altinova AE, Yalcin MM, Gulbahar O, Arslan B, Akturk M, Cakir N, Toruner FB. Association of serum betatrophin with fibroblast growth factor-21 in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 2018; 41:1069-1074. [PMID: 29363048 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-018-0831-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Betatrophin and fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21), which are recently discovered members of hepatokine/adipokine family, have been proposed to be associated with some metabolic disorders in which insulin resistance plays a major role. METHODS We aimed to investigate serum betatrophin and FGF-21 concentrations in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 31 women with PCOS and 34 women as healthy controls. Serum betatrophin level and its relationship with serum FGF-21 level as well as metabolic parameters were examined. RESULTS Serum betatrophin level was significantly higher in women with PCOS than the control group [1.10 (0.20-4.20) vs 0.70 (0.20-3.50) ng/ml, p = 0.004], whereas FGF-21 did not differ between the groups [74.80 (7.80-435.90) vs 119.30 (10.50-443.40) pg/ml, p = 0.13]. Serum betatrophin correlated positively with LH levels (r = 0.26, p = 0.03). After controlling BMI, there was a significant positive correlation between betatrophin and FGF-21 (r = 0.25, p = 0.04). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that FGF-21 and presence of PCOS were the significant predictors of betatrophin concentrations (R2 = 0.22, F = 2.56, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that betatrophin levels are increased and associated with LH and FGF-21 levels, but not with insulin resistance, in women with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kahraman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A E Altinova
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Beşevler, 06500, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - M M Yalcin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Beşevler, 06500, Ankara, Turkey
| | - O Gulbahar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - B Arslan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Akturk
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Beşevler, 06500, Ankara, Turkey
| | - N Cakir
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Beşevler, 06500, Ankara, Turkey
| | - F B Toruner
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Beşevler, 06500, Ankara, Turkey
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Villarroya J, Campderros L, Ribas-Aulinas F, Carrière A, Casteilla L, Giralt M, Villarroya F. Lactate induces expression and secretion of fibroblast growth factor-21 by muscle cells. Endocrine 2018; 61:165-168. [PMID: 29704156 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1612-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Villarroya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Campderros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francesc Ribas-Aulinas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Audrey Carrière
- STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL 5311, EFS, INP-ENVT, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Louis Casteilla
- STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL 5311, EFS, INP-ENVT, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marta Giralt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Hui Q, Jin Z, Li X, Liu C, Wang X. FGF Family: From Drug Development to Clinical Application. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071875. [PMID: 29949887 PMCID: PMC6073187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) belongs to a large family of growth factors. FGFs use paracrine or endocrine signaling to mediate a myriad of biological and pathophysiological process, including angiogenesis, wound healing, embryonic development, and metabolism regulation. FGF drugs for the treatment of burn and ulcer wounds are now available. The recent discovery of the crucial roles of the endocrine-acting FGF19 subfamily in maintaining homeostasis of bile acid, glucose, and phosphate further extended the activity profile of this family. Here, the applications of recombinant FGFs for the treatment of wounds, diabetes, hypophosphatemia, the development of FGF receptor inhibitors as anti-neoplastic drugs, and the achievements of basic research and applications of FGFs in China are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Hui
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Zi Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China.
- Key Laboratory Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Changxiao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, 308 Anshan West Road, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China.
- Key Laboratory Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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Pei L, Wan T, Wang S, Ye M, Qiu Y, Jiang R, Pang N, Huang Y, Zhou Y, Jiang X, Ling W, Zhang Z, Yang L. Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside regulates the activation and the secretion of adipokines from brown adipose tissue and alleviates diet induced fatty liver. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:625-632. [PMID: 29898429 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside (Cy-3-G) the most abundant monomer of anthocyanins has multiple protective effects on many diseases. To date, whether Cy-3-G could regulate the function of brown adipose tissue (BAT) is still unclear and whether this regulation could influence the secretion of adipokines from BAT to prevent non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) indirectly remains to be explored. In this study we investigated the effect of Cy-3-G on BAT and the potential role of Cy-3-G to prevent fatty liver through regulating the secretion of BAT. METHODS Male C57BL/6 J mice were fed with a high fat high cholesterol (HFC) diet with or without 200 mg/kg B.W Cy-3-G for 8 weeks. In in vitro experiments, the differentiated brown adipocytes (BAC) and C3H10T1/2 clone8 cells were treated with 0.2 mM palmitate with or without Cy-3-G for 72 or 96 h. Then the culture media of C3H10T1/2 clone8 cells were collected for measuring the adipokines secretion by immunoblot assay and were applied to culture HepG2 cells or LO2 cells for 24 h. Lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells or LO2 cells were evaluated by oil red O staining. RESULTS Here we found that Cy-3-G regulated the activation of BAT and the expression of adipokines in BAT which were disrupted by HFC diet and alleviated diet induced fatty liver in mice. In in vitro experiments, Cy-3-G inhibited the release of adipokines including extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (eNAMPT) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) from differentiated C3H10T1/2 clone8 cells induced by palmitate, which was accompanied by a reduction of lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells and LO2 cells cultured by the corresponding collected media of C3H10T1/2 clone8 cells. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that Cy-3-G can regulate the thermogenic and secretory functions of BAT. Furthermore, our data suggest that the protective effect of Cy-3-G on hepatic lipid accumulation is probably via regulating the secretion of adipokines from BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Pei
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China
| | - Ting Wan
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China
| | - Sufan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China
| | - Mingtong Ye
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China
| | - Yun Qiu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China
| | - Nengzhi Pang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China
| | - Yuanling Huang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China
| | - Yujia Zhou
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China
| | - Xuye Jiang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China
| | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510260, PR China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, PR China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Obesity is a global health crisis with detrimental effects on all organ systems leading to worsening disease state and rising costs of care. Persons with obesity failing lifestyle therapies need to be escalated to appropriate pharmacological treatment modalities, medical devices, and/or bariatric surgery if criteria are met and more aggressive intervention is needed. The progression of severe obesity in the patient population coupled with related co-morbidities necessitates the development of novel therapies for the treatment of obesity. This development is preceded by increased understanding of the underpinnings of energy regulation and neurohormonal pathways involved in energy homeostasis. RECENT FINDINGS Though there are approved anti-obesity drugs available in the USA, newer drugs are now in the pipeline for development given the urgent need. This review focuses on anti-obesity drugs in the pipeline including centrally acting agents (setmelanotide, neuropeptide Y antagonist [velneperit], zonisamide-bupropion [Empatic], cannabinoid type-1 receptor blockers), gut hormones and incretin targets (new glucagon-like-peptide-1 [GLP-1] analogues [semaglutide and oral equivalents], amylin mimetics [davalintide, dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonists], dual action GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonists [oxyntomodulin], triple agonists [tri-agonist 1706], peptide YY, leptin analogues [combination pramlintide-metreleptin]), and other novel targets (methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor [beloranib], lipase inhibitor [cetilistat], triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor [tesofensine], fibroblast growth factor 21), including anti-obesity vaccines (ghrelin, somatostatin, adenovirus36). With these new drugs in development, anti-obesity therapeutics have potential to vastly expand allowing better treatment options and personalized approach to obesity care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitanjali Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University School of Medicine, 720 Harrison Avenue, 8th Floor, Suite 801, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Caroline Apovian
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University School of Medicine, 720 Harrison Avenue, 8th Floor, Suite 801, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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Carobbio S, Guénantin AC, Samuelson I, Bahri M, Vidal-Puig A. Brown and beige fat: From molecules to physiology and pathophysiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:37-50. [PMID: 29852279 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The adipose organ portrays adipocytes of diverse tones: white, brown and beige, each type with distinct functions. Adipocytes orchestrate their adaptation and expansion to provide storage to excess nutrients, the quick mobilisation of fuel to supply peripheral functional demands, insulation, and, in their thermogenic form, heat generation to maintain core body temperature. Thermogenic adipocytes could be targets for anti-obesity and anti-diabetic therapeutic approaches aiming to restore adipose tissue functionality and increase energy dissipation. However, for thermogenic adipose tissue to become therapeutically relevant, a better understanding of its development and origins, its progenitors and their characteristics and the composition of its niche, is essential. Also crucial is the identification of stimuli and molecules promoting its specific differentiation and activation. Here we highlight the structural/cellular differences between human and rodent brown adipose tissue and discuss how obesity and metabolic complication affects brown and beige cells as well as how they could be targeted to improve their activation and improve global metabolic homeostasis. Finally, we describe the limitations of current research models and the advantages of new emerging approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Carobbio
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK; Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Anne-Claire Guénantin
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK; Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Isabella Samuelson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK; Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Myriam Bahri
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK; Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK; Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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75
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Reciprocal Effects of Antiretroviral Drugs Used To Treat HIV Infection on the Fibroblast Growth Factor 21/β-Klotho System. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00029-18. [PMID: 29661866 PMCID: PMC5971578 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00029-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Following antiretroviral therapy, HIV-infected patients show increased circulating levels of the antidiabetic hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). In contrast, the expression of the FGF21-obligatory coreceptor β-Klotho (KLB) is reduced in target tissues. This situation is comparable to the FGF21 resistance status observed in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Here, we performed the first systematic study of the effects of distinct members of different antiretroviral drug classes on the FGF21/KLB system in human hepatic, adipose, and skeletal muscle cells. Most protease inhibitors and the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz induced FGF21 gene expression. Neither nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors nor the viral entry inhibitor maraviroc had any effect. Among the integrase inhibitors, elvitegravir significantly induced FGF21 expression, whereas raltegravir had minor effects only in adipose cells. In human hepatocytes and adipocytes, known target cells of FGF21 action, efavirenz, elvitegravir, and the lopinavir-ritonavir combination exerted inhibitory effects on KLB gene expression. Drug treatments that elicited FGF21 induction/KLB repression were those found to induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress. Notably, the pharmacological agents thapsigargin and tunicamycin, which induce these stress pathways, mimicked the effects of drug treatments. Moreover, pharmacological inhibitors of either ER or oxidative stress significantly impaired lopinavir–ritonavir-induced regulation of FGF21, but not KLB. In conclusion, the present in vitro screen study identifies the antiretroviral drugs that affect FGF21/KLB expression in human cells. The present results could have important implications for the management of comorbidities resulting from side effects of specific antiretroviral drugs for the treatment of HIV-infected patients.
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Aldiss P, Betts J, Sale C, Pope M, Budge H, Symonds ME. Exercise-induced 'browning' of adipose tissues. Metabolism 2018; 81:63-70. [PMID: 29155135 PMCID: PMC5893183 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Global rates of obesity continue to rise and are necessarily the consequence of a long-term imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. This is the result of an expansion of adipose tissue due to both the hypertrophy of existing adipocytes and hyperplasia of adipocyte pre-cursors. Exercise elicits numerous physiological benefits on adipose tissue, which are likely to contribute to the associated cardiometabolic benefits. More recently it has been demonstrated that exercise, through a range of mechanisms, induces a phenotypic switch in adipose tissue from energy storing white adipocytes to thermogenic beige adipocytes. This has generated the hypothesis that the process of adipocyte 'browning' may partially underlie the improved cardiometabolic health in physically active populations. Interestingly, 'browning' also occurs in response to various stressors and could represent an adaptive response. In the context of exercise, it is not clear whether the appearance of beige adipocytes is metabolically beneficial or whether they occur as a transient adaptive process to exercise-induced stresses. The present review discusses the various mechanisms (e.g. fatty acid oxidation during exercise, decreased thermal insulation, stressors and angiogenesis) by which the exercise-induced 'browning' process may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Aldiss
- The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - James Betts
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Craig Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mark Pope
- The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen Budge
- The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Michael E Symonds
- The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research Centre School of Medicine, University Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, NG7 2UH.
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77
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Yan K, Chen W, Zhu H, Lin G, Pan H, Li N, Wang L, Yang H, Liu M, Gong F. Ileal Transposition Surgery Decreases Fat Mass and Improves Glucose Metabolism in Diabetic GK Rats: Possible Involvement of FGF21. Front Physiol 2018; 9:191. [PMID: 29593555 PMCID: PMC5854974 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Ileal transposition (IT) surgery has been reported to improve glucose and lipid metabolism, and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a powerful metabolic regulator. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of IT surgery on metabolism and its possible relationship with the FGF21 signaling pathway in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. Methods: Ten-week-old male GK rats were subjected to IT surgery with translocation of a 10 cm ileal segment to the proximal jejunum (IT group) or sham surgery without the ileum transposition (Sham-IT group). Rats in the no surgery group did not receive any surgical intervention. Six weeks later, body weight, fat mass, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and serum levels of FGF21 and leptin were measured. The expression of the FGF21 signaling pathway and white adipose tissue (WAT) browning-related genes in the WAT and liver were evaluated by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot. Results: IT surgery significantly decreased the body weights and FBG levels and increased the insulin sensitivity of GK rats. The total WAT mass of the IT rats showed a 41.5% reduction compared with the Sham-IT rats, and serum levels of FGF21 and leptin of the IT rats decreased by 26.3 and 61.7%, respectively (all P < 0.05). The mRNA levels of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) and its co-receptor β klotho (KLB) in the perirenal WAT (pWAT) of the IT rats were 1.4- and 2.4-fold that of the Sham-IT rats, respectively, and the FGFR1 protein levels were 1.7-fold of the Sham-IT rats (all P < 0.05). In accordance with the pWAT, the protein levels of FGFR1 and KLB in the epididymal WAT (eWAT) of the IT rats notably increased to 3.0- and 3.9-fold of the Sham-IT rats (P < 0.05). Furthermore, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) protein levels in the eWAT and pWAT of the IT rats also increased to 2.2- and 2.3-fold of the Sham-IT rats (P < 0.05). However, the protein levels of FGFR1 and KLB in the subcutaneous WAT (sWAT) of the IT rats decreased by 34.4 and 72.1%, respectively, compared with the Sham-IT rats (P < 0.05). In addition, the protein levels of FGF21 and KLB in the livers of IT rats were 3.9- and 2.3-fold of the Sham-IT rats (all P < 0.05). Conclusions: IT surgery significantly decreased fat mass and improved glucose metabolism in diabetic GK rats. These beneficial roles of IT surgery were probably associated with its stimulatory action on the expression of FGFR1 and KLB in both the eWAT and the pWAT, thereby promoting UCP1 expression in these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weijie Chen
- Department of Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huijuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guole Lin
- Department of Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Naishi Li
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Linjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meijuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fengying Gong
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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78
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Bessesen DH, Van Gaal LF. Progress and challenges in anti-obesity pharmacotherapy. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018; 6:237-248. [PMID: 28919062 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(17)30236-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a serious and growing worldwide health challenge. Healthy lifestyle choices are the foundation of obesity treatment. However, weight loss can lead to physiological adaptations that promote weight regain. As a result, lifestyle treatment alone typically produces only modest weight loss that is difficult to sustain. In other metabolic diseases, pharmacotherapy is an accepted adjunct to lifestyle. Several anti-obesity drugs have been approved in the USA, European Union, Australia, and Japan including sympathomimetics, pancreatic lipase inhibitors, GABAA receptor activators, a serotonin 2C receptor agonist, opioid antagonist, dopamine-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. These drugs vary in their efficacy and side-effect profiles but all provide greater weight loss than do lifestyle changes alone. Even though obesity is widespread and associated with adverse health consequences, and anti-obesity drugs can help people to lose weight, very few patients use these drugs partly because of concerns about safety and efficacy, but also because of inadequate health insurance coverage. Despite great advances in our understanding of the biology of weight regulation, many clinicians still believe that patients with obesity should have the willpower to eat less. The tendency to hold the patient with obesity responsible for their condition can be a barrier to greater acceptance of anti-obesity drugs as appropriate options for treatment. Physicians should be comfortable discussing the risks and benefits of these drugs, and health insurance companies should provide reasonable coverage for their use in patients who are most likely to benefit. Although few promising anti-obesity medications are in the drug-development pipeline, the most promising drugs are novel molecules that are co-agonists for multiple gut hormones including GLP-1, glucagon, and gastric inhibitory peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Bessesen
- School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Denver Health Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA.
| | - Luc F Van Gaal
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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79
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Markussen LK, Winther S, Wicksteed B, Hansen JB. GSK3 is a negative regulator of the thermogenic program in brown adipocytes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3469. [PMID: 29472592 PMCID: PMC5823915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21795-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue is a promising therapeutic target in metabolic disorders due to its ability to dissipate energy and improve systemic insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. β-Adrenergic stimulation of brown adipocytes leads to an increase in oxygen consumption and induction of a thermogenic gene program that includes uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21). In kinase inhibitor screens, we have identified glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) as a negative regulator of basal and β-adrenergically stimulated Fgf21 expression in cultured brown adipocytes. In addition, inhibition of GSK3 also caused increased Ucp1 expression and oxygen consumption. β-Adrenergic stimulation triggered an inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK3 in a protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent manner. Mechanistically, inhibition of GSK3 activated the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase 3/6-p38 MAPK-activating transcription factor 2 signaling module. In summary, our data describe GSK3 as a novel negative regulator of β-adrenergic signaling in brown adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse K Markussen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sally Winther
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Barton Wicksteed
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jacob B Hansen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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80
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Le CT, Nguyen G, Park SY, Choi DH, Cho EH. LY2405319, an analog of fibroblast growth factor 21 ameliorates α-smooth muscle actin production through inhibition of the succinate-G-protein couple receptor 91 (GPR91) pathway in mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192146. [PMID: 29444136 PMCID: PMC5812602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an important metabolic regulator expressed predominantly in the liver. In this study, we evaluated the role of LY2405319, an analogue of FGF21, in hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and in a methionine and choline-deficient (MCD)-diet induced mouse model of liver fibrosis. During liver injury, HSCs trans-differentiate into activated myofibroblasts which produce alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and become a major cell type in hepatic fibrogenesis. Succinate and succinate receptor (GPR91) signaling has emerged as a regulator to promote α-SMA production in MCD diet- induced mice. Treatment with palmitate or MCD medium on LX-2 cells (HSCs) increased succinate concentration in the conditioned medium and cell lysate of LX-2 cells and increased production of GPR91 and α-SMA. However, LY2405319 administration ameliorates palmitate or MCD media-induced succinate production and decreases over-expression of GPR91 and α-SMA in LX2-cells. In an in vivo study, the MCD diet treatment caused increased steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis compared with the control diet in mice. Administration of LY2405319 improved steatohepatitis ameliorated GPR91 and α -SMA production in the liver, decreased succinate concentration in both liver and serum of MCD diet -induced mice. These results suggest that FGF21 reduces production of α-SMA by inhibiting the succinate-GPR91 pathway. We conclude that FGF21 acts as an inhibitor of the succinate-GPR91 pathway to control liver fibrosis. This suggests that FGF21 has therapeutic potential for treating liver fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Thuc Le
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Giang Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hee Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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81
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Kim JH. Serum FGF21 Levels in Obese Korean Children and Adolescents (J Obes Metab Syndr 2017;26:204-9). J Obes Metab Syndr 2017; 26:291-292. [PMID: 31089533 PMCID: PMC6489468 DOI: 10.7570/jomes.2017.26.4.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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82
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Villarroya F, Gavaldà-Navarro A, Peyrou M, Villarroya J, Giralt M. The Lives and Times of Brown Adipokines. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:855-867. [PMID: 29113711 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is responsible for adaptive non-shivering thermogenesis. Moreover, brown fat secretes regulatory factors, so-called brown adipokines, that have autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine actions. Brown adipokines are either polypeptides or nonpeptidic molecules including lipid molecules and microRNAs. The secretory properties of brown fat are essential for tissue remodeling adaptations to thermogenic necessities. The endocrine properties of brown adipokines are thought to contribute to the association between BAT activity and a healthy metabolic profile in relation to glucose and lipid homeostasis. The identification and characterization of brown adipokines may allow the discovery of circulating biomarkers of BAT activity in humans, and will lead to the development of candidate tools for therapeutic interventions in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red 'Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición', Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red 'Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición', Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marion Peyrou
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red 'Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición', Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red 'Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición', Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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83
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Chen SH, Chao PM. Prenatal PPARα activation by clofibrate increases subcutaneous fat browning in male C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet during adulthood. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187507. [PMID: 29095960 PMCID: PMC5667850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that prenatal administration of PPARα agonist clofibrate may permanently increase browning capacity of developing white adipose tissue (WAT). Pregnant C57BL/6J mice were fed a basal diet, without (C) or with 0.5% clofibrate (CF, a PPARα agonist) throughout pregnancy. After parturition, only male offspring were used; all suckled their mothers (who were eating the C diet) and after weaning, they ate a standard chow diet for 4 wk, followed by a high-fat diet (HFD) for 5 wk. Administration of CF up-regulated serum concentrations and hepatic expression of FGF21 in fetuses, with a return to basal levels after CF withdrawal. At postnatal day 84 (P84), CF-offspring had significantly higher expression of thermogenic genes (Ucp1, Cidea, Ppara Ppargc1a, Cpt1b) and UCP1 protein levels in response to HFD in inguinal fat, but not in retroperitoneal (combined with perirenal) or epididymal fat. Based on UCP1 levels in inguinal fat on P7, P14, and P21, appearance of the transient brown-adipocyte phenotype seemed to be hastened by CF exposure. We concluded that giving CF to pregnant mice programmed greater HFD-induced WAT browning in subcutaneous, but not in visceral fat, in their male offspring at adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Han Chen
- Institute of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Min Chao
- Institute of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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84
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Gaggini M, Carli F, Gastaldelli A. The color of fat and its central role in the development and progression of metabolic diseases. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017; 31:hmbci-2017-0060. [PMID: 28942436 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2017-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Excess caloric intake does not always translate to an expansion of the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and increase in fat mass. It is now recognized that adipocyte type (white, WAT, or brown, BAT), size (large vs. small) and metabolism are important factors for the development of cardiometabolic diseases. When the subcutaneous adipose tissue is not able to expand in response to increased energy intake the excess substrate is stored as visceral adipose tissue or as ectopic fat in tissues as muscle, liver and pancreas. Moreover, adipocytes become dysfunctional (adiposopathy, or sick fat), adipokines secretion is increased, fat accumulates in ectopic sites like muscle and liver and alters insulin signaling, increasing the demand for insulin secretion. Thus, there are some subjects that despite having normal weight have the metabolic characteristics of the obese (NWMO), while some obese expand their SAT and remain metabolically healthy (MHO). In this paper we have reviewed the recent findings that relate the metabolism of adipose tissue and its composition to metabolic diseases. In particular, we have discussed the possible role of dysfunctional adipocytes and adipose tissue resistance to the antilipolytic effect of insulin on the development of impaired glucose metabolism. Finally we have reviewed the possible role of BAT vs. WAT in the alteration of lipid and glucose metabolism and the recent studies that have tried to stimulate browning in human adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Gaggini
- Cardiometabolic Risk Group, Institute of Clinical Physiology - CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Carli
- Cardiometabolic Risk Group, Institute of Clinical Physiology - CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Head of Cardiometabolic Risk Group and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Physiology - CNR, via Moruzzi 1 56100, Pisa, Italy, Phone: +39 050 3152679/80, Fax: +39 050 3152166
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85
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Jankovic A, Otasevic V, Stancic A, Buzadzic B, Korac A, Korac B. Physiological regulation and metabolic role of browning in white adipose tissue. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017; 31:hmbci-2017-0034. [PMID: 28862984 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2017-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Great progress has been made in our understanding of the browning process in white adipose tissue (WAT) in rodents. The recognition that i) adult humans have physiologically inducible brown adipose tissue (BAT) that may facilitate resistance to obesity and ii) that adult human BAT molecularly and functionally resembles beige adipose tissue in rodents, reignited optimism that obesity and obesity-related diabetes type 2 can be battled by controlling the browning of WAT. In this review the main cellular mechanisms and molecular mediators of browning of WAT in different physiological states are summarized. The relevance of browning of WAT in metabolic health is considered primarily through a modulation of biological role of fat tissue in overall metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Jankovic
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Otasevic
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Stancic
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Buzadzic
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Korac
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Electron Microscopy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bato Korac
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia, Phone: (381-11)-2078-307, Fax: (381-11)-2761-433
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86
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Scheideler M, Herzig S, Georgiadi A. Endocrine and autocrine/paracrine modulators of brown adipose tissue mass and activity as novel therapeutic strategies against obesity and type 2 diabetes. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017; 31:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2017-0043/hmbci-2017-0043.xml. [PMID: 28850545 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2017-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The dramatically increasing world-wide prevalence of obesity is recognized as a risk factor for the development of various diseases. The growing research on the role of adipose tissue in controlling energy homeostasis and insulin sensitivity has revealed that the promotion of brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity and the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) leads to multiple health benefits and prevents obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Inducible thermogenic adipocytes do exist in adult humans and are linked with increased energy combustion and lower body fat mass. Thus brown adipocytes are currently placed at the center of attention for novel therapeutic strategies against metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Besides the classical, norepinephrine-mediated sympathetic recruitment and activation of thermogenic adipocytes, a number of novel circulating factors have been recently identified to have a positive or negative impact on thermogenic adipocyte formation and activity. In this review their mechanism of action and the plausible therapeutic applications will be summarized and discussed.
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87
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Regulation of longevity by FGF21: Interaction between energy metabolism and stress responses. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 37:79-93. [PMID: 28552719 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone-like member of FGF family which controls metabolic multiorgan crosstalk enhancing energy expenditure through glucose and lipid metabolism. In addition, FGF21 acts as a stress hormone induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress and dysfunctions of mitochondria and autophagy in several tissues. FGF21 also controls stress responses and metabolism by modulating the functions of somatotropic axis and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) pathway. FGF21 is a potent longevity factor coordinating interactions between energy metabolism and stress responses. Recent studies have revealed that FGF21 treatment can alleviate many age-related metabolic disorders, e.g. atherosclerosis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and some cardiovascular diseases. In addition, transgenic mice overexpressing FGF21 have an extended lifespan. However, chronic metabolic and stress-related disorders involving inflammatory responses can provoke FGF21 resistance and thus disturb healthy aging process. First, we will describe the role of FGF21 in interorgan energy metabolism and explain how its functions as a stress hormone can improve healthspan. Next, we will examine both the induction of FGF21 expression via the integrated stress response and the molecular mechanism through which FGF21 enhances healthy aging. Finally, we postulate that FGF21 resistance, similarly to insulin resistance, jeopardizes human healthspan and accelerates the aging process.
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88
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Perks KL, Ferreira N, Richman TR, Ermer JA, Kuznetsova I, Shearwood AMJ, Lee RG, Viola HM, Johnstone VPA, Matthews V, Hool LC, Rackham O, Filipovska A. Adult-onset obesity is triggered by impaired mitochondrial gene expression. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700677. [PMID: 28835921 PMCID: PMC5559209 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial gene expression is essential for energy production; however, an understanding of how it can influence physiology and metabolism is lacking. Several proteins from the pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) family are essential for the regulation of mitochondrial gene expression, but the functions of the remaining members of this family are poorly understood. We created knockout mice to investigate the role of the PPR domain 1 (PTCD1) protein and show that loss of PTCD1 is embryonic lethal, whereas haploinsufficient, heterozygous mice develop age-induced obesity. The molecular defects and metabolic consequences of mitochondrial protein haploinsufficiency in vivo have not been investigated previously. We show that PTCD1 haploinsufficiency results in increased RNA metabolism, in response to decreased protein synthesis and impaired RNA processing that affect the biogenesis of the respiratory chain, causing mild uncoupling and changes in mitochondrial morphology. We demonstrate that with age, these effects lead to adult-onset obesity that results in liver steatosis and cardiac hypertrophy in response to tissue-specific differential regulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathways. Our findings indicate that changes in mitochondrial gene expression have long-term consequences on energy metabolism, providing evidence that haploinsufficiency of PTCD1 can be a major predisposing factor for the development of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L. Perks
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Nicola Ferreira
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Tara R. Richman
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Judith A. Ermer
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Irina Kuznetsova
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Anne-Marie J. Shearwood
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Richard G. Lee
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Helena M. Viola
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Victoria P. A. Johnstone
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Vance Matthews
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Livia C. Hool
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Oliver Rackham
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Filipovska
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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89
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Wang Q, Yuan J, Yu Z, Lin L, Jiang Y, Cao Z, Zhuang P, Whalen MJ, Song B, Wang XJ, Li X, Lo EH, Xu Y, Wang X. FGF21 Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Induced Cognitive Impairment via Metabolic Regulation and Anti-inflammation of Obese Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:4702-4717. [PMID: 28712011 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0663-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating studies suggest that overnutrition-associated obesity may lead to development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndromes (MetS). MetS and its components are important risk factors of mild cognitive impairment, age-related cognitive decline, vascular dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. It has been recently proposed that development of a disease-course modification strategy toward early and effective risk factor management would be clinically significant in reducing the risk of metabolic disorder-initiated cognitive decline. In the present study, we propose that fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a novel candidate for the disease-course modification approach. Using a high-fat diet (HFD) consumption-induced obese mouse model, we tested our hypothesis that recombinant human FGF21 (rFGF21) administration is effective for improving obesity-induced cognitive dysfunction and anxiety-like behavior, by its multiple metabolic modulation and anti-pro-inflammation actions. Our experimental findings support our hypothesis that rFGF21 is protective to HFD-induced cognitive impairment, at least in part by metabolic regulation in glucose tolerance impairment, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia; potent systemic pro-inflammation inhibition; and improvement of hippocampal dysfunction, particularly by inhibiting pro-neuroinflammation and neurogenesis deficit. This study suggests that FGF21 might be a novel molecular target of the disease-course-modifying strategy for early intervention of MstS-associated cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450007, China.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450007, China.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Zhanyang Yu
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yinghua Jiang
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Zeyuan Cao
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Pengwei Zhuang
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Michael J Whalen
- Neurobehavioral Core Facility, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450007, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450007, China.
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.
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90
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Alterations in vitamin A/retinoic acid homeostasis in diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Proc Nutr Soc 2017; 76:597-602. [PMID: 28651670 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665117001069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient for life and the phytochemical β-carotene, also known as pro-vitamin A, is an important dietary source of this vitamin. Vitamin A (retinol) is the parent compound of all bioactive retinoids but it is retinoic acid (RA) that is the active metabolite of vitamin A. The plasma concentration of retinol is maintained in a narrow range and its normal biological activities strictly regulated since excessive intake can lead to toxicity and thus also be detrimental to life. The present review will give an overview of how vitamin A homeostasis is maintained and move on to focus on the link between circulating vitamin A and metabolic disease states. Finally, we will examine how pharmacological or genetic alterations in vitamin A homeostasis and RA-signalling can influence body fat and blood glucose levels including a novel link to the liver secreted hormone fibroblast growth factor 21, an important metabolic regulator.
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91
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Santoso P, Nakata M, Shiizaki K, Boyang Z, Parmila K, Otgon-Uul Z, Hashimoto K, Satoh T, Mori M, Kuro-O M, Yada T. Fibroblast growth factor 21, assisted by elevated glucose, activates paraventricular nucleus NUCB2/Nesfatin-1 neurons to produce satiety under fed states. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45819. [PMID: 28374855 PMCID: PMC5379189 DOI: 10.1038/srep45819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), liver-derived hormone, exerts diverse metabolic effects, being considered for clinical application to treat obesity and diabetes. However, its anorexigenic effect is debatable and whether it involves the central mechanism remains unclarified. Moreover, the neuron mediating FGF21’s anorexigenic effect and the systemic energy state supporting it are unclear. We explored the target neuron and fed/fasted state dependence of FGF21’s anorexigenic action. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of FGF21 markedly suppressed food intake in fed mice with elevated blood glucose. FGF21 induced c-Fos expression preferentially in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and increased mRNA expression selectively for nucleobindin 2/nesfatin-1 (NUCB2/Nesf-1). FGF21 at elevated glucose increased [Ca2+]i in PVN NUCB2/Nesf-1 neurons. FGF21 failed to suppress food intake in PVN-preferential Sim1-Nucb2-KO mice. These findings reveal that FGF21, assisted by elevated glucose, activates PVN NUCB2/Nesf-1 neurons to suppress feeding under fed states, serving as the glycemia-monitoring messenger of liver-hypothalamic network for integrative regulation of energy and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putra Santoso
- Department of Physiology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Yakushiji 3311-1, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakata
- Department of Physiology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Yakushiji 3311-1, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shiizaki
- Division of Anti-aging Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji 3311-1, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Zhang Boyang
- Department of Physiology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Yakushiji 3311-1, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Kumari Parmila
- Department of Physiology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Yakushiji 3311-1, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Zesemdorj Otgon-Uul
- Department of Physiology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Yakushiji 3311-1, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Koshi Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.,Department of Preemptive Medicine and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Tetsurou Satoh
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masatomo Mori
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.,Metabolic and Obese Research Institute, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0037, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuro-O
- Division of Anti-aging Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji 3311-1, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yada
- Department of Physiology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Yakushiji 3311-1, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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92
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Morrice N, Mcilroy GD, Tammireddy SR, Reekie J, Shearer KD, Doherty MK, Delibegović M, Whitfield PD, Mody N. Elevated Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in obese, insulin resistant states is normalised by the synthetic retinoid Fenretinide in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43782. [PMID: 28256636 PMCID: PMC5335663 DOI: 10.1038/srep43782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has emerged as an important beneficial regulator of glucose and lipid homeostasis but its levels are also abnormally increased in insulin-resistant states in rodents and humans. The synthetic retinoid Fenretinide inhibits obesity and improves glucose homeostasis in mice and has pleotropic effects on cellular pathways. To identify Fenretinide target genes, we performed unbiased RNA-seq analysis in liver from mice fed high-fat diet ± Fenretinide. Strikingly, Fgf21 was the most downregulated hepatic gene. Fenretinide normalised elevated levels of FGF21 in both high-fat diet-induced obese mice and in genetically obese-diabetic Leprdbmice. Moreover, Fenretinide-mediated suppression of FGF21 was independent of body weight loss or improved hepatic insulin sensitivity and importantly does not induce unhealthy metabolic complications. In mice which have substantially decreased endogenous retinoic acid biosynthesis, Fgf21 expression was increased, whereas acute pharmacological retinoid treatment decreased FGF21 levels. The repression of FGF21 levels by Fenretinide occurs by reduced binding of RARα and Pol-II at the Fgf21 promoter. We therefore establish Fgf21 as a novel gene target of Fenretinide signalling via a retinoid-dependent mechanism. These results may be of nutritional and therapeutic importance for the treatment of obesity and type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Morrice
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Health Campus, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZD, UK.,Centre for Genome Enabled Biology and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, 23 St Machar Drive, Old Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland AB24 3UU, UK
| | - George D Mcilroy
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Health Campus, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Seshu R Tammireddy
- Lipidomics Research Facility, Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Science, University of Highlands and Islands, Old Perth Road, Inverness, Scotland IV2 3JH, UK
| | - Jennifer Reekie
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Health Campus, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Kirsty D Shearer
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Health Campus, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Mary K Doherty
- Lipidomics Research Facility, Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Science, University of Highlands and Islands, Old Perth Road, Inverness, Scotland IV2 3JH, UK
| | - Mirela Delibegović
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Health Campus, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Phillip D Whitfield
- Lipidomics Research Facility, Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Science, University of Highlands and Islands, Old Perth Road, Inverness, Scotland IV2 3JH, UK
| | - Nimesh Mody
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Health Campus, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZD, UK
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93
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Rodríguez A, Becerril S, Ezquerro S, Méndez-Giménez L, Frühbeck G. Crosstalk between adipokines and myokines in fat browning. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:362-381. [PMID: 27040995 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest organ determining whole-body insulin sensitivity and metabolic homoeostasis. Adaptive changes of skeletal muscle in response to physical activity include adjustments in the production and secretion of muscle-derived bioactive factors, known as myokines, such as myostatin, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7 and IL-15, myonectin, follistatin-like 1 or leukaemia inhibitory factor. These myokines not only act locally in the muscle in an autocrine/paracrine manner, but also are released to the bloodstream as endocrine factors to regulate physiological processes in other tissues. Irisin, derived from the cleavage of FNDC5 protein, constitutes a myokine that induces myogenesis and fat browning (switch of white adipocytes to brown fat-like cells) together with a concomitant increase in energy expenditure. Besides being a target for irisin actions, the adipose tissue also constitutes a production site of FNDC5. Interestingly, irisin secretion from subcutaneous and visceral fat depots is decreased by long-term exercise training and fasting, suggesting a discordant regulation of FNDC5/irisin in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Accordingly, our group has recently reported that the adipokine leptin differentially regulates FNDC5/irisin expression in skeletal muscle and fat, confirming the crosstalk between both tissues. Moreover, irisin secretion and function are regulated by other myokines, such as follistatin or myostatin, as well as by other adipokines, including fibroblast growth factor 21 and leptin. Taken together, myokines have emerged as novel molecular mediators of fat browning and their activity can be modulated by adipokines, confirming the crosstalk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue to regulate thermogenesis and energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Obesity & Adipobiology Group; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA); Pamplona Spain
| | - S. Becerril
- Metabolic Research Laboratory; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Obesity & Adipobiology Group; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA); Pamplona Spain
| | - S. Ezquerro
- Metabolic Research Laboratory; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
| | - L. Méndez-Giménez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Obesity & Adipobiology Group; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA); Pamplona Spain
| | - G. Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Obesity & Adipobiology Group; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA); Pamplona Spain
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
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94
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Aldiss P, Dellschaft N, Sacks H, Budge H, Symonds ME. Beyond obesity – thermogenic adipocytes and cardiometabolic health. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017; 31:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2017-0007/hmbci-2017-0007.xml. [DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2017-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe global prevalence of obesity and related cardiometabolic disease continues to increase through the 21st century. Whilst multi-factorial, obesity is ultimately caused by chronic caloric excess. However, despite numerous interventions focussing on reducing caloric intake these either fail or only elicit short-term changes in body mass. There is now a focus on increasing energy expenditure instead which has stemmed from the recent ‘re-discovery’ of cold-activated brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans and inducible ‘beige’ adipocytes. Through the unique mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), these thermogenic adipocytes are capable of combusting large amounts of chemical energy as heat and in animal models can prevent obesity and cardiometabolic disease. At present, human data does not point to a role for thermogenic adipocytes in regulating body weight or fat mass but points to a pivotal role in regulating metabolic health by improving insulin resistance as well as glucose and lipid homeostasis. This review will therefore focus on the metabolic benefits of BAT activation and the mechanisms and signalling pathways by which these could occur including improvements in insulin signalling in peripheral tissues, systemic lipid and cholesterol metabolism and cardiac and vascular function.
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95
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Plasma kisspeptin and ghrelin levels are independently correlated with physical activity in patients with anorexia nervosa. Appetite 2017; 108:141-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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96
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Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is the main site of adaptive thermogenesis and experimental studies have associated BAT activity with protection against obesity and metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia. Active BAT is present in adult humans and its activity is impaired in patients with obesity. The ability of BAT to protect against chronic metabolic disease has traditionally been attributed to its capacity to utilize glucose and lipids for thermogenesis. However, BAT might also have a secretory role, which could contribute to the systemic consequences of BAT activity. Several BAT-derived molecules that act in a paracrine or autocrine manner have been identified. Most of these factors promote hypertrophy and hyperplasia of BAT, vascularization, innervation and blood flow, processes that are all associated with BAT recruitment when thermogenic activity is enhanced. Additionally, BAT can release regulatory molecules that act on other tissues and organs. This secretory capacity of BAT is thought to be involved in the beneficial effects of BAT transplantation in rodents. Fibroblast growth factor 21, IL-6 and neuregulin 4 are among the first BAT-derived endocrine factors to be identified. In this Review, we discuss the current understanding of the regulatory molecules (the so-called brown adipokines or batokines) that are released by BAT that influence systemic metabolism and convey the beneficial metabolic effects of BAT activation. The identification of such adipokines might also direct drug discovery approaches for managing obesity and its associated chronic metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rubén Cereijo
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Villarroya
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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97
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Contribution of adaptive thermogenesis to the hypothalamic regulation of energy balance. Biochem J 2016; 473:4063-4082. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and its related disorders are among the most pervasive diseases in contemporary societies, and there is an urgent need for new therapies and preventive approaches. Given (i) our poor social capacity to correct unhealthy habits, and (ii) our evolutionarily genetic predisposition to store excess energy as fat, the current environment of caloric surplus makes the treatment of obesity extremely difficult. During the last few decades, an increasing number of methodological approaches have increased our knowledge of the neuroanatomical basis of the control of energy balance. Compelling evidence underlines the role of the hypothalamus as a homeostatic integrator of metabolic information and its ability to adjust energy balance. A greater understanding of the neural basis of the hypothalamic regulation of energy balance might indeed pave the way for new therapeutic targets. In this regard, it has been shown that several important peripheral signals, such as leptin, thyroid hormones, oestrogens and bone morphogenetic protein 8B, converge on common energy sensors, such as AMP-activated protein kinase to modulate sympathetic tone on brown adipose tissue. This knowledge may open new ways to counteract the chronic imbalance underlying obesity. Here, we review the current state of the art on the role of hypothalamus in the regulation of energy balance with particular focus on thermogenesis.
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98
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Aldiss P, Davies G, Woods R, Budge H, Sacks HS, Symonds ME. 'Browning' the cardiac and peri-vascular adipose tissues to modulate cardiovascular risk. Int J Cardiol 2016; 228:265-274. [PMID: 27865196 PMCID: PMC5236060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Excess visceral adiposity, in particular that located adjacent to the heart and coronary arteries is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. In the pathophysiological state, dysfunctional adipose tissue secretes an array of factors modulating vascular function and driving atherogenesis. Conversely, brown and beige adipose tissues utilise glucose and lipids to generate heat and are associated with improved cardiometabolic health. The cardiac and thoracic perivascular adipose tissues are now understood to be composed of brown adipose tissue in the healthy state and undergo a brown-to-white transition i.e. during obesity which may be a driving factor of cardiovascular disease. In this review we discuss the risks of excess cardiac and vascular adiposity and potential mechanisms by which restoring the brown phenotype i.e. “re-browning” could potentially be achieved in clinically relevant populations. Epicardial, paracardial and thoracic perivascular adipose tissues resemble BAT at birth. Despite ‘whitening’ in early life these depots remain metabolically active and potentially thermogenic into adulthood. Obesity induces further ‘whitening’ and inflammation in these depots likely driving the atherogenesis. Maintaining or inducing the brown phenotype in these depots could prevent atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Aldiss
- The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, NG7 2UH
| | - Graeme Davies
- The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, NG7 2UH
| | - Rachel Woods
- The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, NG7 2UH
| | - Helen Budge
- The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, NG7 2UH
| | - Harold S Sacks
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Endocrinology and Diabetes Division, and Department of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Michael E Symonds
- The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, NG7 2UH.
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99
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Hu Y, Liu J, Zhang H, Xu Y, Hong T, Wang G. Exenatide treatment decreases fasting fibroblast growth factor 21 levels in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2016; 42:358-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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100
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Salminen A, Kauppinen A, Kaarniranta K. FGF21 activates AMPK signaling: impact on metabolic regulation and the aging process. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 95:123-131. [PMID: 27678528 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1477-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has a significant role in the regulation of energy metabolism, e.g., in the control of systemic glucose and lipid metabolism. For instance, FGF21 enhances insulin sensitivity, increases glucose uptake, and thus can decrease serum hyperglycemia, while it also increases lipid oxidation and inhibits lipogenesis. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a tissue energy sensor involved in maintaining the energy balance and tissue integrity. It is known that AMPK signaling generates an energy metabolic profile which displays a remarkable overlap with that of FGF21. There is convincing evidence that endocrine FGF21 signaling activates the AMPK pathway, either directly through FGFR1/β-klotho signaling or indirectly by stimulating the secretion of adiponectin and corticosteroids, which consequently can activate AMPK signaling in their target tissues. By activating AMPK, FGF21 can promote a healthy aging process and thus extend mammalian lifespan. We will examine the signaling mechanisms through which FGF21 can activate the AMPK pathway and then discuss the significance of the close connection between FGF21 and AMPK signaling in the control of metabolic disorders and the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS, Kuopio, Finland
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