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Lee HJ, Seo PJ. Ca 2+talyzing Initial Responses to Environmental Stresses. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:849-870. [PMID: 33706981 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved stress-sensing machineries that initiate rapid adaptive environmental stress responses. Cytosolic calcium ion (Ca2+) is the most prominent second messenger that couples extracellular signals with specific intracellular responses. Essential early events that generate a cytosolic Ca2+ spike in response to environmental stress are starting to emerge. We review sensory machineries, including ion channels and transporters, which perceive various stress stimuli and allow cytosolic Ca2+ influx. We highlight integrative roles of Ca2+ channels in plant responses to various environmental stresses, as well as possible interplay of Ca2+ with other early signaling components, which facilitates signal propagation for systemic spread and spatiotemporal variations in respect to external cues. The early Ca2+ signaling schemes inspire the identification of additional stress sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jun Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Pil Joon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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52
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Li K, Prada J, Damineli DSC, Liese A, Romeis T, Dandekar T, Feijó JA, Hedrich R, Konrad KR. An optimized genetically encoded dual reporter for simultaneous ratio imaging of Ca 2+ and H + reveals new insights into ion signaling in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:2292-2310. [PMID: 33455006 PMCID: PMC8383442 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Whereas the role of calcium ions (Ca2+ ) in plant signaling is well studied, the physiological significance of pH-changes remains largely undefined. Here we developed CapHensor, an optimized dual-reporter for simultaneous Ca2+ and pH ratio-imaging and studied signaling events in pollen tubes (PTs), guard cells (GCs), and mesophyll cells (MCs). Monitoring spatio-temporal relationships between membrane voltage, Ca2+ - and pH-dynamics revealed interconnections previously not described. In tobacco PTs, we demonstrated Ca2+ -dynamics lag behind pH-dynamics during oscillatory growth, and pH correlates more with growth than Ca2+ . In GCs, we demonstrated abscisic acid (ABA) to initiate stomatal closure via rapid cytosolic alkalization followed by Ca2+ elevation. Preventing the alkalization blocked GC ABA-responses and even opened stomata in the presence of ABA, disclosing an important pH-dependent GC signaling node. In MCs, a flg22-induced membrane depolarization preceded Ca2+ -increases and cytosolic acidification by c. 2 min, suggesting a Ca2+ /pH-independent early pathogen signaling step. Imaging Ca2+ and pH resolved similar cytosol and nuclear signals and demonstrated flg22, but not ABA and hydrogen peroxide to initiate rapid membrane voltage-, Ca2+ - and pH-responses. We propose close interrelation in Ca2+ - and pH-signaling that is cell type- and stimulus-specific and the pH having crucial roles in regulating PT growth and stomata movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunkun Li
- Department of Botany I, Julius-Von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97082, Germany
| | - Juan Prada
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Daniel S. C. Damineli
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, 2136 Bioscience Research Bldg, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Anja Liese
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Tina Romeis
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97074, Germany
| | - José A. Feijó
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, 2136 Bioscience Research Bldg, College Park, MD 20742-5815, USA
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Department of Botany I, Julius-Von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97082, Germany
| | - Kai Robert Konrad
- Department of Botany I, Julius-Von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97082, Germany
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53
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Dindas J, Dreyer I, Huang S, Hedrich R, Roelfsema MRG. A voltage-dependent Ca 2+ homeostat operates in the plant vacuolar membrane. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1449-1460. [PMID: 33577135 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic calcium signals are evoked by a large variety of biotic and abiotic stimuli and play an important role in cellular and long distance signalling in plants. While the function of the plasma membrane in cytosolic Ca2+ signalling has been intensively studied, the role of the vacuolar membrane remains elusive. A newly developed vacuolar voltage clamp technique was used in combination with live-cell imaging, to study the role of the vacuolar membrane in Ca2+ and pH homeostasis of bulging root hair cells of Arabidopsis. Depolarisation of the vacuolar membrane caused a rapid increase in the Ca2+ concentration and alkalised the cytosol, while hyperpolarisation led to the opposite responses. The relationship between the vacuolar membrane potential, the cytosolic pH and Ca2+ concentration suggests that a vacuolar H+ /Ca2+ exchange mechanism plays a central role in cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis. Mathematical modelling further suggests that the voltage-dependent vacuolar Ca2+ homeostat could contribute to calcium signalling when coupled to a recently discovered K+ channel-dependent module for electrical excitability of the vacuolar membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Dindas
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Würzburg, D-97082, Germany
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zürich, CH-8008, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Dreyer
- Center of Bioinformatics, Simulation and Modeling (CBSM), Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, 3460000, Chile
| | - Shouguang Huang
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Würzburg, D-97082, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Würzburg, D-97082, Germany
| | - M Rob G Roelfsema
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Würzburg, D-97082, Germany
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54
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Liu S, Zhang X, Xiao S, Ma J, Shi W, Qin T, Xi H, Nie X, You C, Xu Z, Wang T, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Li J, Kong J, Aierxi A, Yu Y, Lindsey K, Klosterman SJ, Zhang X, Zhu L. A Single-Nucleotide Mutation in a GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE Gene Confers Resistance to Fusarium Wilt in Gossypium hirsutum. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002723. [PMID: 33854882 PMCID: PMC8025038 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt (FW) disease of cotton, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Fov), causes severe losses in cotton production worldwide. Though significant advancements have been made in development of FW-resistant Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in resistance screening programs, the precise resistance genes and the corresponding molecular mechanisms for resistance to Fov remain unclear. Herein it is reported that Fov7, a gene unlike canonical plant disease-resistance (R) genes, putatively encoding a GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE (GLR) protein, confers resistance to Fov race 7 in Upland cotton. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (C/A) in GhGLR4.8, resulting in an amino acid change (L/I), is associated with Fov resistance. A PCR-based DNA marker (GhGLR4.8SNP(A/C) ) is developed and shown to cosegregate with the Fov resistance. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Fov7 results in cotton lines extremely susceptible to Fov race 7 with a loss of the ability to induce calcium influx in response to total secreted proteins (SEPs) of Fov. Furthermore, coinfiltration of SEPs with GhGLR4.8A results in a hypersensitive response. This first report of a GLR-encoding gene that functions as an R gene provides a new insight into plant-pathogen interactions and a new handle to develop cotton cultivars with resistance to Fov race 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Shenghua Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Jun Ma
- Economic Crop Research InstituteXinjiang Academy of Agricultural ScienceÜrümqiXinjiang830091China
| | - Weijun Shi
- Economic Crop Research InstituteXinjiang Academy of Agricultural ScienceÜrümqiXinjiang830091China
| | - Tao Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Hui Xi
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology Agricultural of Xinjiang BingtuanAgricultural CollegeShihezi UniversityShiheziXinjiang832000China
| | - Xinhui Nie
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology Agricultural of Xinjiang BingtuanAgricultural CollegeShihezi UniversityShiheziXinjiang832000China
| | - Chunyuan You
- Cotton Research InstituteShihezi Academy of Agriculture ScienceShiheziXinjiang832000China
| | - Zheng Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Yujing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Zhennan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Jianying Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Jie Kong
- Economic Crop Research InstituteXinjiang Academy of Agricultural ScienceÜrümqiXinjiang830091China
| | - Alifu Aierxi
- Economic Crop Research InstituteXinjiang Academy of Agricultural ScienceÜrümqiXinjiang830091China
| | - Yu Yu
- Cotton Research InstituteXinjiang Academy of Agriculture and Reclamation ScienceShiheziXinjiang832000China
| | - Keith Lindsey
- Department of BiosciencesDurham UniversityDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | | | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Longfu Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
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55
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Helliwell KE, Kleiner FH, Hardstaff H, Chrachri A, Gaikwad T, Salmon D, Smirnoff N, Wheeler GL, Brownlee C. Spatiotemporal patterns of intracellular Ca 2+ signalling govern hypo-osmotic stress resilience in marine diatoms. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:155-170. [PMID: 33486789 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms are globally important phytoplankton that dominate coastal and polar-ice assemblages. These environments exhibit substantial changes in salinity over dynamic spatiotemporal regimes. Rapid sensory systems are vital to mitigate the harmful consequences of osmotic stress. Population-based analyses have suggested that Ca2+ signalling is involved in diatom osmotic sensing. However, mechanistic insight of the role of osmotic Ca2+ signalling is limited. Here, we show that Phaeodactylum Ca2+ elevations are essential for surviving hypo-osmotic shock. Moreover, employing novel single-cell imaging techniques we have characterised real-time Ca2+ signalling responses in single diatom cells to environmental osmotic perturbations. We observe that intracellular spatiotemporal patterns of osmotic-induced Ca2+ elevations encode vital information regarding the nature of the osmotic stimulus. Localised Ca2+ signals evoked by mild or gradual hypo-osmotic shocks are propagated globally from the apical cell tips, enabling fine-tuned cell volume regulation across the whole cell. Finally, we demonstrate that diatoms adopt Ca2+ -independent and dependent mechanisms for osmoregulation. We find that efflux of organic osmolytes occurs in a Ca2+ -independent manner, but this response is insufficient to mitigate cell damage during hypo-osmotic shock. By comparison, Ca2+ -dependent signalling is necessary to prevent cell bursting via precise coordination of K+ transport, and therefore is likely to underpin survival in dynamic osmotic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Helliwell
- The Laboratory, Marine Biological Association, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Friedrich H Kleiner
- The Laboratory, Marine Biological Association, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Hayley Hardstaff
- The Laboratory, Marine Biological Association, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Abdul Chrachri
- The Laboratory, Marine Biological Association, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Trupti Gaikwad
- The Laboratory, Marine Biological Association, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Deborah Salmon
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Nicholas Smirnoff
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Glen L Wheeler
- The Laboratory, Marine Biological Association, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Colin Brownlee
- The Laboratory, Marine Biological Association, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
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56
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Yee MO, Kim P, Li Y, Singh AK, Northen TR, Chakraborty R. Specialized Plant Growth Chamber Designs to Study Complex Rhizosphere Interactions. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:625752. [PMID: 33841353 PMCID: PMC8032546 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.625752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The rhizosphere is a dynamic ecosystem shaped by complex interactions between plant roots, soil, microbial communities and other micro- and macro-fauna. Although studied for decades, critical gaps exist in the study of plant roots, the rhizosphere microbiome and the soil system surrounding roots, partly due to the challenges associated with measuring and parsing these spatiotemporal interactions in complex heterogeneous systems such as soil. To overcome the challenges associated with in situ study of rhizosphere interactions, specialized plant growth chamber systems have been developed that mimic the natural growth environment. This review discusses the currently available lab-based systems ranging from widely known rhizotrons to other emerging devices designed to allow continuous monitoring and non-destructive sampling of the rhizosphere ecosystems in real-time throughout the developmental stages of a plant. We categorize them based on the major rhizosphere processes it addresses and identify their unique challenges as well as advantages. We find that while some design elements are shared among different systems (e.g., size exclusion membranes), most of the systems are bespoke and speaks to the intricacies and specialization involved in unraveling the details of rhizosphere processes. We also discuss what we describe as the next generation of growth chamber employing the latest technology as well as the current barriers they face. We conclude with a perspective on the current knowledge gaps in the rhizosphere which can be filled by innovative chamber designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mon Oo Yee
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences, Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Peter Kim
- CBRN Defense and Energy Technologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Yifan Li
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences, Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Anup K. Singh
- CBRN Defense and Energy Technologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Trent R. Northen
- The DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Romy Chakraborty
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences, Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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57
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Grenzi M, Bonza MC, Alfieri A, Costa A. Structural insights into long-distance signal transduction pathways mediated by plant glutamate receptor-like channels. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1261-1267. [PMID: 33107608 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, studies have shed light on the physiological role of plant glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs). However, the mechanism by which these channels are activated, and in particular, what is the physiological role of their binding to amino acids, remains elusive. The first direct biochemical demonstration that the Arabidopsis thaliana GLR3.3 isoform binds glutamate and other amino acids in a low micromolar range of concentrations was reported only recently. The first crystal structures of the ligand-binding domains of AtGLR3.3 and AtGLR3.2 isoforms also have been released. We foresee that these new experimental pieces of evidence provide the basis for a better understanding of how GLRs are activated and modulated in different physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Grenzi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 26, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Bonza
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 26, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Alfieri
- Centro Grandi Strumenti, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 26, Milano, 20133, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Celoria 26, Milano, 20133, Italy
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58
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Emonet A, Zhou F, Vacheron J, Heiman CM, Dénervaud Tendon V, Ma KW, Schulze-Lefert P, Keel C, Geldner N. Spatially Restricted Immune Responses Are Required for Maintaining Root Meristematic Activity upon Detection of Bacteria. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1012-1028.e7. [PMID: 33508217 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants restrict immune responses to vulnerable root parts. Spatially restricted responses are thought to be necessary to avoid constitutive responses to rhizosphere microbiota. To directly demonstrate the importance of spatially restricted responses, we expressed the plant flagellin receptor (FLS2) in different tissues, combined with fluorescent defense markers for immune readouts at cellular resolution. Our analysis distinguishes responses appearing cell autonomous from apparently non-cell-autonomous responses. It reveals lignification as a general immune response, contrasting suberization. Importantly, our analysis divides the root meristem into a central zone refractory to FLS2 expression and a cortex that is sensitized by FLS2 expression, causing meristem collapse upon stimulation. Meristematic epidermal expression generates super-competent lines that detect native bacterial flagellin and bypass the weak or absent response to commensals, providing a powerful tool for studying root immunity. Our manipulations and readouts demonstrate incompatibility of meristematic activity and defense and the importance of cell-resolved studies of plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélia Emonet
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jordan Vacheron
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clara Margot Heiman
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Dénervaud Tendon
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ka-Wai Ma
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Keel
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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59
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Weigand C, Kim SH, Brown E, Medina E, Mares M, Miller G, Harper JF, Choi WG. A Ratiometric Calcium Reporter CGf Reveals Calcium Dynamics Both in the Single Cell and Whole Plant Levels Under Heat Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:777975. [PMID: 34975960 PMCID: PMC8718611 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.777975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Land plants evolved to quickly sense and adapt to temperature changes, such as hot days and cold nights. Given that calcium (Ca2+) signaling networks are implicated in most abiotic stress responses, heat-triggered changes in cytosolic Ca2+ were investigated in Arabidopsis leaves and pollen. Plants were engineered with a reporter called CGf, a ratiometric, genetically encoded Ca2+ reporter with an mCherry reference domain fused to an intensiometric Ca2+ reporter GCaMP6f. Relative changes in [Ca2+]cyt were estimated based on CGf's apparent K D around 220 nM. The ratiometric output provided an opportunity to compare Ca2+ dynamics between different tissues, cell types, or subcellular locations. In leaves, CGf detected heat-triggered cytosolic Ca2+ signals, comprised of three different signatures showing similarly rapid rates of Ca2+ influx followed by differing rates of efflux (50% durations ranging from 5 to 19 min). These heat-triggered Ca2+ signals were approximately 1.5-fold greater in magnitude than blue light-triggered signals in the same leaves. In contrast, growing pollen tubes showed two different heat-triggered responses. Exposure to heat caused tip-focused steady growth [Ca2+]cyt oscillations to shift to a pattern characteristic of a growth arrest (22%), or an almost undetectable [Ca2+]cyt (78%). Together, these contrasting examples of heat-triggered Ca2+ responses in leaves and pollen highlight the diversity of Ca2+ signals in plants, inviting speculations about their differing kinetic features and biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystle Weigand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Su-Hwa Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Elizabeth Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Emily Medina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Moises Mares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Gad Miller
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Jeffrey F. Harper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeffrey F. Harper,
| | - Won-Gyu Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
- Won-Gyu Choi,
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60
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Rowe JH, Jones AM. Focus on biosensors: Looking through the lens of quantitative biology. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 2:e12. [PMID: 37077214 PMCID: PMC10095858 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2021.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, plant biologists interested in quantifying molecules and molecular events in vivo have started to complement reporter systems with genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors (GEFBs) that directly sense an analyte. Such biosensors can allow measurements at the level of individual cells and over time. This information is proving valuable to mathematical modellers interested in representing biological phenomena in silico, because improved measurements can guide improved model construction and model parametrisation. Advances in synthetic biology have accelerated the pace of biosensor development, and the simultaneous expression of spectrally compatible biosensors now allows quantification of multiple nodes in signalling networks. For biosensors that directly respond to stimuli, targeting to specific cellular compartments allows the observation of differential accumulation of analytes in distinct organelles, bringing insights to reactive oxygen species/calcium signalling and photosynthesis research. In conjunction with improved image analysis methods, advances in biosensor imaging can help close the loop between experimentation and mathematical modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H. Rowe
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander M. Jones
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Author for correspondence: Alexander M. Jones, E-mail:
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61
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Eichstädt B, Lederer S, Trempel F, Jiang X, Guerra T, Waadt R, Lee J, Liese A, Romeis T. Plant Immune Memory in Systemic Tissue Does Not Involve Changes in Rapid Calcium Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:798230. [PMID: 34970294 PMCID: PMC8712724 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.798230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Upon pathogen recognition, a transient rise in cytoplasmic calcium levels is one of the earliest events in plants and a prerequisite for defense initiation and signal propagation from a local site to systemic plant tissues. However, it is unclear if calcium signaling differs in the context of priming: Do plants exposed to a first pathogen stimulus and have consequently established systemic acquired resistance (SAR) display altered calcium responses to a second pathogen stimulus? Several calcium indicator systems including aequorin, YC3.6 or R-GECO1 have been used to document local calcium responses to the bacterial flg22 peptide but systemic calcium imaging within a single plant remains a technical challenge. Here, we report on an experimental approach to monitor flg22-induced calcium responses in systemic leaves of primed plants. The calcium-dependent protein kinase CPK5 is a key calcium sensor and regulator of the NADPH oxidase RBOHD and plays a role in the systemic calcium-ROS signal propagation. We therefore compared flg22-induced cytoplasmic calcium changes in Arabidopsis wild-type, cpk5 mutant and CPK5-overexpressing plants (exhibiting constitutive priming) by introgressing the calcium indicator R-GECO1-mTurquoise that allows internal normalization through mTurquoise fluorescence. Aequorin-based analyses were included for comparison. Based on the R-GECO1-mTurquoise data, CPK5-OE appears to reinforce an "oscillatory-like" Ca2+ signature in flg22-treated local tissues. However, no change was observed in the flg22-induced calcium response in the systemic tissues of plants that had been pre-challenged by a priming stimulus - neither in wild-type nor in cpk5 or CPK5-OE-lines. These data indicate that the mechanistic manifestation of a plant immune memory in distal plant parts required for enhanced pathogen resistance does not include changes in rapid calcium signaling upstream of CPK5 but rather relies on downstream defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Lederer
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Fabian Trempel
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Xiyuan Jiang
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tiziana Guerra
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Rainer Waadt
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Centre for Organismal Studies, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Justin Lee
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anja Liese
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tina Romeis
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
- *Correspondence: Tina Romeis,
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62
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Yoshinari A, Moe-Lange J, Kleist TJ, Cartwright HN, Quint DA, Ehrhardt DW, Frommer WB, Nakamura M. Using Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Biosensors for Quantitative In Vivo Imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2200:303-322. [PMID: 33175384 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0880-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent biosensors are powerful tools for tracking analytes or cellular processes in live organisms and allowing visualization of the spatial and temporal dynamics of cellular regulators. Fluorescent protein (FP)-based biosensors are extensively employed due to their high selectivity and low invasiveness. A variety of FP-based biosensors have been engineered and applied in plant research to visualize dynamic changes in pH, redox state, concentration of molecules (ions, sugars, peptides, ATP, reactive oxygen species, and phytohormones), and activity of transporters. In this chapter, we briefly summarize reported uses of FP-based biosensors in planta and show simple methods to monitor the dynamics of intracellular Ca2+ in Arabidopsis thaliana using a ratiometric genetically encoded Ca2+ indicator, MatryoshCaMP6s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yoshinari
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jacob Moe-Lange
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Kleist
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Heather N Cartwright
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David A Quint
- Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Machines (NSF-Crest), University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - David W Ehrhardt
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wolf B Frommer
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Masayoshi Nakamura
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
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63
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Lopez-Hernandez F, Tryfona T, Rizza A, Yu XL, Harris MOB, Webb AAR, Kotake T, Dupree P. Calcium Binding by Arabinogalactan Polysaccharides Is Important for Normal Plant Development. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:3346-3369. [PMID: 32769130 PMCID: PMC7534474 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are a family of plant extracellular proteoglycans involved in many physiological events. AGPs are often anchored to the extracellular side of the plasma membrane and are highly glycosylated with arabinogalactan (AG) polysaccharides, but the molecular function of this glycosylation remains largely unknown. The β-linked glucuronic acid (GlcA) residues in AG polysaccharides have been shown in vitro to bind to calcium in a pH-dependent manner. Here, we used Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants in four AG β-glucuronyltransferases (GlcAT14A, -B, -D, and -E) to understand the role of glucuronidation of AG. AG isolated from glcat14 triple mutants had a strong reduction in glucuronidation. AG from a glcat14a/b/d triple mutant had lower calcium binding capacity in vitro than AG from wild-type plants. Some mutants had multiple developmental defects such as reduced trichome branching. glcat14a/b/e triple mutant plants had severely limited seedling growth and were sterile, and the propagation of calcium waves was perturbed in roots. Several of the developmental phenotypes were suppressed by increasing the calcium concentration in the growth medium. Our results show that AG glucuronidation is crucial for multiple developmental processes in plants and suggest that a function of AGPs might be to bind and release cell-surface apoplastic calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theodora Tryfona
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Annalisa Rizza
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaolan L Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew O B Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Alex A R Webb
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
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64
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Laohavisit A, Wakatake T, Ishihama N, Mulvey H, Takizawa K, Suzuki T, Shirasu K. Quinone perception in plants via leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like kinases. Nature 2020; 587:92-97. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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65
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Zhou F, Emonet A, Dénervaud Tendon V, Marhavy P, Wu D, Lahaye T, Geldner N. Co-incidence of Damage and Microbial Patterns Controls Localized Immune Responses in Roots. Cell 2020; 180:440-453.e18. [PMID: 32032516 PMCID: PMC7042715 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) is crucial for the plant's immune response. How this sophisticated perception system can be usefully deployed in roots, continuously exposed to microbes, remains a mystery. By analyzing MAMP receptor expression and response at cellular resolution in Arabidopsis, we observed that differentiated outer cell layers show low expression of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and lack MAMP responsiveness. Yet, these cells can be gated to become responsive by neighbor cell damage. Laser ablation of small cell clusters strongly upregulates PRR expression in their vicinity, and elevated receptor expression is sufficient to induce responsiveness in non-responsive cells. Finally, localized damage also leads to immune responses to otherwise non-immunogenic, beneficial bacteria. Damage-gating is overridden by receptor overexpression, which antagonizes colonization. Our findings that cellular damage can "switch on" local immune responses helps to conceptualize how MAMP perception can be used despite the presence of microbial patterns in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhou
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Aurélia Emonet
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Dénervaud Tendon
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peter Marhavy
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dousheng Wu
- ZMBP-General Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Lahaye
- ZMBP-General Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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66
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Stomatal immunity against fungal invasion comprises not only chitin-induced stomatal closure but also chitosan-induced guard cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:20932-20942. [PMID: 32778594 PMCID: PMC7456093 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922319117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathogenic fungi exploit stomata as invasion routes, causing destructive diseases of major cereal crops. Intensive interaction is expected to occur between guard cells and fungi. In the present study, we took advantage of well-conserved molecules derived from the fungal cell wall, chitin oligosaccharide (CTOS), and chitosan oligosaccharide (CSOS) to study how guard cells respond to fungal invasion. In Arabidopsis, CTOS induced stomatal closure through a signaling mediated by its receptor CERK1, Ca2+, and a major S-type anion channel, SLAC1. CSOS, which is converted from CTOS by chitin deacetylases from invading fungi, did not induce stomatal closure, suggesting that this conversion is a fungal strategy to evade stomatal closure. At higher concentrations, CSOS but not CTOS induced guard cell death in a manner dependent on Ca2+ but not CERK1. These results suggest that stomatal immunity against fungal invasion comprises not only CTOS-induced stomatal closure but also CSOS-induced guard cell death.
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67
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Hilleary R, Paez-Valencia J, Vens CS, Toyota M, Palmgren M, Gilroy S. Tonoplast-localized Ca 2+ pumps regulate Ca 2+ signals during pattern-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18849-18857. [PMID: 32690691 PMCID: PMC7414185 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004183117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major events of early plant immune responses is a rapid influx of Ca2+ into the cytosol following pathogen recognition. Indeed, changes in cytosolic Ca2+ are recognized as ubiquitous elements of cellular signaling networks and are thought to encode stimulus-specific information in their duration, amplitude, and frequency. Despite the wealth of observations showing that the bacterial elicitor peptide flg22 triggers Ca2+ transients, there remain limited data defining the molecular identities of Ca2+ transporters involved in shaping the cellular Ca2+ dynamics during the triggering of the defense response network. However, the autoinhibited Ca2+-ATPase (ACA) pumps that act to expel Ca2+ from the cytosol have been linked to these events, with knockouts in the vacuolar members of this family showing hypersensitive lesion-mimic phenotypes. We have therefore explored how the two tonoplast-localized pumps, ACA4 and ACA11, impact flg22-dependent Ca2+ signaling and related defense responses. The double-knockout aca4/11 exhibited increased basal Ca2+ levels and Ca2+ signals of higher amplitude than wild-type plants. Both the aberrant Ca2+ dynamics and associated defense-related phenotypes could be suppressed by growing the aca4/11 seedlings at elevated temperatures. Relocalization of ACA8 from its normal cellular locale of the plasma membrane to the tonoplast also suppressed the aca4/11 phenotypes but not when a catalytically inactive mutant was used. These observations indicate that regulation of vacuolar Ca2+ sequestration is an integral component of plant immune signaling, but also that the action of tonoplast-localized Ca2+ pumps does not require specific regulatory elements not found in plasma membrane-localized pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hilleary
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Julio Paez-Valencia
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Botany and Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Cullen S Vens
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Masatsugu Toyota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, 338-8570 Saitama, Japan
| | - Michael Palmgren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Simon Gilroy
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706;
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68
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Waadt R, Köster P, Andrés Z, Waadt C, Bradamante G, Lampou K, Kudla J, Schumacher K. Dual-Reporting Transcriptionally Linked Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Indicators Resolve the Spatiotemporal Coordination of Cytosolic Abscisic Acid and Second Messenger Dynamics in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:2582-2601. [PMID: 32471862 PMCID: PMC7401017 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering signal transduction processes is crucial for understanding how plants sense and respond to environmental changes. Various chemical compounds function as central messengers within deeply intertwined signaling networks. How such compounds act in concert remains to be elucidated. We have developed dual-reporting transcriptionally linked genetically encoded fluorescent indicators (2-in-1-GEFIs) for multiparametric in vivo analyses of the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA), Ca2+, protons (H+), chloride (anions), the glutathione redox potential, and H2O2 Simultaneous analyses of two signaling compounds in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) roots revealed that ABA treatment and uptake did not trigger rapid cytosolic Ca2+ or H+ dynamics. Glutamate, ATP, Arabidopsis PLANT ELICITOR PEPTIDE, and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) treatments induced rapid spatiotemporally overlapping cytosolic Ca2+, H+, and anion dynamics, but except for GSSG, only weakly affected the cytosolic redox state. Overall, 2-in-1-GEFIs enable complementary, high-resolution in vivo analyses of signaling compound dynamics and facilitate an advanced understanding of the spatiotemporal coordination of signal transduction processes in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Waadt
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Centre for Organismal Studies, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Köster
- Molekulare Genetik und Zellbiologie der Pflanzen, Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Zaida Andrés
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Centre for Organismal Studies, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Gabriele Bradamante
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Centre for Organismal Studies, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Lampou
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Centre for Organismal Studies, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Kudla
- Molekulare Genetik und Zellbiologie der Pflanzen, Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Karin Schumacher
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Centre for Organismal Studies, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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69
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Galotto G, Abreu I, Sherman C, Liu B, Gonzalez-Guerrero M, Vidali L. Chitin Triggers Calcium-Mediated Immune Response in the Plant Model Physcomitrella patens. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:911-920. [PMID: 32240064 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-20-0064-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A characteristic feature of a plant immune response is the increase of the cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) concentration following infection, which results in the downstream activation of immune response regulators. The bryophyte Physcomitrella patens has been shown to mount an immune response when exposed to bacteria, fungi, or chitin elicitation, in a manner similar to the one observed in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nevertheless, whether the response of P. patens to microorganism exposure is Ca2+ mediated is currently unknown. Here, we show that P. patens plants treated with chitin oligosaccharides exhibit Ca2+ oscillations, and that a calcium ionophore can stimulate the expression of defense-related genes. Treatment with chitin oligosaccharides also results in an inhibition of growth, which can be explained by the depolymerization of the apical actin cytoskeleton of tip growing cells. These results suggest that chitin-triggered calcium oscillations are conserved and were likely present in the common ancestor of bryophytes and vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Galotto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, U.S.A
| | - Isidro Abreu
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catherine Sherman
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, U.S.A
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, U.S.A
| | - Boyuan Liu
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, U.S.A
| | - Manuel Gonzalez-Guerrero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biotechnology-Plant Biology, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Vidali
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, U.S.A
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, U.S.A
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70
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Tian W, Wang C, Gao Q, Li L, Luan S. Calcium spikes, waves and oscillations in plant development and biotic interactions. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:750-759. [PMID: 32601423 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0667-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The calcium ion (Ca2+) is a universal signal in all eukaryotic cells. A fundamental question is how Ca2+, a simple cation, encodes complex information with high specificity. Extensive research has established a two-step process (encoding and decoding) that governs the specificity of Ca2+ signals. While the encoding mechanism entails a complex array of channels and transporters, the decoding process features a number of Ca2+ sensors and effectors that convert Ca2+ signals into cellular effects. Along this general paradigm, some signalling components may be highly conserved, but others are divergent among different organisms. In plant cells, Ca2+ participates in numerous signalling processes, and here we focus on the latest discoveries on Ca2+-encoding mechanisms in development and biotic interactions. In particular, we use examples such as polarized cell growth of pollen tube and root hair in which tip-focused Ca2+ oscillations specify the signalling events for rapid cell elongation. In plant-microbe interactions, Ca2+ spiking and oscillations hold the key to signalling specificity: while pathogens elicit cytoplasmic spiking, symbiotic microorganisms trigger nuclear Ca2+ oscillations. Herbivore attacks or mechanical wounding can trigger Ca2+ waves traveling a long distance to transmit and convert the local signal to a systemic defence program in the whole plant. What channels and transporters work together to carve out the spatial and temporal patterns of the Ca2+ fluctuations? This question has remained enigmatic for decades until recent studies uncovered Ca2+ channels that orchestrate specific Ca2+ signatures in each of these processes. Future work will further expand the toolkit for Ca2+-encoding mechanisms and place Ca2+ signalling steps into larger signalling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Tian
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Qifei Gao
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Legong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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71
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Clark NM, Van den Broeck L, Guichard M, Stager A, Tanner HG, Blilou I, Grossmann G, Iyer-Pascuzzi AS, Maizel A, Sparks EE, Sozzani R. Novel Imaging Modalities Shedding Light on Plant Biology: Start Small and Grow Big. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 71:789-816. [PMID: 32119794 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of quantitative information on plant development across a range of temporal and spatial scales is essential to understand the mechanisms of plant growth. Recent years have shown the emergence of imaging methodologies that enable the capture and analysis of plant growth, from the dynamics of molecules within cells to the measurement of morphometricand physiological traits in field-grown plants. In some instances, these imaging methods can be parallelized across multiple samples to increase throughput. When high throughput is combined with high temporal and spatial resolution, the resulting image-derived data sets could be combined with molecular large-scale data sets to enable unprecedented systems-level computational modeling. Such image-driven functional genomics studies may be expected to appear at an accelerating rate in the near future given the early success of the foundational efforts reviewed here. We present new imaging modalities and review how they have enabled a better understanding of plant growth from the microscopic to the macroscopic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Clark
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA; ,
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA;
| | - Lisa Van den Broeck
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA; ,
| | - Marjorie Guichard
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; , ,
- CellNetworks Cluster of Excellence, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adam Stager
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA; ,
| | - Herbert G Tanner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA; ,
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Department of Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Guido Grossmann
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; , ,
- CellNetworks Cluster of Excellence, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anjali S Iyer-Pascuzzi
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
| | - Alexis Maizel
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; , ,
| | - Erin E Sparks
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and the Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA;
| | - Rosangela Sozzani
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA; ,
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72
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Tang RJ, Luan M, Wang C, Lhamo D, Yang Y, Zhao FG, Lan WZ, Fu AG, Luan S. Plant Membrane Transport Research in the Post-genomic Era. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100013. [PMID: 33404541 PMCID: PMC7747983 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2019.100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Membrane transport processes are indispensable for many aspects of plant physiology including mineral nutrition, solute storage, cell metabolism, cell signaling, osmoregulation, cell growth, and stress responses. Completion of genome sequencing in diverse plant species and the development of multiple genomic tools have marked a new era in understanding plant membrane transport at the mechanistic level. Genes coding for a galaxy of pumps, channels, and carriers that facilitate various membrane transport processes have been identified while multiple approaches are developed to dissect the physiological roles as well as to define the transport capacities of these transport systems. Furthermore, signaling networks dictating the membrane transport processes are established to fully understand the regulatory mechanisms. Here, we review recent research progress in the discovery and characterization of the components in plant membrane transport that take advantage of plant genomic resources and other experimental tools. We also provide our perspectives for future studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Jie Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mingda Luan
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dhondup Lhamo
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Nanjing University–Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Fu-Geng Zhao
- Nanjing University–Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Lan
- Nanjing University–Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ai-Gen Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Corresponding author
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Yuan W, Zhang Q, Li Y, Wang Q, Xu F, Dang X, Xu W, Zhang J, Miao R. Abscisic Acid Is Required for Root Elongation Associated With Ca 2+ Influx in Response to Water Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:332. [PMID: 33193463 PMCID: PMC7188952 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a critical hormone for plant survival under water stress. In this study, large-scale mutants of the Arabidopsis ecotype Columbia-0 (Col-0) were generated by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-mutagenesis, and an improved root elongation under water-stress 1 (irew1) mutant showing significantly enhanced root growth was isolated under a water potential gradient assay. Then, irew1 and ABA-related mutants in Arabidopsis or tomato plants were observed under water potential gradient assay or water-deficient conditions. ABA pathway, Ca2+ response, and primary root (PR) elongation rate were monitored in addition to DNA- and RNA-Seq analyses. We found that based on phenotyping and transcriptional analyses, irew1 exhibited enhanced PR growth, ABA, and Ca2+ responses, compared to wild type subjected to water stress. Interestingly, exogenous Ca2+ application enhanced PR growth of irew1, ABA-biosynthesis deficient mutants in Arabidopsis, and tomato plants, in response to water potential gradients or water-deficient conditions. In combination with other ABA-related mutants and pharmacological studies, our results suggest that ABA is required for root elongation associated with Ca2+ influx in response to water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Resources and Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crops and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Resources and Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crops and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ying Li
- Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Resources and Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crops and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qianwen Wang
- Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Resources and Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crops and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Feiyun Xu
- Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Resources and Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crops and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Dang
- Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Resources and Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crops and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Resources and Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crops and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Weifeng Xu,
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong and Stake Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Rui Miao
- Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Resources and Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crops and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Miao, ;
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74
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Wagner S, Steinbeck J, Fuchs P, Lichtenauer S, Elsässer M, Schippers JHM, Nietzel T, Ruberti C, Van Aken O, Meyer AJ, Van Dongen JT, Schmidt RR, Schwarzländer M. Multiparametric real-time sensing of cytosolic physiology links hypoxia responses to mitochondrial electron transport. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1668-1684. [PMID: 31386759 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia regularly occurs during plant development and can be induced by the environment through, for example, flooding. To understand how plant tissue physiology responds to progressing oxygen restriction, we aimed to monitor subcellular physiology in real time and in vivo. We establish a fluorescent protein sensor-based system for multiparametric monitoring of dynamic changes in subcellular physiology of living Arabidopsis thaliana leaves and exemplify its applicability for hypoxia stress. By monitoring cytosolic dynamics of magnesium adenosine 5'-triphosphate, free calcium ion concentration, pH, NAD redox status, and glutathione redox status in parallel, linked to transcriptional and metabolic responses, we generate an integrated picture of the physiological response to progressing hypoxia. We show that the physiological changes are surprisingly robust, even when plant carbon status is modified, as achieved by sucrose feeding or extended night. Inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain causes dynamics of cytosolic physiology that are remarkably similar to those under oxygen depletion, highlighting mitochondrial electron transport as a key determinant of the cellular consequences of hypoxia beyond the organelle. A broadly applicable system for parallel in vivo sensing of plant stress physiology is established to map out the physiological context under which both mitochondrial retrograde signalling and low oxygen signalling occur, indicating shared upstream stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Wagner
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, D-50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janina Steinbeck
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Philippe Fuchs
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sophie Lichtenauer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Marlene Elsässer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jos H M Schippers
- Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, D-06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Thomas Nietzel
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cristina Ruberti
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Olivier Van Aken
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, Lund, 223 62, Sweden
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joost T Van Dongen
- Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Romy R Schmidt
- Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143, Münster, Germany
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75
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Vigani G, Costa A. Harnessing the new emerging imaging technologies to uncover the role of Ca 2+ signalling in plant nutrient homeostasis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2885-2901. [PMID: 31286524 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Increasing crop yields by using ecofriendly practices is of high priority to tackle problems regarding food security and malnutrition worldwide. A sustainable crop production requires a limited use of fertilizer and the employment of plant varieties with improved ability to acquire nutrients from soil. To reach these goals, the scientific community aims to understand plant nutrients homeostasis by deciphering the nutrient sensing and signalling mechanisms of plants. Several lines of evidence about the involvement of Ca2+ as the signal of an impaired nutrient availability have been reported. Ca2+ signalling is a tightly regulated process that requires specific protein toolkits to perceive external stimuli and to induce the specific responses in the plant needed to survive. Here, we summarize both older and recent findings concerning the involvement of Ca2+ signalling in the homeostasis of nutrients. In this review, we present new emerging technologies, based on the use of genetically encoded Ca2+ sensors and advanced microscopy, which offer the chance to perform in planta analyses of Ca2+ dynamics at cellular resolution. The harnessing of these technologies with different genetic backgrounds and subjected to different nutritional stresses will provide important insights to the still little-known mechanisms of nutrient sensing in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpiero Vigani
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, 10135, Italy
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
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Brost C, Studtrucker T, Reimann R, Denninger P, Czekalla J, Krebs M, Fabry B, Schumacher K, Grossmann G, Dietrich P. Multiple cyclic nucleotide-gated channels coordinate calcium oscillations and polar growth of root hairs. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:910-923. [PMID: 31033043 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Calcium gradients underlie polarization in eukaryotic cells. In plants, a tip-focused Ca2+ -gradient is fundamental for rapid and unidirectional cell expansion during epidermal root hair development. Here we report that three members of the cyclic nucleotide-gated channel family are required to maintain cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations and the normal growth of root hairs. CNGC6, CNGC9 and CNGC14 were expressed in root hairs, with CNGC9 displaying the highest root hair specificity. In individual channel mutants, morphological defects including root hair swelling and branching, as well as bursting, were observed. The developmental phenotypes were amplified in the three cngc double mutant combinations. Finally, cngc6/9/14 triple mutants only developed bulging trichoblasts and could not form normal root hair protrusions because they burst after the transition to the rapid growth phase. Prior to developmental defects, single and double mutants showed increasingly disturbed patterns of Ca2+ oscillations. We conclude that CNGC6, CNGC9 and CNGC14 fulfill partially but not fully redundant functions in generating and maintaining tip-focused Ca2+ oscillations, which are fundamental for proper root hair growth and polarity. Furthermore, the results suggest that these calmodulin-binding and Ca2+ -permeable channels organize a robust tip-focused oscillatory calcium gradient, which is not essential for root hair initiation but is required to control the integrity of the root hair after the transition to the rapid growth phase. Our findings also show that root hairs possess a large ability to compensate calcium-signaling defects, and add new players to the regulatory network, which coordinates cell wall properties and cell expansion during polar root hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Brost
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tanja Studtrucker
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ronny Reimann
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Denninger
- CellNetworks Cluster of Excellence and Centre for Organismal Studies, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Czekalla
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Melanie Krebs
- Plant Developmental Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ben Fabry
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 91, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karin Schumacher
- Plant Developmental Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guido Grossmann
- CellNetworks Cluster of Excellence and Centre for Organismal Studies, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Dietrich
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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77
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Giraldo JP, Wu H, Newkirk GM, Kruss S. Nanobiotechnology approaches for engineering smart plant sensors. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 14:541-553. [PMID: 31168083 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0470-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanobiotechnology has the potential to enable smart plant sensors that communicate with and actuate electronic devices for improving plant productivity, optimize and automate water and agrochemical allocation, and enable high-throughput plant chemical phenotyping. Reducing crop loss due to environmental and pathogen-related stresses, improving resource use efficiency and selecting optimal plant traits are major challenges in plant agriculture industries worldwide. New technologies are required to accurately monitor, in real time and with high spatial and temporal resolution, plant physiological and developmental responses to their microenvironment. Nanomaterials are allowing the translation of plant chemical signals into digital information that can be monitored by standoff electronic devices. Herein, we discuss the design and interfacing of smart nanobiotechnology-based sensors that report plant signalling molecules associated with health status to agricultural and phenotyping devices via optical, wireless or electrical signals. We describe how nanomaterial-mediated delivery of genetically encoded sensors can act as tools for research and development of smart plant sensors. We assess performance parameters of smart nanobiotechnology-based sensors in plants (for example, resolution, sensitivity, accuracy and durability) including in vivo optical nanosensors and wearable nanoelectronic sensors. To conclude, we present an integrated and prospective vision on how nanotechnology could enable smart plant sensors that communicate with and actuate electronic devices for monitoring and optimizing individual plant productivity and resource use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Giraldo
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Honghong Wu
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | - Sebastian Kruss
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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78
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Denninger P, Reichelt A, Schmidt VAF, Mehlhorn DG, Asseck LY, Stanley CE, Keinath NF, Evers JF, Grefen C, Grossmann G. Distinct RopGEFs Successively Drive Polarization and Outgrowth of Root Hairs. Curr Biol 2019; 29:1854-1865.e5. [PMID: 31104938 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Root hairs are tubular protrusions of the root epidermis that significantly enlarge the exploitable soil volume in the rhizosphere. Trichoblasts, the cell type responsible for root hair formation, switch from cell elongation to tip growth through polarization of the growth machinery to a predefined root hair initiation domain (RHID) at the plasma membrane. The emergence of this polar domain resembles the establishment of cell polarity in other eukaryotic systems [1-3]. Rho-type GTPases of plants (ROPs) are among the first molecular determinants of the RHID [4, 5], and later play a central role in polar growth [6]. Numerous studies have elucidated mechanisms that position the RHID in the cell [7-9] or regulate ROP activity [10-18]. The molecular players that target ROPs to the RHID and initiate outgrowth, however, have not been identified. We dissected the timing of the growth machinery assembly in polarizing hair cells and found that positioning of molecular players and outgrowth are temporally separate processes that are each controlled by specific ROP guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). A functional analysis of trichoblast-specific GEFs revealed GEF3 to be required for normal ROP polarization and thus efficient root hair emergence, whereas GEF4 predominantly regulates subsequent tip growth. Ectopic expression of GEF3 induced the formation of spatially confined, ROP-recruiting domains in other cell types, demonstrating the role of GEF3 to serve as a membrane landmark during cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Denninger
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Reichelt
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vanessa A F Schmidt
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dietmar G Mehlhorn
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lisa Y Asseck
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claire E Stanley
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Agroecology and Environment Research Division, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nana F Keinath
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan-Felix Evers
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Grefen
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Guido Grossmann
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Excellence Cluster CellNetworks, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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79
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Marhavý P, Kurenda A, Siddique S, Dénervaud Tendon V, Zhou F, Holbein J, Hasan MS, Grundler FM, Farmer EE, Geldner N. Single-cell damage elicits regional, nematode-restricting ethylene responses in roots. EMBO J 2019; 38:embj.2018100972. [PMID: 31061171 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are exposed to cellular damage by mechanical stresses, herbivore feeding, or invading microbes. Primary wound responses are communicated to neighboring and distal tissues by mobile signals. In leaves, crushing of large cell populations activates a long-distance signal, causing jasmonate production in distal organs. This is mediated by a cation channel-mediated depolarization wave and is associated with cytosolic Ca2+ transient currents. Here, we report that much more restricted, single-cell wounding in roots by laser ablation elicits non-systemic, regional surface potential changes, calcium waves, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Surprisingly, laser ablation does not induce a robust jasmonate response, but regionally activates ethylene production and ethylene-response markers. This ethylene activation depends on calcium channel activities distinct from those in leaves, as well as a specific set of NADPH oxidases. Intriguingly, nematode attack elicits very similar responses, including membrane depolarization and regional upregulation of ethylene markers. Moreover, ethylene signaling antagonizes nematode feeding, delaying initial syncytial-phase establishment. Regional signals caused by single-cell wounding thus appear to constitute a relevant root immune response against small invaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Marhavý
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrzej Kurenda
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Department of Molecular Phytomedizin, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Valerie Dénervaud Tendon
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julia Holbein
- Department of Molecular Phytomedizin, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Shamim Hasan
- Department of Molecular Phytomedizin, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian Mw Grundler
- Department of Molecular Phytomedizin, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Edward E Farmer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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80
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De Vriese K, Himschoot E, Dünser K, Nguyen L, Drozdzecki A, Costa A, Nowack MK, Kleine-Vehn J, Audenaert D, Beeckman T, Vanneste S. Identification of Novel Inhibitors of Auxin-Induced Ca 2+ Signaling via a Plant-Based Chemical Screen. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:480-496. [PMID: 30737267 PMCID: PMC6501068 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Many signal perception mechanisms are connected to Ca2+-based second messenger signaling to modulate specific cellular responses. The well-characterized plant hormone auxin elicits a very rapid Ca2+ signal. However, the cellular targets of auxin-induced Ca2+ are largely unknown. Here, we screened a biologically annotated chemical library for inhibitors of auxin-induced Ca2+ entry in plant cell suspensions to better understand the molecular mechanism of auxin-induced Ca2+ and to explore the physiological relevance of Ca2+ in auxin signal transduction. Using this approach, we defined a set of diverse, small molecules that interfere with auxin-induced Ca2+ entry. Based on annotated biological activities of the hit molecules, we found that auxin-induced Ca2+ signaling is, among others, highly sensitive to disruption of membrane proton gradients and the mammalian Ca2+ channel inhibitor bepridil. Whereas protonophores nonselectively inhibited auxin-induced and osmotic stress-induced Ca2+ signals, bepridil specifically inhibited auxin-induced Ca2+ We found evidence that bepridil severely alters vacuolar morphology and antagonized auxin-induced vacuolar remodeling. Further exploration of this plant-tailored collection of inhibitors will lead to a better understanding of auxin-induced Ca2+ entry and its relevance for auxin responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell De Vriese
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Ellie Himschoot
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Kai Dünser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Long Nguyen
- Screening Core, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Centre for Bioassay Development and Screening (C-BIOS), Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrzej Drozdzecki
- Screening Core, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Centre for Bioassay Development and Screening (C-BIOS), Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Moritz K Nowack
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominique Audenaert
- Screening Core, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Centre for Bioassay Development and Screening (C-BIOS), Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, 21985 Incheon, Republic of Korea
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81
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Wan W, Zhang L, Pruitt R, Zaidem M, Brugman R, Ma X, Krol E, Perraki A, Kilian J, Grossmann G, Stahl M, Shan L, Zipfel C, van Kan JAL, Hedrich R, Weigel D, Gust AA, Nürnberger T. Comparing Arabidopsis receptor kinase and receptor protein-mediated immune signaling reveals BIK1-dependent differences. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:2080-2095. [PMID: 30252144 PMCID: PMC6367016 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) sense microbial patterns and activate innate immunity against attempted microbial invasions. The leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RK) FLS2 and EFR, and the LRR receptor protein (LRR-RP) receptors RLP23 and RLP42, respectively, represent prototypical members of these two prominent and closely related PRR families. We conducted a survey of Arabidopsis thaliana immune signaling mediated by these receptors to address the question of commonalities and differences between LRR-RK and LRR-RP signaling. Quantitative differences in timing and amplitude were observed for several early immune responses, with RP-mediated responses typically being slower and more prolonged than those mediated by RKs. Activation of RLP23, but not FLS2, induced the production of camalexin. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that RLP23-regulated genes represent only a fraction of those genes differentially expressed upon FLS2 activation. Several positive and negative regulators of FLS2-signaling play similar roles in RLP23 signaling. Intriguingly, the cytoplasmic receptor kinase BIK1, a positive regulator of RK signaling, acts as a negative regulator of RP-type immune receptors in a manner dependent on BIK1 kinase activity. Our study unveiled unexpected differences in two closely related receptor systems and reports a new negative role of BIK1 in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Lin Wan
- Department of Plant BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls University TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Department of Plant BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls University TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Rory Pruitt
- Department of Plant BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls University TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Maricris Zaidem
- Department of Molecular BiologyMax‐Planck‐Institute for Developmental BiologyMax‐Planck‐Str. 5D‐72076TübingenGermany
- Center for Genomics & Systems BiologyNew York University12 Waverly PlaceNew YorkNY10003USA
| | - Rik Brugman
- Centre for Organismal Studies & Excellence Cluster Cell NetworksHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 23069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Xiyu Ma
- Institute for Plant Genomics & BiotechnologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA
| | - Elzbieta Krol
- Plant Physiology and BiophysicsJulius Maximilians University WürzburgJulius‐von‐Sachs‐Platz 297082WürzburgGermany
- Department of BiophysicsInstitute of BiologyMaria Curie‐Skłodowska UniversityAkademicka 1920‐033LublinPoland
| | - Artemis Perraki
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Joachim Kilian
- Analytics UnitCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls University TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Guido Grossmann
- Centre for Organismal Studies & Excellence Cluster Cell NetworksHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 23069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Mark Stahl
- Analytics UnitCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls University TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Libo Shan
- Institute for Plant Genomics & BiotechnologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Jan A. L. van Kan
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Plant Physiology and BiophysicsJulius Maximilians University WürzburgJulius‐von‐Sachs‐Platz 297082WürzburgGermany
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular BiologyMax‐Planck‐Institute for Developmental BiologyMax‐Planck‐Str. 5D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Andrea A. Gust
- Department of Plant BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls University TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls University TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of JohannesburgAuckland ParkSouth Africa
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82
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Hake K, Romeis T. Protein kinase-mediated signalling in priming: Immune signal initiation, propagation, and establishment of long-term pathogen resistance in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:904-917. [PMID: 30151921 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
"Priming" in plant phytopathology describes a phenomenon where the "experience" of primary infection by microbial pathogens leads to enhanced and beneficial protection of the plant against secondary infection. The plant is able to establish an immune memory, a state of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), in which the information of "having been attacked" is integrated with the action of "being prepared to defend when it happens again." Accordingly, primed plants are often characterized by faster and stronger activation of immune reactions that ultimately result in a reduction of pathogen spread and growth. Prerequisites for SAR are (a) the initiation of immune signalling subsequent to pathogen recognition, (b) a rapid defence signal propagation from a primary infected local site to uninfected distal parts of the plant, and (c) a switch into an immune signal-dependent establishment and subsequent long-lasting maintenance of phytohormone salicylic acid-based systemic immunity. Here, we provide a summary on protein kinases that contribute to these three conceptual aspects of "priming" in plant phytopathology, complemented by data addressing the role of protein kinases crucial for immune signal initiation also for signal propagation and SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hake
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tina Romeis
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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83
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Calcium signals are necessary to establish auxin transporter polarity in a plant stem cell niche. Nat Commun 2019; 10:726. [PMID: 30760714 PMCID: PMC6374474 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08575-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants mechanical signals pattern morphogenesis through the polar transport of the hormone auxin and through regulation of interphase microtubule (MT) orientation. To date, the mechanisms by which such signals induce changes in cell polarity remain unknown. Through a combination of time-lapse imaging, and chemical and mechanical perturbations, we show that mechanical stimulation of the SAM causes transient changes in cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration (Ca2+) and that transient Ca2+ response is required for downstream changes in PIN-FORMED 1 (PIN1) polarity. We also find that dynamic changes in Ca2+ occur during development of the SAM and this Ca2+ response is required for changes in PIN1 polarity, though not sufficient. In contrast, we find that Ca2+ is not necessary for the response of MTs to mechanical perturbations revealing that Ca2+ specifically acts downstream of mechanics to regulate PIN1 polarity response. Auxin transport and microtubule orientation respond to mechanical stimulation at the shoot apical meristem. Here Li et al. show that mechanical stimulation causes cytosolic calcium concentration transients, and preventing such changes impairs reorientation of the PIN1 auxin efflux carrier, but not of microtubules.
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84
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Khan Z, Karamahmutoğlu H, Elitaş M, Yüce M, Budak H. THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS: Real-Time Imaging in Brachypodium Roots and Osmotic Stress Analysis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E14. [PMID: 30625995 PMCID: PMC6358813 DOI: 10.3390/plants8010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate dynamic developmental processes in plants, live tissues and organs must be visualised frequently and for extended periods. The development of roots is studied at a cellular resolution not only to comprehend the basic processes fundamental to maintenance and pattern formation but also study stress tolerance adaptation in plants. Despite technological advancements, maintaining continuous access to samples and simultaneously preserving their morphological structures and physiological conditions without causing damage presents hindrances in the measurement, visualisation and analyses of growing organs including plant roots. We propose a preliminary system which integrates the optical real-time visualisation through light microscopy with a liquid culture which enables us to image at the tissue and cellular level horizontally growing Brachypodium roots every few minutes and up to 24 h. We describe a simple setup which can be used to track the growth of the root as it grows including the root tip growth and osmotic stress dynamics. We demonstrate the system's capability to scale down the PEG-mediated osmotic stress analysis and collected data on gene expression under osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaeema Khan
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey.
| | - Hande Karamahmutoğlu
- Mechatronics Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey.
| | - Meltem Elitaş
- Mechatronics Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey.
| | - Meral Yüce
- Sabanci University SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre, Istanbul 34956, Turkey.
| | - Hikmet Budak
- Cereal Genomics Lab, Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
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85
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Bredow M, Monaghan J. Regulation of Plant Immune Signaling by Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:6-19. [PMID: 30299213 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-18-0267-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Activation of Ca2+ signaling is a universal response to stress that allows cells to quickly respond to environmental cues. Fluctuations in cytosolic Ca2+ are decoded in plants by Ca2+-sensing proteins such as Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs). The perception of microbes results in an influx of Ca2+ that activates numerous CDPKs responsible for propagating immune signals required for resistance against disease-causing pathogens. This review describes our current understanding of CDPK activation and regulation, and provides a comprehensive overview of CDPK-mediated immune signaling through interaction with various substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bredow
- Biology Department, Queen's University, Kingston ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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86
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Arraño-Salinas P, Domínguez-Figueroa J, Herrera-Vásquez A, Zavala D, Medina J, Vicente-Carbajosa J, Meneses C, Canessa P, Moreno AA, Blanco-Herrera F. WRKY7, -11 and -17 transcription factors are modulators of the bZIP28 branch of the unfolded protein response during PAMP-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 277:242-250. [PMID: 30466590 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants must defend themselves against pathogens. The defense response requires greater protein synthesis, which generates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, yet failure to attenuate this stress has detrimental effects. WRKY7/11/17 transcription factors (TFs) are negative regulators of immunity since mutants are more resistant to Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst) infection. Here, we reveal a connection between ER-stress and the molecular mechanisms underlying the wrky mutant phenotype. The bZIP28 TF upregulates ER-chaperone expression (BiP1/2, ERdj3B, and SDF2) upon exposure of Arabidopsis to a bacterial defense elicitor, flagellin 22 (Flg22). Also, the activation of ER-chaperones is more sustained in double and triple wrky mutants treated with Flg22, suggesting that WRKY7/11/17 TFs downregulate these genes. Moreover, wrky mutants accumulate more bZIP28 transcripts in response to Flg22, indicating that WRKY7/11/17 transcriptionally repress this TF. Using Arabidopsis protoplasts, we also demonstrate that WRKYs bind to the bZIP28 promoter via W-box elements. Additionally, triple wrky mutants are more resistant, whilst bzip28 mutants are more susceptible, to Pst infection. Finally, we postulate a model of PAMP-Triggered Immunity regulation, where Flg22 activates bZIP28-signaling inducing the expression of ER-stress genes, as well as WRKY7/11/17 expression, which in turn inhibits PTI by downregulating bZIP28, controlling physiological responses in the Arabidopsis-Pst interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Arraño-Salinas
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile
| | - José Domínguez-Figueroa
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Autopista M40 (km 38), 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ariel Herrera-Vásquez
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile; Millennium Institute for Integrative Systems and Synthetic Biology (MIISSB), Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Zavala
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile
| | - Joaquin Medina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Autopista M40 (km 38), 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vicente-Carbajosa
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Autopista M40 (km 38), 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile; FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida República 217, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile
| | - Paulo Canessa
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile; Millennium Institute for Integrative Systems and Synthetic Biology (MIISSB), Santiago, Chile
| | - Adrián A Moreno
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile.
| | - Francisca Blanco-Herrera
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile; Millennium Institute for Integrative Systems and Synthetic Biology (MIISSB), Santiago, Chile.
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87
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Geisler M. Seeing is better than believing: visualization of membrane transport in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 46:104-112. [PMID: 30253307 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the plant transport field has shifted their research focus toward a more integrative investigation of transport networks thought to provide the basis for long-range transport routes. Substantial progress was provided by of a series of elegant techniques that allow for a visualization or prediction of substrate movements in plant tissues in contrast to established quantitative methods offering low spatial resolution. These methods are critically evaluated in respect to their spatio-temporal resolution, invasiveness, dynamics and overall quality. Current limitations of transport route predictions-based on transporter locations and transport modeling are addressed. Finally, the potential of new tools that have not yet been fully implemented into plant research is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Geisler
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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88
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Hilleary R, Choi WG, Kim SH, Lim SD, Gilroy S. Sense and sensibility: the use of fluorescent protein-based genetically encoded biosensors in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 46:32-38. [PMID: 30041101 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent protein-based biosensors are providing us with an unprecedented, quantitative view of the dynamic nature of the cellular networks that lie at the heart of plant biology. Such bioreporters can visualize the spatial and temporal kinetics of cellular regulators such as Ca2+ and H+, plant hormones and even allow membrane transport activities to be monitored in real time in living plant cells. The fast pace of their development is making these tools increasingly sensitive and easy to use and the rapidly expanding biosensor toolkit offers great potential for new insights into a wide range of plant regulatory processes. We suggest a checklist of controls that should help avoid some of the more cryptic issues with using these bioreporter technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hilleary
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Birge Hall, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Won-Gyu Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1664 N. Virginia Street, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Su-Hwa Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1664 N. Virginia Street, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Sung Don Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1664 N. Virginia Street, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Simon Gilroy
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Birge Hall, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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89
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Toyota M, Spencer D, Sawai-Toyota S, Jiaqi W, Zhang T, Koo AJ, Howe GA, Gilroy S. Glutamate triggers long-distance, calcium-based plant defense signaling. Science 2018; 361:1112-1115. [PMID: 30213912 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat7744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Animals require rapid, long-range molecular signaling networks to integrate sensing and response throughout their bodies. The amino acid glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system, facilitating long-range information exchange via activation of glutamate receptor channels. Similarly, plants sense local signals, such as herbivore attack, and transmit this information throughout the plant body to rapidly activate defense responses in undamaged parts. Here we show that glutamate is a wound signal in plants. Ion channels of the GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE family act as sensors that convert this signal into an increase in intracellular calcium ion concentration that propagates to distant organs, where defense responses are then induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatsugu Toyota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan. .,Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53593, USA.,JST, PRESTO, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Dirk Spencer
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53593, USA
| | | | - Wang Jiaqi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Abraham J Koo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Gregg A Howe
- Department of Energy-PRL, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Simon Gilroy
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53593, USA.
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90
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Stanley CE, Shrivastava J, Brugman R, Heinzelmann E, Frajs V, Bühler A, van Swaay D, Grossmann G. Fabrication and use of the dual-flow-RootChip for the imaging of Arabidopsis roots in asymmetric microenvironments. Bio Protoc 2018; 8:e3010. [PMID: 34395800 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This protocol provides a detailed description of how to fabricate and use the dual-flow-RootChip (dfRootChip), a novel microfluidic platform for investigating root nutrition, root-microbe interactions and signaling and development in controlled asymmetric conditions. The dfRootChip was developed primarily to investigate how plants roots interact with their environment by simulating environmental heterogeneity. The goal of this protocol is to provide a detailed resource for researchers in the biological sciences wishing to employ the dfRootChip in particular, or microfluidic devices in general, in their laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Stanley
- Agroecology and Environment Research Division, Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jagriti Shrivastava
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Biosciences International Graduate School of Heidelberg Molecular Life Sciences (HBIGS), Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rik Brugman
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisa Heinzelmann
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Viktoria Frajs
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Bühler
- Agroecology and Environment Research Division, Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dirk van Swaay
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Guido Grossmann
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,CellNetworks-Cluster of Excellence, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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91
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Edel KH, Marchadier E, Brownlee C, Kudla J, Hetherington AM. The Evolution of Calcium-Based Signalling in Plants. Curr Biol 2018; 27:R667-R679. [PMID: 28697370 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-based intracellular signalling system is used ubiquitously to couple extracellular stimuli to their characteristic intracellular responses. It is becoming clear from genomic and physiological investigations that while the basic elements in the toolkit are common between plants and animals, evolution has acted in such a way that, in plants, some components have diversified with respect to their animal counterparts, while others have either been lost or have never evolved in the plant lineages. In comparison with animals, in plants there appears to have been a loss of diversity in calcium-influx mechanisms at the plasma membrane. However, the evolution of the calcium-storing vacuole may provide plants with additional possibilities for regulating calcium influx into the cytosol. Among the proteins that are involved in sensing and responding to increases in calcium, plants possess specific decoder proteins that are absent from the animal lineage. In seeking to understand the selection pressures that shaped the plant calcium-signalling toolkit, we consider the evolution of fast electrical signalling. We also note that, in contrast to animals, plants apparently do not make extensive use of cyclic-nucleotide-based signalling. It is possible that reliance on a single intracellular second-messenger-based system, coupled with the requirement to adapt to changing environmental conditions, has helped to define the diversity of components found in the extant plant calcium-signalling toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai H Edel
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Elodie Marchadier
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK; Génétique Quantitative et Evolution - Le Moulon, INRA, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Colin Brownlee
- Marine Biological Association of the UK, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK; School of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Jörg Kudla
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alistair M Hetherington
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.
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92
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A simple microfluidic device for live cell imaging of Arabidopsis cotyledons, leaves, and seedlings. Biotechniques 2018; 64:255-261. [PMID: 29939090 PMCID: PMC8592504 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2018-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the challenges of performing live-cell imaging in plants is establishing a system for securing the sample during imaging that allows for the rapid addition of treatments. Here we report how a commercially available device called a HybriWell™ can be repurposed to create an imaging chamber suitable for Arabidopsis seedlings, cotyledons and leaves. Liquid in the imaging chamber can be rapidly exchanged to introduce chemical treatments via microfluidic passive pumping. When used in conjunction with fluorescent biosensors, this system can facilitate live-cell imaging studies of signal transduction pathways triggered by different treatments. As a demonstration, we show how the HybriWell can be used to monitor flg22-induced calcium transients using the R-GECO1 calcium indicator in detached Arabidopsis leaves.
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93
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Costa A, Navazio L, Szabo I. The contribution of organelles to plant intracellular Calcium signalling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4996169. [PMID: 29767757 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is among the most important intracellular messengers in living organisms. Understanding of the players and dynamics of Ca2+ signalling pathways in plants may help to unravel the molecular basis of their exceptional flexibility to respond and to adapt to different stimuli. In the present review we focus on new tools that have recently revolutionized our view of organellar Ca2+ signalling as well as on the current knowledge regarding the pathways mediating Ca2+ fluxes across intracellular membranes. The contribution of organelles and cellular subcompartments to the orchestrated response via Ca2+ signalling within a cell is also discussed, underlining the fact that one of the greatest challenges in the field is the elucidation of how influx and efflux Ca2+ transporters/channels are regulated in a concerted manner to translate specific information into a Ca2+ signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via G. Celoria, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorella Navazio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi, Padova, Italy
- Botanical Garden, University of Padova, Via Orto Botanico, Padova, Italy
| | - Ildiko Szabo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi, Padova, Italy
- Botanical Garden, University of Padova, Via Orto Botanico, Padova, Italy
- Institute of Neurosciences, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. Bassi, Padova, Italy
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94
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Walia A, Waadt R, Jones AM. Genetically Encoded Biosensors in Plants: Pathways to Discovery. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 69:497-524. [PMID: 29719164 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Genetically encoded biosensors that directly interact with a molecule of interest were first introduced more than 20 years ago with fusion proteins that served as fluorescent indicators for calcium ions. Since then, the technology has matured into a diverse array of biosensors that have been deployed to improve our spatiotemporal understanding of molecules whose dynamics have profound influence on plant physiology and development. In this review, we address several types of biosensors with a focus on genetically encoded calcium indicators, which are now the most diverse and advanced group of biosensors. We then consider the discoveries in plant biology made by using biosensors for calcium, pH, reactive oxygen species, redox conditions, primary metabolites, phytohormones, and nutrients. These discoveries were dependent on the engineering, characterization, and optimization required to develop a successful biosensor; they were also dependent on the methodological developments required to express, detect, and analyze the readout of such biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Walia
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom;
| | - Rainer Waadt
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Alexander M Jones
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom;
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95
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Konrad KR, Maierhofer T, Hedrich R. Spatio-temporal Aspects of Ca2+ Signalling: Lessons from Guard Cells and Pollen Tubes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4986225. [PMID: 29701811 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) serve to transmit information in eukaryotic cells. The involvement of this second messenger in plant cell growth as well as osmotic- and water relations is well established. After almost 40 years of intense research on the coding and decoding of plant Ca2+ signals, numerous proteins involved in Ca2+ action have been identified. However, we are still far from understanding the complexity of Ca2+ networks. New in vivo Ca2+ imaging techniques combined with molecular genetics allow visualisation of spatio-temporal aspects of Ca2+ signalling. In parallel, cell biology together with protein biochemistry and electrophysiology are able to dissect information processing by this second messenger in space and time. Here we focus on the time-resolved changes in cellular events upon Ca2+ signals, concentrating on the two best-studied cell types, pollen tubes and guard cells. We put their signalling networks side by side, compare them with those of other cell types and discuss rapid signalling in the context of Ca2+ transients and oscillations to regulate ion homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Konrad
- University of Wuerzburg, Julius-Von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Department of Botany I, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - T Maierhofer
- University of Wuerzburg, Julius-Von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Department of Botany I, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - R Hedrich
- University of Wuerzburg, Julius-Von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Department of Botany I, Wuerzburg, Germany
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96
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Kudla J, Becker D, Grill E, Hedrich R, Hippler M, Kummer U, Parniske M, Romeis T, Schumacher K. Advances and current challenges in calcium signaling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:414-431. [PMID: 29332310 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Content Summary 414 I. Introduction 415 II. Ca2+ importer and exporter in plants 415 III. The Ca2+ decoding toolkit in plants 415 IV. Mechanisms of Ca2+ signal decoding 417 V. Immediate Ca2+ signaling in the regulation of ion transport 418 VI. Ca2+ signal integration into long-term ABA responses 419 VII Integration of Ca2+ and hormone signaling through dynamic complex modulation of the CCaMK/CYCLOPS complex 420 VIII Ca2+ signaling in mitochondria and chloroplasts 422 IX A view beyond recent advances in Ca2+ imaging 423 X Modeling approaches in Ca2+ signaling 424 XI Conclusions: Ca2+ signaling a still young blooming field of plant research 424 Acknowledgements 425 ORCID 425 References 425 SUMMARY: Temporally and spatially defined changes in Ca2+ concentration in distinct compartments of cells represent a universal information code in plants. Recently, it has become evident that Ca2+ signals not only govern intracellular regulation but also appear to contribute to long distance or even organismic signal propagation and physiological response regulation. Ca2+ signals are shaped by an intimate interplay of channels and transporters, and during past years important contributing individual components have been identified and characterized. Ca2+ signals are translated by an elaborate toolkit of Ca2+ -binding proteins, many of which function as Ca2+ sensors, into defined downstream responses. Intriguing progress has been achieved in identifying specific modules that interconnect Ca2+ decoding proteins and protein kinases with downstream target effectors, and in characterizing molecular details of these processes. In this review, we reflect on recent major advances in our understanding of Ca2+ signaling and cover emerging concepts and existing open questions that should be informative also for scientists that are currently entering this field of ever-increasing breath and impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Kudla
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7/8, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Becker
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Erwin Grill
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Technische Universität München, Am Hochanger 4, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Hippler
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7/8, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ursula Kummer
- Department of Modeling of Biological Processes, COS Heidelberg/Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Parniske
- Institute of Genetics, Biocenter University of Munich (LMU), Großhaderner Straße 4, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tina Romeis
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin Schumacher
- Department of Developmental Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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97
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AUX1-mediated root hair auxin influx governs SCF TIR1/AFB-type Ca 2+ signaling. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1174. [PMID: 29563504 PMCID: PMC5862985 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03582-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Auxin is a key regulator of plant growth and development, but the causal relationship between hormone transport and root responses remains unresolved. Here we describe auxin uptake, together with early steps in signaling, in Arabidopsis root hairs. Using intracellular microelectrodes we show membrane depolarization, in response to IAA in a concentration- and pH-dependent manner. This depolarization is strongly impaired in aux1 mutants, indicating that AUX1 is the major transporter for auxin uptake in root hairs. Local intracellular auxin application triggers Ca2+ signals that propagate as long-distance waves between root cells and modulate their auxin responses. AUX1-mediated IAA transport, as well as IAA- triggered calcium signals, are blocked by treatment with the SCFTIR1/AFB - inhibitor auxinole. Further, they are strongly reduced in the tir1afb2afb3 and the cngc14 mutant. Our study reveals that the AUX1 transporter, the SCFTIR1/AFB receptor and the CNGC14 Ca2+ channel, mediate fast auxin signaling in roots. Auxin regulates multiple aspects of plant growth and development. Here Dindas et al. show that in root-hair cells, the AUX1 auxin influx carrier mediates proton-driven auxin import that is perceived by auxin receptors and coupled to Ca2+ waves that may modulate adaptive responses in the root.
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98
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Aldon D, Mbengue M, Mazars C, Galaud JP. Calcium Signalling in Plant Biotic Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E665. [PMID: 29495448 PMCID: PMC5877526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a universal second messenger involved in various cellular processes, leading to plant development and to biotic and abiotic stress responses. Intracellular variation in free Ca2+ concentration is among the earliest events following the plant perception of environmental change. These Ca2+ variations differ in their spatio-temporal properties according to the nature, strength and duration of the stimulus. However, their conversion into biological responses requires Ca2+ sensors for decoding and relaying. The occurrence in plants of calmodulin (CaM) but also of other sets of plant-specific Ca2+ sensors such as calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs), Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) and calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) indicate that plants possess specific tools and machineries to convert Ca2+ signals into appropriate responses. Here, we focus on recent progress made in monitoring the generation of Ca2+ signals at the whole plant or cell level and their long distance propagation during biotic interactions. The contribution of CaM/CMLs and CDPKs in plant immune responses mounted against bacteria, fungi, viruses and insects are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Aldon
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Vegetales, Universite de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24, Chemin de Borde-Rouge, Auzeville, BP 42617, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Malick Mbengue
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Vegetales, Universite de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24, Chemin de Borde-Rouge, Auzeville, BP 42617, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Christian Mazars
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Vegetales, Universite de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24, Chemin de Borde-Rouge, Auzeville, BP 42617, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Jean-Philippe Galaud
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Vegetales, Universite de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24, Chemin de Borde-Rouge, Auzeville, BP 42617, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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99
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Stanley CE, Shrivastava J, Brugman R, Heinzelmann E, van Swaay D, Grossmann G. Dual-flow-RootChip reveals local adaptations of roots towards environmental asymmetry at the physiological and genetic levels. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1357-1369. [PMID: 29125191 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Roots grow in highly dynamic and heterogeneous environments. Biological activity as well as uneven nutrient availability or localized stress factors result in diverse microenvironments. Plants adapt their root morphology in response to changing environmental conditions, yet it remains largely unknown to what extent developmental adaptations are based on systemic or cell-autonomous responses. We present the dual-flow-RootChip, a microfluidic platform for asymmetric perfusion of Arabidopsis roots to investigate root-environment interactions under simulated environmental heterogeneity. Applications range from investigating physiology, root hair development and calcium signalling upon selective exposure to environmental stresses to tracing molecular uptake, performing selective drug treatments and localized inoculations with microbes. Using the dual-flow-RootChip, we revealed cell-autonomous adaption of root hair development under asymmetric phosphate (Pi) perfusion, with unexpected repression in root hair growth on the side exposed to low Pi and rapid tip-growth upregulation when Pi concentrations increased. The asymmetric root environment further resulted in an asymmetric gene expression of RSL4, a key transcriptional regulator of root hair growth. Our findings demonstrate that roots possess the capability to locally adapt to heterogeneous conditions in their environment at the physiological and transcriptional levels. Being able to generate asymmetric microenvironments for roots will help further elucidate decision-making processes in root-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Stanley
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
- Agroecology and Environment Research Division, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jagriti Shrivastava
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Universität Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Hartmut Hoffmann-Berling International Graduate School of Heidelberg Molecular Life Sciences (HBIGS), Universität Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rik Brugman
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Universität Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisa Heinzelmann
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Universität Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk van Swaay
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Guido Grossmann
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Universität Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- CellNetworks-Cluster of Excellence, Universität Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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100
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Grossmann G, Krebs M, Maizel A, Stahl Y, Vermeer JEM, Ott T. Green light for quantitative live-cell imaging in plants. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.209270. [PMID: 29361538 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.209270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants exhibit an intriguing morphological and physiological plasticity that enables them to thrive in a wide range of environments. To understand the cell biological basis of this unparalleled competence, a number of methodologies have been adapted or developed over the last decades that allow minimal or non-invasive live-cell imaging in the context of tissues. Combined with the ease to generate transgenic reporter lines in specific genetic backgrounds or accessions, we are witnessing a blooming in plant cell biology. However, the imaging of plant cells entails a number of specific challenges, such as high levels of autofluorescence, light scattering that is caused by cell walls and their sensitivity to environmental conditions. Quantitative live-cell imaging in plants therefore requires adapting or developing imaging techniques, as well as mounting and incubation systems, such as micro-fluidics. Here, we discuss some of these obstacles, and review a number of selected state-of-the-art techniques, such as two-photon imaging, light sheet microscopy and variable angle epifluorescence microscopy that allow high performance and minimal invasive live-cell imaging in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Grossmann
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Excellence Cluster CellNetworks, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Krebs
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexis Maizel
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Stahl
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joop E M Vermeer
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Ott
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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