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Saluk-Bijak J, Dziedzic A, Bijak M. Pro-Thrombotic Activity of Blood Platelets in Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020110. [PMID: 30717273 PMCID: PMC6406904 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The available data, including experimental studies, clearly indicate an excessive intravascular activation of circulating platelets in multiple sclerosis (MS) and their hyper-responsiveness to a variety of physiological activators. Platelet activation is manifested as an increased adhesion and aggregation and is accompanied by the formation of pro-thrombotic microparticles. Activated blood platelets also show an expression of specific membrane receptors, synthesis many of biomediators, and generation of reactive oxygen species. Epidemiological studies confirm the high risk of stroke or myocardial infarction in MS that are ischemic incidents, strictly associated with incorrect platelet functions and their over pro-thrombotic activity. Chronic inflammation and high activity of pro-oxidative processes in the course of MS are the main factors identified as the cause of excessive platelet activation. The primary biological function of platelets is to support vascular integrity, but the importance of platelets in inflammatory diseases is also well documented. The pro-thrombotic activity of platelets and their inflammatory properties play a part in the pathophysiology of MS. The analysis of platelet function capability in MS could provide useful information for studying the pathogenesis of this disease. Due to the complexity of pathological processes in MS, medication must be multifaceted and blood platelets can probably be identified as new targets for therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Saluk-Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Angela Dziedzic
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Michal Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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Yoo SM, Chung SH. Targets of monoclonal antibodies for immunological diseases. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 42:293-304. [PMID: 30426387 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Immunological disorders such as allergy, autoimmune diseases, auto-inflammatory syndromes and immunological deficiency syndromes are difficult to treat with chemical drugs. Recently, many monoclonal antibodies targeting various molecules including interleukin, tumor necrosis factor-α, cluster of differentiation, integrins, complement C5 and B lymphocyte stimulator are clinically available and give a hope to patients suffering from these intractable diseases. Here, we selected twenty-seven monoclonal antibodies approved by US FDA since 1997 and they are classified according to their target molecules. Although these biomedicines possessed some restrictions such as high cost and susceptible to infectious disease, these drawbacks can be overcome through cost-cutting innovations including biosimilars and careful monitoring. New targets are emerging rapidly and more effective biomedicines with acceptable side effects are in the pipeline for next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Min Yoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Chung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Saade C, Bou-Fakhredin R, Yousem DM, Asmar K, Naffaa L, El-Merhi F. Gadolinium and Multiple Sclerosis: Vessels, Barriers of the Brain, and Glymphatics. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2018; 39:2168-2176. [PMID: 30385472 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis is characterized by a cascade of pathobiologic events, ranging from focal lymphocytic infiltration and microglia activation to demyelination and axonal degeneration. MS has several of the hallmarks of an inflammatory autoimmune disorder, including breakdown of the BBB. Gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging is currently the reference standard to detect active inflammatory lesions in MS. Knowledge of the patterns and mechanisms of contrast enhancement is vital to limit the radiologic differential diagnosis in the staging and evaluation of MS lesion activity. The aim of this review was the following: 1) to outline the pathophysiology of the effect of lymphocyte-driven inflammation in MS, 2) to describe the effects of gadolinium on the BBB and glymphatic system, and 3) to describe gadolinium enhancement patterns and artifacts that can mimic lesions in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Saade
- From the Diagnostic Radiology Department (C.S., R.B.-F., K.A., L.N., F.E.-M.), American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - R Bou-Fakhredin
- From the Diagnostic Radiology Department (C.S., R.B.-F., K.A., L.N., F.E.-M.), American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - D M Yousem
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (D.M.Y.), Neuroradiology Division, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - K Asmar
- From the Diagnostic Radiology Department (C.S., R.B.-F., K.A., L.N., F.E.-M.), American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - L Naffaa
- From the Diagnostic Radiology Department (C.S., R.B.-F., K.A., L.N., F.E.-M.), American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - F El-Merhi
- From the Diagnostic Radiology Department (C.S., R.B.-F., K.A., L.N., F.E.-M.), American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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Siengsukon CF. Self-report sleep quality combined with sleep time variability distinguishes differences in fatigue, anxiety, and depression in individuals with multiple sclerosis: A secondary analysis. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2018; 4:2055217318815924. [PMID: 30559974 PMCID: PMC6293381 DOI: 10.1177/2055217318815924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nearly 70% of individuals with multiple sclerosis report sleep disturbances or poor sleep quality. Sleep disturbances may exacerbate or complicate the management of multiple sclerosis-related symptoms. While sleep variability has been associated with several health outcomes, it is unclear how sleep variability is associated with multiple sclerosis-related symptoms. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine how total sleep time variability combined with self-reported sleep quality is associated with fatigue, depression, and anxiety in individuals with multiple sclerosis. METHODS This study involved a secondary analysis of actigraphy data and questionnaires to assess sleep quality, fatigue, anxiety, and depression. RESULTS There were significant differences between the Good Sleepers (good sleep quality/low sleep time variability; n=14) and Bad Sleepers (poor sleep quality/high sleep time variability; n=23) in overall fatigue (p=0.003), cognitive (p=0.002) and psychosocial fatigue (p=0.01) subscales, and in trait anxiety (p=0.007). There were significant differences in state (p=0.004) and trait (p=0.001) anxiety and depression (p=0.002) between the Good Sleepers and Poor Reported Sleepers (poor sleep quality/low sleep time variability; n=24). CONCLUSION These results indicate different factors are associated with poor sleep quality in individuals with low versus high total sleep time variability. Considering the factors that are associated with sleep quality and variability may allow for better tailoring of interventions aimed at improving sleep issues or comorbid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine F Siengsukon
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas
Medical Center, USA
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Wang K, Song F, Fernandez-Escobar A, Luo G, Wang JH, Sun Y. The Properties of Cytokines in Multiple Sclerosis: Pros and Cons. Am J Med Sci 2018; 356:552-560. [PMID: 30447707 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system and is characterized by demyelination, axonal loss, gliosis and inflammation. The last plays a major role in the onset and propagation of the disease. MS presents with heterogeneous lesions containing a broad range of cells and soluble mediators of the immune system such as T cells, B cells, macrophages, microglia, cytokines, chemokines, antibodies, complement and other toxic substances. This review outlines, analyzes and discusses the different immune mechanisms of MS that are responsible for the initiation and propagation of active lesions, demyelination, axonal injury, remyelination and cell loss as well as the role of cytokines in the disease process. Proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-17 (IL-17), IL-22, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1, IL-12 and interferon-γ may cause MS through several signaling pathways. Conversely, anti-inflammatory circulating cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10 are reduced and theoretically can exert a direct protective effect in this condition. Future studies are necessary to develop effective, safe and long-lasting strategies to reduce the abnormal cytokine cascades and to treat MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Song
- Qingdao University Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | | | - Gang Luo
- Department of Interventional Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Hui Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Hoye ML, Archambault AS, Gordon TM, Oetjen LK, Cain MD, Klein RS, Crosby SD, Kim BS, Miller TM, Wu GF. MicroRNA signature of central nervous system-infiltrating dendritic cells in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Immunology 2018; 155:112-122. [PMID: 29749614 PMCID: PMC6099169 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune cells are integral to the pathogenesis of several diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), including multiple sclerosis (MS). Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent CD11c+ antigen-presenting cells that are critical regulators of adaptive immune responses, particularly in autoimmune diseases such as MS. The regulation of DC function in both the periphery and CNS compartment has not been fully elucidated. One limitation to studying the role of CD11c+ DCs in the CNS is that microglia can upregulate CD11c during inflammation, making it challenging to distinguish bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) from microglia. Selective expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been shown to distinguish populations of innate cells and regulate their function within the CNS during neuro-inflammation. Using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) murine model of MS, we characterized the expression of miRNAs in CD11c+ cells using a non-biased murine array. Several miRNAs, including miR-31, were enriched in CD11c+ cells within the CNS during EAE, but not LysM+ microglia. Moreover, to distinguish CD11c+ DCs from microglia that upregulate CD11c, we generated bone marrow chimeras and found that miR-31 expression was specific to BMDCs. Interestingly, miR-31-binding sites were enriched in mRNAs downregulated in BMDCs that migrated into the CNS, and a subset was confirmed to be regulated by miR-31. Finally, miR-31 was elevated in DCs migrating through an in vitro blood-brain barrier. Our findings suggest miRNAs, including miR-31, may regulate entry of DCs into the CNS during EAE, and could potentially represent therapeutic targets for CNS autoimmune diseases such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah L. Hoye
- Department of NeurologyWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
| | | | - Taylor M. Gordon
- Department of NeurologyWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
| | - Landon K. Oetjen
- Department of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
| | - Matthew D. Cain
- Department of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
| | - Robyn S. Klein
- Department of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
- The Hope Center for Neurological DisordersWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
| | - Seth D. Crosby
- Genome Technology Access CenterWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
| | - Brian S. Kim
- Department of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
- Department of Immunology & PathologyWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
- Center for the Study of ItchWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
| | - Timothy M. Miller
- Department of NeurologyWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
- The Hope Center for Neurological DisordersWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
| | - Gregory F. Wu
- Department of NeurologyWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
- The Hope Center for Neurological DisordersWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
- Department of Immunology & PathologyWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
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Using the Anterior Visual System to Assess Neuroprotection and Remyelination in Multiple Sclerosis Trials. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2018; 18:49. [PMID: 29923130 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-018-0858-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Clinical trials using agents directed at neuroprotection and remyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS) are needed. As optic neuritis (ON) is common in people with MS and the pathology of ON is similar to other MS lesions in the brain, measurements of the anterior visual system are frequently utilized in neuroprotection and remyelination trials. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of the measurements is vital when interpreting the results of this research. RECENT FINDINGS Techniques such as visual evoked potentials (VEP) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) are well established in MS and are thought to measure axonal integrity and myelination. Novel imaging techniques can also be used in conjunction with these measurements to provide better insight into optic nerve structure and function. Magnetization transfer imaging (MTR) together with optic nerve area and volume measures neurodegeneration; diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures myelination status and neurodegeneration. However, these techniques require various levels of experience to interpret, and all can be confounded by ocular motion and surrounding fat and bone. This article provides a review of established and novel techniques to measure the anterior visual system in multiple sclerosis with a focus on the evidence to support their use as outcome measures in clinical trials focused on neuroprotection and remyelination therapies.
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Andersen CJ. Impact of Dietary Cholesterol on the Pathophysiology of Infectious and Autoimmune Disease. Nutrients 2018; 10:E764. [PMID: 29899295 PMCID: PMC6024721 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular cholesterol metabolism, lipid raft formation, and lipoprotein interactions contribute to the regulation of immune-mediated inflammation and response to pathogens. Lipid pathways have been implicated in the pathogenesis of bacterial and viral infections, whereas altered lipid metabolism may contribute to immune dysfunction in autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Interestingly, dietary cholesterol may exert protective or detrimental effects on risk, progression, and treatment of different infectious and autoimmune diseases, although current findings suggest that these effects are variable across populations and different diseases. Research evaluating the effects of dietary cholesterol, often provided by eggs or as a component of Western-style diets, demonstrates that cholesterol-rich dietary patterns affect markers of immune inflammation and cellular cholesterol metabolism, while additionally modulating lipoprotein profiles and functional properties of HDL. Further, cholesterol-rich diets appear to differentially impact immunomodulatory lipid pathways across human populations of variable metabolic status, suggesting that these complex mechanisms may underlie the relationship between dietary cholesterol and immunity. Given the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015⁻2020 revision to no longer include limitations on dietary cholesterol, evaluation of dietary cholesterol recommendations beyond the context of cardiovascular disease risk is particularly timely. This review provides a comprehensive and comparative analysis of significant and controversial studies on the role of dietary cholesterol and lipid metabolism in the pathophysiology of infectious disease and autoimmune disorders, highlighting the need for further investigation in this developing area of research.
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Adamec I, Crnošija L, Junaković A, Krbot Skorić M, Habek M. Progressive multiple sclerosis patients have a higher burden of autonomic dysfunction compared to relapsing remitting phenotype. Clin Neurophysiol 2018; 129:1588-1594. [PMID: 29885648 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine autonomic dysfunction (AD) differences in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (pwRRMS) and progressive MS (pwPMS). METHODS Composite autonomic scoring scale (CASS) and heart rate variability (HRV) were performed in 40 pwRRMS and 30 pwPMS. RESULTS pwPMS had a significantly higher sudomotor index and total CASS score compared to pwRRMS (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Disease duration positively correlated with sudomotor index and total CASS (rs = 0.409, p < 0.001 and rs = 0.472, p < 0.001, respectively), while the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) positively correlated with sudomotor index and total CASS (rs = 0.411, p < 0.001 and rs = 0.402, p = 0.001, respectively) in all patients. Type of multiple sclerosis (pwRRMS or pwPMS) corrected for age, sex and disease duration, was a statistically significant predictor of CASS value (B = 1.215, p = 0.019). Compared to pwRRMS, pwPMS had a significantly lower standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN), low frequency (LF), and high frequency (HF), during both the supine and tilt-up phases (all p-values <0.006). pwPMS had a significantly lower LF/HF (p = 0.008) during tilt-up. CONCLUSION There is a significant difference in autonomic function in pwRRMS and pwPMS; with pwPMS having a higher burden of AD, which is particularly evident for sweating dysfunction. SIGNIFICANCE Further research is needed to establish whether parasympathetic and sudomotor dysfunction may serve as markers of progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Adamec
- University Hospital Center Zagreb, Department of Neurology, Referral Center for Autonomic Nervous System Disorders, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luka Crnošija
- University Hospital Center Zagreb, Department of Neurology, Referral Center for Autonomic Nervous System Disorders, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anamari Junaković
- University Hospital Center Zagreb, Department of Neurology, Referral Center for Autonomic Nervous System Disorders, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Magdalena Krbot Skorić
- University Hospital Center Zagreb, Department of Neurology, Referral Center for Autonomic Nervous System Disorders, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Habek
- University Hospital Center Zagreb, Department of Neurology, Referral Center for Autonomic Nervous System Disorders, Zagreb, Croatia; School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Alonso R, Fernández-Fernández AM, Pisa D, Carrasco L. Multiple sclerosis and mixed microbial infections. Direct identification of fungi and bacteria in nervous tissue. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 117:42-61. [PMID: 29859870 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the prototypical inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), leading to multifocal demyelination and neurodegeneration. The etiology of this incurable disease is unknown and remains a matter of intensive research. The possibility that microbial infections, such as viruses or bacteria, can trigger an autoimmune reaction in CNS tissue has been suggested. However, the recent demonstration that bacteria are present in CNS tissue points to a direct involvement of microbial infections in the etiology of MS. In the present study, we provide the first evidence of fungal infection in CNS tissue of MS patients, and demonstrate that fungal DNA from different species can be detected in the CNS. We used, nested PCR assays together with next-generation sequencing to identify the fungal species in the nervous tissue of 10 patients with MS. Strikingly, Trichosporon mucoides was found in the majority of MS patients, and particularly high levels of this fungus were found in two patients. Importantly, T. mucoides was not detected in the CNS of control subjects. We were also able to visualize fungal structures in CNS tissue sections by immunohistochemistry using specific antifungal antibodies, which also revealed the accumulation of a number of microbial cells in microfoci. Again, microbial structures were not observed in CNS sections from controls. In addition to fungi, neural tissue from MS patients was also positive for bacteria. In conclusion, our present observations point to the novel concept that MS could be caused by polymicrobial infections. Thus, mycosis of the CNS may be accompanied by opportunistic bacterial infection, promoting neuroinflammation and directly causing focal lesions, followed by demyelination and axonal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Alonso
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M Fernández-Fernández
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Pisa
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Carrasco
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Bahrami S, Gryz EA, Graversen JH, Troldborg A, Stengaard Pedersen K, Laska MJ. Immunomodulating peptides derived from different human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) show dissimilar impact on pathogenesis of a multiple sclerosis animal disease model. Clin Immunol 2018; 191:37-43. [PMID: 29567431 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retroviruses including Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs), contain a conserved region with highly immunomodulatory functions in the transmembrane proteins in envelope gene (env) named immunosuppressive domain (ISU). In this report, we demonstrate that Env59-GP3 peptide holds therapeutic potential in a mouse model of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The results show that this specific HERV-H derived ISU peptide, but not peptide derived from another env gene HERV-K, decreased the development of EAE in C57BL/6 mice, accompanied by reduced demyelination and inhibition of inflammatory cells. Moreover, here we tested the effect of peptides on macrophages differentiation. The treatment with Env59-GPS peptide modulate the pro-inflammatory M1 profile and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, being shown by inhibiting inflammatory M1 hallmark genes/cytokines expression and enhancing expression of M2 associated markers. These results demonstrate that Env59-GP3 ISU peptide has therapeutic potential in EAE possibly through inducing the polarization of M2 macrophages and inhibiting inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Bahrami
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | | | | | - Anne Troldborg
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kristian Stengaard Pedersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Magdalena Janina Laska
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Castor T, Yogev N, Blank T, Barwig C, Prinz M, Waisman A, Bros M, Reske-Kunz AB. Inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by tolerance-promoting DNA vaccination focused to dendritic cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191927. [PMID: 29408931 PMCID: PMC5800700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we analysed the effects of prophylactic biolistic DNA vaccination with plasmids encoding the encephalitogenic protein myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) on the severity of a subsequently MOGp35-55-induced EAE and on the underlying immune response. We compared the outcome of vaccination with MOG-encoding plasmids alone or in combination with vectors encoding the regulatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-ß1, respectively. MOG expression was restricted to skin dendritic cells (DCs) by the use of the DC-specific promoter of the fascin1 gene (pFscn-MOG). For comparison, the strong and ubiquitously active CMV promoter was employed (pCMV-MOG), which allows MOG expression in all transfected cells. Expression of IL-10 and TGF-ß1 was controlled by the CMV promoter to yield maximal synthesis (pCMV-IL10, pCMV-TGFß). Co-application of pFscn-MOG and pCMV-IL10 significantly ameliorated EAE pathology, while vaccination with pCMV-MOG plus pCMV-IL10 did not affect EAE outcome. In contrast, vaccination with either of the two MOG-encoding plasmids in combination with pCMV-TGFß significantly attenuated the clinical EAE symptoms. Mechanistically, we observed diminished infiltration of Th17 and Th1 cells as well as macrophages/DCs into the CNS, which correlated with decreased MOGp35-55-specific production of IL-17 and IFN-ϫ by spleen cells and reduced peptide-specific T cell proliferation. Our findings suggest deletion of or anergy induction in MOG-specific CD4+ T cells by the suppressive vaccination platform employed. MOG expression driven by the DC-specific fascin1 promoter yielded similar inhibitory effects on EAE progression as the ubiquitously active viral CMV promoter, when coapplying pCMV-TGFß. Our finding that pCMV-IL10 promoted tolerogenic effects only, when coapplied with pFscn-MOG, but not pCMV-MOG suggests that IL-10 affected only directly transfected DCs (pFscn-MOG), but not neighbouring DCs that engulfed MOG-containing vesicles derived from transfected keratinocytes (pCMV-MOG). Thus, due to its DC-restricted expression, the fascin1 promoter might be an interesting alternative to ubiquitously expressed promoters for vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Castor
- Department of Dermatology University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nir Yogev
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Blank
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christina Barwig
- Department of Dermatology University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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Homos MD, Ali MT, Osman MF, Nabil DM. DTI metrics reflecting microstructural changes of normal appearing deep grey matter in multiple sclerosis. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrnm.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Palle P, Monaghan KL, Milne SM, Wan ECK. Cytokine Signaling in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Therapeutic Applications. Med Sci (Basel) 2017; 5:medsci5040023. [PMID: 29099039 PMCID: PMC5753652 DOI: 10.3390/medsci5040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common neurological disorders in young adults. The etiology of MS is not known but it is widely accepted that it is autoimmune in nature. Disease onset is believed to be initiated by the activation of CD4+ T cells that target autoantigens of the central nervous system (CNS) and their infiltration into the CNS, followed by the expansion of local and infiltrated peripheral effector myeloid cells that create an inflammatory milieu within the CNS, which ultimately lead to tissue damage and demyelination. Clinical studies have shown that progression of MS correlates with the abnormal expression of certain cytokines. The use of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model further delineates the role of these cytokines in neuroinflammation and the therapeutic potential of manipulating their biological activity in vivo. In this review, we will first present an overview on cytokines that may contribute to the pathogenesis of MS or EAE, and provide successful examples and roadblock of translating data obtained from EAE to MS. We will then focus in depth on recent findings that demonstrate the pathological role of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in MS and EAE, and briefly discuss the potential of targeting effector myeloid cells as a treatment strategy for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpalatha Palle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research and the Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Kelly L Monaghan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research and the Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Sarah M Milne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research and the Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Edwin C K Wan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research and the Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Redox Regulation of Inflammatory Processes Is Enzymatically Controlled. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:8459402. [PMID: 29118897 PMCID: PMC5651112 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8459402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Redox regulation depends on the enzymatically controlled production and decay of redox active molecules. NADPH oxidases, superoxide dismutases, nitric oxide synthases, and others produce the redox active molecules superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide. These react with target proteins inducing spatiotemporal modifications of cysteine residues within different signaling cascades. Thioredoxin family proteins are key regulators of the redox state of proteins. They regulate the formation and removal of oxidative modifications by specific thiol reduction and oxidation. All of these redox enzymes affect inflammatory processes and the innate and adaptive immune response. Interestingly, this regulation involves different mechanisms in different biological compartments and specialized cell types. The localization and activity of distinct proteins including, for instance, the transcription factor NFκB and the immune mediator HMGB1 are redox-regulated. The transmembrane protein ADAM17 releases proinflammatory mediators, such as TNFα, and is itself regulated by a thiol switch. Moreover, extracellular redox enzymes were shown to modulate the activity and migration behavior of various types of immune cells by acting as cytokines and/or chemokines. Within this review article, we will address the concept of redox signaling and the functions of both redox enzymes and redox active molecules in innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Bowles AC, Wise RM, Gerstein BY, Thomas RC, Ogelman R, Febbo I, Bunnell BA. Immunomodulatory Effects of Adipose Stromal Vascular Fraction Cells Promote Alternative Activation Macrophages to Repair Tissue Damage. Stem Cells 2017; 35:2198-2207. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The pathogenesis of many diseases is driven by the interactions between helper T (TH) cells and macrophages. The phenotypes of these cells are functional dichotomies that are persuaded according to the surrounding milieu. In both multiple sclerosis and the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, TH1 and TH17 cells propagate autoimmune signaling and inflammation in the peripheral lymphoid tissues. In turn, this proinflammatory repertoire promotes the classical activation, formerly the M1-type, macrophages. Together, these cells infiltrate into the central nervous system (CNS) tissues and generate inflammatory and demyelinating lesions. Our most recent report demonstrated the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of adipose stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells and adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) that led to functional, immunological, and pathological improvements in the EAE model. Here, a deeper investigation revealed the induction of regulatory T cells and alternative activation, or M2-type, macrophages in the periphery followed by the presence of alternative activation macrophages, reduced cellular infiltrates, and attenuation of neuroinflammation in CNS tissues following intraperitoneal administration of these treatments. Spleens from treated EAE mice revealed diminished TH1 and TH17 cell activities and were markedly higher in the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. Interestingly, SVF cells were more effective than ASCs at mediating these beneficial changes, which were attributed to their localization to the spleens after administration. Together, SVF cells rapidly and robustly attenuated the propagation of autoimmune signaling in the periphery that provided a permissive milieu in the CNS for repair and possibly regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie C. Bowles
- a Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- b Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Science and Engineering, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Rachel M. Wise
- a Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Brittany Y. Gerstein
- c Neuroscience Program, Tulane University School of Science and Engineering, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Robert C. Thomas
- c Neuroscience Program, Tulane University School of Science and Engineering, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Roberto Ogelman
- c Neuroscience Program, Tulane University School of Science and Engineering, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Isabella Febbo
- c Neuroscience Program, Tulane University School of Science and Engineering, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Bruce A. Bunnell
- a Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- d Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Ziemssen T, Thomas K. Alemtuzumab in the long-term treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: an update on the clinical trial evidence and data from the real world. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2017; 10:343-359. [PMID: 28966663 PMCID: PMC5607928 DOI: 10.1177/1756285617722706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alemtuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), given as two annual courses on five consecutive days at baseline and on three consecutive days 12 months later. Here we provide an update on the long-term efficacy and safety of alemtuzumab in RRMS, including real-world experience, and advances in our understanding of its mechanism of action. Recent data from the phase II/III extension study have demonstrated that alemtuzumab reduces relapse rates, disability worsening, and the rate of brain volume loss over the long term, with many patients achieving no evidence of disease activity. In high proportions of patients, preexisting disability remained stable or improved. Alemtuzumab is associated with a consistent safety profile over the long term, with no new safety signals emerging and the overall annual incidence of reported adverse events decreasing after the first year on treatment. Acyclovir prophylaxis reduces herpetic infections, and monitoring has been shown to mitigate the risk of autoimmune adverse events, allowing early detection and overall effective management. Data from clinical practice and ongoing observational studies are providing additional information on the real-world use of alemtuzumab. Recent evidence on the mechanism of action of alemtuzumab indicates that in addition to its previously known effects of inducing depletion and repopulation of T and B lymphocytes, it also results in a relative increase of cells with memory and regulatory phenotypes and a decrease in cells with a proinflammatory signature, and may further promote an immunoregulatory environment through an impact on other innate immune cells (e.g. dendritic cells) that play a role in MS. These effects may allow preservation of innate immunity and immunosurveillance. Together, these lines of evidence help explain the durable clinical efficacy of alemtuzumab, in the absence of continuous treatment, in patients with RRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjalf Ziemssen
- Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katja Thomas
- Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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Morel A, Bijak M, Niwald M, Miller E, Saluk J. Markers of oxidative/nitrative damage of plasma proteins correlated with EDSS and BDI scores in patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Redox Rep 2017; 22:547-555. [PMID: 28521618 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2017.1325571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of the present study was to evaluate oxidative/nitrative stress in the plasma of 50 patients suffering from the secondary progressive course of multiple sclerosis (MS), and to verify its correlation with physical and mental disability as assessed by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). METHODS Oxidative and nitrative damage to proteins was determined by the level of carbonyl groups and 3-nitrotyrosine using ELISA test. Based on the reaction with Ellman's reagent, we estimated the concentration of oxidized thiol groups. Additionally, we measured the level of lipid peroxidation. RESULTS In plasma drawn from MS patients, we observed a significantly higher level of 3-NT (92%; P < 0.0003), carbonyl groups (29%; P < 0.0001) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (73%; P < 0.0001), as well as a lower concentration of thiol groups (33%; P < 0.0001), in comparison to healthy subjects. We noted positive correlations between the level of carbonyl groups or 3-NT and both diagnostic parameters, EDSS and BDI. Negative correlations were observed between concentration of -SH groups and EDSS and BDI. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that impaired red-ox balance can significantly promote neurodegeneration in secondary progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Morel
- a Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of General Biochemistry , University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Michał Bijak
- a Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of General Biochemistry , University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Marta Niwald
- b Department of Physical Medicine , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland.,c Neurorehabilitation Ward , III General Hospital in Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Elżbieta Miller
- b Department of Physical Medicine , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland.,c Neurorehabilitation Ward , III General Hospital in Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Joanna Saluk
- a Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of General Biochemistry , University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
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Zareie P, Connor B, La Flamme AC. Amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by clozapine is not associated with defective CD4 T cell responses. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:68. [PMID: 28356108 PMCID: PMC5372297 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0842-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical antipsychotic agents, such as clozapine, are used for treating psychosis and depression and have recently been found to modulate neuroinflammation. We have shown previously that treatment of mice with the atypical antipsychotic agents, clozapine or risperidone, attenuates disease severity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE); however, the mechanism by which they are protective is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of clozapine on CD4+ T cell responses and found that clozapine did not significantly affect the expansion of myelin-specific T cells, their differentiation into pathogenic subsets, or their encephalitogenic capacity to induce EAE. Interestingly, although clozapine enhanced differentiation of regulatory T (Treg) cells, in vivo neutralization of Tregs indicated that Tregs were not responsible for the protective effects of clozapine during the induction and effector phase of EAE. Taken together, our studies indicate that clozapine does not mediate its protective effects by directly altering CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirooz Zareie
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Bronwen Connor
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anne Camille La Flamme
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand. .,The Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand.
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Buzzard K, Chan WH, Kilpatrick T, Murray S. Multiple Sclerosis: Basic and Clinical. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 15:211-252. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57193-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Mitkin NA, Muratova AM, Schwartz AM, Kuprash DV. The A Allele of the Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism rs630923 Creates a Binding Site for MEF2C Resulting in Reduced CXCR5 Promoter Activity in B-Cell Lymphoblastic Cell Lines. Front Immunol 2016; 7:515. [PMID: 27909439 PMCID: PMC5112242 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptor CXCR5 is highly expressed in B-cells and under normal conditions is involved in their migration to specific areas of secondary lymphoid organs. B-cells are known to play an important role in various autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS) where areas of demyelinating lesions attract B-cells by overexpressing CXCL13, the CXCR5 ligand. In this study, we aimed to determine the functional significance of single-nucleotide polymorphism rs630923 (A/C), which is located in cxcr5 gene promoter, and its common allele is associated with increased risk of MS. Using bioinformatics and pull-down assay in B-lymphoblastic cell lines, we showed that protective minor rs630923 "A" allele created functional binding site for MEF2C transcription factor. Elevated MEF2C expression in B-cells correlated with reduced activity of cxcr5 promoter containing rs630923 "A" allele. This effect that was fully neutralized by MEF2C-directed siRNA may mechanistically explain the protective role of the rs630923 minor allele in MS. Using site-directed mutagenesis of the cxcr5 gene promoter, we were unable to find any experimental evidence for the previously proposed role of NFκB transcription factors in rs630923-mediated CXCR5 promoter regulation. Thus, our results identify MEF2C as a possible mediator of protective function of the rs630923 "A" allele in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita A. Mitkin
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alisa M. Muratova
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton M. Schwartz
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Kuprash
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Sahraian MA, Owji M, Naser Moghadasi A. Concomitant multiple sclerosis and another autoimmune disease: Does the clinical course change? Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2016; 150:92-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Jancic J, Nikolic B, Ivancevic N, Djuric V, Zaletel I, Stevanovic D, Peric S, van den Anker JN, Samardzic J. Multiple Sclerosis in Pediatrics: Current Concepts and Treatment Options. Neurol Ther 2016; 5:131-143. [PMID: 27640189 PMCID: PMC5130919 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-016-0052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune, inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. MS is increasingly recognized in the pediatric population, and it is usually diagnosed around 15 years of age. The exact etiology of MS is still not known, although autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors play important roles in its development, making it a multifactorial disease. The disease in children almost always presents in the relapsing-remittent form. The therapy involves treatment of relapses, and immunomodulatory and symptomatic treatment. The treatment of children with MS has to be multidisciplinary and include pediatric neurologists, ophthalmologists, psychologists, physiotherapists, and if necessary, pediatric psychiatrists and pharmacologists. The basis of MS therapy should rely on drugs that are able to modify the course of the disease, i.e. immunomodulatory drugs. These drugs can be subdivided into two general categories: first-line immunomodulatory therapy (interferon beta-1a, interferon beta-1b, glatiramer acetate) and second-line immunomodulatory therapy (natalizumab, mitoxantrone, fingolimod, teriflunomide, azathioprine, rituximab, dimethyl fumarate, daclizumab). Treatment of relapses involves the use of high intravenous doses of corticosteroids, administration of intravenous immunoglobulins, and plasmapheresis. We summarize here the current available information related to the etiology and treatment options in MS. Early administration of immunomodulatory therapy is beneficial in adults, while more studies are needed to prove their effectiveness in pediatric populations. Therefore, pediatric MS still represents a great challenge for both, the early and correct diagnosis, as well as its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Jancic
- Clinic of Neurology and Psychiatry for Children and Youth, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Blazo Nikolic
- Clinic of Neurology and Psychiatry for Children and Youth, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Ivancevic
- Clinic of Neurology and Psychiatry for Children and Youth, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Djuric
- Clinic of Neurology and Psychiatry for Children and Youth, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Zaletel
- Institute of Histology and Embryology "Aleksandar Đ. Kostić", Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Stevanovic
- Clinic of Neurology and Psychiatry for Children and Youth, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sasa Peric
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - John N van den Anker
- Division of Paediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janko Samardzic
- Division of Paediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland. .,Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 1, 11129, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Slavov GS, Manova MG, Trenova AG, Kostadinova II, Pavlov PI, Mateva NG, Zahariev ZI. 25 Hydroxyvitamin D and Cytokines in Multiple Sclerosis. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2016; 57:200-6. [PMID: 27180346 DOI: 10.1515/folmed-2015-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clinical trials of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have produced inconsistent results for the profile of cytokine secretion in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with multiple sclerosis during periods of relapse and remission. Epidemiological and clinical observations data reveal an association of the changes in vitamin D serum concentration with the risk of developing MS. AIM To evaluate changes in serum concentrations of 25(OH)D, IL17, IFN-gamma, TGFβ1, IL4, IL10 in relapse and remission and their correlation with the severity of disability. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty-three persons (30 clinically healthy controls and 23 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis) living between 41° and 42° northern latitude were registered during the astronomical winter period (October 2012- May 2013). -Patients were diagnosed according to Mc Donald 2010 criteria. The degree of neurological deficit was assessed by EDSS. Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D (nmol/l) and cytokines (pg/ml) were tested by ELISA - once for controls and twice for patients (during relapse and remission). RESULTS In the studied population average levels of 25(OH)D were close to insufficiency, most pronounced in patients in relapse, as differences were not statistically significant. A reverse correlation was found between the levels of 25(OH)D and the deficit in relapse and remission. Concentrations of TGFβ1 significantly increased in remission compared with exacerbation and controls. Serum level of IL4 was significantly lower in relapse compared with controls. In remission there was a marked tendency of increase compared with exacerbation. During clinical improvement IL17 and IFN-gamma tended to decrease compared to the average levels in relapse. In both periods, the average concentrations of IFN-gamma in patients were significantly lower compared with controls. No statistically significant differences were found comparing cytokine changes with those of 25(OH)D and deficit. CONCLUSION Persistent cytokine imbalance in patients compared with controls is a marker for Th1-mediated CNS demyelination. Anti-inflammatory TGFβ1, IL4 are indicators of immune response intensity. The deficit severity does not depend on changes of the tested cytokines, but correlates with 25(OH)D levels during periods of relapse and remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Sv Slavov
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine,Clinic of Neurology
| | | | | | | | - Pavel I Pavlov
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Plovdiv,Central Clinical laboratory, St. George University Hospital, Plovdiv
| | - Nonka G Mateva
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biostatistics and E-learning, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Venkatesha SH, Dudics S, Astry B, Moudgil KD. Control of autoimmune inflammation by celastrol, a natural triterpenoid. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw059. [PMID: 27405485 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Celastrol is a bioactive compound derived from traditional Chinese medicinal herbs of the Celastraceae family. Celastrol is known to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. Our studies have highlighted the immunomodulatory attributes of celastrol in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA), an experimental model of human rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovial lining of the joints, leading eventually to tissue damage and deformities. Identification of the molecular targets of celastrol such as the NF-κB pathway, MAPK pathway, JAK/STAT pathway and RANKL/OPG pathway has unraveled its strategic checkpoints in controlling arthritic inflammation and tissue damage in AA. The pathological events that are targeted and rectified by celastrol include increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines; an imbalance between pathogenic T helper 17 and regulatory T cells; enhanced production of chemokines coupled with increased migration of immune cells into the joints; and increased release of mediators of osteoclastic bone damage. Accordingly, celastrol is a promising candidate for further testing in the clinic for RA therapy. Furthermore, the results of other preclinical studies suggest that celastrol might also be beneficial for the treatment of a few other autoimmune diseases besides arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaprasad H Venkatesha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, HSF-1, Suite 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Steven Dudics
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, HSF-1, Suite 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Brian Astry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, HSF-1, Suite 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kamal D Moudgil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, HSF-1, Suite 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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The value of qualitative and quantitative assessment of lesion to cerebral cortex signal ratio on double inversion recovery sequence in the differentiation of demyelinating plaques from non-specific T2 hyperintensities. Eur Radiol 2016; 27:763-771. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-016-4379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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77
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Fox RJ, Chan A, Gold R, Phillips JT, Selmaj K, Chang I, Novas M, Rana J, Marantz JL. Characterizing absolute lymphocyte count profiles in dimethyl fumarate-treated patients with MS: Patient management considerations. Neurol Clin Pract 2016; 6:220-229. [PMID: 27347439 PMCID: PMC4909524 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background: Delayed-release dimethyl fumarate (DMF), indicated for the treatment of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), is a disease-modifying therapy with potential immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects. In clinical trials, DMF was associated with reduced white blood cell and absolute lymphocyte counts. Current US prescribing information recommends obtaining a complete blood count, including absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), before initiating and during DMF treatment. Methods: We conducted an integrated analysis of phase 2b/3/long-term extension studies of DMF in MS (N = 2,470) to characterize ALC profiles. Results: Mean ALCs decreased by 30% during the first year and then plateaued, remaining above the lower limit of normal (LLN). Among patients treated ≥6 months (N = 2,099), 2.2% experienced ALCs <500 mm3 persisting ≥6 months. ALCs remained ≥LLN in 84% and 76% of patients during the first 6 and 12 months, respectively; of these, 0.1% and 0%, respectively, developed ALCs <500 mm3 persisting ≥6 months at any time. Evidence of ALC improvement following DMF discontinuation was observed. DMF efficacy was not substantially different in patients with and without lymphopenia. Conclusion: Lymphocyte monitoring provides effective means for early identification of patients at risk for developing severe, prolonged lymphopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Fox
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; St. Josef Hospital (AC, RG), Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; Multiple Sclerosis Program (JTP), Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX; Medical University of Lodz (KS), Lodz, Poland; and Biogen (IC, MN, JR, JLM), Cambridge, MA. Dr. Novas is currently with Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Chesire, CT; and Dr. Rana is currently with Sanofi-Genzyme, Cambridge, MA
| | - Andrew Chan
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; St. Josef Hospital (AC, RG), Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; Multiple Sclerosis Program (JTP), Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX; Medical University of Lodz (KS), Lodz, Poland; and Biogen (IC, MN, JR, JLM), Cambridge, MA. Dr. Novas is currently with Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Chesire, CT; and Dr. Rana is currently with Sanofi-Genzyme, Cambridge, MA
| | - Ralf Gold
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; St. Josef Hospital (AC, RG), Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; Multiple Sclerosis Program (JTP), Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX; Medical University of Lodz (KS), Lodz, Poland; and Biogen (IC, MN, JR, JLM), Cambridge, MA. Dr. Novas is currently with Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Chesire, CT; and Dr. Rana is currently with Sanofi-Genzyme, Cambridge, MA
| | - J Theodore Phillips
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; St. Josef Hospital (AC, RG), Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; Multiple Sclerosis Program (JTP), Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX; Medical University of Lodz (KS), Lodz, Poland; and Biogen (IC, MN, JR, JLM), Cambridge, MA. Dr. Novas is currently with Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Chesire, CT; and Dr. Rana is currently with Sanofi-Genzyme, Cambridge, MA
| | - Krzysztof Selmaj
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; St. Josef Hospital (AC, RG), Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; Multiple Sclerosis Program (JTP), Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX; Medical University of Lodz (KS), Lodz, Poland; and Biogen (IC, MN, JR, JLM), Cambridge, MA. Dr. Novas is currently with Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Chesire, CT; and Dr. Rana is currently with Sanofi-Genzyme, Cambridge, MA
| | - Ih Chang
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; St. Josef Hospital (AC, RG), Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; Multiple Sclerosis Program (JTP), Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX; Medical University of Lodz (KS), Lodz, Poland; and Biogen (IC, MN, JR, JLM), Cambridge, MA. Dr. Novas is currently with Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Chesire, CT; and Dr. Rana is currently with Sanofi-Genzyme, Cambridge, MA
| | - Mark Novas
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; St. Josef Hospital (AC, RG), Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; Multiple Sclerosis Program (JTP), Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX; Medical University of Lodz (KS), Lodz, Poland; and Biogen (IC, MN, JR, JLM), Cambridge, MA. Dr. Novas is currently with Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Chesire, CT; and Dr. Rana is currently with Sanofi-Genzyme, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jitesh Rana
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; St. Josef Hospital (AC, RG), Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; Multiple Sclerosis Program (JTP), Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX; Medical University of Lodz (KS), Lodz, Poland; and Biogen (IC, MN, JR, JLM), Cambridge, MA. Dr. Novas is currently with Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Chesire, CT; and Dr. Rana is currently with Sanofi-Genzyme, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jing L Marantz
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; St. Josef Hospital (AC, RG), Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany; Multiple Sclerosis Program (JTP), Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX; Medical University of Lodz (KS), Lodz, Poland; and Biogen (IC, MN, JR, JLM), Cambridge, MA. Dr. Novas is currently with Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Chesire, CT; and Dr. Rana is currently with Sanofi-Genzyme, Cambridge, MA
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78
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Nrf2–ARE pathway: An emerging target against oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 157:84-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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79
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Sinha S, Boyden AW, Itani FR, Crawford MP, Karandikar NJ. CD8(+) T-Cells as Immune Regulators of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:619. [PMID: 26697014 PMCID: PMC4674574 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of studies regarding the immune basis of MS (and its animal model, EAE) have largely focused on CD4(+) T-cells as mediators and regulators of disease. Interestingly, CD8(+) T-cells represent the predominant T-cell population in human MS lesions and are oligoclonally expanded at the site of pathology. However, their role in the autoimmune pathologic process has been both understudied and controversial. Several animal models and MS patient studies support a pathogenic role for CNS-specific CD8(+) T-cells, whereas we and others have demonstrated a regulatory role for these cells in disease. In this review, we describe studies that have investigated the role of CD8(+) T-cells in MS and EAE, presenting evidence for both pathogenic and regulatory functions. In our studies, we have shown that cytotoxic/suppressor CD8(+) T-cells are CNS antigen-specific, MHC class I-restricted, IFNγ- and perforin-dependent, and are able to inhibit disease. The clinical relevance for CD8(+) T-cell suppressive function is best described by a lack of their function during MS relapse, and importantly, restoration of their suppressive function during quiescence. Furthermore, CD8(+) T-cells with immunosuppressive functions can be therapeutically induced in MS patients by glatiramer acetate (GA) treatment. Unlike CNS-specific CD8(+) T-cells, these immunosuppressive GA-induced CD8(+) T-cells appear to be HLA-E restricted. These studies have provided greater fundamental insight into the role of autoreactive as well as therapeutically induced CD8(+) T-cells in disease amelioration. The clinical implications for these findings are immense and we propose that this natural process can be harnessed toward the development of an effective immunotherapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Sinha
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA
| | | | - Farah R Itani
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA
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80
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Sénécal V, Deblois G, Beauseigle D, Schneider R, Brandenburg J, Newcombe J, Moore CS, Prat A, Antel J, Arbour N. Production of IL-27 in multiple sclerosis lesions by astrocytes and myeloid cells: Modulation of local immune responses. Glia 2015; 64:553-69. [PMID: 26649511 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms whereby human glial cells modulate local immune responses are not fully understood. Interleukin-27 (IL-27), a pleiotropic cytokine, has been shown to dampen the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, but it is still unresolved whether IL-27 plays a role in the human disease multiple sclerosis (MS). IL-27 contribution to local modulation of immune responses in the brain of MS patients was investigated. The expression of IL-27 subunits (EBI3 and p28) and its cognate receptor IL-27R (the gp130 and TCCR chains) was elevated within post-mortem MS brain lesions compared with normal control brains. Moreover, astrocytes (GFAP(+) cells) as well as microglia and macrophages (Iba1(+) cells) were important sources of IL-27. Brain-infiltrating CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes expressed the IL-27R specific chain (TCCR) implying that these cells could respond to local IL-27 sources. In primary cultures of human astrocytes inflammatory cytokines increased IL-27 production, whereas myeloid cell inflammatory M1 polarization and inflammatory cytokines enhanced IL-27 expression in microglia and macrophages. Astrocytes in postmortem tissues and in vitro expressed IL-27R. Moreover, IL-27 triggered the phosphorylation of the transcription regulator STAT1, but not STAT3 in human astrocytes; indeed IL-27 up-regulated MHC class I expression on astrocytes in a STAT1-dependent manner. These findings demonstrated that IL-27 and its receptor were elevated in MS lesions and that local IL-27 can modulate immune properties of astrocytes and infiltrating immune cells. Thus, therapeutic strategies targeting IL-27 may influence not only peripheral but also local inflammatory responses within the brain of MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Sénécal
- Department of Neurosciences, Université De Montréal and CRCHUM Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H2X 0A9
| | - Gabrielle Deblois
- Department of Neurosciences, Université De Montréal and CRCHUM Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H2X 0A9
| | - Diane Beauseigle
- Department of Neurosciences, Université De Montréal and CRCHUM Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H2X 0A9
| | - Raphael Schneider
- Department of Neurosciences, Université De Montréal and CRCHUM Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H2X 0A9
| | - Jonas Brandenburg
- Department of Neurosciences, Université De Montréal and CRCHUM Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H2X 0A9
| | - Jia Newcombe
- NeuroResource, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 1PJ, England
| | - Craig S Moore
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2B4
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Department of Neurosciences, Université De Montréal and CRCHUM Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H2X 0A9
| | - Jack Antel
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2B4
| | - Nathalie Arbour
- Department of Neurosciences, Université De Montréal and CRCHUM Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H2X 0A9
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81
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Barnea E, Almogi-Hazan O, Or R, Mueller M, Ria F, Weiss L, Paidas M. Immune regulatory and neuroprotective properties of preimplantation factor: From newborn to adult. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 156:10-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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82
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Yuan CX, Chu T, Liu L, Li HW, Wang YJ, Guo AC, Fan YP. Catalpol induces oligodendrocyte precursor cell-mediated remyelination in vitro. Am J Transl Res 2015; 7:2474-2481. [PMID: 26807192 PMCID: PMC4697724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis, one of the treatment strategies includes remyelination using oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC). Catalpol, the extract of radix rehmanniae, is neuroprotective. Using an OPC culture model, we showed that 10 μM catalpol promotes OPC proliferation, cell migration and differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes. The 10 μM catalpol displayed stronger effects on OPCs migration and oligodendrocyte differentiation. These results suggest that catalpol has a potential role in promoting remyelination in demyelinating diseases, and is of therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xiao Yuan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Takho Chu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of CalgaryCanada
| | - Li Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Medical Research, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Hao-Wen Li
- Laboratory of Clinical Medical Research, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Ya-Jie Wang
- Laboratory of Clinical Medical Research, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - An-Chen Guo
- Laboratory of Clinical Medical Research, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular DiseaseBeijing, China
| | - Yong-Ping Fan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
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83
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Strickland K, Worth A, Kennedy C. The experiences of support persons of people newly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis: an interpretative phenomenological study. J Adv Nurs 2015; 71:2811-21. [DOI: 10.1111/jan.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Strickland
- School of Nursing, & Midwifery; Robert Gordon University; Aberdeen UK
| | - Allison Worth
- Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility; The University of Edinburgh; UK
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84
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Wu GF, Parker Harp CR, Shindler KS. Optic Neuritis: A Model for the Immuno-pathogenesis of Central Nervous System Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 11:85-92. [PMID: 29399010 DOI: 10.2174/1573395511666150707181644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Evidence for the tenuous regulation between the immune system and central nervous system (CNS) can be found with examples of interaction between these organ systems gone awry. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the prototypical inflammatory disease of the CNS and is characterized by widely distributed inflammatory demyelinating plaques that can involve the brain, spinal cord and/or optic nerves. Optic neuritis (ON), inflammatory injury of the optic nerve that frequently occurs in patients with MS, has been the focus of intense study in part given the readily accessible nature of clinical outcome measures. Exploring the clinical and pathological features of ON in relation to other inflammatory demyelinating conditions of the CNS, namely MS and neuromyelitis optica, provides an opportunity to glean common and distinct mechanisms of disease. Emerging data from clinical studies along with various animal models involving ON implicate innate and adaptive immune responses directed at glial targets, including myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and aquaporin 4. Resolution of inflammation in ON is commonly observed both clinically and experimentally, but persistent nerve injury is also one emerging hallmark of ON. One hypothesis seeking evaluation is that, in comparison to other sites targeted in MS, the optic nerve is a highly specialized target within the CNS predisposing to unique immunologic processes that generate ON. Overall, ON serves as a highly relevant entity for understanding the pathogenesis of other CNS demyelinating conditions, most notably MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory F Wu
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chelsea R Parker Harp
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kenneth S Shindler
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19004, USA
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85
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Sex-specific prediction of interferon beta therapy response in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Clin Neurosci 2015; 22:986-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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86
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Multiple Sclerosis and T Lymphocytes: An Entangled Story. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:528-46. [PMID: 25946987 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9614-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the prototypic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by multifocal areas of demyelination, axonal damage, activation of glial cells, and immune cell infiltration. Despite intensive years of research, the etiology of this neurological disorder remains elusive. Nevertheless, the abundance of immune cells such as T lymphocytes and their products in CNS lesions of MS patients supports the notion that MS is an immune-mediated disorder. An important body of evidence gathered from MS animal models such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), points to the central contribution of CD4 T lymphocytes in disease pathogenesis. Both Th1 (producing interferon-γ) and Th17 (producing interleukin 17) CD4 T lymphocytes targeting CNS self-antigens have been implicated in MS and EAE pathobiology. Moreover, several publications suggest that CD8 T lymphocytes also participate in the development of MS lesions. The migration of activated T lymphocytes from the periphery into the CNS has been identified as a crucial step in the formation of MS lesions. Several factors promote such T cell extravasation including: molecules (e.g., cell adhesion molecules) implicated in the T cell-blood brain barrier interaction, and chemokines produced by neural cells. Finally, once in the CNS, T lymphocytes need to be reactivated by local antigen presenting cells prior to enter the parenchyma where they can initiate damage. Further investigations will be necessary to elucidate the impact of environmental factors (e.g., gut microbiota) and CNS intrinsic properties (e.g., microglial activation) on this inflammatory neurological disease.
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87
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Parker Harp CR, Archambault AS, Sim J, Ferris ST, Mikesell RJ, Koni PA, Shimoda M, Linington C, Russell JH, Wu GF. B cell antigen presentation is sufficient to drive neuroinflammation in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5077-84. [PMID: 25895531 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B cells are increasingly regarded as integral to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, in part as a result of the success of B cell-depletion therapy. Multiple B cell-dependent mechanisms contributing to inflammatory demyelination of the CNS have been explored using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a CD4 T cell-dependent animal model for multiple sclerosis. Although B cell Ag presentation was suggested to regulate CNS inflammation during EAE, direct evidence that B cells can independently support Ag-specific autoimmune responses by CD4 T cells in EAE is lacking. Using a newly developed murine model of in vivo conditional expression of MHC class II, we reported previously that encephalitogenic CD4 T cells are incapable of inducing EAE when B cells are the sole APC. In this study, we find that B cells cooperate with dendritic cells to enhance EAE severity resulting from myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) immunization. Further, increasing the precursor frequency of MOG-specific B cells, but not the addition of soluble MOG-specific Ab, is sufficient to drive EAE in mice expressing MHCII by B cells alone. These data support a model in which expansion of Ag-specific B cells during CNS autoimmunity amplifies cognate interactions between B and CD4 T cells and have the capacity to independently drive neuroinflammation at later stages of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea R Parker Harp
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Angela S Archambault
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Julia Sim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Stephen T Ferris
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Robert J Mikesell
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Pandelakis A Koni
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Michiko Shimoda
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817; and
| | | | - John H Russell
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Gregory F Wu
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110;
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88
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Strickland K, Baguley F. The role of the community nurse in care provision for people with multiple sclerosis. Br J Community Nurs 2015; 20:6-10. [PMID: 25559023 DOI: 10.12968/bjcn.2015.20.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a degenerative neurological condition that is often diagnosed in young adults in their 20s and 30s and is more common in women than in men. The long-term and unpredictable nature of the condition poses significant challenges for care delivery. The UK has one of the highest incidences of MS in the world, and care delivery for people with long-term conditions such as MS in the UK is changing: whereas previously it predominantly took place from a hospital setting, it now more commonly occurs in a primary care setting. In addition, patients and carers are recognised as equal partners in the planning and delivery of care. This article explores the approaches used by community nurses providing care to patients and families in a multiagency context.
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89
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Alberti TB, Marcon R, Bicca MA, Raposo NRB, Calixto JB, Dutra RC. Essential oil from Pterodon emarginatus seeds ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by modulating Th1/Treg cell balance. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:485-494. [PMID: 24892832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pterodon emarginatus Vogel is a medicinal plant commonly used in Brazilian traditional medicine as a folk therapy due to its immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, healing, tonic and depurative activities. The essential oil (EO) of Pterodon emarginatus is composed of volatile aromatic terpenes and phenyl propanoids, mainly, β-elemene and β-caryophyllene sesquiterpenes. Here we reported the effects and some underlying mechanisms of action of EO during murine model of MS, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). MATERIALS AND METHODS EO (50 and 100 mg/kg) was orally administered during the entire period of development of EAE (preventive treatment, day 0-25). In vitro and in vivo immunological responses were evaluated by ELISA, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. RESULTS We provide evidence that EO of Pterodon emarginatus (100 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly attenuates neurological signs and also the development of EAE. Furthermore, at the same dose EO consistently inhibited Th1 cell-mediated immune response and upregulated Treg response in vitro. Moreover, the EO inhibited both microglial activation and expression of iNOS, associated with inhibition of axonal demyelization and neuronal death during the development of the disease. CONCLUSION This is the first experimental evidence showing that oral administration of EO consistently reduces and limits the severity and development of EAE, mainly, through the modulation of Th1/Treg immune balance, and might represent a helpful new tool for control immunoinflammatory conditions, such as MS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brazil
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Fabaceae/chemistry
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Medicine, Traditional
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Oils, Volatile/administration & dosage
- Oils, Volatile/isolation & purification
- Oils, Volatile/pharmacology
- Seeds
- Severity of Illness Index
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís B Alberti
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Marcon
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Maíra A Bicca
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Nádia R B Raposo
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Inovação em Ciências da Saúde (NUPICS), Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - João B Calixto
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rafael C Dutra
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Laboratório de Autoimunidade e Imunofarmacologia (LAIF), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Araranguá, Araranguá, SC, Brazil.
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90
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Abstract
We review the current state of knowledge of remyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS), concentrating on advances in the understanding of the pathology and the regenerative response, and we summarise progress on the development of new therapies to enhance remyelination aimed at reducing progressive accumulation of disability in MS. We discuss key target pathways identified in experimental models, as although most identified targets have not yet progressed to the stage of being tested in human clinical trials, they may provide treatment strategies for demyelinating diseases in the future. Finally, we discuss some of the problems associated with testing this class of drugs, where they might fit into the therapeutic arsenal and the gaps in our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Jolanda Münzel
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK
| | - Anna Williams
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK
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91
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Blezer ELA, Deddens LH, Kooij G, Drexhage J, van der Pol SMA, Reijerkerk A, Dijkhuizen RM, de Vries HE. In vivoMR imaging of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 10:111-21. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erwin L. A. Blezer
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Image Sciences Institute; University Medical Center Utrecht; Yalelaan 2 3584 CM Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Lisette H. Deddens
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Image Sciences Institute; University Medical Center Utrecht; Yalelaan 2 3584 CM Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Gijs Kooij
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; PO Box 7057 1007 MB Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Joost Drexhage
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; PO Box 7057 1007 MB Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Susanne M. A. van der Pol
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; PO Box 7057 1007 MB Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Arie Reijerkerk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; PO Box 7057 1007 MB Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Rick M. Dijkhuizen
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Image Sciences Institute; University Medical Center Utrecht; Yalelaan 2 3584 CM Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Helga E. de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; PO Box 7057 1007 MB Amsterdam The Netherlands
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92
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Krieger S, Sorrells SF, Nickerson M, Pace TWW. Mechanistic insights into corticosteroids in multiple sclerosis: war horse or chameleon? Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2014; 119:6-16. [PMID: 24635918 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Relapse management is a crucial component of multiple sclerosis (MS) care. High-dose corticosteroids (CSs) are used to dampen inflammation, which is thought to hasten the recovery of MS relapse. A diversity of mechanisms drive the heterogeneous clinical response to exogenous CSs in patients with MS. Preclinical research is beginning to provide important insights into how CSs work, both in terms of intended and unintended effects. In this article we discuss cellular, systemic, and clinical characteristics that might contribute to intended and unintended CS effects when utilizing supraphysiological doses in clinical practice. The goal of this article is to consider recent insights about CS mechanisms of action in the context of MS. METHODS We reviewed relevant preclinical and clinical studies on the desirable and undesirable effects of high-dose corticosteroids used in MS care. RESULTS Preclinical studies reviewed suggest that corticosteroids may act in unpredictable ways in the context of autoimmune conditions. The precise timing, dosage, duration, cellular exposure, and background CS milieu likely contribute to their clinical heterogeneity. CONCLUSION It is difficult to predict when patients will respond favorably to CSs, both in terms of therapeutic response and tolerability profile. There are specific cellular, systemic, and clinical characteristics that might merit further consideration when utilizing CSs in clinical practice, and these should be explored in a translational setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Krieger
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shawn F Sorrells
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Thaddeus W W Pace
- College of Nursing and College of Medicine (Department of Psychiatry), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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93
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Diffusion Tensor Imaging in NAWM and NADGM in MS and CIS: Association with Candidate Biomarkers in Sera. Mult Scler Int 2013; 2013:265259. [PMID: 24455265 PMCID: PMC3877634 DOI: 10.1155/2013/265259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) indices in the corpus callosum and pyramidal tract in normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) and the caudate nucleus and thalamus in deep grey matter (NADGM) in all MS subtypes and clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). Furthermore, it was determined whether these metrics are associated with clinical measures and the serum levels of candidate immune biomarkers. Apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) values were significantly higher than in controls in all six studied NAWM regions in SPMS, 4/6 regions in RRMS and PPMS and 2/6 regions in CIS. In contrast, decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) values in comparison to controls were detected in 2/6 NAWM regions in SPMS and 1/6 in RRMS and PPMS. In RRMS, the level of neurological disability correlated with thalamic FA values (r = 0.479, P = 0.004). In chronic progressive subtypes and CIS, ADC values of NAWM and NADGM were associated with the levels of MIF, sFas, and sTNF-α. Our data indicate that DTI may be useful in detecting pathological changes in NAWM and NADGM in MS patients and that these changes are related to neurological disability.
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94
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Huang H, Ito K, Dangond F, Dhib-Jalbut S. Effect of interferon beta-1a on B7.1 and B7.2 B-cell expression and its impact on T-cell proliferation. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 258:27-31. [PMID: 23489746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effect of pharmacologically relevant doses of interferon (IFN) β-1a on B-cell expression of B7.1 and B7.2 was investigated. Culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with IFN β-1a 100 IU/mL decreased B-cell expression of B7.1 and increased B7.2 expression. Interleukin-10 in B cells was significantly enhanced by IFN β-1a. Anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody-mediated T-cell proliferations were partially suppressed in the presence of B cells pretreated with IFN β-1a. These data suggest that IFN β-1a and B cells can interact to play a beneficial role in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- Department of Neurology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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95
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Fungal infection in cerebrospinal fluid from some patients with multiple sclerosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 32:795-801. [PMID: 23322279 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-012-1810-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the prototypical inflammatory disease of the central nervous system and spinal cord, leading to axonal demyelination of neurons. Recently, we have found a correlation between fungal infection and MS in peripheral blood of patients. The present work provides evidence of fungal infection in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of some MS patients. Thus, fungal antigens can be demonstrated in CSF, as well as antibodies reacting against several Candida species. Comparison was made between CSF and blood serum for the presence of fungal antigens (proteins) and antibodies against different Candida spp. Analyses of both CSF and serum are complementary and serve to better evaluate for the presence of disseminated fungal infection. In addition, PCR analyses indicate the presence of DNA from different fungal species in CSF, depending on the patient analyzed. Overall, these findings support the notion that fungal infection can be demonstrated in CSF from some MS patients. This may constitute a risk factor in this disease and could also help in understanding the pathogenesis of MS.
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96
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Cerebrospinal Fluid BAFF and APRIL Levels in Neuromyelitis Optica and Multiple Sclerosis Patients During Relapse. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:1007-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9709-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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97
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Büyüktimkin B, Wang Q, Kiptoo P, Stewart JM, Berkland C, Siahaan TJ. Vaccine-like controlled-release delivery of an immunomodulating peptide to treat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:979-85. [PMID: 22375937 DOI: 10.1021/mp200614q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work is to use colloidal gel from alginate-chitosan-PLGA complex to deliver Ac-PLP-BPI-NH₂-2 peptide in a controlled-release manner as a vaccine-like therapeutic to suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the mouse model. Oppositely charged PLGA nanoparticles were prepared by a solvent diffusion method. The carboxyl group of the alginate and the amine group of the chitosan coated the nanoparticles with negative and positive charges, respectively. The peptide (Ac-PLP-BPI-NH₂-2), designed to bind to MHC-II and ICAM-1 simultaneously, was formulated into the colloidal gel by physical mixture. Vaccine-like administration of the peptide-loaded colloidal gel (Ac-PLP-BPI-NH₂-2-NP) was achieved by subcutaneous (sc) injection to EAE mice. Disease severity was measured using clinical scoring and percent change in body weight. Cytokine production was determined using the splenocytes from Ac-PLP-BPI-NH₂-2-NP-treated mice and compared to that of controls. Ac-PLP-BPI-NH₂-2-NP suppressed and delayed the onset of EAE as well as Ac-PLP-BPI-NH₂-2 when delivered in a vaccine-like manner. IL-6 and IL-17 levels were significantly lower in the Ac-PLP-BPI-NH₂-2-NP-treated mice compared to the mouse group treated with blank colloidal gel, suggesting that the mechanism of suppression of EAE is due to a shift in the immune response away from Th17 production. The results of this study suggest that a one-time sc administration of Ac-PLP-BPI-NH₂-2 formulated in a colloidal gel can produce long-term suppression of EAE by reducing Th17 proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barlas Büyüktimkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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98
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Subramanian S, Miller LM, Grafe MR, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. Contribution of GPR30 for 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D₃ protection in EAE. Metab Brain Dis 2012; 27:29-35. [PMID: 21994003 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-011-9266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that vitamin D3-mediated protection in EAE occurs only in females and is dependent on the presence of diestrus levels of 17β-estradiol (E2). To evaluate the role of estrogen receptors in vitamin D3 treatment of EAE, we compared disease severity, CNS histopathology and immunological responses in vehicle and calcitrol (1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D₃) treated WT C57BL/6 mice vs. GPR30 membrane estrogen receptor (MER) knockout mice with MOG-35-55 peptide-induced EAE. Our results demonstrated that vitamin D₃-mediated prevention of clinical signs, CNS cellular lesions and demyelination observed in WT mice was abrogated in GPR30-KO mice with EAE. Regulatory effects of vitamin D₃ treatment that were MER dependent included increased levels of IL-10 and IL-6 secreted by MOG peptide-reactive splenocytes and increased expression of CCL5, CCR1 & CCR3 in spleen tissue. These results demonstrate for the first time that the MER is a key contributor to the E2-dependent effects of vitamin D₃-mediated protection in EAE.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcitriol/therapeutic use
- Chemokine CCL5/metabolism
- Cytoprotection
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Glycoproteins/adverse effects
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Humans
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-6/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Peptide Fragments/adverse effects
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, CCR1/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR3/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/immunology
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Subramanian
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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