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Metformin treatment reduces motor and neuropsychiatric phenotypes in the zQ175 mouse model of Huntington disease. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-16. [PMID: 31165723 PMCID: PMC6549163 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington disease is a neurodegenerative condition for which there is no cure to date. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase has previously been shown to be beneficial in in vitro and in vivo models of Huntington’s disease. Moreover, a recent cross-sectional study demonstrated that treatment with metformin, a well-known activator of this enzyme, is associated with better cognitive scores in patients with this disease. We performed a preclinical study using metformin to treat phenotypes of the zQ175 mouse model of Huntington disease. We evaluated behavior (motor and neuropsychiatric function) and molecular phenotypes (aggregation of mutant huntingtin, levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neuronal inflammation, etc.). We also used two models of polyglutamine toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans to further explore potential mechanisms of metformin action. Our results provide strong evidence that metformin alleviates motor and neuropsychiatric phenotypes in zQ175 mice. Moreover, metformin intake reduces the number of nuclear aggregates of mutant huntingtin in the striatum. The expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which is reduced in mutant animals, is partially restored in metformin-treated mice, and glial activation in mutant mice is reduced in metformin-treated animals. In addition, using worm models of polyglutamine toxicity, we demonstrate that metformin reduces polyglutamine aggregates and restores neuronal function through mechanisms involving AMP-activated protein kinase and lysosomal function. Our data indicate that metformin alleviates the progression of the disease and further supports AMP-activated protein kinase as a druggable target against Huntington’s disease. Metformin, an existing drug for diabetes, shows promise in alleviating symptoms of early Huntington’s disease in mouse models. Huntington’s disease is a genetic disorder that results in the gradual deterioration of motor skills and cognitive ability. It is caused by a defect in a single gene that then encodes a mutant huntingtin protein, which aggregates and kills brain cells. Growing observational evidence suggests that patients undergoing metformin treatment for diabetes type II exhibit fewer symptoms of age-related disease, as well as Huntington’s disease. Rafael Vázquez-Manrique at Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, València and Pascual Sanz at IBV-CSIC and CIBERER, València, and scientists across Spain used metformin to treat motor and neuropsychiatric symptoms in a Huntington’s mouse model. They found that metformin alleviated symptoms by actively reducing huntingtin levels, dispersing aggregations and limiting brain inflammation.
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Morgunova GV, Klebanov AA. Age-related AMP-activated protein kinase alterations: From cellular energetics to longevity. Cell Biochem Funct 2019; 37:169-176. [PMID: 30895648 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key regulator of energy in the cell, which allows the cell/organism to survive with deficit of ATP. Since AMPK is involved in the adaptation to caloric restriction, the role of age-related changes in AMPK activity in both the aging organism and the aging cell is actively investigated in gerontology. Studies on yeast, worms, flies, rodents, and primates have demonstrated an important effect of this regulator on key signalling pathways involved in the aging process. In some cases, researchers conclude that AMPK promotes aging. However, in our opinion, in such cases, we observe a disturbance in the adaptive ability because of the prolonged cell/organism presence in stressful conditions because the functional capacity of any adaptation system is limited. Interestingly, AMPK can regulate metabolic processes in noncell-autonomous manner. The main effects of AMPK activation in the cell are realized in restriction of proliferation and launching autophagy. In tissues of an aging organism, the ability of AMPK to respond to energy deficit decreases; this fact is especially critical for organs that contain postmitotic cells. In this review, we have tried to consider the involvement of AMPK in age-related changes in the cell and in the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina V Morgunova
- Evolutionary Cytogerontology Sector, School of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A Klebanov
- Evolutionary Cytogerontology Sector, School of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Panda PK, Fahrner A, Vats S, Seranova E, Sharma V, Chipara M, Desai P, Torresi J, Rosenstock T, Kumar D, Sarkar S. Chemical Screening Approaches Enabling Drug Discovery of Autophagy Modulators for Biomedical Applications in Human Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:38. [PMID: 30949479 PMCID: PMC6436197 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation pathway for malfunctioning aggregation-prone proteins, damaged organelles, unwanted macromolecules and invading pathogens. This process is essential for maintaining cellular and tissue homeostasis that contribute to organismal survival. Autophagy dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse human diseases, and therefore, therapeutic exploitation of autophagy is of potential biomedical relevance. A number of chemical screening approaches have been established for the drug discovery of autophagy modulators based on the perturbations of autophagy reporters or the clearance of autophagy substrates. These readouts can be detected by fluorescence and high-content microscopy, flow cytometry, microplate reader and immunoblotting, and the assays have evolved to enable high-throughput screening and measurement of autophagic flux. Several pharmacological modulators of autophagy have been identified that act either via the classical mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway or independently of mTOR. Many of these autophagy modulators have been demonstrated to exert beneficial effects in transgenic models of neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, infectious diseases, liver diseases, myopathies as well as in lifespan extension. This review describes the commonly used chemical screening approaches in mammalian cells and the key autophagy modulators identified through these methods, and highlights the therapeutic benefits of these compounds in specific disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanta Kumar Panda
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Fahrner
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Somya Vats
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Elena Seranova
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Vartika Sharma
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Miruna Chipara
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Priyal Desai
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Torresi
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiological Science, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Rosenstock
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiological Science, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Derkach K, Zakharova I, Zorina I, Bakhtyukov A, Romanova I, Bayunova L, Shpakov A. The evidence of metabolic-improving effect of metformin in Ay/a mice with genetically-induced melanocortin obesity and the contribution of hypothalamic mechanisms to this effect. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213779. [PMID: 30870482 PMCID: PMC6417728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In diet-induced obesity, metformin (MF) has weight-lowering effect and improves glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. However, there is no information on the efficiency of MF and the mechanisms of its action in melanocortin-type obesity. We studied the effect of the 10-day treatment with MF at the doses of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg/day on the food intake and the metabolic and hormonal parameters in female C57Bl/6J (genotype Ay/a) agouti-mice with melanocortin-type obesity, and the influence of MF on the hypothalamic signaling in obese animals at the most effective metabolic dose (600 mg/kg/day). MF treatment led to a decrease in food intake, the body and fat weights, the plasma levels of glucose, insulin and leptin, all increased in agouti-mice, to an improvement of the lipid profile and glucose sensitivity, and to a reduced fatty liver degeneration. In the hypothalamus of obese agouti-mice, the leptin and insulin content was reduced and the expression of the genes encoding leptin receptor (LepR), MC3- and MC4-melanocortin receptors and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), the precursor of anorexigenic melanocortin peptides, was increased. The activities of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) and the transcriptional factor STAT3 were increased, while Akt-kinase activity did not change from control C57Bl/6J (a/a) mice. In the hypothalamus of MF-treated agouti-mice (10 days, 600 mg/kg/day), the leptin and insulin content was restored, Akt-kinase activity was increased, and the activities of AMPK and STAT3 were reduced and did not differ from control mice. In the hypothalamus of MF-treated agouti-mice, the Pomc gene expression was six times higher than in control, while the gene expression for orexigenic neuropeptide Y was decreased by 39%. Thus, we first showed that MF treatment leads to an improvement of metabolic parameters and a decrease of hyperleptinemia and hyperinsulinaemia in genetically-induced melanocortin obesity, and the specific changes in the hypothalamic signaling makes a significant contribution to this effect of MF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Derkach
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Neurochemistry, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Zakharova
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Neurochemistry, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Inna Zorina
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Neurochemistry, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey Bakhtyukov
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Neurochemistry, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Romanova
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Neurochemistry, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Liubov Bayunova
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Neurochemistry, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander Shpakov
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Neurochemistry, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
- * E-mail:
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Kurd M, Valipour Dehnou V, Tavakoli SA, Gahreman DE. Effects of endurance training on hippocampus DJ-1, cannabinoid receptor type 2 and blood glucose concentration in diabetic rats. J Diabetes Investig 2019; 10:43-50. [PMID: 29791076 PMCID: PMC6319482 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION To investigate the effect of endurance training on hippocampus DJ-1 and cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2 ) protein and blood glucose concentration in diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 32 rats were randomly divided into diabetic (D), diabetic and exercise (DE), exercise (E) and control (C) groups. The endurance training was carried out five times per week for 6 weeks. The hippocampus DJ-1 and CB2 were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. RESULTS The level of DJ-1 in the D group was significantly higher than the other groups (P ≤ 0.01). However, the level of DJ-1 was not significantly different between the C, E and DE groups. In addition, the level of CB2 was significantly lower in the D group compared with the other groups (P ≤ 0.01). Blood glucose was significantly higher in the D group compared with the DE group (P ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, a significant positive correlation between the level of DJ-1 and blood glucose was observed (r = 0.67, P ≤ 0.001). There was also a significant inverse correlation between the level of CB2 and blood glucose (r = -0.77, P ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that the level of DJ-1 and CB2 might change in response to diabetes, and regular aerobic exercise could mediate the effect of DJ-1 and CB2 on diabetes-induced neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kurd
- Sports Sciences DepartmentFaculty of Literature & Human SciencesLorestan UniversityKhorramabadIran
| | - Vahid Valipour Dehnou
- Sports Sciences DepartmentFaculty of Literature & Human SciencesLorestan UniversityKhorramabadIran
| | - Seyed A Tavakoli
- Medical Physiology DepartmentFaculty of MedicineLorestan University of Medical SciencesKhorramabadIran
| | - Daniel E Gahreman
- College of Health and Human SciencesCharles Darwin UniversityDarwinNorthern TerritoryAustralia
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AMPK Activation of PGC-1α/NRF-1-Dependent SELENOT Gene Transcription Promotes PACAP-Induced Neuroendocrine Cell Differentiation Through Tolerance to Oxidative Stress. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:4086-4101. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1352-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Hussain R, Zubair H, Pursell S, Shahab M. Neurodegenerative Diseases: Regenerative Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Brain Sci 2018; 8:E177. [PMID: 30223579 PMCID: PMC6162719 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8090177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration refers to regrowth of tissue in the central nervous system. It includes generation of new neurons, glia, myelin, and synapses, as well as the regaining of essential functions: sensory, motor, emotional and cognitive abilities. Unfortunately, regeneration within the nervous system is very slow compared to other body systems. This relative slowness is attributed to increased vulnerability to irreversible cellular insults and the loss of function due to the very long lifespan of neurons, the stretch of cells and cytoplasm over several dozens of inches throughout the body, insufficiency of the tissue-level waste removal system, and minimal neural cell proliferation/self-renewal capacity. In this context, the current review summarized the most common features of major neurodegenerative disorders; their causes and consequences and proposed novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashad Hussain
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Hira Zubair
- Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Sarah Pursell
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Muhammad Shahab
- Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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Arnoux I, Willam M, Griesche N, Krummeich J, Watari H, Offermann N, Weber S, Narayan Dey P, Chen C, Monteiro O, Buettner S, Meyer K, Bano D, Radyushkin K, Langston R, Lambert JJ, Wanker E, Methner A, Krauss S, Schweiger S, Stroh A. Metformin reverses early cortical network dysfunction and behavior changes in Huntington's disease. eLife 2018; 7:38744. [PMID: 30179155 PMCID: PMC6156080 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Catching primal functional changes in early, ‘very far from disease onset’ (VFDO) stages of Huntington’s disease is likely to be the key to a successful therapy. Focusing on VFDO stages, we assessed neuronal microcircuits in premanifest Hdh150 knock-in mice. Employing in vivo two-photon Ca2+ imaging, we revealed an early pattern of circuit dysregulation in the visual cortex - one of the first regions affected in premanifest Huntington’s disease - characterized by an increase in activity, an enhanced synchronicity and hyperactive neurons. These findings are accompanied by aberrations in animal behavior. We furthermore show that the antidiabetic drug metformin diminishes aberrant Huntingtin protein load and fully restores both early network activity patterns and behavioral aberrations. This network-centered approach reveals a critical window of vulnerability far before clinical manifestation and establishes metformin as a promising candidate for a chronic therapy starting early in premanifest Huntington’s disease pathogenesis long before the onset of clinical symptoms. Huntington’s disease is a devastating brain disorder that causes severe mood disorders, problems with moving, and dementia. Most people develop the condition between their thirties and fifties, and die a decade or two after the symptoms first appear. The disease emerges because of a mutation in the gene for the Huntingtin protein, which leads to neurons slowly dying in the brain. While genetic testing can reveal who carries the faulty gene, no treatment addresses the root of the disorder or prevents it from appearing. Instead, most therapies for Huntington’s disease aim to reduce brain damage once the telltale symptoms are already present. However, the disease-causing protein is expressed early during the life of a patient, which could give it time to damage the brain long before neurons die and the disorder reveals itself. Treatments that start after the first signs of the disease may be too late to reverse the damage. Detecting and preventing early brain changes in people that carry the mutation may thus help to stop the disease from progressing. Here, Arnoux, Willam, Griesche et al. set out to detect the minute changes that the faulty Huntingtin protein may cause in the brain network of young mice with the mutation. State-of-the-art imaging tools helped to examine individual neurons in the brain area that processes visual information. These experiments revealed that a group of brain cells had become hyperactive; once this change had occurred, the mutant animals were less anxious than is typical for mice. Metformin is a drug used to treat diabetes, but it also interferes with a structure that is required to produce the disease-causing Huntingtin protein. Arnoux et al. therefore explored whether the compound could rescue the early brain alterations observed in mutant mice. Adding metformin in the water of the animals for three weeks halted the production of the mutant protein, reversed the brain changes and stopped the abnormal behavior. Further work is now required in humans to confirm that Huntington’s disease starts with a change in the activity of networks in the brain, and to verify that metformin can stop the disorder in its track.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Arnoux
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Willam
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine Griesche
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Hirofumi Watari
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nina Offermann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephanie Weber
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Changwei Chen
- Division of Neurosciences, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia Monteiro
- Division of Neurosciences, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Sven Buettner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Meyer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniele Bano
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Rosamund Langston
- Division of Neurosciences, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom.,Mouse Behavior Unit, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jeremy J Lambert
- Division of Neurosciences, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Erich Wanker
- Department of Neuroproteomics, Max-Delbrück-Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Methner
- Department for Neurology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sybille Krauss
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Susann Schweiger
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Albrecht Stroh
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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Croce KR, Yamamoto A. A role for autophagy in Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 122:16-22. [PMID: 30149183 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysosome-mediated degradation pathway known as macroautophagy is the most versatile means through which cells can eliminate and recycle unwanted materials. Through both selective and non-selective means, macroautophagy can degrade a wide range of cargoes from bulk cytosol to organelles and aggregated proteins. Although studies of disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis suggest that autophagic and lysosomal dysfunction directly contributes to disease, this had not been the case for the polyglutamine disorder Huntington's disease (HD), for which there was little indication of a disruption in the autophagic-lysosomal system. This supported the possibility of targeting autophagy as a much needed therapeutic approach to combat this disease. Possibly challenging this view, however, are a recent set of studies suggesting that the protein affected in Huntington's disease, huntingtin, might mechanistically contribute to macroautophagy. In this review, we will explore how autophagy might impact or be impacted by HD pathogenesis, and whether a therapeutic approach centering on autophagy may be possible for this yet incurable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Croce
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Ai Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States; Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States.
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Rubio Osornio MDC, Custodio Ramírez V, Calderón Gámez D, Paz Tres C, Carvajal Aguilera KG, Phillips Farfán BV. Metformin Plus Caloric Restriction Show Anti-epileptic Effects Mediated by mTOR Pathway Inhibition. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:1425-1438. [PMID: 30132243 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) has anti-epileptic effects in different animal models, at least partially due to inhibition of the mechanistic or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibits mTOR cascade function if energy levels are low. Since hyper-activation of mTOR participates in epilepsy, its inhibition results in beneficial anti-convulsive effects. A way to attain this is to activate AMPK with metformin. The effects of metformin, alone or combined with CR, on the electrical kindling epilepsy model and the mTOR cascade in the hippocampus and the neocortex were studied. Combined metformin plus CR beneficially affected many kindling aspects, especially those relating to generalized convulsive seizures. Therefore, metformin plus CR could decrease measures of epileptic activity in patients with generalized convulsive seizures. Patients that are obese, overweight or that have metabolic syndrome in addition to having an epileptic disease are an ideal population for clinical trials to test the effectiveness of metformin plus CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Carmen Rubio Osornio
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Av. Insurgentes Sur 3877, Col. La Fama, Del. Tlalpan, 14269, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Verónica Custodio Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Av. Insurgentes Sur 3877, Col. La Fama, Del. Tlalpan, 14269, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniela Calderón Gámez
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Av. Insurgentes Sur 3700, Letra C, Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Del. Coyoacán, 04530, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Paz Tres
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Av. Insurgentes Sur 3877, Col. La Fama, Del. Tlalpan, 14269, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karla G Carvajal Aguilera
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Av. Insurgentes Sur 3700, Letra C, Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Del. Coyoacán, 04530, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bryan V Phillips Farfán
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Av. Insurgentes Sur 3700, Letra C, Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Del. Coyoacán, 04530, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Abstract
This review systematically examines the evidence for shifts in flux through energy generating biochemical pathways in Huntington’s disease (HD) brains from humans and model systems. Compromise of the electron transport chain (ETC) appears not to be the primary or earliest metabolic change in HD pathogenesis. Rather, compromise of glucose uptake facilitates glucose flux through glycolysis and may possibly decrease flux through the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), limiting subsequent NADPH and GSH production needed for antioxidant protection. As a result, oxidative damage to key glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes further restricts energy production so that while basal needs may be met through oxidative phosphorylation, those of excessive stimulation cannot. Energy production may also be compromised by deficits in mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics or trafficking. Restrictions on energy production may be compensated for by glutamate oxidation and/or stimulation of fatty acid oxidation. Transcriptional dysregulation generated by mutant huntingtin also contributes to energetic disruption at specific enzymatic steps. Many of the alterations in metabolic substrates and enzymes may derive from normal regulatory feedback mechanisms and appear oscillatory. Fine temporal sequencing of the shifts in metabolic flux and transcriptional and expression changes associated with mutant huntingtin expression remain largely unexplored and may be model dependent. Differences in disease progression among HD model systems at the time of experimentation and their varying states of metabolic compensation may explain conflicting reports in the literature. Progressive shifts in metabolic flux represent homeostatic compensatory mechanisms that maintain the model organism through presymptomatic and symptomatic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M Dubinsky
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Zhou T, Xu X, Du M, Zhao T, Wang J. A preclinical overview of metformin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:1227-1235. [PMID: 30119191 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is the most common type of diabetes mellitus and is mainly characterized by insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, and elevated hepatic glucose output. Metformin is a first-line antihyperglycemic agent that works mainly by regulating hepatic glucose production and peripheral insulin sensitivity. Metformin has been clinically applied for more than half a century, although the underlying pharmacological mechanisms remain elusive. This current review mainly focused on the development history of metformin and related preclinical studies on structural modification, pharmacological mechanisms for treatment of T2D, toxicology, pharmacokinetics, and pharmaceutics. The pharmacological function of metformin in lowering hyperglycemia suggests that multi-targeting could be an effective strategy for the discovery of new anti-diabetic drugs. A number of discoveries have revealed the pharmacologic mechanisms of metformin; however, precise mechanisms remain unclear. Deeper investigations on the biological features of metformin are expected to provide more rational applications and indications of this evergreen anti-T2D agent, which will in turn help to better understand the complicated pathogenesis of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhou
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xin Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mengfan Du
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiaying Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
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63
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Rotermund C, Machetanz G, Fitzgerald JC. The Therapeutic Potential of Metformin in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:400. [PMID: 30072954 PMCID: PMC6060268 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for treatments for neurodegenerative diseases is a major concern in light of today's aging population and an increasing burden on individuals, families, and society. Although great advances have been made in the last decades to understand the underlying genetic and biological cause of these diseases, only some symptomatic treatments are available. Metformin has long since been used to treat Type 2 Diabetes and has been shown to be beneficial in several other conditions. Metformin is well-tested in vitro and in vivo and an approved compound that targets diverse pathways including mitochondrial energy production and insulin signaling. There is growing evidence for the benefits of metformin to counteract age-related diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. We will discuss evidence showing that certain neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes are explicitly linked and that metformin along with other diabetes drugs can reduce neurological symptoms in some patients and reduce disease phenotypes in animal and cell models. An interesting therapeutic factor might be how metformin is able to balance survival and death signaling in cells through pathways that are commonly associated with neurodegenerative diseases. In healthy neurons, these overarching signals keep energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and proteostasis in check, avoiding the dysfunction and neuronal death that defines neurodegenerative disease. We will discuss the biological mechanisms involved and the relevance of neuronal vulnerability and potential difficulties for future trials and development of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerrit Machetanz
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia C. Fitzgerald
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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64
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Rotermund C, Machetanz G, Fitzgerald JC. The Therapeutic Potential of Metformin in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:400. [PMID: 30072954 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00400/xml/nlm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for treatments for neurodegenerative diseases is a major concern in light of today's aging population and an increasing burden on individuals, families, and society. Although great advances have been made in the last decades to understand the underlying genetic and biological cause of these diseases, only some symptomatic treatments are available. Metformin has long since been used to treat Type 2 Diabetes and has been shown to be beneficial in several other conditions. Metformin is well-tested in vitro and in vivo and an approved compound that targets diverse pathways including mitochondrial energy production and insulin signaling. There is growing evidence for the benefits of metformin to counteract age-related diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. We will discuss evidence showing that certain neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes are explicitly linked and that metformin along with other diabetes drugs can reduce neurological symptoms in some patients and reduce disease phenotypes in animal and cell models. An interesting therapeutic factor might be how metformin is able to balance survival and death signaling in cells through pathways that are commonly associated with neurodegenerative diseases. In healthy neurons, these overarching signals keep energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and proteostasis in check, avoiding the dysfunction and neuronal death that defines neurodegenerative disease. We will discuss the biological mechanisms involved and the relevance of neuronal vulnerability and potential difficulties for future trials and development of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerrit Machetanz
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia C Fitzgerald
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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65
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Montojo MT, Aganzo M, González N. Huntington's Disease and Diabetes: Chronological Sequence of its Association. J Huntingtons Dis 2018; 6:179-188. [PMID: 28968242 PMCID: PMC5676851 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-170253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although Huntington’s disease (HD) is primarily considered a rare neurodegenerative disorder, it has been linked to glucose metabolism alterations and diabetes, as has been described in other neuro syndromes such as Friedreich’s ataxia or Alzheimer’s disease. This review surveys the existing literature on HD and its potential relationship with diabetes, glucose metabolism-related indexes and pancreas morphology, in humans and in animal’s models. The information is reported in chronological sequence. That is, studies performed before and after the identification of the genetic defect underlying HD (CAG: encoding glutamine ≥36 repeats located in exon 1 of the HTT gene) and with the development and evolution of HD animal models. The aim of the review is to evaluate whether impaired glucose metabolism contributes to the development of HD, and whether optimized glycemic control may ameliorate the symptoms of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Montojo
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Unit, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Aganzo
- Division of Endocrinology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nieves González
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autónoma University, Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM) network, Madrid, Spain
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66
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Fujikake N, Shin M, Shimizu S. Association Between Autophagy and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:255. [PMID: 29872373 PMCID: PMC5972210 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a phylogenetically conserved mechanism that controls the degradation of subcellular constituents, including misfolded proteins, and damaged organelles. The progression of many neurodegenerative diseases is thought to be driven by the aggregation of misfolded proteins; therefore, autophagic activity is thought to affect disease severity to some extent. In some neurodegenerative diseases, the suppression of autophagic activity accelerates disease progression. Given that the induction of autophagy can potentially mitigate disease severity, various autophagy-inducing compounds have been developed and their efficacy has been evaluated in several rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases.
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67
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Metaxakis A, Ploumi C, Tavernarakis N. Autophagy in Age-Associated Neurodegeneration. Cells 2018; 7:cells7050037. [PMID: 29734735 PMCID: PMC5981261 DOI: 10.3390/cells7050037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The elimination of abnormal and dysfunctional cellular constituents is an essential prerequisite for nerve cells to maintain their homeostasis and proper function. This is mainly achieved through autophagy, a process that eliminates abnormal and dysfunctional cellular components, including misfolded proteins and damaged organelles. Several studies suggest that age-related decline of autophagy impedes neuronal homeostasis and, subsequently, leads to the progression of neurodegenerative disorders due to the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates in neurons. Here, we discuss the involvement of autophagy perturbation in neurodegeneration and present evidence indicating that upregulation of autophagy holds potential for the development of therapeutic interventions towards confronting neurodegenerative diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Metaxakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece.
| | - Christina Ploumi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece.
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece.
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece.
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece.
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68
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Bingol B. Autophagy and lysosomal pathways in nervous system disorders. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 91:167-208. [PMID: 29729319 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway for delivering cytoplasmic cargo to lysosomes for degradation. In its classically studied form, autophagy is a stress response induced by starvation to recycle building blocks for essential cellular processes. In addition, autophagy maintains basal cellular homeostasis by degrading endogenous substrates such as cytoplasmic proteins, protein aggregates, damaged organelles, as well as exogenous substrates such as bacteria and viruses. Given their important role in homeostasis, autophagy and lysosomal machinery are genetically linked to multiple human disorders such as chronic inflammatory diseases, cardiomyopathies, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Multiple targets within the autophagy and lysosomal pathways offer therapeutic opportunities to benefit patients with these disorders. Here, I will summarize the mechanisms of autophagy pathways, the evidence supporting a pathogenic role for disturbed autophagy and lysosomal degradation in nervous system disorders, and the therapeutic potential of autophagy modulators in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Bingol
- Genentech, Inc., Department of Neuroscience, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco 94080, United States.
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69
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Aman MG, Hollway JA, Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Handen BL, Sanders KB, Chan J, Macklin E, Arnold LE, Wong T, Newsom C, Hastie Adams R, Marler S, Peleg N, Anagnostou EA. Effects of Metformin on Spatial and Verbal Memory in Children with ASD and Overweight Associated with Atypical Antipsychotic Use. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2018; 28:266-273. [PMID: 29620914 PMCID: PMC5952346 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2017.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies in humans and rodents suggest that metformin, a medicine typically used to treat type 2 diabetes, may have beneficial effects on memory. We sought to determine whether metformin improved spatial or verbal memory in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and overweight associated with atypical antipsychotic use. METHODS We studied the effects of metformin (Riomet®) concentrate on spatial and verbal memory in 51 youth with ASD, ages 6 through 17 years, who were taking atypical antipsychotic medications, had gained significant weight, and were enrolled in a trial of metformin for weight management. Phase 1 was a 16-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group comparison of metformin (500-850 mg given twice a day) versus placebo. During Phase 2, all participants took open-label metformin from week 17 through week 32. We assessed spatial and verbal memory using the Neuropsychological Assessment 2nd Edition (NEPSY-II) and a modified children's verbal learning task. RESULTS No measures differed between participants randomized to metformin versus placebo, at either 16 or 32 weeks, after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Sixteen-week change in memory for spatial location on the NEPSY-II was nominally better among participants randomized to placebo. However, patterns of treatment response across all measures revealed no systematic differences in performance, suggesting that metformin had no effect on spatial or verbal memory in these children. CONCLUSIONS Although further study is needed to support these null effects, the overall impression is that metformin does not affect memory in overweight youth with ASD who were taking atypical antipsychotic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Benjamin L. Handen
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - James Chan
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eric Macklin
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Taylor Wong
- Nisonger Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Rianne Hastie Adams
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Naomi Peleg
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Evdokia A. Anagnostou
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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70
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Fatemi I, Heydari S, Kaeidi A, Shamsizadeh A, Hakimizadeh E, Khaluoi A, Allahtavakoli M. Metformin ameliorates the age-related changes of d
-galactose administration in ovariectomized mice. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iman Fatemi
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center; Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences; Rafsanjan 7717684884 Iran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences; Rafsanjan 7717684884 Iran
| | - Sara Heydari
- Student Research Committee; Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences; Rafsanjan 7717684884 Iran
| | - Ayat Kaeidi
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center; Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences; Rafsanjan 7717684884 Iran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences; Rafsanjan 7717684884 Iran
| | - Ali Shamsizadeh
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center; Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences; Rafsanjan 7717684884 Iran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences; Rafsanjan 7717684884 Iran
| | - Elham Hakimizadeh
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center; Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences; Rafsanjan 7717684884 Iran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences; Rafsanjan 7717684884 Iran
| | - Amin Khaluoi
- Student Research Committee; Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences; Rafsanjan 7717684884 Iran
| | - Mohammad Allahtavakoli
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center; Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences; Rafsanjan 7717684884 Iran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences; Rafsanjan 7717684884 Iran
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71
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Activation of the ATF2/CREB-PGC-1α pathway by metformin leads to dopaminergic neuroprotection. Oncotarget 2018; 8:48603-48618. [PMID: 28611284 PMCID: PMC5564711 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive dopaminergic neurodegeneration is responsible for the canonical motor deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD). The widely prescribed anti-diabetic medicine metformin is effective in preventing neurodegeneration in animal models; however, despite the significant potential of metformin for treating PD, the therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms underlying dopaminergic neuroprotection by metformin are largely unknown.In this study, we found that metformin induced substantial proteomic changes, especially in metabolic and mitochondrial pathways in the substantia nigra (SN). Consistent with this data, metformin increased mitochondrial marker proteins in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Mitochondrial protein expression by metformin was found to be brain region specific, with metformin increasing mitochondrial proteins in the SN and the striatum, but not the cortex. As a potential upstream regulator of mitochondria gene transcription by metformin, PGC-1α promoter activity was stimulated by metformin via CREB and ATF2 pathways. PGC-1α and phosphorylation of ATF2 and CREB by metformin were selectively increased in the SN and the striatum, but not the cortex. Finally, we showed that metformin protected dopaminergic neurons and improved dopamine-sensitive motor performance in an MPTP-induced PD animal model. Together these results suggest that the metformin-ATF2/CREB-PGC-1α pathway might be promising therapeutic target for PD.
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72
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Ejlerskov P, Ashkenazi A, Rubinsztein DC. Genetic enhancement of macroautophagy in vertebrate models of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 122:3-8. [PMID: 29625255 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the neurodegenerative diseases that afflict humans manifest with the intraneuronal accumulation of toxic proteins that are aggregate-prone. Extensive data in cell and neuronal models support the concept that such proteins, like mutant huntingtin or alpha-synuclein, are substrates for macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy). Furthermore, autophagy-inducing compounds lower the levels of such proteins and ameliorate their toxicity in diverse animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. However, most of these compounds also have autophagy-independent effects and it is important to understand if similar benefits are seen with genetic strategies that upregulate autophagy, as this strengthens the validity of this strategy in such diseases. Here we review studies in vertebrate models using genetic manipulations of core autophagy genes and describe how these improve pathology and neurodegeneration, supporting the validity of autophagy upregulation as a target for certain neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ejlerskov
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; University of Copenhagen, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Avraham Ashkenazi
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK.
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73
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Karimipour M, Shojaei Zarghani S, Mohajer Milani M, Soraya H. Pre-Treatment with Metformin in Comparison with Post-Treatment Reduces Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Induced Injuries in Rats. Bull Emerg Trauma 2018; 6:115-121. [PMID: 29719841 DOI: 10.29252/beat-060205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the effects of pre versus post ischemic treatment with metformin after global cerebral ischemia in rats. Methods Male Wister rats underwent forebrain ischemia by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion for 17 min. Metformin (200 mg/kg) or vehicle was given orally by gavage for 7-14 days. Rats were divided into: control, metformin pre-treatment, metformin post-treatment and metformin pre and post continuous treatment groups. Cerebral infarct size, histopathology, myeloperoxidase and serum malondialdehyde were measured 7 days after ischemia. Results Histopathological analysis showed that metformin pre-treatment significantly decreased leukocyte infiltration, myeloperoxidase activity and also malondialdehyde level. Metformin pre-treatment and metformin post-treatment reduced infarct size compared with the control group, but it was not significant in the pre and post continuous treatment group. Conclusion Our findings suggest that pre-treatment with metformin in comparison with post-treatment in experimental stroke can reduce the extent of brain damage and is more neuroprotective at least in part by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Karimipour
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sara Shojaei Zarghani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Soraya
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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74
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Zainabadi K. A brief history of modern aging research. Exp Gerontol 2018; 104:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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75
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Ou Z, Kong X, Sun X, He X, Zhang L, Gong Z, Huang J, Xu B, Long D, Li J, Li Q, Xu L, Xuan A. Metformin treatment prevents amyloid plaque deposition and memory impairment in APP/PS1 mice. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:351-363. [PMID: 29253574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer'sdisease(AD) is characterized by deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ)plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, andneuronal loss, accompaniedbyneuroinflammation. Neuroinflammatoryprocesses are thought to contribute toAD pathophysiology. Metformin has been reported to have anti-inflammatory efficacy. However, whether metformin is responsible for the anti-neuroinflammationand neuroprotection on APPswe/PS1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) mice remains unclear. Here we showed that metformin attenuated spatial memory deficit, neuron loss in the hippocampus and enhanced neurogenesis in APP/PS1 mice. In addition, metformin administration decreased amyloid-β (Aβ)plaque load and chronic inflammation (activated microglia and astrocytes as well as pro-inflammatory mediators) in the hippocampus and cortex. Further study demonstrated that treatment with metformin enhanced cerebral AMPK activation. Meanwhile, metformin notably suppressed the activation of P65 NF-κB, mTOR and S6K, reduced Bace1 protein expression. Our data suggest that metformin can exert functional recovery of memory deficits and neuroprotective effect on APP/PS1 mice via triggering neurogenesis and anti-inflammation mediated by regulating AMPK/mTOR/S6K/Bace1 and AMPK/P65 NF-κB signaling pathways in the hippocampus, which may contribute to improvement in neurological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenri Ou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Xuejian Kong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Xiangdong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Xiaosong He
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Zhuo Gong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Jingyi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Biao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Dahong Long
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Liping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Aiguo Xuan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China.
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76
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IGF-1R and Leptin Expression Profile and the Effects of Metformin Treatment on Metabolic and Endocrine Parameters in PCOS Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2017:9058307. [PMID: 29430464 PMCID: PMC5752987 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9058307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We aim to assess the effects of metformin treatment on metabolic and endocrine parameters and genes expression related to the insulin-responsive pathway in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study comprises twenty-eight obese mice divided into three metformin-treated groups for seven and twenty days and eight nonobese and nontreated ones. We found a significant decrease in glycemia after metformin treatment at days seven and twenty. However, we did not observe differences in body weight measurement. Histologically, after twenty days we observed follicular development with regression of androgenic effects. Levels of IGF-1R protein expression were low after twenty days of treatment, but LEP proteins showed an overexpression in the ovarian stroma. We assessed the IGF-1R and LEP mRNAs levels; data showed a significant overexpression of LEP after seven days of treatment, while the IGF-1R was downregulated. Metformin therapy seems to exert a beneficial effect on histological and anovulatory features, reducing follicular number and pyknosis formation, possibly involved in the reversion of androgenic stimulus. Expression of IGF-1 and LEPR indicates a relevant role in androgenic features reversion present in PCOS, hormonal equilibrium, body weight regulation, and glucose metabolism, therefore, under phenotype obesity and infertility regulation in this model.
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77
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Mehrabi S, Sanadgol N, Barati M, Shahbazi A, Vahabzadeh G, Barzroudi M, Seifi M, Gholipourmalekabadi M, Golab F. Evaluation of metformin effects in the chronic phase of spontaneous seizures in pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:107-114. [PMID: 29080083 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0132-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a common form of drug-resistant epilepsy that sometimes responds to dietary manipulation such as the 'ketogenic diet'. Here we have investigated the effects of metformin in the rat pilocaroin model of TLE. Male rats were treated with intra peritoneal injection of pilocarpine hydrochloride, in dose of 360 mg/kg to induce status epilepticus (SE). At 45 day after induction of SE, metformin was injected intraperitoneally in dose of 250 mg/kg/day for 5 days. We show that metformin potently reduces the progression of seizures and blocks seizure-induced over-expression of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and its receptor, Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB). We have shown that this reduced expression pattern is mediated by the transcriptional co-repressor CtBP (C-terminal binding protein). Moreover, metformin decreased mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. Our findings have been shown that metformin has anticonvulsant and antiepileptic properties, and suggesting that antiglycolytic compounds such as metformin may represent a new class of drugs for treating epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Mehrabi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Sanadgol
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahmood Barati
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Shahbazi
- Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gelareh Vahabzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Barzroudi
- Department of Anatomy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Seifi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mazaher Gholipourmalekabadi
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Golab
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
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78
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Li Y, Li L, Hölscher C. Incretin-based therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus is promising for treating neurodegenerative diseases. Rev Neurosci 2018; 27:689-711. [PMID: 27276528 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Incretin hormones include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Due to their promising action on insulinotropic secretion and improving insulin resistance (IR), incretin-based therapies have become a new class of antidiabetic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recently, the links between neurodegenerative diseases and T2DM have been identified in a number of studies, which suggested that shared mechanisms, such as insulin dysregulation or IR, may underlie these conditions. Therefore, the effects of incretins in neurodegenerative diseases have been extensively investigated. Protease-resistant long-lasting GLP-1 mimetics such as lixisenatide, liraglutide, and exenatide not only have demonstrated promising effects for treating neurodegenerative diseases in preclinical studies but also have shown first positive results in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) patients in clinical trials. Furthermore, the effects of other related incretin-based therapies such as GIP agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors, oxyntomodulin (OXM), dual GLP-1/GIP, and triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor agonists on neurodegenerative diseases have been tested in preclinical studies. Incretin-based therapies are a promising approach for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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79
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Abrat OB, Storey JM, Storey KB, Lushchak VI. High amylose starch consumption induces obesity in Drosophila melanogaster and metformin partially prevents accumulation of storage lipids and shortens lifespan of the insects. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 215:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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80
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Paré MF, Jasmin BJ. Chronic 5-Aminoimidazole-4-Carboxamide-1-β-d-Ribofuranoside Treatment Induces Phenotypic Changes in Skeletal Muscle, but Does Not Improve Disease Outcomes in the R6/2 Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease. Front Neurol 2017; 8:516. [PMID: 29021780 PMCID: PMC5623671 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative genetic disorder characterized by motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms. It is well established that regular physical activity supports brain health, benefiting cognitive function, mental health as well as brain structure and plasticity. Exercise mimetics (EMs) are a group of drugs and small molecules that target signaling pathways in skeletal muscle known to be activated by endurance exercise. The EM 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) has been shown to induce cognitive benefits in healthy mice. Since AICAR does not readily cross the blood–brain barrier, its beneficial effect on the brain has been ascribed to its impact on skeletal muscle. Our objective, therefore, was to examine the effect of chronic AICAR treatment on the muscular and neurological pathology in a mouse model of HD. To this end, R6/2 mice were treated with AICAR for 8 weeks and underwent regular neurobehavioral testing. Under our conditions, AICAR increased expression of PGC-1α, a powerful phenotypic modifier of muscle, and induced the expected shift toward a more oxidative muscle phenotype in R6/2 mice. However, this treatment failed to induce benefits on HD progression. Indeed, neurobehavioral deficits, striatal, and muscle mutant huntingtin aggregate density, as well as muscle atrophy were not mitigated by the chronic administration of AICAR. Although the muscle adaptations seen in HD mice following AICAR treatment may still provide therapeutically relevant benefits to patients with limited mobility, our findings indicate that under our experimental conditions, AICAR had no effect on several hallmarks of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-France Paré
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bernard J Jasmin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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81
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Menzies FM, Fleming A, Caricasole A, Bento CF, Andrews SP, Ashkenazi A, Füllgrabe J, Jackson A, Jimenez Sanchez M, Karabiyik C, Licitra F, Lopez Ramirez A, Pavel M, Puri C, Renna M, Ricketts T, Schlotawa L, Vicinanza M, Won H, Zhu Y, Skidmore J, Rubinsztein DC. Autophagy and Neurodegeneration: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. Neuron 2017; 93:1015-1034. [PMID: 28279350 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 766] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved pathway that delivers cytoplasmic contents to the lysosome for degradation. Here we consider its roles in neuronal health and disease. We review evidence from mouse knockout studies demonstrating the normal functions of autophagy as a protective factor against neurodegeneration associated with intracytoplasmic aggregate-prone protein accumulation as well as other roles, including in neuronal stem cell differentiation. We then describe how autophagy may be affected in a range of neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we describe how autophagy upregulation may be a therapeutic strategy in a wide range of neurodegenerative conditions and consider possible pathways and druggable targets that may be suitable for this objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Menzies
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Angeleen Fleming
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Andrea Caricasole
- Alzheimer's Research UK Cambridge Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Carla F Bento
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Stephen P Andrews
- Alzheimer's Research UK Cambridge Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Avraham Ashkenazi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Jens Füllgrabe
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Anne Jackson
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Maria Jimenez Sanchez
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Cansu Karabiyik
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Floriana Licitra
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ana Lopez Ramirez
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Mariana Pavel
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Claudia Puri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Maurizio Renna
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Thomas Ricketts
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Lars Schlotawa
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Mariella Vicinanza
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Hyeran Won
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - John Skidmore
- Alzheimer's Research UK Cambridge Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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82
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Lorendeau D, Rinaldi G, Boon R, Spincemaille P, Metzger K, Jäger C, Christen S, Dong X, Kuenen S, Voordeckers K, Verstreken P, Cassiman D, Vermeersch P, Verfaillie C, Hiller K, Fendt SM. Dual loss of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and complex I activity is necessary to recapitulate the metabolic phenotype of SDH mutant tumors. Metab Eng 2017; 43:187-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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83
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Gasset-Rosa F, Chillon-Marinas C, Goginashvili A, Atwal RS, Artates JW, Tabet R, Wheeler VC, Bang AG, Cleveland DW, Lagier-Tourenne C. Polyglutamine-Expanded Huntingtin Exacerbates Age-Related Disruption of Nuclear Integrity and Nucleocytoplasmic Transport. Neuron 2017; 94:48-57.e4. [PMID: 28384474 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Onset of neurodegenerative disorders, including Huntington's disease, is strongly influenced by aging. Hallmarks of aged cells include compromised nuclear envelope integrity, impaired nucleocytoplasmic transport, and accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks. We show that mutant huntingtin markedly accelerates all of these cellular phenotypes in a dose- and age-dependent manner in cortex and striatum of mice. Huntingtin-linked polyglutamine initially accumulates in nuclei, leading to disruption of nuclear envelope architecture, partial sequestration of factors essential for nucleocytoplasmic transport (Gle1 and RanGAP1), and intranuclear accumulation of mRNA. In aged mice, accumulation of RanGAP1 together with polyglutamine is shifted to perinuclear and cytoplasmic areas. Consistent with findings in mice, marked alterations in nuclear envelope morphology, abnormal localization of RanGAP1, and nuclear accumulation of mRNA were found in cortex of Huntington's disease patients. Overall, our findings identify polyglutamine-dependent inhibition of nucleocytoplasmic transport and alteration of nuclear integrity as a central component of Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Gasset-Rosa
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Carlos Chillon-Marinas
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alexander Goginashvili
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ranjit Singh Atwal
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jonathan W Artates
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ricardos Tabet
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Vanessa C Wheeler
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anne G Bang
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Don W Cleveland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Clotilde Lagier-Tourenne
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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84
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Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) as an inherited neurodegenerative disorder leads to neuronal loss in striatum. Progressive motor dysfunction, cognitive decline, and psychiatric disturbance are the main clinical symptoms of the HD. This disease is caused by expansion of the CAG repeats in exon 1 of the huntingtin which encodes Huntingtin protein (Htt). Various cellular and molecular events play role in the pathology of HD. Mitochondria as important organelles play crucial roles in the most of neurodegenerative disorders like HD. Critical roles of the mitochondria in neurons are ATP generation, Ca2+ buffering, ROS generation, and antioxidant activity. Neurons as high-demand energy cells closely related to function, maintenance, and dynamic of mitochondria. In the most neurological disorders, mitochondrial activities and dynamic are disrupted which associate with high ROS level, low ATP generation, and apoptosis. Accumulation of mutant huntingtin (mHtt) during this disease may evoke mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we review recent findings to support this hypothesis that mHtt could cause mitochondrial defects. In addition, by focusing normal huntingtin functions in neurons, we purpose mitochondria and Huntingtin association in normal condition. Moreover, mHtt affects various cellular signaling which ends up to mitochondrial biogenesis. So, it could be a potential candidate to decline ATP level in HD. We conclude how mitochondrial biogenesis plays a central role in the neuronal survival and activity and how mHtt affects mitochondrial trafficking, maintenance, integrity, function, dynamics, and hemostasis and makes neurons vulnerable to degeneration in HD.
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85
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Hervás D, Fornés-Ferrer V, Gómez-Escribano AP, Sequedo MD, Peiró C, Millán JM, Vázquez-Manrique RP. Metformin intake associates with better cognitive function in patients with Huntington's disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179283. [PMID: 28632780 PMCID: PMC5478119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited, dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by an abnormal expansion of CAG triplets in the huntingtin gene (htt). Despite extensive efforts to modify the progression of HD thus far only symptomatic treatment is available. Recent work suggests that treating invertebrate and mice HD models with metformin, a well-known AMPK activator which is used worldwide to treat type 2-diabetes, reduces mutant huntingtin from cells and alleviates many of the phenotypes associated to HD. Herein we report statistical analyses of a sample population of participants in the Enroll-HD database, a world-wide observational study on HD, to assess the effect of metformin intake in HD patients respect to cognitive status using linear models. This cross-sectional study shows for the first time that the use of metformin associates with better cognitive function in HD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hervás
- Department of Biostatistics, Health Research Institute La Fe (Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Victoria Fornés-Ferrer
- Department of Biostatistics, Health Research Institute La Fe (Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Pilar Gómez-Escribano
- Research Group in Molecular, Cellular and Genomic Biomedicine, Health Research Institute La Fe (Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - María Dolores Sequedo
- Research Group in Molecular, Cellular and Genomic Biomedicine, Health Research Institute La Fe (Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Peiró
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - José María Millán
- Research Group in Molecular, Cellular and Genomic Biomedicine, Health Research Institute La Fe (Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael P. Vázquez-Manrique
- Research Group in Molecular, Cellular and Genomic Biomedicine, Health Research Institute La Fe (Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
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86
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Kaisar MA, Villalba H, Prasad S, Liles T, Sifat AE, Sajja RK, Abbruscato TJ, Cucullo L. Offsetting the impact of smoking and e-cigarette vaping on the cerebrovascular system and stroke injury: Is Metformin a viable countermeasure? Redox Biol 2017. [PMID: 28646795 PMCID: PMC5480985 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently published in vitro and in vivo findings strongly suggest that BBB impairment and increased risk for stroke by tobacco smoke (TS) closely resemble that of type-2 diabetes (2DM) and develop largely in response to common key modulators such oxidative stress (OS), inflammation and alterations of the endogenous antioxidative response system (ARE) regulated by the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2). Preclinical studies have also shown that nicotine (the principal e-liquid's ingredient used in e-cigarettes) can also cause OS, exacerbation of cerebral ischemia and secondary brain injury. Herein we provide evidence that likewise to TS, chronic e-Cigarette (e-Cig) vaping can be prodromal to the loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and vascular inflammation as well as act as a promoting factor for the onset of stroke and worsening of post-ischemic brain injury. In addition, recent reports have shown that Metformin (MF) treatment before and after ischemic injury reduces stress and inhibits inflammatory responses. Recent published data by our group revealead that MF promotes the activation of counteractive mechanisms mediated by the activation of Nrf2 which drastically reduce TS toxicity at the brain and cerebrovascular levels and protect BBB integrity. In this study we provide additional in vivo evidence showing that MF can effectively reduce the oxidative and inflammatory risk for stroke and attenuate post-ischemic brain injury promoted by TS and e-Cig vaping. Our data also suggest that MF administration could be extended as prophylactic care during the time window required for the renormalization of the risk levels of stroke following smoking cessation thus further studies in that direction are warrated. Chronic cigarette and e-cigarette exposure downregulate throbomodulin and Nrf2. Chronic CS and e-Cig exposure worsen stroke outcome in mice undergoing tMCAO. Metformin ameliorate stroke outcomes in CS and e-Cig exposed mice undergoing tMCAO. MF protective effect correlates with renormalization of Nrf2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Kaisar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Heidi Villalba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Shikha Prasad
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Taylor Liles
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Ali Ehsan Sifat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Ravi K Sajja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
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87
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are neurodegenerative disorders that are characterized by a progressive degeneration of nerve cells eventually leading to dementia. While these diseases affect different neuronal populations and present distinct clinical features, they share in common several features and signaling pathways. In particular, energy metabolism defects, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity are commonly described and might be correlated with AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) deregulation. AMPK is a master energy sensor which was reported to be overactivated in the brain of patients affected by these neurodegenerative disorders. While the exact role played by AMPK in these diseases remains to be clearly established, several studies reported the implication of AMPK in various signaling pathways that are involved in these diseases' progression. In this chapter, we review the current literature regarding the involvement of AMPK in the development of these diseases and discuss the common pathways involved.
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88
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Athreya AP, Kalari KR, Cairns J, Gaglio AJ, Wills QF, Niu N, Weinshilboum R, Iyer RK, Wang L. Model-based unsupervised learning informs metformin-induced cell-migration inhibition through an AMPK-independent mechanism in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:27199-27215. [PMID: 28423712 PMCID: PMC5432329 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that model-based unsupervised learning can uniquely discriminate single-cell subpopulations by their gene expression distributions, which in turn allow us to identify specific genes for focused functional studies. This method was applied to MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells treated with the antidiabetic drug metformin, which is being repurposed for treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. Unsupervised learning identified a cluster of metformin-treated cells characterized by a significant suppression of 230 genes (p-value < 2E-16). This analysis corroborates known studies of metformin action: a) pathway analysis indicated known mechanisms related to metformin action, including the citric acid (TCA) cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial dysfunction (p-value < 1E-9); b) 70% of these 230 genes were functionally implicated in metformin response; c) among remaining lesser functionally-studied genes for metformin-response was CDC42, down-regulated in breast cancer treated with metformin. However, CDC42's mechanisms in metformin response remained unclear. Our functional studies showed that CDC42 was involved in metformin-induced inhibition of cell proliferation and cell migration mediated through an AMPK-independent mechanism. Our results points to 230 genes that might serve as metformin response signatures, which needs to be tested in patients treated with metformin and, further investigation of CDC42 and AMPK-independence's role in metformin's anticancer mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun P. Athreya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Krishna R. Kalari
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Junmei Cairns
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alan J. Gaglio
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Quin F. Wills
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nifang Niu
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard Weinshilboum
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ravishankar K. Iyer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Liewei Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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89
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Hohnholt MC, Blumrich EM, Waagepetersen HS, Dringen R. The antidiabetic drug metformin decreases mitochondrial respiration and tricarboxylic acid cycle activity in cultured primary rat astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:2307-2320. [PMID: 28316081 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is an antidiabetic drug that is used daily by millions of patients worldwide. Metformin is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and has recently been shown to increase glucose consumption and lactate release in cultured astrocytes. However, potential effects of metformin on mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolism in astrocytes are unknown. We investigated this by mapping 13 C labeling in TCA cycle intermediates and corresponding amino acids after incubation of primary rat astrocytes with [U-13 C]glucose. The presence of metformin did not compromise the viability of cultured astrocytes during 4 hr of incubation, but almost doubled cellular glucose consumption and lactate release. Compared with control cells, the presence of metformin dramatically lowered the molecular 13 C carbon labeling (MCL) of the cellular TCA cycle intermediates citrate, α-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, and malate, as well as the MCL of the TCA cycle intermediate-derived amino acids glutamate, glutamine, and aspartate. In addition to the total molecular 13 C labeling, analysis of the individual isotopomers of TCA cycle intermediates confirmed a severe decline in labeling and a significant lowering in TCA cycling ratio in metformin-treated astrocytes. Finally, the oxygen consumption of mitochondria isolated from metformin-treated astrocytes was drastically reduced in the presence of complex I substrates, but not of complex II substrates. These data demonstrate that exposure to metformin strongly impairs complex I-mediated mitochondrial respiration in astrocytes, which is likely to cause the observed decrease in labeling of mitochondrial TCA cycle intermediates and the stimulation of glycolytic lactate production. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela C Hohnholt
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva-Maria Blumrich
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Helle S Waagepetersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Bremen, Germany
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90
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Chronic metformin treatment facilitates seizure termination. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 484:450-455. [PMID: 28137587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key energy sensor. Its activator metformin could suppress epileptogenesis in the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling model. However, the effect of metformin on the acute and chronic seizures has not been studied. We first detected the expression of AMPK in the brain tissue of human and mice with chronic seizures, as well as in mice with acute seizures. Second, using behavioral assay and local filed potentials (LFPs) recording, we investigated the effect of chronic metformin treatment on seizures in a acute seizure model and a chronic seizure model. Our results showed that AMPK was expressed in neurons in the epileptic brain. The expression level was decreased in the brain tissue that experienced chronic and acute seizures. In PTZ-induced acute seizures model, behavioral assay showed that chronic metformin treatment decreased the mortality, and LFPs recording showed that chronic metformin treatment shortened the duration of generalized tonic-clonic seizures and prolonged the duration of postictal depression. Moreover, in kainic acid-induced chronic seizures model, LFPs recording showed that chronic metformin treatment shortened the duration of epileptic activity. Our study suggests that chronic metformin treatment could facilitate seizure termination.
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91
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Athanasiou D, Aguila M, Opefi CA, South K, Bellingham J, Bevilacqua D, Munro PM, Kanuga N, Mackenzie FE, Dubis AM, Georgiadis A, Graca AB, Pearson RA, Ali RR, Sakami S, Palczewski K, Sherman MY, Reeves PJ, Cheetham ME. Rescue of mutant rhodopsin traffic by metformin-induced AMPK activation accelerates photoreceptor degeneration. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:305-319. [PMID: 28065882 PMCID: PMC5351934 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein misfolding caused by inherited mutations leads to loss of protein function and potentially toxic 'gain of function', such as the dominant P23H rhodopsin mutation that causes retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Here, we tested whether the AMPK activator metformin could affect the P23H rhodopsin synthesis and folding. In cell models, metformin treatment improved P23H rhodopsin folding and traffic. In animal models of P23H RP, metformin treatment successfully enhanced P23H traffic to the rod outer segment, but this led to reduced photoreceptor function and increased photoreceptor cell death. The metformin-rescued P23H rhodopsin was still intrinsically unstable and led to increased structural instability of the rod outer segments. These data suggest that improving the traffic of misfolding rhodopsin mutants is unlikely to be a practical therapy, because of their intrinsic instability and long half-life in the outer segment, but also highlights the potential of altering translation through AMPK to improve protein function in other protein misfolding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monica Aguila
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, UK
| | - Chikwado A. Opefi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Essex, UK
| | - Kieron South
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Essex, UK
| | | | | | - Peter M. Munro
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, UK
| | - Naheed Kanuga
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, UK
| | | | - Adam M. Dubis
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Trust, 162 City Road, London, UK
| | | | - Anna B. Graca
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, UK
| | | | - Robin R. Ali
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, UK
| | - Sanae Sakami
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael Y. Sherman
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, MA, USA
| | - Philip J. Reeves
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Essex, UK
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92
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Qi B, Hu L, Zhu L, Shang L, Sheng L, Wang X, Liu N, Wen N, Yu X, Wang Q, Yang Y. Metformin Attenuates Cognitive Impairments in Hypoxia–Ischemia Neonatal Rats via Improving Remyelination. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:1269-1278. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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93
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Ge XH, Zhu GJ, Geng DQ, Zhang HZ, He JM, Guo AZ, Ma LL, Yu DH. Metformin protects the brain against ischemia/reperfusion injury through PI3K/Akt1/JNK3 signaling pathways in rats. Physiol Behav 2016; 170:115-123. [PMID: 28017679 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although Metformin, a first-line antidiabetic drug, can ameliorate ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induced brain damage, but how metformin benefits injured hippocampus and the mechanisms are still largely unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective mechanisms of metformin against ischemic brain damage induced by cerebral I/R and to explore whether the Akt-mediated down-regulation of the phosphorylation of JNK3 signaling pathway contributed to the protection provided by metformin. Transient global brain ischemia was induced by 4-vessel occlusion in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The open field tasks and Morris water maze were used to assess the effect of metformin on anxiety-like behavioral and cognitive impairment after I/R. Cresyl Violet staining was used to examine the survival of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Immunoblotting was performed to measure the phosphorylation of Akt1, JNK3, c-Jun and the expression of cleaved caspase-3. Through ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) rat model, we found that metformin could attenuate the deficits of hippocampal related behaviors and inhibit cell apoptosis. The western blot data showed that metformin could promote the activation of Akt1 and reduce the phosphorylation of JNK3 and c-Jun as well as elevation of cleaved caspase-3 in I/R brains. PI3K inhibitor reversed all the protective effects, further indicating that metformin protect hippocampus from ischemic damage through PI3K/Akt1/JNK3/c-Jun signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Hua Ge
- Department of General Medicine, Yangpu Hospital of Tongji University, Department of General Practice of Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Guo-Ji Zhu
- Department of pediatrics, Soochow University Affiliated Children's Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, China
| | - De-Qin Geng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Han-Zhi Zhang
- Department of General Medicine, Yangpu Hospital of Tongji University, Department of General Practice of Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Juan-Mei He
- Department of General Medicine, Yangpu Hospital of Tongji University, Department of General Practice of Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Ai-Zhen Guo
- Department of General Medicine, Yangpu Hospital of Tongji University, Department of General Practice of Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Lin-Lin Ma
- Department of General Medicine, Yangpu Hospital of Tongji University, Department of General Practice of Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - De-Hua Yu
- Department of General Medicine, Yangpu Hospital of Tongji University, Department of General Practice of Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China.
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94
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Vicente Miranda H, Gomes MA, Branco-Santos J, Breda C, Lázaro DF, Lopes LV, Herrera F, Giorgini F, Outeiro TF. Glycation potentiates neurodegeneration in models of Huntington's disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36798. [PMID: 27857176 PMCID: PMC5114697 DOI: 10.1038/srep36798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein glycation is an age-dependent posttranslational modification associated with several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. By modifying amino-groups, glycation interferes with folding of proteins, increasing their aggregation potential. Here, we studied the effect of pharmacological and genetic manipulation of glycation on huntingtin (HTT), the causative protein in Huntington’s disease (HD). We observed that glycation increased the aggregation of mutant HTT exon 1 fragments associated with HD (HTT72Q and HTT103Q) in yeast and mammalian cell models. We found that glycation impairs HTT clearance thereby promoting its intracellular accumulation and aggregation. Interestingly, under these conditions autophagy increased and the levels of mutant HTT released to the culture medium decreased. Furthermore, increased glycation enhanced HTT toxicity in human cells and neurodegeneration in fruit flies, impairing eclosion and decreasing life span. Overall, our study provides evidence that glycation modulates HTT exon-1 aggregation and toxicity, and suggests it may constitute a novel target for therapeutic intervention in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Vicente Miranda
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marcos António Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Branco-Santos
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Estação Agronomica Nacional, Av. da República, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Carlo Breda
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Diana F Lázaro
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Restorative Research, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Waldweg 33, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Luísa Vaqueiro Lopes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Federico Herrera
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Estação Agronomica Nacional, Av. da República, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Flaviano Giorgini
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Neurodegeneration and Restorative Research, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Waldweg 33, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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95
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Walter C, Clemens LE, Müller AJ, Fallier-Becker P, Proikas-Cezanne T, Riess O, Metzger S, Nguyen HP. Activation of AMPK-induced autophagy ameliorates Huntington disease pathology in vitro. Neuropharmacology 2016; 108:24-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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96
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Barzilai N, Crandall JP, Kritchevsky SB, Espeland MA. Metformin as a Tool to Target Aging. Cell Metab 2016; 23:1060-1065. [PMID: 27304507 PMCID: PMC5943638 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging has been targeted by genetic and dietary manipulation and by drugs in order to increase lifespan and health span in numerous models. Metformin, which has demonstrated protective effects against several age-related diseases in humans, will be tested in the TAME (Targeting Aging with Metformin) trial, as the initial step in the development of increasingly effective next-generation drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Barzilai
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Jill P Crandall
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Stephen B Kritchevsky
- Wake Forest Older Americans Independence Center and the Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Mark A Espeland
- Wake Forest Older Americans Independence Center and the Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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97
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Metformin Prevented Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity Induced by 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Administration. Neurotox Res 2016; 30:101-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9633-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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98
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Metformin Protects Cells from Mutant Huntingtin Toxicity Through Activation of AMPK and Modulation of Mitochondrial Dynamics. Neuromolecular Med 2016; 18:581-592. [PMID: 27225841 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-016-8412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease caused by the pathological elongation of the CAG repeats in the huntingtin gene. Caloric restriction (CR) has been the most reproducible environmental intervention to improve health and prolong life span. We have demonstrated that CR delayed onset and slowed disease progression in a mouse model of HD. Metformin, an antidiabetic drug, mimics CR by acting on cell metabolism at multiple levels. Long-term administration of metformin improved health and life span in mice. In this study, we showed that metformin rescued cells from mutant huntingtin (HTT)-induced toxicity, as indicated by reduced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from cells and preserved ATP levels in cells expressing mutant HTT. Further mechanistic study indicated that metformin activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and that inhibition of AMPK activation reduced its protective effects on mutant HTT toxicity, suggesting that AMPK mediates the protection of metformin in HD cells. Furthermore, metformin treatment prevented mitochondrial membrane depolarization and excess fission and modulated the disturbed mitochondrial dynamics in HD cells. We confirmed that metformin crossed the blood-brain barrier after oral administration and activated AMPK in the mouse brain. Our results urge further evaluation of the clinical potential for use of metformin in HD treatment.
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99
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Lima LCF, Saliba SW, Andrade JMO, Cunha ML, Cassini-Vieira P, Feltenberger JD, Barcelos LS, Guimarães ALS, de-Paula AMB, de Oliveira ACP, Santos SHS. Neurodegeneration Alters Metabolic Profile and Sirt 1 Signaling in High-Fat-Induced Obese Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3465-3475. [PMID: 27181590 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9927-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Different factors may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Among them, metabolic syndrome (MS), which has reached epidemic proportions, has emerged as a potential element that may be involved in neurodegeneration. Furthermore, studies have shown the importance of the sirtuin family in neuronal survival and MS, which opens the possibility of new pharmacological targets. This study investigates the influence of sirtuin metabolic pathways by examining the functional capacities of glucose-induced obesity in an excitotoxic state induced by a quinolinic acid (QA) animal model. Mice were divided into two groups that received different diets for 8 weeks: one group received a regular diet, and the other group received a high-fat diet (HF) to induce MS. The animals were submitted to a stereotaxic surgery and subdivided into four groups: Standard (ST), Standard-QA (ST-QA), HF and HF-QA. The QA groups were given a 250 nL quinolinic acid injection in the right striatum and PBS was injected in the other groups. Obese mice presented with a weight gain of 40 % more than the ST group beyond acquiring an insulin resistance. QA induced motor impairment and neurodegeneration in both ST-QA and HF-QA, although no difference was observed between these groups. The HF-QA group showed a reduction in adiposity when compared with the groups that received PBS. Therefore, the HF-QA group demonstrated a commitment-dependent metabolic pathway. The results suggest that an obesogenic diet does not aggravate the neurodegeneration induced by QA. However, the excitotoxicity induced by QA promotes a sirtuin pathway impairment that contributes to metabolic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Ceotto Freitas Lima
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Food Engineering College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology and Department of Physiology - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Soraya Wilke Saliba
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Physiology - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Luisa Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Physiology - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Puebla Cassini-Vieira
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Physiology - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Lucíola Silva Barcelos
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Physiology - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Antônio Carlos Pinheiro de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Physiology - ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Henrique Sousa Santos
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Food Engineering College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil. .,Health Science Post-graduate Program, UNIMONTES, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil.
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100
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Lu M, Su C, Qiao C, Bian Y, Ding J, Hu G. Metformin Prevents Dopaminergic Neuron Death in MPTP/P-Induced Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease via Autophagy and Mitochondrial ROS Clearance. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw047. [PMID: 27207919 PMCID: PMC5043649 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous study demonstrated that metabolic inflammation exacerbates dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in type 2 diabetes mice. Metformin, a typical oral hypoglycemic agent for diabetes, has been regarded as an activator of AMP-activated protein kinase and a regulator of systemic energy metabolism. Although metformin plays potential protective effects in many disorders, it is unclear whether metformin has a therapeutic role in dopaminergic neuron degeneration in Parkinson's disease. METHODS In the present study, a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine plus probenecid-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease was established to explore the neuroprotective effect of metformin on dopaminergic neurons in substania nigra compacta. We next cultured SH-SY5Y cells to investigate the mechanisms for the neuroprotective effect of metformin. RESULTS We showed that treatment with metformin (5mg/mL in drinking water) for 5 weeks significantly ameliorated the degeneration of substania nigra compacta dopaminergic neurons, increased striatal dopaminergic levels, and improved motor impairment induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine plus probenecid. We further found that metformin inhibited microglia overactivation-induced neuroinflammation in substania nigra compacta of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine plus probenecid Parkinson's disease mice, which might contribute to the protective effect of metformin on neurodegeneration. Furthermore, metformin (2mM) activated AMP-activated protein kinase in SH-SY5Y cells, in turn inducing microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II-mediated autophagy and eliminating mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Consequently, metformin alleviated MPP+-induced cytotoxicity and attenuated neuronal apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that metformin may be a pluripotent and promising drug for dopaminergic neuron degeneration, which will give us insight into the potential of metformin in terms of opening up novel therapeutic avenues for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Lu, Su, Qiao, Bian, Ding, and Hu); Biomedical Functional Materials Collaborative Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Dr Hu); Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Dr Hu)
| | - Cunjin Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Lu, Su, Qiao, Bian, Ding, and Hu); Biomedical Functional Materials Collaborative Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Dr Hu); Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Dr Hu)
| | - Chen Qiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Lu, Su, Qiao, Bian, Ding, and Hu); Biomedical Functional Materials Collaborative Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Dr Hu); Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Dr Hu)
| | - Yaqi Bian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Lu, Su, Qiao, Bian, Ding, and Hu); Biomedical Functional Materials Collaborative Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Dr Hu); Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Dr Hu)
| | - Jianhua Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Lu, Su, Qiao, Bian, Ding, and Hu); Biomedical Functional Materials Collaborative Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Dr Hu); Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Dr Hu)
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Lu, Su, Qiao, Bian, Ding, and Hu); Biomedical Functional Materials Collaborative Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Dr Hu); Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Dr Hu).
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