51
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Liao M, Liang X, Howard J. The narrowing of dendrite branches across nodes follows a well-defined scaling law. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2022395118. [PMID: 34215693 PMCID: PMC8271565 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022395118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The systematic variation of diameters in branched networks has tantalized biologists since the discovery of da Vinci's rule for trees. Da Vinci's rule can be formulated as a power law with exponent two: The square of the mother branch's diameter is equal to the sum of the squares of those of the daughters. Power laws, with different exponents, have been proposed for branching in circulatory systems (Murray's law with exponent 3) and in neurons (Rall's law with exponent 3/2). The laws have been derived theoretically, based on optimality arguments, but, for the most part, have not been tested rigorously. Using superresolution methods to measure the diameters of dendrites in highly branched Drosophila class IV sensory neurons, we have found that these types of power laws do not hold. In their place, we have discovered a different diameter-scaling law: The cross-sectional area is proportional to the number of dendrite tips supported by the branch plus a constant, corresponding to a minimum diameter of the terminal dendrites. The area proportionality accords with a requirement for microtubules to transport materials and nutrients for dendrite tip growth. The minimum diameter may be set by the force, on the order of a few piconewtons, required to bend membrane into the highly curved surfaces of terminal dendrites. Because the observed scaling differs from Rall's law, we propose that cell biological constraints, such as intracellular transport and protrusive forces generated by the cytoskeleton, are important in determining the branched morphology of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maijia Liao
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Xin Liang
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Jonathon Howard
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520;
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Du Q, Chang J, Cheng G, Zhao Y, Zhou W. Sunday Driver Mediates Multi-Compartment Golgi Outposts Defects Induced by Amyloid Precursor Protein. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:673684. [PMID: 34140878 PMCID: PMC8205063 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.673684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Golgi defects including Golgi fragmentation are pathological features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). As a pathogenic factor in AD, amyloid precursor protein (APP) induces Golgi fragmentation in the soma. However, how APP regulates Golgi outposts (GOs) in dendrites remains unclear. Given that APP resides in and affects the movements of GOs, and in particular, reverses the distribution of multi-compartment GOs (mcGOs), we investigated the regulatory mechanism of mcGO movements in the Drosophila larvae. Knockdown experiments showed that the bidirectional mcGO movements were cooperatively controlled by the dynein heavy chain (Dhc) and kinesin heavy chain subunits. Notably, only Dhc mediated APP’s regulation of mcGO movements. Furthermore, by loss-of-function screening, the adaptor protein Sunday driver (Syd) was identified to mediate the APP-induced alteration of the direction of mcGO movements and dendritic defects. Collectively, by elucidating a model of bidirectional mcGO movements, we revealed the mechanism by which APP regulates the direction of mcGO movements. Our study therefore provides new insights into AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Du
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Chang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guo Cheng
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinyin Zhao
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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53
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Coquand L, Victoria GS, Tata A, Carpentieri JA, Brault JB, Guimiot F, Fraisier V, Baffet AD. CAMSAPs organize an acentrosomal microtubule network from basal varicosities in radial glial cells. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212175. [PMID: 34019079 PMCID: PMC8144914 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202003151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons of the neocortex are generated by stem cells called radial glial cells. These polarized cells extend a short apical process toward the ventricular surface and a long basal fiber that acts as a scaffold for neuronal migration. How the microtubule cytoskeleton is organized in these cells to support long-range transport is unknown. Using subcellular live imaging within brain tissue, we show that microtubules in the apical process uniformly emanate for the pericentrosomal region, while microtubules in the basal fiber display a mixed polarity, reminiscent of the mammalian dendrite. We identify acentrosomal microtubule organizing centers localized in varicosities of the basal fiber. CAMSAP family members accumulate in these varicosities, where they control microtubule growth. Double knockdown of CAMSAP1 and 2 leads to a destabilization of the entire basal process. Finally, using live imaging of human fetal cortex, we reveal that this organization is conserved in basal radial glial cells, a related progenitor cell population associated with human brain size expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Coquand
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Guiliana Soraya Victoria
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Alice Tata
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Jacopo Amerigo Carpentieri
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Brault
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Guimiot
- Unité de Fœtopathologie-Université de Paris et Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale UMR1141, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Fraisier
- UMR144-Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, Centre national de la recherche scientifique-Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre D Baffet
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR144, Paris, France.,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Paris, France
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54
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Ricolo D, Castro-Ribera J, Araújo SJ. Cytoskeletal players in single-cell branching morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2021; 477:22-34. [PMID: 34004181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Branching networks are a very common feature of multicellular animals and underlie the formation and function of numerous organs including the nervous system, the respiratory system, the vasculature and many internal glands. These networks range from subcellular structures such as dendritic trees to large multicellular tissues such as the lungs. The production of branched structures by single cells, so called subcellular branching, which has been better described in neurons and in cells of the respiratory and vascular systems, involves complex cytoskeletal remodelling events. In Drosophila, tracheal system terminal cells (TCs) and nervous system dendritic arborisation (da) neurons are good model systems for these subcellular branching processes. During development, the generation of subcellular branches by single-cells is characterized by extensive remodelling of the microtubule (MT) network and actin cytoskeleton, followed by vesicular transport and membrane dynamics. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on cytoskeletal regulation of subcellular branching, based on the terminal cells of the Drosophila tracheal system, but drawing parallels with dendritic branching and vertebrate vascular subcellular branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Ricolo
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Castro-Ribera
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sofia J Araújo
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.
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55
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To nucleate or not, that is the question in neurons. Neurosci Lett 2021; 751:135806. [PMID: 33705928 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are the structural center of neurons, stretching in overlapping arrays from the cell body to the far reaches of axons and dendrites. They also act as the tracks for long-range transport mediated by dynein and kinesin motors. Transcription and most translation take place in the cell body, and newly made cargoes must be shipped from this site of synthesis to sites of function in axons and dendrites. This constant demand for transport means that the microtubule array must be present without gaps throughout the cell over the lifetime of the animal. This task is made slightly easier in many animals by the relatively long, stable microtubules present in neurons. However, even stable neuronal microtubules have ends that are dynamic, and individual microtubules typically last on the order of hours, while the neurons around them last a lifetime. "Birth" of new microtubules is therefore required to maintain the neuronal microtubule array. In this review we discuss the nucleation of new microtubules in axons and dendrites, including how and where they are nucleated. In addition, it is becoming clear that neuronal microtubule nucleation is highly regulated, with unexpected machinery impinging on the decision of whether nucleation sites are active or inactive through space and time.
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56
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Abstract
Neurons develop dendritic morphologies that bear cell type-specific features in dendritic field size and geometry, branch placement and density, and the types and distributions of synaptic contacts. Dendritic patterns influence the types and numbers of inputs a neuron receives, and the ways in which neural information is processed and transmitted in the circuitry. Even subtle alterations in dendritic structures can have profound consequences on neuronal function and are implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. In this chapter, I review how growing dendrites acquire their exquisite patterns by drawing examples from diverse neuronal cell types in vertebrate and invertebrate model systems. Dendrite morphogenesis is shaped by intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as transcriptional regulators, guidance and adhesion molecules, neighboring cells and synaptic partners. I discuss molecular mechanisms that regulate dendrite morphogenesis with a focus on five aspects of dendrite patterning: (1) Dendritic cytoskeleton and cellular machineries that build the arbor; (2) Gene regulatory mechanisms; (3) Afferent cues that regulate dendritic arbor growth; (4) Space-filling strategies that optimize dendritic coverage; and (5) Molecular cues that specify dendrite wiring. Cell type-specific implementation of these patterning mechanisms produces the diversity of dendrite morphologies that wire the nervous system.
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57
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Kamemura K, Chen CA, Okumura M, Miura M, Chihara T. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-associated Vap33 is required for maintaining neuronal dendrite morphology and organelle distribution in Drosophila. Genes Cells 2021; 26:230-239. [PMID: 33548103 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
VAMP-associated protein (VAP) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein that functions as a tethering protein at the membrane contact sites between the ER and various intracellular organelles. Mutations such as P56S in human VAPB cause neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, VAP functions in neurons are poorly understood. Here, we utilized Drosophila olfactory projection neurons with a mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) to analyze the neuronal function of Vap33, a Drosophila ortholog of human VAPB. In vap33 null mutant clones, the dendrites of projection neurons exhibited defects in the maintenance of their morphology. The subcellular localization of the Golgi apparatus and mitochondria were also abnormal. These results indicate that Vap33 is required for neuronal morphology and organelle distribution. Additionally, to examine the impact of ALS-associated mutations in neurons, we overexpressed human VAPB-P56S in vap33 null mutant clones (mosaic rescue experiments) and found that, in aged flies, human VAPB-P56S expression caused mislocalization of Bruchpilot, a presynaptic protein. These results implied that synaptic protein localization and ER quality control may be affected by disease mutations. We provide insights into the physiological and pathological functions of VAP in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kamemura
- Program of Biomedical Science and Basic Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chun-An Chen
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misako Okumura
- Program of Biomedical Science and Basic Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Chihara
- Program of Biomedical Science and Basic Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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58
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Li P, Li L, Yu B, Wang X, Wang Q, Lin J, Zheng Y, Zhu J, He M, Xia Z, Tu M, Liu JS, Lin Z, Fu X. Doublecortin facilitates the elongation of the somatic Golgi apparatus into proximal dendrites. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:422-434. [PMID: 33405953 PMCID: PMC8098852 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-09-0530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the doublecortin (DCX) gene, which encodes a microtubule (MT)-binding protein, cause human cortical malformations, including lissencephaly and subcortical band heterotopia. A deficiency in DCX and DCX-like kinase 1 (DCLK1), a functionally redundant and structurally similar cognate of DCX, decreases neurite length and increases the number of primary neurites directly arising from the soma. The underlying mechanism is not completely understood. In this study, the elongation of the somatic Golgi apparatus into proximal dendrites, which have been implicated in dendrite patterning, was significantly decreased in the absence of DCX/DCLK1. Phosphorylation of DCX at S47 or S327 was involved in this process. DCX deficiency shifted the distribution of CLASP2 proteins to the soma from the dendrites. In addition to CLASP2, dynein and its cofactor JIP3 were abnormally distributed in DCX-deficient neurons. The association between JIP3 and dynein was significantly increased in the absence of DCX. Down-regulation of CLASP2 or JIP3 expression with specific shRNAs rescued the Golgi phenotype observed in DCX-deficient neurons. We conclude that DCX regulates the elongation of the Golgi apparatus into proximal dendrites through MT-associated proteins and motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijun Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Luyao Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Binyuan Yu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Xinye Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Qi Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Jingjing Lin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Yihui Zheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Jinjin Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Minzhi He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Zhaonan Xia
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Mengjing Tu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Judy S Liu
- Department of Neurology, Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Zhenlang Lin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Xiaoqin Fu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
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59
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Alexander CJ, Barzik M, Fujiwara I, Remmert K, Wang YX, Petralia RS, Friedman TB, Hammer JA. Myosin 18Aα targets the guanine nucleotide exchange factor β-Pix to the dendritic spines of cerebellar Purkinje neurons and promotes spine maturation. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21092. [PMID: 33378124 PMCID: PMC8357457 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001449r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Myosin 18Aα is a myosin 2-like protein containing unique N- and C-terminal protein interaction domains that co-assembles with myosin 2. One protein known to bind to myosin 18Aα is β-Pix, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rac1 and Cdc42 that has been shown to promote dendritic spine maturation by activating the assembly of actin and myosin filaments in spines. Here, we show that myosin 18A⍺ concentrates in the spines of cerebellar Purkinje neurons via co-assembly with myosin 2 and through an actin binding site in its N-terminal extension. miRNA-mediated knockdown of myosin 18A⍺ results in a significant defect in spine maturation that is rescued by an RNAi-immune version of myosin 18A⍺. Importantly, β-Pix co-localizes with myosin 18A⍺ in spines, and its spine localization is lost upon myosin 18A⍺ knockdown or when its myosin 18A⍺ binding site is deleted. Finally, we show that the spines of myosin 18A⍺ knockdown Purkinje neurons contain significantly less F-actin and myosin 2. Together, these data argue that mixed filaments of myosin 2 and myosin 18A⍺ form a complex with β-Pix in Purkinje neuron spines that promotes spine maturation by enhancing the assembly of actin and myosin filaments downstream of β-Pix's GEF activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Alexander
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Melanie Barzik
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, NIDCD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ikuko Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Ya-Xian Wang
- Advanced Imaging Core, NIDCD, NIH, Betheda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - John A Hammer
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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60
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Alizzi RA, Xu D, Tenenbaum CM, Wang W, Gavis ER. The ELAV/Hu protein Found in neurons regulates cytoskeletal and ECM adhesion inputs for space-filling dendrite growth. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009235. [PMID: 33370772 PMCID: PMC7793258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic arbor morphology influences how neurons receive and integrate extracellular signals. We show that the ELAV/Hu family RNA-binding protein Found in neurons (Fne) is required for space-filling dendrite growth to generate highly branched arbors of Drosophila larval class IV dendritic arborization neurons. Dendrites of fne mutant neurons are shorter and more dynamic than in wild-type, leading to decreased arbor coverage. These defects result from both a decrease in stable microtubules and loss of dendrite-substrate interactions within the arbor. Identification of transcripts encoding cytoskeletal regulators and cell-cell and cell-ECM interacting proteins as Fne targets using TRIBE further supports these results. Analysis of one target, encoding the cell adhesion protein Basigin, indicates that the cytoskeletal defects contributing to branch instability in fne mutant neurons are due in part to decreased Basigin expression. The ability of Fne to coordinately regulate the cytoskeleton and dendrite-substrate interactions in neurons may shed light on the behavior of cancer cells ectopically expressing ELAV/Hu proteins. Different types of neurons have different sizes and shapes that are tailored to their particular functions. In the fruit fly larva, a set of sensory neurons called class IV da neurons have highly branched trees of dendrites that cover the epidermis to sense potentially harmful stimuli. Neurons whose dendrites completely fill the territory they sample are also found in zebrafish, worms, mice and humans. We show that an RNA-binding protein called Fne plays an important role in coordinating different contributions to dendrite branching in class IV da neurons by impacting the organization of the cytoskeleton within the neuron and the ability of the dendrite to contact the substratum outside of it. The identification of mRNAs that code for cytoskeleton regulators and adhesive proteins as targets of Fne using a genome-wide approach further supports these results. While the ability of Fne to exert control over such proteins is crucial to generating the space-filling growth of neurons, it can be deleterious if not properly employed, such as when the homologs of Fne are expressed in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Alizzi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Derek Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Conrad M. Tenenbaum
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Wei Wang
- Lewis-Sigler Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth R. Gavis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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61
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Koppers M, Özkan N, Farías GG. Complex Interactions Between Membrane-Bound Organelles, Biomolecular Condensates and the Cytoskeleton. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:618733. [PMID: 33409284 PMCID: PMC7779554 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.618733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-bound and membraneless organelles/biomolecular condensates ensure compartmentalization into functionally distinct units enabling proper organization of cellular processes. Membrane-bound organelles form dynamic contacts with each other to enable the exchange of molecules and to regulate organelle division and positioning in coordination with the cytoskeleton. Crosstalk between the cytoskeleton and dynamic membrane-bound organelles has more recently also been found to regulate cytoskeletal organization. Interestingly, recent work has revealed that, in addition, the cytoskeleton and membrane-bound organelles interact with cytoplasmic biomolecular condensates. The extent and relevance of these complex interactions are just beginning to emerge but may be important for cytoskeletal organization and organelle transport and remodeling. In this review, we highlight these emerging functions and emphasize the complex interplay of the cytoskeleton with these organelles. The crosstalk between membrane-bound organelles, biomolecular condensates and the cytoskeleton in highly polarized cells such as neurons could play essential roles in neuronal development, function and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ginny G. Farías
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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62
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Nanda S, Bhattacharjee S, Cox DN, Ascoli GA. Distinct Relations of Microtubules and Actin Filaments with Dendritic Architecture. iScience 2020; 23:101865. [PMID: 33319182 PMCID: PMC7725934 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) and F-actin (F-act) have long been recognized as key regulators of dendritic morphology. Nevertheless, precisely ascertaining their distinct influences on dendritic trees have been hampered until now by the lack of direct, arbor-wide cytoskeletal quantification. We pair live confocal imaging of fluorescently labeled dendritic arborization (da) neurons in Drosophila larvae with complete multi-signal neural tracing to separately measure MTs and F-act. We demonstrate that dendritic arbor length is highly interrelated with local MT quantity, whereas local F-act enrichment is associated with dendritic branching. Computational simulation of arbor structure solely constrained by experimentally observed subcellular distributions of these cytoskeletal components generated synthetic morphological and molecular patterns statistically equivalent to those of real da neurons, corroborating the efficacy of local MT and F-act in describing dendritic architecture. The analysis and modeling outcomes hold true for the simplest (class I), most complex (class IV), and genetically altered (Formin3 overexpression) da neuron types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Nanda
- Center for Neural Informatics, Structures, & Plasticity and Neuroscience Program, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | | | - Daniel N. Cox
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Giorgio A. Ascoli
- Center for Neural Informatics, Structures, & Plasticity and Neuroscience Program, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- Bioengineering Department, Volgenau School of Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22032, USA
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63
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Furusawa K, Emoto K. Spatiotemporal regulation of developmental neurite pruning: Molecular and cellular insights from Drosophila models. Neurosci Res 2020; 167:54-63. [PMID: 33309868 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Developmental neurite pruning is a process by which neurons selectively eliminate unnecessary processes of axons and/or dendrites without cell death, which shapes the mature wiring of nervous systems. In this sense, developmental neurite pruning requires spatiotemporally precise control of local degradation of cellular components including cytoskeletons and membranes. The Drosophila nervous system undergoes large-scale remodeling, including axon/dendrite pruning, during metamorphosis. In addition to this unique phenomenon in the nervous system, powerful genetic tools make the Drosophila nervous system a sophisticated model to investigate spatiotemporal regulation of neural remodeling. This article reviews recent advances to our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of developmental axon/dendrite pruning, mainly focusing on studies in Drosophila sensory neurons and mushroom body neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Furusawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Emoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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64
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Vergarajauregui S, Becker R, Steffen U, Sharkova M, Esser T, Petzold J, Billing F, Kapiloff MS, Schett G, Thievessen I, Engel FB. AKAP6 orchestrates the nuclear envelope microtubule-organizing center by linking golgi and nucleus via AKAP9. eLife 2020; 9:61669. [PMID: 33295871 PMCID: PMC7725499 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The switch from centrosomal microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) to non-centrosomal MTOCs during differentiation is poorly understood. Here, we identify AKAP6 as key component of the nuclear envelope MTOC. In rat cardiomyocytes, AKAP6 anchors centrosomal proteins to the nuclear envelope through its spectrin repeats, acting as an adaptor between nesprin-1α and Pcnt or AKAP9. In addition, AKAP6 and AKAP9 form a protein platform tethering the Golgi to the nucleus. Both Golgi and nuclear envelope exhibit MTOC activity utilizing either AKAP9, or Pcnt-AKAP9, respectively. AKAP6 is also required for formation and activity of the nuclear envelope MTOC in human osteoclasts. Moreover, ectopic expression of AKAP6 in epithelial cells is sufficient to recruit endogenous centrosomal proteins. Finally, AKAP6 is required for cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and osteoclast bone resorption activity. Collectively, we decipher the MTOC at the nuclear envelope as a bi-layered structure generating two pools of microtubules with AKAP6 as a key organizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Vergarajauregui
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Becker
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Steffen
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Sharkova
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tilman Esser
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jana Petzold
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Billing
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael S Kapiloff
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Medicine, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, United States
| | - George Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingo Thievessen
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix B Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE), Erlangen, Germany
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65
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Wang J, Fourriere L, Gleeson PA. Local Secretory Trafficking Pathways in Neurons and the Role of Dendritic Golgi Outposts in Different Cell Models. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:597391. [PMID: 33324160 PMCID: PMC7726432 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.597391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental characteristic of neurons is the relationship between the architecture of the polarized neuron and synaptic transmission between neurons. Intracellular membrane trafficking is paramount to establish and maintain neuronal structure; perturbation in trafficking results in defects in neurodevelopment and neurological disorders. Given the physical distance from the cell body to the distal sites of the axon and dendrites, transport of newly synthesized membrane proteins from the central cell body to their functional destination at remote, distal sites represents a conundrum. With the identification of secretory organelles in dendrites, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi outposts (GOs), recent studies have proposed local protein synthesis and trafficking distinct from the conventional anterograde transport pathways of the cell body. A variety of different model organisms, including Drosophila, zebrafish, and rodents, have been used to probe the organization and function of the local neuronal secretory network. Here, we review the evidence for local secretory trafficking pathways in dendrites in a variety of cell-based neuronal systems and discuss both the similarities and differences in the organization and role of the local secretory organelles, especially the GOs. In addition, we identify the gaps in the current knowledge and the potential advances using human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in defining local membrane protein trafficking in human neurons and in understanding the molecular basis of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lou Fourriere
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul A Gleeson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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66
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Wilkes OR, Moore AW. Distinct Microtubule Organizing Center Mechanisms Combine to Generate Neuron Polarity and Arbor Complexity. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:594199. [PMID: 33328893 PMCID: PMC7711044 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.594199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrite and axon arbor wiring patterns determine the connectivity and computational characteristics of a neuron. The identities of these dendrite and axon arbors are created by differential polarization of their microtubule arrays, and their complexity and pattern are generated by the extension and organization of these arrays. We describe how several molecularly distinct microtubule organizing center (MTOC) mechanisms function during neuron differentiation to generate and arrange dendrite and axon microtubules. The temporal and spatial organization of these MTOCs generates, patterns, and diversifies arbor wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R Wilkes
- Laboratory for Neurodiversity, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako-shi, Japan.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian W Moore
- Laboratory for Neurodiversity, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako-shi, Japan
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67
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Cep215 is essential for morphological differentiation of astrocytes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17000. [PMID: 33046744 PMCID: PMC7550586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cep215 (also known as Cdk5rap2) is a centrosome protein which is involved in microtubule organization. Cep215 is also placed at specific subcellular locations and organizes microtubules outside the centrosome. Here, we report that Cep215 is involved in morphological differentiation of astrocytes. Cep215 was specifically localized at the glial processes as well as centrosomes in developing astrocytes. Morphological differentiation of astrocytes was suppressed in the Cep215-deleted P19 cells and in the Cep215-depleted embryonic hippocampal culture. We confirm that the microtubule organizing function of Cep215 is critical for the glial process formation. However, Cep215 is not involved in the regulation of cell proliferation nor cell specification. Based on the results, we propose that Cep215 organizes microtubules for glial process formation during astrocyte differentiation.
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68
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Microtubule Dysfunction: A Common Feature of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197354. [PMID: 33027950 PMCID: PMC7582320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are particularly susceptible to microtubule (MT) defects and deregulation of the MT cytoskeleton is considered to be a common insult during the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Evidence that dysfunctions in the MT system have a direct role in neurodegeneration comes from findings that several forms of neurodegenerative diseases are associated with changes in genes encoding tubulins, the structural units of MTs, MT-associated proteins (MAPs), or additional factors such as MT modifying enzymes which modulating tubulin post-translational modifications (PTMs) regulate MT functions and dynamics. Efforts to use MT-targeting therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases are underway. Many of these agents have provided several benefits when tested on both in vitro and in vivo neurodegenerative model systems. Currently, the most frequently addressed therapeutic interventions include drugs that modulate MT stability or that target tubulin PTMs, such as tubulin acetylation. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the relevance of MT dysfunctions to the process of neurodegeneration and briefly discuss advances in the use of MT-targeting drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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69
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Mendoza-Ferreira N, Karakaya M, Cengiz N, Beijer D, Brigatti KW, Gonzaga-Jauregui C, Fuhrmann N, Hölker I, Thelen MP, Zetzsche S, Rombo R, Puffenberger EG, De Jonghe P, Deconinck T, Zuchner S, Strauss KA, Carson V, Schrank B, Wunderlich G, Baets J, Wirth B. De Novo and Inherited Variants in GBF1 are Associated with Axonal Neuropathy Caused by Golgi Fragmentation. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 107:763-777. [PMID: 32937143 PMCID: PMC7491385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Distal hereditary motor neuropathies (HMNs) and axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy (CMT2) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous diseases characterized primarily by motor neuron degeneration and distal weakness. The genetic cause for about half of the individuals affected by HMN/CMT2 remains unknown. Here, we report the identification of pathogenic variants in GBF1 (Golgi brefeldin A-resistant guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1) in four unrelated families with individuals affected by sporadic or dominant HMN/CMT2. Genomic sequencing analyses in seven affected individuals uncovered four distinct heterozygous GBF1 variants, two of which occurred de novo. Other known HMN/CMT2-implicated genes were excluded. Affected individuals show HMN/CMT2 with slowly progressive distal muscle weakness and musculoskeletal deformities. Electrophysiological studies confirmed axonal damage with chronic neurogenic changes. Three individuals had additional distal sensory loss. GBF1 encodes a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor that facilitates the activation of members of the ARF (ADP-ribosylation factor) family of small GTPases. GBF1 is mainly involved in the formation of coatomer protein complex (COPI) vesicles, maintenance and function of the Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria migration and positioning. We demonstrate that GBF1 is present in mouse spinal cord and muscle tissues and is particularly abundant in neuropathologically relevant sites, such as the motor neuron and the growth cone. Consistent with the described role of GBF1 in Golgi function and maintenance, we observed marked increase in Golgi fragmentation in primary fibroblasts derived from all affected individuals in this study. Our results not only reinforce the existing link between Golgi fragmentation and neurodegeneration but also demonstrate that pathogenic variants in GBF1 are associated with HMN/CMT2.
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70
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Park JH, Chung CG, Seo J, Lee BH, Lee YS, Kweon JH, Lee SB. C9orf72-Associated Arginine-Rich Dipeptide Repeat Proteins Reduce the Number of Golgi Outposts and Dendritic Branches in Drosophila Neurons. Mol Cells 2020; 43:821-830. [PMID: 32975212 PMCID: PMC7528685 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2020.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered dendritic morphology is frequently observed in various neurological disorders including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but the cellular and molecular basis underlying these pathogenic dendritic abnormalities remains largely unclear. In this study, we investigated dendritic morphological defects caused by dipeptide repeat protein (DPR) toxicity associated with G4C2 expansion mutation of C9orf72 (the leading genetic cause of ALS and FTD) in Drosophila neurons and characterized the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Among the five DPRs produced by repeat-associated non-ATG translation of G4C2 repeats, we found that arginine-rich DPRs (PR and GR) led to the most significant reduction in dendritic branches and plasma membrane (PM) supply in Class IV dendritic arborization (C4 da) neurons. Furthermore, expression of PR and GR reduced the number of Golgi outposts (GOPs) in dendrites. In Drosophila brains, expression of PR, but not GR, led to a significant reduction in the mRNA level of CrebA, a transcription factor regulating the formation of GOPs. Overexpressing CrebA in PR-expressing C4 da neurons mitigated PM supply defects and restored the number of GOPs, but the number of dendritic branches remained unchanged, suggesting that other molecules besides CrebA may be involved in dendritic branching. Taken together, our results provide valuable insight into the understanding of dendritic pathology associated with C9-ALS/FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyang Park
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
- Protein Dynamics-Based Proteotoxicity Control Laboratory, Basic Research Lab, DGIST, Daegu 4988, Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Chang Geon Chung
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
- Protein Dynamics-Based Proteotoxicity Control Laboratory, Basic Research Lab, DGIST, Daegu 4988, Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jinsoo Seo
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
- Protein Dynamics-Based Proteotoxicity Control Laboratory, Basic Research Lab, DGIST, Daegu 4988, Korea
| | - Byung-Hoon Lee
- Protein Dynamics-Based Proteotoxicity Control Laboratory, Basic Research Lab, DGIST, Daegu 4988, Korea
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Young-Sam Lee
- Protein Dynamics-Based Proteotoxicity Control Laboratory, Basic Research Lab, DGIST, Daegu 4988, Korea
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
- Well Aging Research Center, Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu 2988, Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Kweon
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Sung Bae Lee
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
- Protein Dynamics-Based Proteotoxicity Control Laboratory, Basic Research Lab, DGIST, Daegu 4988, Korea
- Well Aging Research Center, Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu 2988, Korea
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71
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Wang YH, Ding ZY, Cheng YJ, Chien CT, Huang ML. An Efficient Screen for Cell-Intrinsic Factors Identifies the Chaperonin CCT and Multiple Conserved Mechanisms as Mediating Dendrite Morphogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:577315. [PMID: 33100975 PMCID: PMC7546278 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.577315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic morphology is inextricably linked to neuronal function. Systematic large-scale screens combined with genetic mapping have uncovered several mechanisms underlying dendrite morphogenesis. However, a comprehensive overview of participating molecular mechanisms is still lacking. Here, we conducted an efficient clonal screen using a collection of mapped P-element insertions that were previously shown to cause lethality and eye defects in Drosophila melanogaster. Of 280 mutants, 52 exhibited dendritic defects. Further database analyses, complementation tests, and RNA interference validations verified 40 P-element insertion genes as being responsible for the dendritic defects. Twenty-eight mutants presented severe arbor reduction, and the remainder displayed other abnormalities. The intrinsic regulators encoded by the identified genes participate in multiple conserved mechanisms and pathways, including the protein folding machinery and the chaperonin-containing TCP-1 (CCT) complex that facilitates tubulin folding. Mutant neurons in which expression of CCT4 or CCT5 was depleted exhibited severely retarded dendrite growth. We show that CCT localizes in dendrites and is required for dendritic microtubule organization and tubulin stability, suggesting that CCT-mediated tubulin folding occurs locally within dendrites. Our study also reveals novel mechanisms underlying dendrite morphogenesis. For example, we show that Drosophila Nogo signaling is required for dendrite development and that Mummy and Wech also regulate dendrite morphogenesis, potentially via Dpp- and integrin-independent pathways. Our methodology represents an efficient strategy for identifying intrinsic dendrite regulators, and provides insights into the plethora of molecular mechanisms underlying dendrite morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hsuan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zhao-Ying Ding
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ju Cheng
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Min-Lang Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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72
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Shimell JJ, Shah BS, Cain SM, Thouta S, Kuhlmann N, Tatarnikov I, Jovellar DB, Brigidi GS, Kass J, Milnerwood AJ, Snutch TP, Bamji SX. The X-Linked Intellectual Disability Gene Zdhhc9 Is Essential for Dendrite Outgrowth and Inhibitory Synapse Formation. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2422-2437.e8. [PMID: 31747610 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylation is a reversible post-translational lipid modification that facilitates vesicular transport and subcellular localization of modified proteins. This process is catalyzed by ZDHHC enzymes that are implicated in several neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders. Loss-of-function mutations in ZDHHC9 have been identified in patients with X-linked intellectual disability (XLID) and associated with increased epilepsy risk. Loss of Zdhhc9 function in hippocampal cultures leads to shorter dendritic arbors and fewer inhibitory synapses, altering the ratio of excitatory-to-inhibitory inputs formed onto Zdhhc9-deficient cells. While Zdhhc9 promotes dendrite outgrowth through the palmitoylation of the GTPase Ras, it promotes inhibitory synapse formation through the palmitoylation of another GTPase, TC10. Zdhhc9 knockout mice exhibit seizure-like activity together with increased frequency and amplitude of both spontaneous and miniature excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents. These findings present a plausible mechanism for how the loss of ZDHHC9 function may contribute to XLID and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J Shimell
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Bhavin S Shah
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Stuart M Cain
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Samrat Thouta
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Naila Kuhlmann
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Igor Tatarnikov
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - D Blair Jovellar
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - G Stefano Brigidi
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jennifer Kass
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Austen J Milnerwood
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Terrance P Snutch
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Shernaz X Bamji
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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73
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Valenzuela A, Meservey L, Nguyen H, Fu MM. Golgi Outposts Nucleate Microtubules in Cells with Specialized Shapes. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:792-804. [PMID: 32863092 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Classically, animal cells nucleate or form new microtubules off the perinuclear centrosome. In recent years, the Golgi outpost has emerged as a satellite organelle that can function as an acentrosomal microtubule-organizing center (MTOC), nucleating new microtubules at distances far from the nucleus or cell body. Golgi outposts can nucleate new microtubules in specialized cells with unique cytoarchitectures, including Drosophila neurons, mouse muscle cells, and rodent oligodendrocytes. This review compares and contrasts topics of functional relevance, including Golgi outpost heterogeneity, formation and transport, as well as regulation of microtubule polarity and branching. Golgi outposts have also been implicated in the pathology of diseases including muscular dystrophy, and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Since Golgi outposts are relatively understudied, many outstanding questions regarding their function and roles in disease remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Valenzuela
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lindsey Meservey
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Huy Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Meng-Meng Fu
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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74
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Ichinose S, Ogawa T, Jiang X, Hirokawa N. The Spatiotemporal Construction of the Axon Initial Segment via KIF3/KAP3/TRIM46 Transport under MARK2 Signaling. Cell Rep 2020; 28:2413-2426.e7. [PMID: 31461655 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The axon initial segment (AIS) is a compartment that serves as a molecular barrier to achieve axon-dendrite differentiation. Distribution of specific proteins during early neuronal development has been proposed to be critical for AIS construction. However, it remains unknown how these proteins are specifically targeted to the proximal axon within this limited time period. Here, we reveal spatiotemporal regulation driven by the microtubule (MT)-based motor KIF3A/B/KAP3 that transports TRIM46, influenced by a specific MARK2 phosphorylation cascade. In the proximal part of the future axon under low MARK2 activity, the KIF3/KAP3 motor recognizes TRIM46 as cargo and transports it to the future AIS. In contrast, in the somatodendritic area under high MARK2 activity, KAP3 phosphorylated at serine 60 by MARK2 cannot bind with TRIM46 and be transported. This spatiotemporal regulation between KIF3/KAP3 and TRIM46 under specific MARK2 activity underlies the specific transport needed for axonal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotaro Ichinose
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Ogawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Xuguang Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hirokawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Center of Excellence in Genome Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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75
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Lottes EN, Cox DN. Homeostatic Roles of the Proteostasis Network in Dendrites. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:264. [PMID: 33013325 PMCID: PMC7461941 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, is indispensable to the survival and function of all cells. Distinct from other cell types, neurons are long-lived, exhibiting architecturally complex and diverse multipolar projection morphologies that can span great distances. These properties present unique demands on proteostatic machinery to dynamically regulate the neuronal proteome in both space and time. Proteostasis is regulated by a distributed network of cellular processes, the proteostasis network (PN), which ensures precise control of protein synthesis, native conformational folding and maintenance, and protein turnover and degradation, collectively safeguarding proteome integrity both under homeostatic conditions and in the contexts of cellular stress, aging, and disease. Dendrites are equipped with distributed cellular machinery for protein synthesis and turnover, including dendritically trafficked ribosomes, chaperones, and autophagosomes. The PN can be subdivided into an adaptive network of three major functional pathways that synergistically govern protein quality control through the action of (1) protein synthesis machinery; (2) maintenance mechanisms including molecular chaperones involved in protein folding; and (3) degradative pathways (e.g., Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS), endolysosomal pathway, and autophagy. Perturbations in any of the three arms of proteostasis can have dramatic effects on neurons, especially on their dendrites, which require tightly controlled homeostasis for proper development and maintenance. Moreover, the critical importance of the PN as a cell surveillance system against protein dyshomeostasis has been highlighted by extensive work demonstrating that the aggregation and/or failure to clear aggregated proteins figures centrally in many neurological disorders. While these studies demonstrate the relevance of derangements in proteostasis to human neurological disease, here we mainly review recent literature on homeostatic developmental roles the PN machinery plays in the establishment, maintenance, and plasticity of stable and dynamic dendritic arbors. Beyond basic housekeeping functions, we consider roles of PN machinery in protein quality control mechanisms linked to dendritic plasticity (e.g., dendritic spine remodeling during LTP); cell-type specificity; dendritic morphogenesis; and dendritic pruning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel N. Cox
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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76
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Tang BL. RAB39B's role in membrane traffic, autophagy, and associated neuropathology. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:1579-1592. [PMID: 32761840 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathological disorders are increasingly associated with dysfunctions in neuronal membrane traffic and autophagy, with defects among members of the Rab family of small GTPases implicated. Mutations in the human Xq28 localized gene RAB39B have been associated with X-linked neurodevelopmental defects including macrocephaly, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as well as rare cases of early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite the finding that RAB39B regulates GluA2 trafficking and could thus influence synaptic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor subunit composition, reasons for the wide-ranging neuropathological consequences associated with RAB39B defects have been unclear. Recent studies have now unraveled possible mechanisms underlying the neuropathological roles of this brain-enriched small GTPase. Studies in RAB39B knockout mice showed that RAB39B interacts with components of Class I phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling. In its absence, the PI3K-AKT-mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathway in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) is hyperactivated, which promotes NPC proliferation, leading to macrocephaly and ASD. Pertaining to early-onset PD, a complex of C9orf72, Smith-Magenis syndrome chromosome region candidate 8 and WD repeat domain 41 that functions in autophagy has been identified as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor of RAB39B. Here, recent findings that have shed light on our mechanistic understanding of RAB39B's role in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative pathologies are reviewed. Caveats and unanswered questions are also discussed, and future perspectives outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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77
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Hertzler JI, Simonovitch SI, Albertson RM, Weiner AT, Nye DMR, Rolls MM. Kinetochore proteins suppress neuronal microtubule dynamics and promote dendrite regeneration. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2125-2138. [PMID: 32673176 PMCID: PMC7530905 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-04-0237-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetochores connect centromeric chromatin to spindle microtubules during mitosis. Neurons are postmitotic, so it was surprising to identify transcripts of structural kinetochore (KT) proteins and regulatory chromosome passenger complex (CPC) and spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) proteins in Drosophila neurons after dendrite injury. To test whether these proteins function during dendrite regeneration, postmitotic RNA interference (RNAi) was performed and dendrites or axons were removed using laser microsurgery. Reduction of KT, CPC, and SAC proteins decreased dendrite regeneration without affecting axon regeneration. To understand whether neuronal functions of these proteins rely on microtubules, we analyzed microtubule behavior in uninjured neurons. The number of growing plus, but not minus, ends increased in dendrites with reduced KT, CPC, and SAC proteins, while axonal microtubules were unaffected. Increased dendritic microtubule dynamics was independent of dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK)-mediated stress but was rescued by concurrent reduction of γ-tubulin, the core microtubule nucleation protein. Reduction of γ-tubulin also rescued dendrite regeneration in backgrounds containing kinetochore RNAi transgenes. We conclude that kinetochore proteins function postmitotically in neurons to suppress dendritic microtubule dynamics by inhibiting nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Hertzler
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Samantha I Simonovitch
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Richard M Albertson
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.,MSTP Program, Milton S. Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Alexis T Weiner
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Derek M R Nye
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.,MSTP Program, Milton S. Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Melissa M Rolls
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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78
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Mukherjee A, Brooks PS, Bernard F, Guichet A, Conduit PT. Microtubules originate asymmetrically at the somatic golgi and are guided via Kinesin2 to maintain polarity within neurons. eLife 2020; 9:e58943. [PMID: 32657758 PMCID: PMC7394546 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons contain polarised microtubule arrays essential for neuronal function. How microtubule nucleation and polarity are regulated within neurons remains unclear. We show that γ-tubulin localises asymmetrically to the somatic Golgi within Drosophila neurons. Microtubules originate from the Golgi with an initial growth preference towards the axon. Their growing plus ends also turn towards and into the axon, adding to the plus-end-out microtubule pool. Any plus ends that reach a dendrite, however, do not readily enter, maintaining minus-end-out polarity. Both turning towards the axon and exclusion from dendrites depend on Kinesin-2, a plus-end-associated motor that guides growing plus ends along adjacent microtubules. We propose that Kinesin-2 engages with a polarised microtubule network within the soma to guide growing microtubules towards the axon; while at dendrite entry sites engagement with microtubules of opposite polarity generates a backward stalling force that prevents entry into dendrites and thus maintains minus-end-out polarity within proximal dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Mukherjee
- Department of Zoology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul S Brooks
- Department of Zoology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Fred Bernard
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques MonodParisFrance
| | - Antoine Guichet
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques MonodParisFrance
| | - Paul T Conduit
- Department of Zoology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques MonodParisFrance
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79
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Liang X, Kokes M, Fetter RD, Sallee MD, Moore AW, Feldman JL, Shen K. Growth cone-localized microtubule organizing center establishes microtubule orientation in dendrites. eLife 2020; 9:e56547. [PMID: 32657271 PMCID: PMC7375809 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A polarized arrangement of neuronal microtubule arrays is the foundation of membrane trafficking and subcellular compartmentalization. Conserved among both invertebrates and vertebrates, axons contain exclusively 'plus-end-out' microtubules while dendrites contain a high percentage of 'minus-end-out' microtubules, the origins of which have been a mystery. Here we show that in Caenorhabditis elegans the dendritic growth cone contains a non-centrosomal microtubule organizing center (MTOC), which generates minus-end-out microtubules along outgrowing dendrites and plus-end-out microtubules in the growth cone. RAB-11-positive endosomes accumulate in this region and co-migrate with the microtubule nucleation complex γ-TuRC. The MTOC tracks the extending growth cone by kinesin-1/UNC-116-mediated endosome movements on distal plus-end-out microtubules and dynein clusters this advancing MTOC. Critically, perturbation of the function or localization of the MTOC causes reversed microtubule polarity in dendrites. These findings unveil the endosome-localized dendritic MTOC as a critical organelle for establishing axon-dendrite polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liang
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Marcela Kokes
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Richard D Fetter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Kang Shen
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
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80
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Amano G, Matsuzaki S, Mori Y, Miyoshi K, Han S, Shikada S, Takamura H, Yoshimura T, Katayama T. SCYL1 arginine methylation by PRMT1 is essential for neurite outgrowth via Golgi morphogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1963-1973. [PMID: 32583741 PMCID: PMC7543066 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-02-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Arginine methylation is a common posttranslational modification that modulates protein function. SCY1-like pseudokinase 1 (SCYL1) is crucial for neuronal functions and interacts with γ2-COP to form coat protein complex I (COPI) vesicles that regulate Golgi morphology. However, the molecular mechanism by which SCYL1 is regulated remains unclear. Here, we report that the γ2-COP-binding site of SCYL1 is arginine-methylated by protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) and that SCYL1 arginine methylation is important for the interaction of SCYL1 with γ2-COP. PRMT1 was colocalized with SCYL1 in the Golgi fraction. Inhibition of PRMT1 suppressed axon outgrowth and dendrite complexity via abnormal Golgi morphology. Knockdown of SCYL1 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited axon outgrowth, and the inhibitory effect was rescued by siRNA-resistant SCYL1, but not SCYL1 mutant, in which the arginine methylation site was replaced. Thus, PRMT1 regulates Golgi morphogenesis via SCYL1 arginine methylation. We propose that SCYL1 arginine methylation by PRMT1 contributes to axon and dendrite morphogenesis in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genki Amano
- Department of Child Development and Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Matsuzaki
- Department of Child Development and Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan
| | - Yasutake Mori
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3 Kozunomori, Narita, Chiba, 286-8686, Japan
| | - Ko Miyoshi
- Department of Child Development and Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sarina Han
- Department of Child Development and Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sho Shikada
- Department of Child Development and Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hironori Takamura
- Department of Child Development and Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshimura
- Department of Child Development and Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Taiichi Katayama
- Department of Child Development and Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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81
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Microtubule Organization in Striated Muscle Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061395. [PMID: 32503326 PMCID: PMC7349303 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinctly organized microtubule networks contribute to the function of differentiated cell types such as neurons, epithelial cells, skeletal myotubes, and cardiomyocytes. In striated (i.e., skeletal and cardiac) muscle cells, the nuclear envelope acts as the dominant microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) and the function of the centrosome—the canonical MTOC of mammalian cells—is attenuated, a common feature of differentiated cell types. We summarize the mechanisms known to underlie MTOC formation at the nuclear envelope, discuss the significance of the nuclear envelope MTOC for muscle function and cell cycle progression, and outline potential mechanisms of centrosome attenuation.
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82
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Radler MR, Suber A, Spiliotis ET. Spatial control of membrane traffic in neuronal dendrites. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 105:103492. [PMID: 32294508 PMCID: PMC7317674 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal dendrites are highly branched and specialized compartments with distinct structures and secretory organelles (e.g., spines, Golgi outposts), and a unique cytoskeletal organization that includes microtubules of mixed polarity. Dendritic membranes are enriched with proteins, which specialize in the formation and function of the post-synaptic membrane of the neuronal synapse. How these proteins partition preferentially in dendrites, and how they traffic in a manner that is spatiotemporally accurate and regulated by synaptic activity are long-standing questions of neuronal cell biology. Recent studies have shed new insights into the spatial control of dendritic membrane traffic, revealing new classes of proteins (e.g., septins) and cytoskeleton-based mechanisms with dendrite-specific functions. Here, we review these advances by revisiting the fundamental mechanisms that control membrane traffic at the levels of protein sorting and motor-driven transport on microtubules and actin filaments. Overall, dendrites possess unique mechanisms for the spatial control of membrane traffic, which might have specialized and co-evolved with their highly arborized morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Radler
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ayana Suber
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elias T Spiliotis
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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83
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Yang SZ, Wildonger J. Golgi Outposts Locally Regulate Microtubule Orientation in Neurons but Are Not Required for the Overall Polarity of the Dendritic Cytoskeleton. Genetics 2020; 215:435-447. [PMID: 32265236 PMCID: PMC7268992 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-organizing centers often play a central role in organizing the cellular microtubule networks that underlie cell function. In neurons, microtubules in axons and dendrites have distinct polarities. Dendrite-specific Golgi "outposts," in particular multicompartment outposts, have emerged as regulators of acentrosomal microtubule growth, raising the question of whether outposts contribute to establishing or maintaining the overall polarity of the dendritic microtubule cytoskeleton. Using a combination of genetic approaches and live imaging in a Drosophila model, we found that dendritic microtubule polarity is unaffected by eliminating known regulators of Golgi-dependent microtubule organization including the cis-Golgi matrix protein GM130, the fly AKAP450 ortholog pericentrin-like protein, and centrosomin. This indicates that Golgi outposts are not essential for the formation or maintenance of a dendrite-specific cytoskeleton. However, the overexpression of GM130, which promotes the formation of ectopic multicompartment units, is sufficient to alter dendritic microtubule polarity. Axonal microtubule polarity is similarly disrupted by the presence of ectopic multicompartment Golgi outposts. Notably, multicompartment outposts alter microtubule polarity independently of microtubule nucleation mediated by the γ-tubulin ring complex. Thus, although Golgi outposts are not essential to dendritic microtubule polarity, altering their organization correlates with changes to microtubule polarity. Based on these data, we propose that the organization of Golgi outposts is carefully regulated to ensure proper dendritic microtubule polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihui Z Yang
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Jill Wildonger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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84
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Ligon C, Cai Y, Buch S, Arikkath J. A selective role for a component of the autophagy pathway in coupling the Golgi apparatus to dendrite polarity in pyramidal neurons. Neurosci Lett 2020; 730:135048. [PMID: 32439477 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pyramidal neurons have a characteristic morphology that is critical to their ability to integrate into functional neural circuits. In addition to axon dendrite polarity, pyramidal neurons also exhibit dendritic polarity such that apical and basolateral dendrites differ in size, structure and inputs. Dendrite polarity in pyramidal neurons coincides with polarity of the Golgi apparatus, a key feature relevant to directed secretory trafficking, both in vitro and in vivo. We identify a novel autophagy based mechanism that uncouples the polarity of the Golgi apparatus from dendrite polarity. Autophagy is a universal cellular pathway that promotes cellular homeostasis via degradation of cellular components. Our data indicate that knockdown of ATG7, a key component of the autophagy mechanism, disrupts the polarity of the Golgi apparatus without impacting dendritic polarity in primary pyramidal neurons, providing the first evidence that dendrite polarity can be uncoupled from Golgi polarity. Interestingly, these effects are restricted to ATG7 knockdown and are not replicated by the knockdown of ATG16L1, another component of the autophagy mechanism. We propose that cellular mechanisms exist to couple Golgi polarity to dendrite polarity. Components of the autophagy mechanism are leveraged to actively couple Golgi polarity to dendrite polarity, thus impacting secretory trafficking into individual dendrites in pyramidal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Ligon
- Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, United States
| | - Yu Cai
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, United States
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, United States
| | - Jyothi Arikkath
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University, Washington D.C, 20059, United States.
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85
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Lüders J. Nucleating microtubules in neurons: Challenges and solutions. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 81:273-283. [PMID: 32324945 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The highly polarized morphology of neurons is crucial for their function and involves formation of two distinct types of cellular extensions, the axonal and dendritic compartments. An important effector required for the morphogenesis and maintenance and thus the identity of axons and dendrites is the microtubule cytoskeleton. Microtubules in axons and dendrites are arranged with distinct polarities, to allow motor-dependent, compartment-specific sorting of cargo. Despite the importance of the microtubule cytoskeleton in neurons, the molecular mechanisms that generate the intricate compartment-specific microtubule configurations remain largely obscure. Work in other cell types has identified microtubule nucleation, the de novo formation of microtubules, and its spatio-temporal regulation as essential for the proper organization of the microtubule cytoskeleton. Whereas regulation of microtubule nucleation usually involves microtubule organizing centers such as the centrosome, neurons seem to rely largely on decentralized nucleation mechanisms. In this review, I will discuss recent advances in deciphering nucleation mechanisms in neurons, how they contribute to the arrangement of microtubules with specific polarities, and how this affects neuron morphogenesis. While this work has shed some light on these important processes, we are far from a comprehensive understanding. Thus, to provide a coherent model, my discussion will include both well-established mechanisms and mechanisms with more limited supporting data. Finally, I will also highlight important outstanding questions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Lüders
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
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86
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Huang YA, Hsu CH, Chiu HC, Hsi PY, Ho CT, Lo WL, Hwang E. Actin waves transport RanGTP to the neurite tip to regulate non-centrosomal microtubules in neurons. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs241992. [PMID: 32253322 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.241992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are the most abundant cytoskeleton in neurons, and control multiple facets of their development. While the MT-organizing center (MTOC) in mitotic cells is typically located at the centrosome, the MTOC in neurons switches to non-centrosomal sites. A handful of cellular components have been shown to promote non-centrosomal MT (ncMT) formation in neurons, yet the regulation mechanism remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the small GTPase Ran is a key regulator of ncMTs in neurons. Using an optogenetic tool that enables light-induced local production of RanGTP, we demonstrate that RanGTP promotes ncMT plus-end growth along the neurite. Additionally, we discovered that actin waves drive the anterograde transport of RanGTP. Pharmacological disruption of actin waves abolishes the enrichment of RanGTP and reduces growing ncMT plus-ends at the neurite tip. These observations identify a novel regulation mechanism for ncMTs and pinpoint an indirect connection between the actin and MT cytoskeletons in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-An Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30068
| | - Chih-Hsuan Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30068
| | - Ho-Chieh Chiu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30068
| | - Pei-Yu Hsi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30068
| | - Chris T Ho
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30068
| | - Wei-Lun Lo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30068
| | - Eric Hwang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30068
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30068
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30068
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30068
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87
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Yoong LF, Lim HK, Tran H, Lackner S, Zheng Z, Hong P, Moore AW. Atypical Myosin Tunes Dendrite Arbor Subdivision. Neuron 2020; 106:452-467.e8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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88
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Tang Q, Rui M, Bu S, Wang Y, Chew LY, Yu F. A microtubule polymerase is required for microtubule orientation and dendrite pruning in Drosophila. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103549. [PMID: 32267553 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila class IV ddaC neurons selectively prune all larval dendrites to refine the nervous system during metamorphosis. During dendrite pruning, severing of proximal dendrites is preceded by local microtubule (MT) disassembly. Here, we identify an unexpected role of Mini spindles (Msps), a conserved MT polymerase, in governing dendrite pruning. Msps associates with another MT-associated protein TACC, and both stabilize each other in ddaC neurons. Moreover, Msps and TACC are required to orient minus-end-out MTs in dendrites. We further show that the functions of msps in dendritic MT orientation and dendrite pruning are antagonized by the kinesin-13 MT depolymerase Klp10A. Excessive MT depolymerization, which is induced by pharmacological treatment and katanin overexpression, also perturbs dendritic MT orientation and dendrite pruning, phenocopying msps mutants. Thus, we demonstrate that the MT polymerase Msps is required to form dendritic minus-end-out MTs and thereby promotes dendrite pruning in Drosophila sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Tang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Menglong Rui
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Shufeng Bu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Yan Wang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Liang Yuh Chew
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Fengwei Yu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, Singapore City, Singapore.,Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorder Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
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89
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Marthiens V, Basto R. Centrosomes: The good and the bad for brain development. Biol Cell 2020; 112:153-172. [PMID: 32170757 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201900090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Centrosomes nucleate and organise the microtubule cytoskeleton in animal cells. These membraneless organelles are key structures for tissue organisation, polarity and growth. Centrosome dysfunction, defined as deviation in centrosome numbers and/or structural integrity, has major impact on brain size and functionality, as compared with other tissues of the organism. In this review, we discuss the contribution of centrosomes to brain growth during development. We discuss in particular the impact of centrosome dysfunction in Drosophila and mammalian neural stem cell division and fitness, which ultimately underlie brain growth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Marthiens
- Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Renata Basto
- Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, 75005, France
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90
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Rui M, Ng KS, Tang Q, Bu S, Yu F. Protein phosphatase PP2A regulates microtubule orientation and dendrite pruning in Drosophila. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48843. [PMID: 32187821 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pruning that selectively eliminates inappropriate projections is crucial for sculpting neural circuits during development. During Drosophila metamorphosis, ddaC sensory neurons undergo dendrite-specific pruning in response to the steroid hormone ecdysone. However, the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying dendrite pruning remains incomplete. Here, we show that protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is required for dendrite pruning. The catalytic (Microtubule star/Mts), scaffolding (PP2A-29B), and two regulatory subunits (Widerborst/Wdb and Twins/Tws) play important roles in dendrite pruning. Functional analyses indicate that PP2A, via Wdb, facilitates the expression of Sox14 and Mical prior to dendrite pruning. Furthermore, PP2A, via Tws, governs the minus-end-out orientation of microtubules (MTs) in the dendrites. Moreover, the levels of Klp10A, a MT depolymerase, increase when PP2A is compromised. Attenuation of Klp10A fully rescues the MT orientation defects in mts or pp2a-29b RNAi ddaC neurons, suggesting that PP2A governs dendritic MT orientation by suppressing Klp10A levels and/or function. Taken together, this study sheds light on a novel function of PP2A in regulating dendrite pruning and dendritic MT polarity in sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglong Rui
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Kay Siong Ng
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Quan Tang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Shufeng Bu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Fengwei Yu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, Singapore City, Singapore.,Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorder Program, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
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91
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Nye DMR, Albertson RM, Weiner AT, Hertzler JI, Shorey M, Goberdhan DCI, Wilson C, Janes KA, Rolls MM. The receptor tyrosine kinase Ror is required for dendrite regeneration in Drosophila neurons. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000657. [PMID: 32163406 PMCID: PMC7067388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While many regulators of axon regeneration have been identified, very little is known about mechanisms that allow dendrites to regenerate after injury. Using a Drosophila model of dendrite regeneration, we performed a candidate screen of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and found a requirement for RTK-like orphan receptor (Ror). We confirmed that Ror was required for regeneration in two different neuron types using RNA interference (RNAi) and mutants. Ror was not required for axon regeneration or normal dendrite development, suggesting a specific role in dendrite regeneration. Ror can act as a Wnt coreceptor with frizzleds (fzs) in other contexts, so we tested the involvement of Wnt signaling proteins in dendrite regeneration. We found that knockdown of fz, dishevelled (dsh), Axin, and gilgamesh (gish) also reduced dendrite regeneration. Moreover, Ror was required to position dsh and Axin in dendrites. We recently found that Wnt signaling proteins, including dsh and Axin, localize microtubule nucleation machinery in dendrites. We therefore hypothesized that Ror may act by regulating microtubule nucleation at baseline and during dendrite regeneration. Consistent with this hypothesis, localization of the core nucleation protein γTubulin was reduced in Ror RNAi neurons, and this effect was strongest during dendrite regeneration. In addition, dendrite regeneration was sensitive to partial reduction of γTubulin. We conclude that Ror promotes dendrite regeneration as part of a Wnt signaling pathway that regulates dendritic microtubule nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M. R. Nye
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- MSTP Program, Milton S. Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Albertson
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- MSTP Program, Milton S. Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alexis T. Weiner
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - J. Ian Hertzler
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew Shorey
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Clive Wilson
- Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin A. Janes
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Melissa M. Rolls
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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92
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Weiner AT, Seebold DY, Torres-Gutierrez P, Folker C, Swope RD, Kothe GO, Stoltz JG, Zalenski MK, Kozlowski C, Barbera DJ, Patel MA, Thyagarajan P, Shorey M, Nye DMR, Keegan M, Behari K, Song S, Axelrod JD, Rolls MM. Endosomal Wnt signaling proteins control microtubule nucleation in dendrites. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000647. [PMID: 32163403 PMCID: PMC7067398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrite microtubules are polarized with minus-end-out orientation in Drosophila neurons. Nucleation sites concentrate at dendrite branch points, but how they localize is not known. Using Drosophila, we found that canonical Wnt signaling proteins regulate localization of the core nucleation protein γTubulin (γTub). Reduction of frizzleds (fz), arrow (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein [LRP] 5/6), dishevelled (dsh), casein kinase Iγ, G proteins, and Axin reduced γTub-green fluorescent protein (GFP) at branch points, and two functional readouts of dendritic nucleation confirmed a role for Wnt signaling proteins. Both dsh and Axin localized to branch points, with dsh upstream of Axin. Moreover, tethering Axin to mitochondria was sufficient to recruit ectopic γTub-GFP and increase microtubule dynamics in dendrites. At dendrite branch points, Axin and dsh colocalized with early endosomal marker Rab5, and new microtubule growth initiated at puncta marked with fz, dsh, Axin, and Rab5. We propose that in dendrites, canonical Wnt signaling proteins are housed on early endosomes and recruit nucleation sites to branch points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis T. Weiner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dylan Y. Seebold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Pedro Torres-Gutierrez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christin Folker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rachel D. Swope
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gregory O. Kothe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jessica G. Stoltz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Madeleine K. Zalenski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christopher Kozlowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dylan J. Barbera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mit A. Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Pankajam Thyagarajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew Shorey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Derek M. R. Nye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew Keegan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kana Behari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Song Song
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Axelrod
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Melissa M. Rolls
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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93
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Hu C, Kanellopoulos AK, Richter M, Petersen M, Konietzny A, Tenedini FM, Hoyer N, Cheng L, Poon CLC, Harvey KF, Windhorst S, Parrish JZ, Mikhaylova M, Bagni C, Calderon de Anda F, Soba P. Conserved Tao Kinase Activity Regulates Dendritic Arborization, Cytoskeletal Dynamics, and Sensory Function in Drosophila. J Neurosci 2020; 40:1819-1833. [PMID: 31964717 PMCID: PMC7046460 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1846-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic arborization is highly regulated and requires tight control of dendritic growth, branching, cytoskeletal dynamics, and ion channel expression to ensure proper function. Abnormal dendritic development can result in altered network connectivity, which has been linked to neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). How neuronal growth control programs tune dendritic arborization to ensure function is still not fully understood. Using Drosophila dendritic arborization (da) neurons as a model, we identified the conserved Ste20-like kinase Tao as a negative regulator of dendritic arborization. We show that Tao kinase activity regulates cytoskeletal dynamics and sensory channel localization required for proper sensory function in both male and female flies. We further provide evidence for functional conservation of Tao kinase, showing that its ASD-linked human ortholog, Tao kinase 2 (Taok2), could replace Drosophila Tao and rescue dendritic branching, dynamic microtubule alterations, and behavioral defects. However, several ASD-linked Taok2 variants displayed impaired rescue activity, suggesting that Tao/Taok2 mutations can disrupt sensory neuron development and function. Consistently, we show that Tao kinase activity is required in developing and as well as adult stages for maintaining normal dendritic arborization and sensory function to regulate escape and social behavior. Our data suggest an important role for Tao kinase signaling in cytoskeletal organization to maintain proper dendritic arborization and sensory function, providing a strong link between developmental sensory aberrations and behavioral abnormalities relevant for Taok2-dependent ASDs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are linked to abnormal dendritic arbors. However, the mechanisms of how dendritic arbors develop to promote functional and proper behavior are unclear. We identified Drosophila Tao kinase, the ortholog of the ASD risk gene Taok2, as a regulator of dendritic arborization in sensory neurons. We show that Tao kinase regulates cytoskeletal dynamics, controls sensory ion channel localization, and is required to maintain somatosensory function in vivo Interestingly, ASD-linked human Taok2 mutations rendered it nonfunctional, whereas its WT form could restore neuronal morphology and function in Drosophila lacking endogenous Tao. Our findings provide evidence for a conserved role of Tao kinase in dendritic development and function of sensory neurons, suggesting that aberrant sensory function might be a common feature of ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Hu
- Neuronal Patterning and Connectivity Laboratory, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Melanie Richter
- Neuronal Development Laboratory, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Meike Petersen
- Neuronal Patterning and Connectivity Laboratory, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anja Konietzny
- Neuronal Protein Transport Laboratory, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Federico M Tenedini
- Neuronal Patterning and Connectivity Laboratory, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nina Hoyer
- Neuronal Patterning and Connectivity Laboratory, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lin Cheng
- Neuronal Patterning and Connectivity Laboratory, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carole L C Poon
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3000 Victoria, Australia
| | - Kieran F Harvey
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3000 Victoria, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | - Sabine Windhorst
- Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jay Z Parrish
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195 Washington, and
| | - Marina Mikhaylova
- Neuronal Protein Transport Laboratory, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Bagni
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Froylan Calderon de Anda
- Neuronal Development Laboratory, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Soba
- Neuronal Patterning and Connectivity Laboratory, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany,
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94
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Dynamic microtubules at the synapse. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 63:9-14. [PMID: 32062144 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are a fundamental cytoskeletal component that give neurons structure and are the primary polymer system for long distance transport of cargo throughout the cytoplasm. Although neurons are highly polarized and their structure is often maintained throughout the life of an organism, MTs can remain dynamic in axons and dendrites, undergoing bouts of polymerization and depolymerization, referred to as dynamic instability. Furthermore, MTs can be nucleated outside of the centrosome or MT organizing center (MTOC) that is located in the cell body, allowing dynamic formation and branching of MT polymers throughout the neuron. Together, these recent findings point to a much more dynamic landscape of microtubules in developing and mature neurons than was previously appreciated. Here we will focus on recent studies that show MT dynamics are playing a role at the synapse, both post-synaptically in dendrites and pre-synaptically in axons.
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95
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Cunha-Ferreira I, Chazeau A, Buijs RR, Stucchi R, Will L, Pan X, Adolfs Y, van der Meer C, Wolthuis JC, Kahn OI, Schätzle P, Altelaar M, Pasterkamp RJ, Kapitein LC, Hoogenraad CC. The HAUS Complex Is a Key Regulator of Non-centrosomal Microtubule Organization during Neuronal Development. Cell Rep 2020; 24:791-800. [PMID: 30044976 PMCID: PMC6083040 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuron morphology and function are highly dependent on proper organization of the cytoskeleton. In neurons, the centrosome is inactivated early in development, and acentrosomal microtubules are generated by mechanisms that are poorly understood. Here, we show that neuronal migration, development, and polarization depend on the multi-subunit protein HAUS/augmin complex, previously described to be required for mitotic spindle assembly in dividing cells. The HAUS complex is essential for neuronal microtubule organization by ensuring uniform microtubule polarity in axons and regulation of microtubule density in dendrites. Using live-cell imaging and high-resolution microscopy, we found that distinct HAUS clusters are distributed throughout neurons and colocalize with γ-TuRC, suggesting local microtubule nucleation events. We propose that the HAUS complex locally regulates microtubule nucleation events to control proper neuronal development. The HAUS/augmin complex regulates migration and polarization in vivo Axonal and dendritic development are regulated by HAUS/augmin complex HAUS/augmin regulates microtubule density in dendrites and polarity in axons Discrete clusters of HAUS/augmin regulate local microtubule nucleation in neurons
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Cunha-Ferreira
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anaël Chazeau
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robin R Buijs
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Stucchi
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands; Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lena Will
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Xingxiu Pan
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Youri Adolfs
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Christiaan van der Meer
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joanna C Wolthuis
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Olga I Kahn
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Philipp Schätzle
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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96
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Thoppil RJ, Sanders AAWM, Kaverina I. Detection of Microtubule Nucleation Hotspots at the Golgi. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2101:179-189. [PMID: 31879905 PMCID: PMC7015078 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0219-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarization is important for multiple physiological processes. In motile cells, microtubules (MTs) are organized as a polarized array, which is to a large extent comprised of Golgi-derived MTs (GDMTs), which asymmetrically extend toward the cell front. We have recently found that GDMT asymmetry is based on a nonrandom positioning of spatially restricted nucleation hotspots, where MTs form in a cooperative manner. Here, we summarize methods used for GDMT identification including microtubule regrowth after complete drug-induced depolymerization and tracking of growing microtubules using fluorescent MT plus-end-tracking proteins (+TIPs) in living cells, and subsequent detection of those GDMTs that originate from the nucleation hotspots. These approaches can be used for quantification of the spatial distribution of MT nucleation events associated with the Golgi or another large structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roslin J Thoppil
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Anna A W M Sanders
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Irina Kaverina
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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97
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Freal A, Hoogenraad CC. Neuronal Cytoskeleton: Presynaptic Boutons as Hotspots for Activity-Dependent Microtubule Nucleation. Curr Biol 2019; 29:R1307-R1309. [PMID: 31846677 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Local microtubule remodeling plays a crucial role in controlling the transport of neuronal cargo. A new study reveals that excitatory en passant boutons in the axon are hotspots for activity-induced microtubule nucleation and provide tracks for interbouton vesicle trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Freal
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Axonal Signaling, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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98
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Ravichandran Y, Goud B, Manneville JB. The Golgi apparatus and cell polarity: Roles of the cytoskeleton, the Golgi matrix, and Golgi membranes. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 62:104-113. [PMID: 31751898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking plays a crucial role in cell polarity by directing lipids and proteins to specific subcellular locations in the cell and sustaining a polarized state. The Golgi apparatus, the master organizer of membrane trafficking, can be subdivided into three layers that play different mechanical roles: a cytoskeletal layer, the so-called Golgi matrix, and the Golgi membranes. First, the outer regions of the Golgi apparatus interact with cytoskeletal elements, mainly actin and microtubules, which shape, position, and orient the organelle. Closer to the Golgi membranes, a matrix of long coiled-coiled proteins not only selectively captures transport intermediates but also participates in signaling events during polarization of membrane trafficking. Finally, the Golgi membranes themselves serve as active signaling platforms during cell polarity events. We review here the recent findings that link the Golgi apparatus to cell polarity, focusing on the roles of the cytoskeleton, the Golgi matrix, and the Golgi membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini Ravichandran
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm F-75005, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm F-75005, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, CNRS, UMR 3691, 25 rue du Docteur Roux F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Goud
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm F-75005, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Manneville
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm F-75005, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm F-75005, Paris, France.
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99
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Zhou S, Deng C, Xu P, Fan Q, Zhang X, Jia Y, Su L, He Q, Liu Y, Song B. Cellular Metabolism of Fluorescent Nanoprobes Formed by Self-Assembly of Amphiphiles: Dynamic Trafficking from the Golgi Apparatus to the Lysosome. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:5790-5798. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pan Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bo Song
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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100
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The organization of Golgi in Drosophila bristles requires microtubule motor protein function and a properly organized microtubule array. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223174. [PMID: 31577833 PMCID: PMC6774520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present report, we used highly elongated Drosophila bristle cells to dissect the role of dynein heavy chain (Dhc64C) in Golgi organization. We demonstrated that whereas in the bristle "somal" region Golgi units are composed of cis-, medial, and trans-Golgi compartments ("complete Golgi"), the bristle shaft contains Golgi satellites that lack the trans-Golgi compartment (hereafter referred to as "incomplete Golgi") and which are static and localized at the base area. However, in Dhc64C mutants, the entire bristle shaft was filled with complete Golgi units containing ectopic trans-Golgi components. To further understand Golgi bristle organization, we tested the roles of microtubule (MT) polarity and the Dhc-opposing motor, kinesin heavy chain (Khc). For our surprise, we found that in Khc and Ik2Dominant-negative (DN) flies in which the polarized organization of MTs is affected, the bristle shaft was filled with complete Golgi, similarly to what is seen in Dhc64C flies. Thus, we demonstrated that MTs and the motor proteins Dhc and Khc are required for bristle Golgi organization. However, the fact that both Dhc64C and Khc flies showed similar Golgi defects calls for an additional work to elucidate the molecular mechanism describing why these factors are required for bristle Golgi organization.
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