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Supp AD, Avila S, Mastella GA, Damásio L, de Oliveira IH, Godoi AK, Michels A, Schuck PF, Zugno AI. Ascorbic acid supplementation attenuates schizophrenia-like symptoms in an animal model induced by ketamine. Int J Dev Neurosci 2020; 81:26-36. [PMID: 32780510 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder with a poorly understood pathophysiology. The theories about the disorder are mainly about dysregulation in one or more systems of neurotransmitters, and the progression triggers the presence of inflammatory markers indicates the possibility that the disorder is initially an inflammatory disease. The objective was to evaluate the ascorbic acid supplementation in an animal model of schizophrenia, on behavioral parameters, and cytokines involved in inflammation IL-1β, IL-10. Wistar rats with 60 days of age were used which were supplemented with ascorbic acid at 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg or saline for 14 days via orogastric gavage. Subsequently, four groups were given ketamine (25 mg/kg) and four groups received intraperitoneal saline from the 9th-15th day of the experiment. After 30 min of the last administration of ketamine/saline, and behavioral test, rats were killed by guillotine decapitation and the brain structures were carefully dissected for biochemical analysis. Results showed that ascorbic acid supplementation prevented motor sensory loss but nor alter other parameters evaluated. We concluded that ascorbic acid may be used as a therapeutic adjuvant in schizophrenia and may help to improve the schizophrenic patient's life quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo D Supp
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Silvio Avila
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Gustavo A Mastella
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Louyse Damásio
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Isabela H de Oliveira
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Amanda K Godoi
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Alander Michels
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Patricia F Schuck
- School of Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alexandra I Zugno
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
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Martí Navia A, Dal Ben D, Lambertucci C, Spinaci A, Volpini R, Marques-Morgado I, Coelho JE, Lopes LV, Marucci G, Buccioni M. Adenosine Receptors as Neuroinflammation Modulators: Role of A 1 Agonists and A 2A Antagonists. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071739. [PMID: 32708189 PMCID: PMC7409197 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathological condition of neuroinflammation is caused by the activation of the neuroimmune cells astrocytes and microglia. The autacoid adenosine seems to be an important neuromodulator in this condition. Its main receptors involved in the neuroinflammation modulation are A1AR and A2AAR. Evidence suggests that A1AR activation produces a neuroprotective effect and A2AARs block prevents neuroinflammation. The aim of this work is to elucidate the effects of these receptors in neuroinflammation using the partial agonist 2'-dCCPA (2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyl-2'-deoxyadenosine) (C1 KiA1AR = 550 nM, KiA2AAR = 24,800 nM, and KiA3AR = 5560 nM, α = 0.70, EC50A1AR = 832 nM) and the newly synthesized in house compound 8-chloro-9-ethyl-2-phenethoxyadenine (C2 KiA2AAR = 0.75 nM; KiA1AR = 17 nM and KiA3AR = 227 nM, IC50A2AAR = 251 nM unpublished results). The experiments were performed in in vitro and in in vivo models of neuroinflammation. Results showed that C1 was able to prevent the inflammatory effect induced by cytokine cocktail (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ) while C2 possess both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, counteracting both neuroinflammation in mixed glial cells and in an animal model of neuroinflammation. In conclusion, C2 is a potential candidate for neuroinflammation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleix Martí Navia
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy; (A.M.N.); (D.D.B.); (C.L.); (A.S.); (R.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Diego Dal Ben
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy; (A.M.N.); (D.D.B.); (C.L.); (A.S.); (R.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Catia Lambertucci
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy; (A.M.N.); (D.D.B.); (C.L.); (A.S.); (R.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Andrea Spinaci
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy; (A.M.N.); (D.D.B.); (C.L.); (A.S.); (R.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Rosaria Volpini
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy; (A.M.N.); (D.D.B.); (C.L.); (A.S.); (R.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Inês Marques-Morgado
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; (I.M.-M.); (J.E.C.); (L.V.L.)
| | - Joana E. Coelho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; (I.M.-M.); (J.E.C.); (L.V.L.)
| | - Luísa V. Lopes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; (I.M.-M.); (J.E.C.); (L.V.L.)
| | - Gabriella Marucci
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy; (A.M.N.); (D.D.B.); (C.L.); (A.S.); (R.V.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-073-7402-223
| | - Michela Buccioni
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy; (A.M.N.); (D.D.B.); (C.L.); (A.S.); (R.V.); (M.B.)
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Yang D, Ding C, Qi G, Feldmeyer D. Cholinergic and Adenosinergic Modulation of Synaptic Release. Neuroscience 2020; 456:114-130. [PMID: 32540364 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this review we will discuss the effect of two neuromodulatory transmitters, acetylcholine (ACh) and adenosine, on the synaptic release probability and short-term synaptic plasticity. ACh and adenosine differ fundamentally in the way they are released into the extracellular space. ACh is released mostly from synaptic terminals and axonal bouton of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain (BF). Its mode of action on synaptic release probability is complex because it activate both ligand-gated ion channels, so-called nicotinic ACh receptors and G-protein coupled muscarinic ACh receptors. In contrast, adenosine is released from both neurons and glia via nucleoside transporters or diffusion over the cell membrane in a non-vesicular, non-synaptic fashion; its receptors are exclusively G-protein coupled receptors. We show that ACh and adenosine effects are highly specific for an identified synaptic connection and depend mostly on the presynaptic but also on the postsynaptic receptor type and discuss the functional implications of these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqing Yang
- Research Centre Juelich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 10, Leo-Brandt-Strasse, Juelich, Germany
| | - Chao Ding
- Research Centre Juelich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 10, Leo-Brandt-Strasse, Juelich, Germany
| | - Guanxiao Qi
- Research Centre Juelich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 10, Leo-Brandt-Strasse, Juelich, Germany
| | - Dirk Feldmeyer
- Research Centre Juelich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 10, Leo-Brandt-Strasse, Juelich, Germany; RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen, Germany; Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance Brain - JARA Brain, Germany.
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Choudhury H, Chellappan DK, Sengupta P, Pandey M, Gorain B. Adenosine Receptors in Modulation of Central Nervous System Disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:2808-2827. [PMID: 31309883 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190712181955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous signaling nucleoside molecule, adenosine is found in different cells of the human body to provide its numerous pharmacological role. The associated actions of endogenous adenosine are largely dependent on conformational change of the widely expressed heterodimeric G-protein-coupled A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs). These receptors are well conserved on the surface of specific cells, where potent neuromodulatory properties of this bioactive molecule reflected by its easy passage through the rigid blood-brainbarrier, to simultaneously act on the central nervous system (CNS). The minimal concentration of adenosine in body fluids (30-300 nM) is adequate to exert its neuromodulatory action in the CNS, whereas the modulatory effect of adenosine on ARs is the consequence of several neurodegenerative diseases. Modulatory action concerning the activation of such receptors in the CNS could be facilitated towards neuroprotective action against such CNS disorders. Our aim herein is to discuss briefly pathophysiological roles of adenosine on ARs in the modulation of different CNS disorders, which could be focused towards the identification of potential drug targets in recovering accompanying CNS disorders. Researches with active components with AR modulatory action have been extended and already reached to the bedside of the patients through clinical research in the improvement of CNS disorders. Therefore, this review consist of recent findings in literatures concerning the impact of ARs on diverse CNS disease pathways with the possible relevance to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Choudhury
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dinesh K Chellappan
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pallav Sengupta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, MA`HSA University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Manisha Pandey
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bapi Gorain
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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de Nicola D, Vinale F, Salzano A, d’Errico G, Vassetti A, D’Onofrio N, Balestrieri ML, Neglia G. Milk Metabolomics Reveals Potential Biomarkers for Early Prediction of Pregnancy in Buffaloes Having Undergone Artificial Insemination. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050758. [PMID: 32349376 PMCID: PMC7277816 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify potential biomarkers for early pregnancy diagnosis in buffaloes subjected to artificial insemination (AI). The study was carried out on 10 pregnant and 10 non-pregnant buffaloes that were synchronized by Ovsynch-Timed Artificial Insemination Program and have undergone the first AI. Furthermore, milk samples were individually collected ten days before AI (the start of the synchronization treatment), on the day of AI, day 7 and 18 after AI, and were analyzed by LC-MS. Statistical analysis was carried out by using Mass Profile Professional (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Metabolomic analysis revealed the presence of several metabolites differentially expressed between pregnant and non-pregnant buffaloes. Among these, a total of five metabolites were identified by comparison with an online database and a standard compound as acetylcarnitine (3-Acetoxy-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate), arginine-succinic acid hydrate, 5'-O-{[3-({4-[(3aminopropyl)amino]butyl}amino)propyl]carbamoyl}-2'-deoxyadenosine, N-(1-Hydroxy-2-hexadecanyl)pentadecanamide, and N-[2,3-Bis(dodecyloxy)propyl]-L-lysinamide). Interestingly, acetylcarnitine was dominant in milk samples collected from non-pregnant buffaloes. The results obtained from milk metabolic profile and hierarchical clustering analysis revealed significant differences between pregnant and non-pregnant buffaloes, as well as in the metabolite expression. Overall, the findings indicate the potential of milk metabolomics as a powerful tool to identify biomarkers of early pregnancy in buffalo undergoing AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato de Nicola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Naples, Italy; (D.d.N.); (F.V.); (G.N.)
| | - Francesco Vinale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Naples, Italy; (D.d.N.); (F.V.); (G.N.)
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Angela Salzano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Naples, Italy; (D.d.N.); (F.V.); (G.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0812536215
| | - Giada d’Errico
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy; (G.d.); (A.V.)
| | - Anastasia Vassetti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy; (G.d.); (A.V.)
| | - Nunzia D’Onofrio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (N.D.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Maria Luisa Balestrieri
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (N.D.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Gianluca Neglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Naples, Italy; (D.d.N.); (F.V.); (G.N.)
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Multiple Adenosine-Dopamine (A2A-D2 Like) Heteroreceptor Complexes in the Brain and Their Role in Schizophrenia. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051077. [PMID: 32349279 PMCID: PMC7290895 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 1980s and 1990s, the concept was introduced that molecular integration in the Central Nervous System could develop through allosteric receptor–receptor interactions in heteroreceptor complexes presents in neurons. A number of adenosine–dopamine heteroreceptor complexes were identified that lead to the A2A-D2 heteromer hypothesis of schizophrenia. The hypothesis is based on strong antagonistic A2A-D2 receptor–receptor interactions and their presence in the ventral striato-pallidal GABA anti-reward neurons leading to reduction of positive symptoms. Other types of adenosine A2A heteroreceptor complexes are also discussed in relation to this disease, such as A2A-D3 and A2A-D4 heteroreceptor complexes as well as higher order A2A-D2-mGluR5 and A2A-D2-Sigma1R heteroreceptor complexes. The A2A receptor protomer can likely modulate the function of the D4 receptors of relevance for understanding cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. A2A-D2-mGluR5 complex is of interest since upon A2A/mGluR5 coactivation they appear to synergize in producing strong inhibition of the D2 receptor protomer. For understanding the future of the schizophrenia treatment, the vulnerability of the current A2A-D2like receptor complexes will be tested in animal models of schizophrenia. A2A-D2-Simag1R complexes hold the highest promise through Sigma1R enhancement of inhibition of D2R function. In line with this work, Lara proposed a highly relevant role of adenosine for neurobiology of schizophrenia.
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Chandrasekaran B, Samarneh S, Jaber AMY, Kassab G, Agrawal N. Therapeutic Potentials of A2B Adenosine Receptor Ligands: Current Status and Perspectives. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:2741-2771. [PMID: 31333084 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190717105834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenosine receptors (ARs) are classified as A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 subtypes belong to the superfamily of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). More than 40% of modern medicines act through either activation or inhibition of signaling processes associated with GPCRs. In particular, A2B AR signaling pathways are implicated in asthma, inflammation, cancer, ischemic hyperfusion, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, and kidney disease. METHODS This article reviews different disease segments wherein A2B AR is implicated and discusses the potential role of subtype-selective A2B AR ligands in the management of such diseases or disorders. All the relevant publications on this topic are reviewed and presented scientifically. RESULTS This review provides an up-to-date highlight of the recent advances in the development of novel and selective A2B AR ligands and their therapeutic role in treating various disease conditions. A special focus has been given to the therapeutic potentials of selective A2B AR ligands in the management of airway inflammatory conditions and cancer. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review demonstrates the current status and perspectives of A2B AR ligands as therapeutically useful agents that would assist medicinal chemists and pharmacologists in discovering novel and subtype-selective A2B AR ligands as potential drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balakumar Chandrasekaran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University-Jordan, P. O. Box: 1, Philadelphia University-19392, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sara Samarneh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University-Jordan, P. O. Box: 1, Philadelphia University-19392, Amman, Jordan
| | - Abdul Muttaleb Yousef Jaber
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University-Jordan, P. O. Box: 1, Philadelphia University-19392, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ghadir Kassab
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University-Jordan, P. O. Box: 1, Philadelphia University-19392, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nikhil Agrawal
- College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. O. Box: 4000, Westville, Durban, South Africa
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Moody CL, Funk AJ, Devine E, Devore Homan RC, Boison D, McCullumsmith RE, O’Donovan SM. Adenosine Kinase Expression in the Frontal Cortex in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2020; 46:690-698. [PMID: 32275755 PMCID: PMC7147579 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbz086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine hypothesis of schizophrenia posits that reduced availability of the neuromodulator adenosine contributes to dysregulation of dopamine and glutamate transmission and the symptoms associated with schizophrenia. It has been proposed that increased expression of the enzyme adenosine kinase (ADK) may drive hypofunction of the adenosine system. While animal models of ADK overexpression support such a role for altered ADK, the expression of ADK in schizophrenia has yet to be examined. In this study, we assayed ADK gene and protein expression in frontocortical tissue from schizophrenia subjects. In the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), ADK-long and -short splice variant expression was not significantly altered in schizophrenia compared to controls. There was also no significant difference in ADK splice variant expression in the frontal cortex of rats treated chronically with haloperidol-decanoate, in a study to identify the effect of antipsychotics on ADK gene expression. ADK protein expression was not significantly altered in the DLPFC or anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). There was no significant effect of antipsychotic medication on ADK protein expression in the DLPFC or ACC. Overall, our results suggest that increased ADK expression does not contribute to hypofunction of the adenosine system in schizophrenia and that alternative mechanisms are involved in dysregulation of this system in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassidy L Moody
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Adam J Funk
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH
| | - Emily Devine
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH
| | | | - Detlev Boison
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
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Ossowska K, Kosmowska B, Wardas J. Potential antipsychotic action of the selective agonist of adenosine A1 receptors, 5'-Cl-5'-deoxy-ENBA, in amphetamine and MK-801 rat models. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:580-588. [PMID: 32219695 PMCID: PMC7329802 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Disturbances of dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmissions have been suggested to be involved in the pathomechanisms underlying psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. In line with this concept, hyperlocomotion induced by the dopaminomimetic amphetamine and the uncompetitive antagonist of NMDA receptors MK-801 (dizocilpine) in rodents is a generally established model for screening of new potential antipsychotic drugs. Since recent studies have indicated that receptors for adenosine may be targets for antipsychotic therapy, the aim of the present study was to investigate an influence of 5′-Cl-5′-deoxy-ENBA, a potent and selective adenosine A1 receptor agonist, on hyperlocomotion induced by amphetamine and MK-801. Methods Locomotor activity was measured by Force Plate Actimeters where four force transducers located below the corners of the floor of the cage tracked the animal position on a Cartesian plane at each time point. Results Hyperlocomotion induced by either amphetamine (1 mg/kg sc) or MK-801 (0.3 mg/kg ip) was inhibited by 5′-Cl-5′-deoxy-ENBA (0.1 mg/kg ip). The effect of 5′-Cl-5′-deoxy-ENBA on the amphetamine- and MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion was antagonized by the selective antagonist of adenosine A1 receptor DPCPX at doses of 1 and 2 mg/kg ip, respectively. Conclusion The present study suggests that stimulation of adenosine A1 receptors may produce antipsychotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Ossowska
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Barbara Kosmowska
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Wardas
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
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Effendi WI, Nagano T, Kobayashi K, Nishimura Y. Focusing on Adenosine Receptors as a Potential Targeted Therapy in Human Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:E785. [PMID: 32213945 PMCID: PMC7140859 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is involved in a range of physiological and pathological effects through membrane-bound receptors linked to G proteins. There are four subtypes of adenosine receptors, described as A1AR, A2AAR, A2BAR, and A3AR, which are the center of cAMP signal pathway-based drug development. Several types of agonists, partial agonists or antagonists, and allosteric substances have been synthesized from these receptors as new therapeutic drug candidates. Research efforts surrounding A1AR and A2AAR are perhaps the most enticing because of their concentration and affinity; however, as a consequence of distressing conditions, both A2BAR and A3AR levels might accumulate. This review focuses on the biological features of each adenosine receptor as the basis of ligand production and describes clinical studies of adenosine receptor-associated pharmaceuticals in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiwin Is Effendi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan; (W.I.E.); (K.K.); (Y.N.)
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Medical Faculty of Airlangga University, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia
| | - Tatsuya Nagano
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan; (W.I.E.); (K.K.); (Y.N.)
| | - Kazuyuki Kobayashi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan; (W.I.E.); (K.K.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yoshihiro Nishimura
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan; (W.I.E.); (K.K.); (Y.N.)
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Gebril HM, Rose RM, Gesese R, Emond MP, Huo Y, Aronica E, Boison D. Adenosine kinase inhibition promotes proliferation of neural stem cells after traumatic brain injury. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa017. [PMID: 32322821 PMCID: PMC7158236 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health concern and remains a leading cause of disability and socio-economic burden. To date, there is no proven therapy that promotes brain repair following an injury to the brain. In this study, we explored the role of an isoform of adenosine kinase expressed in the cell nucleus (ADK-L) as a potential regulator of neural stem cell proliferation in the brain. The rationale for this hypothesis is based on coordinated expression changes of ADK-L during foetal and postnatal murine and human brain development indicating a role in the regulation of cell proliferation and plasticity in the brain. We first tested whether the genetic disruption of ADK-L would increase neural stem cell proliferation after TBI. Three days after TBI, modelled by a controlled cortical impact, transgenic mice, which lack ADK-L (ADKΔneuron) in the dentate gyrus (DG) showed a significant increase in neural stem cell proliferation as evidenced by significant increases in doublecortin and Ki67-positive cells, whereas animals with transgenic overexpression of ADK-L in dorsal forebrain neurons (ADK-Ltg) showed an opposite effect of attenuated neural stem cell proliferation. Next, we translated those findings into a pharmacological approach to augment neural stem cell proliferation in the injured brain. Wild-type C57BL/6 mice were treated with the small molecule adenosine kinase inhibitor 5-iodotubercidin for 3 days after the induction of TBI. We demonstrate significantly enhanced neural stem cell proliferation in the DG of 5-iodotubercidin-treated mice compared to vehicle-treated injured animals. To rule out the possibility that blockade of ADK-L has any effects in non-injured animals, we quantified baseline neural stem cell proliferation in ADKΔneuron mice, which was not altered, whereas baseline neural stem cell proliferation in ADK-Ltg mice was enhanced. Together these findings demonstrate a novel function of ADK-L involved in the regulation of neural stem cell proliferation after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda M Gebril
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.,Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR 97232, USA
| | - Rizelle Mae Rose
- Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR 97232, USA
| | - Raey Gesese
- Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR 97232, USA
| | - Martine P Emond
- Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR 97232, USA
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center and Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen (SEIN) Nederland, Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Detlev Boison
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Tarasov VV, Svistunov AA, Chubarev VN, Sologova SS, Mukhortova P, Levushkin D, Somasundaram SG, Kirkland CE, Bachurin SO, Aliev G. Alterations of Astrocytes in the Context of Schizophrenic Dementia. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1612. [PMID: 32116664 PMCID: PMC7020441 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of the astrocyte markers (GFAP, S100B) were increased unevenly in patients with schizophrenia. Reactive astrogliosis was found in approximately 70% of patients with schizophrenia. The astrocytes play a major role in etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Astrocytes produce the components that altered in schizophrenia extracellular matrix system which are involved in inflammation, functioning of interneurons, glio-, and neurotransmitter system, especially glutamate system. Astrocytes activate the interneurons through glutamate release and ATP. Decreased expression of astrocyte glutamate transporters was observed in patients with schizophrenia. Astrocytes influence on N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors via D-serine, an agonist of the glycine-binding site of NMDA receptors, and kynurenic acid, an endogenous antagonist. NMDA receptors, on its turn, control the impulses of dopamine neurons. Therefore following theories of schizophrenia are proposed. They are a) activation of astrocytes for neuroinflammation, b) glutamate and dopamine theory, as astrocyte products control the activity of NMDA receptors, which influence on the dopamine neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim V Tarasov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A Svistunov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Chubarev
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Susanna S Sologova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina Mukhortova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitrii Levushkin
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Siva G Somasundaram
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, United States
| | - Cecil E Kirkland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, United States
| | - Sergey O Bachurin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia.,Federal State Budgetary Institution, Research Institute of Human Morphology, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,GALLY International Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
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63
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Petković B, Kesić S, Pešić V. Critical View on the Usage of Ribavirin in Already Existing Psychostimulant-Use Disorder. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:466-484. [PMID: 31939725 PMCID: PMC8383468 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200115094642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Substance-use disorder represents a frequently hidden non-communicable chronic disease. Patients with intravenous drug addiction are at high risk of direct exposure to a variety of viral infections and are considered to be the largest subpopulation infected with the hepatitis C virus. Ribavirin is a synthetic nucleoside analog that has been used as an integral component of hepatitis C therapy. However, ribavirin medication is quite often associated with pronounced psychiatric adverse effects. It is not well understood to what extent ribavirin per se contributes to changes in drug-related neurobehavioral disturbances, especially in the case of psychostimulant drugs, such as amphetamine. It is now well-known that repeated amphetamine usage produces psychosis in humans and behavioral sensitization in animals. On the other hand, ribavirin has an affinity for adenosine A1 receptors that antagonistically modulate the activity of dopamine D1 receptors, which play a critical role in the development of behavioral sensitization. This review will focus on the current knowledge of neurochemical/ neurobiological changes that exist in the psychostimulant drug-addicted brain itself and the antipsychotic-like efficiency of adenosine agonists. Particular attention will be paid to the potential side effects of ribavirin therapy, and the opportunities and challenges related to its application in already existing psychostimulant-use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branka Petković
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana Blvd. 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia; Tel: +381-11-20-78-300; Fax: +381-11-27-61-433; E-mail:
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Gill WD, Shelton HW, Burgess KC, Brown RW. Effects of an adenosine A 2A agonist on the rewarding associative properties of nicotine and neural plasticity in a rodent model of schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:137-144. [PMID: 31694445 PMCID: PMC9199013 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119885917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenosine A2a receptors form a mutually inhibitory heteromeric complex with dopamine D2 receptors such that each receptor exhibits lower sensitivity to its agonist after the opposing receptor agonist is bound. This study analyzed the effects of CGS 21680, an adenosine A2A agonist, on nicotine conditioned place preference (CPP) in adolescence using a rodent model of schizophrenia (SZ). METHODS Rats were treated from postnatal day (P) 1 to P21 with saline or the dopamine D2/D3 agonist quinpirole (NQ treatment) and raised to P41. After an initial preference test, rats were conditioned with saline or nicotine (0.6 mg/kg base) from P43 to P51. CGS 21680 (0.03 or 0.09 mg/kg) was given 15 minutes before nicotine was administered. The post-conditioning test was administered on P52. On P53, the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) was analyzed for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell-lined neurotrophic factor (GDNF). RESULTS Results revealed that NQ treatment enhanced nicotine CPP, and both doses of CGS 21680 alleviated this enhancement. Nicotine also resulted in a CPP in controls, which was alleviated by both doses of CGS 21680. BDNF closely followed the behavioral results: CGS 21680 alleviated the enhancement in NAcc BDNF in NQ-treated animals, and eliminated the increase in NAcc BDNF produced by nicotine in controls. NQ-treated animals conditioned to nicotine resulted in an increase of NAcc GDNF, but this was eliminated by CGS 21680. Both BDNF and GDNF correlated with CPP performance. CONCLUSIONS Results revealed that an adenosine A2A agonist decreased the rewarding aspects of nicotine and its accompanying neural plasticity changes in a model of SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Drew Gill
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Heath W Shelton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Katherine C Burgess
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Russell W Brown
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
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Guidolin D, Marcoli M, Tortorella C, Maura G, Agnati LF. Adenosine A 2A-dopamine D 2 receptor-receptor interaction in neurons and astrocytes: Evidence and perspectives. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 169:247-277. [PMID: 31952688 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of receptor-receptor interactions in the early 1980s, together with a more accurate focusing of allosteric mechanisms in proteins, expanded the knowledge on the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated signaling processes. GPCRs were seen to operate not only as monomers, but also as quaternary structures shaped by allosteric interactions. These integrative mechanisms can change the function of the GPCRs involved, leading to a sophisticated dynamic of the receptor assembly in terms of modulation of recognition and signaling. In this context, the heterodimeric complex formed by the adenosine A2A and the dopamine D2 receptors likely represents a prototypical example. The pharmacological evidence obtained, together with the tissue distribution of the A2A-D2 heteromeric complexes, suggested they could represent a target for new therapeutic strategies addressing significant disorders of the central nervous system. The research findings and the perspectives they offer from the therapeutic standpoint are the focus of the here presented discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Cinzia Tortorella
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Guido Maura
- Department of Pharmacy and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Luigi F Agnati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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66
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Sánchez-Melgar A, Albasanz JL, Martín M. Polyphenols and Neuroprotection: The Role of Adenosine Receptors. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1089/caff.2019.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Sánchez-Melgar
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, CRIB, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José Luis Albasanz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, CRIB, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Mairena Martín
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, CRIB, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Rodrigues RJ, Marques JM, Cunha RA. Purinergic signalling and brain development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 95:34-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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68
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Pal Y, Bandyopadhyay N, Pal RS, Ahmed S, Bandopadhyay S. Perspective and Potential of A2A and A3 Adenosine Receptors as Therapeutic Targets for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:2859-2874. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190710111658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is a purine nucleoside which is an effective controller of inflammation. The inflammatory effect of adenosine is expressed via its four receptor subtypes viz. A1, A2A, A2B and A3. The various inflammatory conditions including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are initiated by adenosine receptors of which A2A and A3 play a vital role. RA primarily is an auto-immune disorder which is manifested as chronic inflammation in the synovial lining of joints. In order to develop an effective treatment, the role of cytokines, IL–1, TNF-α and IL–6 is crucial. Besides, the knowledge of PI3K-PKB/Akt and NF-kB signaling pathway is also important to understand the antiinflammatory targets. Methotrexate along with various other molecules like, NSAIDs and DMARDs are presently used as treatment lines for controlling RA. The enhanced knowledge of the preclinical stages and pathogenesis along with recent potent therapeutics raises the hopes that RA can be prevented in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogendra Pal
- Department of Pharmacy, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Bhauti, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 209305, India
| | - Nabamita Bandyopadhyay
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Malarial Research (NIMR), Dwarka, New Delhi, Delhi 110077, India
| | - Rashmi S. Pal
- Department of Pharmacy, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Bhauti, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 209305, India
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmed
- Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kashipur, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand 244713, India
| | - Shantanu Bandopadhyay
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naraina Vidya Peeth Group of Institutions, Panki, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208020, India
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69
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Adenosine A2A receptor as potential therapeutic target in neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Hawk BJD, Khounlo R, Shin YK. Alpha-Synuclein Continues to Enhance SNARE-Dependent Vesicle Docking at Exorbitant Concentrations. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:216. [PMID: 30949020 PMCID: PMC6437117 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, Parkinson’s disease-associated α-synuclein (αS) has emerged as an important regulator for SNARE-dependent vesicle fusion. However, it is controversial if excessive accumulation of αS, even in the absence of aggregation, impairs neurotransmission. Here we use a single vesicle fusion assay with ms time resolution capable of dissecting the impact of αS on each step of membrane fusion. Unlike the previous results from various in vitro, cellular, and in vivo studies, we find that non-aggregated αS promotes vesicle merger even at exorbitant concentrations. The enhancement has been seen as much as 13 fold. Delving into the kinetics of the intermediate states for vesicle fusion reveals that αS stimulates vesicle docking without altering the dynamics of bilayer merger (lipid mixing). However, minute amounts of soluble aggregated species abolish SNARE-dependent bilayer merger completely. Thus, the results show that excessive accumulation of non-aggregated αS may not be toxic for neurotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenden J D Hawk
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ryan Khounlo
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Yeon-Kyun Shin
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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71
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Devi R, Gogoi S, Barua S, Sankar Dutta H, Bordoloi M, Khan R. Electrochemical detection of monosodium glutamate in foodstuffs based on Au@MoS2/chitosan modified glassy carbon electrode. Food Chem 2019; 276:350-357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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The past and future of novel, non-dopamine-2 receptor therapeutics for schizophrenia: A critical and comprehensive review. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 108:57-83. [PMID: 30055853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of chlorpromazine in the 1950's, antipsychotic drugs have been the cornerstone of treatment of schizophrenia, and all attenuate dopamine transmission at the dopamine-2 receptor. Drug development for schizophrenia since that time has led to improvements in side effects and tolerability, and limited improvements in efficacy, with the exception of clozapine. However, the reasons for clozapine's greater efficacy remain unclear, despite the great efforts and resources invested therewith. We performed a comprehensive review of the literature to determine the fate of previously tested, non-dopamine-2 receptor experimental treatments. Overall we included 250 studies in the review from the period 1970 to 2017 including treatments with glutamatergic, serotonergic, cholinergic, neuropeptidergic, hormone-based, dopaminergic, metabolic, vitamin/naturopathic, histaminergic, infection/inflammation-based, and miscellaneous mechanisms. Despite there being several promising targets, such as allosteric modulation of the NMDA and α7 nicotinic receptors, we cannot confidently state that any of the mechanistically novel experimental treatments covered in this review are definitely effective for the treatment of schizophrenia and ready for clinical use. We discuss potential reasons for the relative lack of progress in developing non-dopamine-2 receptor treatments for schizophrenia and provide recommendations for future efforts pursuing novel drug development for schizophrenia.
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73
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Weng YT, Chien T, Kuan II, Chern Y. The TRAX, DISC1, and GSK3 complex in mental disorders and therapeutic interventions. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:71. [PMID: 30285728 PMCID: PMC6171312 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0473-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders (such as bipolar disorder, depression, and schizophrenia) affect the lives of millions of individuals worldwide. Despite the tremendous efforts devoted to various types of psychiatric studies and rapidly accumulating genetic information, the molecular mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorder development remain elusive. Among the genes that have been implicated in schizophrenia and other mental disorders, disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) have been intensively investigated. DISC1 binds directly to GSK3 and modulates many cellular functions by negatively inhibiting GSK3 activity. The human DISC1 gene is located on chromosome 1 and is highly associated with schizophrenia and other mental disorders. A recent study demonstrated that a neighboring gene of DISC1, translin-associated factor X (TRAX), binds to the DISC1/GSK3β complex and at least partly mediates the actions of the DISC1/GSK3β complex. Previous studies also demonstrate that TRAX and most of its interacting proteins that have been identified so far are risk genes and/or markers of mental disorders. In the present review, we will focus on the emerging roles of TRAX and its interacting proteins (including DISC1 and GSK3β) in psychiatric disorders and the potential implications for developing therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Weng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd. Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ting Chien
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd. Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - I-I Kuan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd. Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd. Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Osborne DM, Sandau US, Jones AT, Vander Velden JW, Weingarten AM, Etesami N, Huo Y, Shen HY, Boison D. Developmental role of adenosine kinase for the expression of sex-dependent neuropsychiatric behavior. Neuropharmacology 2018; 141:89-97. [PMID: 30145320 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in social memory, cognition, and aberrant responses to stimulants are common among persons affected by schizophrenia and other conditions with a presumed developmental etiology. We previously found that expression changes in the adenosine metabolizing enzyme adenosine kinase (ADK) in the adult brain are associated with deficits in various cognitive domains. To distinguish between developmental and adult functions of ADK, we used two transgenic mouse lines with widespread disruption of ADK expression in the adult brain, but differences in the onset of ADK deletion. Specifically, we compared Nestin-Cre+/-:ADK-floxfl/fl (ADKΔBrain) mice with global loss of ADK in the whole brain, beginning in mid-gestation and persisting for life, with Gfa2-Cre+/-:ADK-floxfl/fl (ADKΔAstro) mice that have normal ADK expression throughout development, but lose astrocyte-specific ADK-expression in young adulthood. Because ADK-expression in adulthood is generally confined to astrocytes, adult ADKΔAstro mice show a similar expression profile of ADK in key areas of the brain related to neuropsychiatric behavior, compared to adult ADKΔBrain mice. We sought to determine a neurodevelopmental role of ADK on the expression of psychiatric behaviors in adult male and female mice. Adult ADKΔBrain mice showed significant deficits in social memory in males, significant contextual learning impairments in both sexes, and a hyper-responsiveness to amphetamine in males. In contrast, ADKΔAstro mice showed normal social memory and contextual learning but hypo-responsiveness to amphetamine in males. Our results demonstrate a key developmental role of ADK in mediating behaviors in adulthood related to neuropsychiatric disease and support the greater prevalence of these disorders among males.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Osborne
- Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - U S Sandau
- Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - A T Jones
- Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - J W Vander Velden
- Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - A M Weingarten
- Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - N Etesami
- Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Y Huo
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - H Y Shen
- Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - D Boison
- Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, USA
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Cell-subtype-specific changes in adenosine pathways in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:1667-1674. [PMID: 29483661 PMCID: PMC6006250 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prior work in animal models implicates abnormalities of adenosine metabolism in astrocytes as a possible pathophysiological mechanism underlying the symptoms of schizophrenia. In the present study, we sought to reverse-translate these findings back to the human brain in schizophrenia, focusing on the following questions: (1) Which components of the adenosine system are dysregulated in schizophrenia, and (2) are these changes limited to astrocytes? To address these questions, we captured enriched populations of DLPFC pyramidal neurons and astrocytes from schizophrenia and control subjects using laser capture microdissection and assessed expression of adenosine system components using qPCR. Interestingly, we found changes in enriched populations of astrocytes and neurons spanning metabolic and catabolic pathways. Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (ENTPD1) and ENTPD2 mRNA levels were significantly decreased (p < 0.05, n = 16 per group) in enriched populations of astrocytes; in pyramidal neurons equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) and adenosine A1 receptor mRNA levels were significantly decreased, with an increase in adenosine deaminase (ADA) (p < 0.05, n = 16 per group). Rodent studies suggest that some of our findings (A1R and ENTPD2) may be due to treatment with antipsychotics. Our findings suggest changes in expression of genes involved in regulating metabolism of ATP in enriched populations of astrocytes, leading to lower availability of substrates needed to generate adenosine. In pyramidal neurons, changes in ENT1 and ADA mRNA may suggest increased catabolism of adenosine. These results offer new insights into the cell-subtype-specific pathophysiology of the adenosine system in this illness.
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Kimura H, Kushima I, Yohimi A, Aleksic B, Ozaki N. Copy Number Variant in the Region of Adenosine Kinase (ADK) and Its Possible Contribution to Schizophrenia Susceptibility. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 21:405-409. [PMID: 29126171 PMCID: PMC5932473 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyx103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adenosine kinase (ADK) is supposed to be a schizophrenia susceptibility gene based on the findings that ADK is an enzyme that catalyzes transfer of the gamma-phosphate from ATP to adenosine, which interacts with dopamine and glutamate neurotransmitters. However, no reports of schizophrenia cases with loss of function variants in the ADK region have been published. In our previous study investigating copy number variants in schizophrenia, we detected a copy number variant in the ADK region in 1 of 1699 schizophrenia patients. Methods We validated the ADK deletion by determining the breakpoint. Then, we compared the relative expression of ADK in 32 schizophrenia patients, including a schizophrenia patient with deletion of ADK, with 29 healthy controls using lymphoblastoid cell lines. Furthermore, we evaluated the clinical phenotypes of the schizophrenia with ADK deletion. Result We validated the copy number variants with Sanger sequencing and predicted that this copy number variant results in loss of function of ADK. Furthermore, expression analysis of mRNA from peripheral blood in this schizophrenia patient with the ADK deletion showed an extremely low level of ADK. Here we describe a case report of a patient with ADK deletion with phenotypes (schizophrenia, parkinsonism, epilepsy) that are predicted when ADK function is disrupted. Conclusion Considering that the patient had a low ADK mRNA level and showed a phenotype that may be related to ADK deficiency, the copy number variants in the region of ADK may be strongly related to the phenotypes described here, such as schizophrenia, Parkinsonism, and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi-ken, Japan
| | - Itaru Kushima
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi-ken, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akira Yohimi
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi-ken, Japan
| | - Branko Aleksic
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi-ken, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi-ken, Japan
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Odagaki Y, Kinoshita M, Ota T, Meana JJ, Callado LF, Matsuoka I, García-Sevilla JA. Functional coupling between adenosine A 1 receptors and G-proteins in rat and postmortem human brain membranes determined with conventional guanosine-5'-O-(3-[ 35S]thio)triphosphate ([ 35S]GTPγS) binding or [ 35S]GTPγS/immunoprecipitation assay. Purinergic Signal 2018; 14:177-190. [PMID: 29492786 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-018-9603-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine signaling plays a complex role in multiple physiological processes in the brain, and its dysfunction has been implicated in pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia and affective disorders. In the present study, the coupling between adenosine A1 receptor and G-protein was assessed by means of two [35S]GTPγS binding assays, i.e., conventional filtration method and [35S]GTPγS binding/immunoprecipitation in rat and human brain membranes. The latter method provides information about adenosine A1 receptor-mediated Gαi-3 activation in rat as well as human brain membranes. On the other hand, adenosine-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding determined with conventional assay derives from functional activation of Gαi/o proteins (not restricted only to Gαi-3) coupled to adenosine A1 receptors. The determination of adenosine concentrations in the samples used in the present study indicates the possibility that the assay mixture under our experimental conditions contains residual endogenous adenosine at nanomolar concentrations, which was also suggested by the results on the effects of adenosine receptor antagonists on basal [35S]GTPγS binding level. The effects of adenosine deaminase (ADA) on basal binding also support the presence of adenosine. Nevertheless, the varied patterns of ADA discouraged us from adding ADA into assay medium routinely. The concentration-dependent increases elicited by adenosine were determined in 40 subjects without any neuropsychiatric disorders. The increases in %Emax values determined by conventional assay according to aging and postmortem delay should be taken into account in future studies focusing on the effects of psychiatric disorders on adenosine A1 receptor/G-protein interaction in postmortem human brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Odagaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan.
| | - Masakazu Kinoshita
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Toshio Ota
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - J Javier Meana
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Luis F Callado
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Isao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan
| | - Jesús A García-Sevilla
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, IUNICS/IdISPa, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma, Spain
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Chien T, Weng YT, Chang SY, Lai HL, Chiu FL, Kuo HC, Chuang DM, Chern Y. GSK3β negatively regulates TRAX, a scaffold protein implicated in mental disorders, for NHEJ-mediated DNA repair in neurons. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:2375-2390. [PMID: 29298990 PMCID: PMC6294740 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-017-0007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Translin-associated protein X (TRAX) is a scaffold protein with various functions and has been associated with mental illnesses, including schizophrenia. We have previously demonstrated that TRAX interacts with a Gsα protein-coupled receptor, the A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR), and mediates the function of this receptor in neuritogenesis. In addition, stimulation of the A2AR markedly ameliorates DNA damage evoked by elevated oxidative stress in neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here, we report that glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) and disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) are two novel interacting proteins of TRAX. We present evidence to suggest that the stimulation of A2AR markedly facilitated DNA repair through the TRAX/DISC1/GSK3β complex in a rat neuronal cell line (PC12), primary mouse neurons, and human medium spiny neurons derived from iPSCs. A2AR stimulation led to the inhibition of GSK3β, thus dissociating the TRAX/DISC1/GSK3β complex and facilitating the non-homologous end-joining pathway (NHEJ) by enhancing the activation of a DNA-dependent protein kinase via phosphorylation at Thr2609. Similarly, pharmacological inhibition of GSK3β by SB216763 also facilitated the TRAX-mediated repair of oxidative DNA damage. Collectively, GSK3β binds with TRAX and negatively affects its ability to facilitate NHEJ repair. The suppression of GSK3β by A2AR activation or a GSK3β inhibitor releases TRAX for the repair of oxidative DNA damage. Our findings shed new light on the molecular mechanisms underlying diseases associated with DNA damage and provides a novel target (i.e., the TRAX/DISC1/GSK3β complex) for future therapeutic development for mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chien
- 0000 0004 0634 0356grid.260565.2Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan ,0000 0004 0633 7958grid.482251.8Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Weng
- 0000 0004 0633 7958grid.482251.8Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan ,0000 0001 2287 1366grid.28665.3fProgram in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yung Chang
- 0000 0004 0633 7958grid.482251.8Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan ,0000 0001 0425 5914grid.260770.4Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Lin Lai
- 0000 0004 0633 7958grid.482251.8Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Lan Chiu
- 0000 0001 2287 1366grid.28665.3fInstitute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Kuo
- 0000 0001 2287 1366grid.28665.3fInstitute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - De-Maw Chuang
- 0000 0004 0464 0574grid.416868.5Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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79
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Fumagalli M, Lecca D, Abbracchio MP, Ceruti S. Pathophysiological Role of Purines and Pyrimidines in Neurodevelopment: Unveiling New Pharmacological Approaches to Congenital Brain Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:941. [PMID: 29375373 PMCID: PMC5770749 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a substantial body of evidence has emerged demonstrating that purine and pyrimidine synthesis and metabolism play major roles in controlling embryonic and fetal development and organogenesis. Dynamic and time-dependent changes in the expression of purine metabolizing enzymes (such as ectonucleotidases and adenosine deaminase) represent a key checkpoint for the correct sequential generation of the different signaling molecules, that in turn activate their specific membrane receptors. In neurodevelopment, Ca2+ release from radial glia mediated by P2Y1 purinergic receptors is fundamental to allow neuroblast migration along radial glia processes, and their correct positioning in the different layers of the developing neocortex. Moreover, ATP is involved in the development of synaptic transmission and contributes to the establishment of functional neuronal networks in the developing brain. Additionally, several purinergic receptors (spanning from adenosine to P2X and P2Y receptor subtypes) are differentially expressed by neural stem cells, depending on their maturation stage, and their activation tightly regulates cell proliferation and differentiation to either neurons or glial cells, as well as their correct colonization of the developing telencephalon. The purinergic control of neurodevelopment is not limited to prenatal life, but is maintained in postnatal life, when it plays fundamental roles in controlling oligodendrocyte maturation from precursors and their terminal differentiation to fully myelinating cells. Based on the above-mentioned and other literature evidence, it is now increasingly clear that any defect altering the tight regulation of purinergic transmission and of purine and pyrimidine metabolism during pre- and post-natal brain development may translate into functional deficits, which could be at the basis of severe pathologies characterized by mental retardation or other disturbances. This can occur either at the level of the recruitment and/or signaling of specific nucleotide or nucleoside receptors or through genetic alterations in key steps of the purine salvage pathway. In this review, we have provided a critical analysis of what is currently known on the pathophysiological role of purines and pyrimidines during brain development with the aim of unveiling new future strategies for pharmacological intervention in different neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fumagalli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Lecca
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria P Abbracchio
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Ceruti
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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80
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Cognitive impairments associated with alterations in synaptic proteins induced by the genetic loss of adenosine A 2A receptors in mice. Neuropharmacology 2017; 126:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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81
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Kao YH, Lin MS, Chen CM, Wu YR, Chen HM, Lai HL, Chern Y, Lin CJ. Targeting ENT1 and adenosine tone for the treatment of Huntington's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:467-478. [PMID: 28069792 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by an abnormal CAG expansion in the exon 1 of huntingtin gene. The treatment of HD is an unmet medical need. Given the important role of adenosine in modulating brain activity, in this study, levels of adenosine and adenine nucleotides in the cerebral spinal fluid of patients with HD and in the brain of two mouse models of HD (R6/2 and Hdh150Q) were analysed. The expression and activity of ENT1 in the striatum of mice with HD were measured. Targeting adenosine tone for treating HD was examined in R6/2 mice by genetic removal of ENT1 and by giving an ENT1 inhibitor, respectively. The results showed that the adenosine homeostasis is dysregulated in the brain of patients and mice with HD. In patients, the ratio of adenosine/ATP in the cerebral spinal fluid was negatively correlated with the disease duration, and tended to have a positive correlation with independence scale and functional capacity. In comparison to controls, mRNA level of ENT1 was higher in the striatum of R6/2 and Hdh150Q mice. Intrastriatal administration of ENT1 inhibitors increased extracellular level of adenosine in the striatum of R6/2 mice to a much higher level than controls. Chronic inhibition of ENT1 or by genetic removal of ENT1 enhanced the survival of R6/2 mice. Collectively, adenosine homeostasis and ENT1 expression are altered in HD. The inhibition of ENT1 can enhance extracellular adenosine level and be a potential therapeutic approach for treating HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Kao
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Syuan Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Mei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Ru Wu
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Mei Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Lin Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Lin
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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82
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Abstract
This article highlights the emerging therapeutic potential of specific epigenetic modulators as promising antiepileptogenic or disease-modifying agents for curing epilepsy. Currently, there is an unmet need for antiepileptogenic agents that truly prevent the development of epilepsy in people at risk. There is strong evidence that epigenetic signaling, which exerts high fidelity regulation of gene expression, plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of epileptogenesis and chronic epilepsy. These modifications are not hard-wired into the genome and are constantly reprogrammed by environmental influences. The potential epigenetic mechanisms, including histone modifications, DNA methylation, microRNA-based transcriptional control, and bromodomain reading activity, can drastically alter the neuronal gene expression profile by exerting their summative effects in a coordinated fashion. Such an epigenetic intervention appears more rational strategy for preventing epilepsy because it targets the primary pathway that initially triggers the numerous downstream cellular and molecular events mediating epileptogenesis. Among currently approved epigenetic drugs, the majority are anticancer drugs with well-established profiles in clinical trials and practice. Evidence from preclinical studies supports the premise that these drugs may be applied to a wide range of brain disorders. Targeting histone deacetylation by inhibiting histone deacetylase enzymes appears to be one promising epigenetic therapy since certain inhibitors have been shown to prevent epileptogenesis in animal models. However, developing neuronal specific epigenetic modulators requires rational, pathophysiology-based optimization to efficiently intercept the upstream pathways in epileptogenesis. Overall, epigenetic agents have been well positioned as new frontier tools towards the national goal of curing epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyan Younus
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
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83
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Adenosine Kinase Deficiency in the Brain Results in Maladaptive Synaptic Plasticity. J Neurosci 2017; 36:12117-12128. [PMID: 27903722 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2146-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine kinase (ADK) deficiency in human patients (OMIM:614300) disrupts the methionine cycle and triggers hypermethioninemia, hepatic encephalopathy, cognitive impairment, and seizures. To identify whether this neurological phenotype is intrinsically based on ADK deficiency in the brain or if it is secondary to liver dysfunction, we generated a mouse model with a brain-wide deletion of ADK by introducing a Nestin-Cre transgene into a line of conditional ADK deficient Adkfl/fl mice. These AdkΔbrain mice developed a progressive stress-induced seizure phenotype associated with spontaneous convulsive seizures and profound deficits in hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. Pharmacological, biochemical, and electrophysiological studies suggest enhanced adenosine levels around synapses resulting in an enhanced adenosine A1 receptor (A1R)-dependent protective tone despite lower expression levels of the receptor. Theta-burst-induced LTP was enhanced in the mutants and this was dependent on adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) and tropomyosin-related kinase B signaling, suggesting increased activation of these receptors in synaptic plasticity phenomena. Accordingly, reducing adenosine A2A receptor activity in AdkΔbrain mice restored normal associative learning and contextual memory and attenuated seizure risk. We conclude that ADK deficiency in the brain triggers neuronal adaptation processes that lead to dysregulated synaptic plasticity, cognitive deficits, and increased seizure risk. Therefore, ADK mutations have an intrinsic effect on brain physiology and may present a genetic risk factor for the development of seizures and learning impairments. Furthermore, our data show that blocking A2AR activity therapeutically can attenuate neurological symptoms in ADK deficiency. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A novel human genetic condition (OMIM #614300) that is based on mutations in the adenosine kinase (Adk) gene has been discovered recently. Affected patients develop hepatic encephalopathy, seizures, and severe cognitive impairment. To model and understand the neurological phenotype of the human mutation, we generated a new conditional knock-out mouse with a brain-specific deletion of Adk (AdkΔbrain). Similar to ADK-deficient patients, AdkΔbrain mice develop seizures and cognitive deficits. We identified increased basal synaptic transmission and enhanced adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR)-dependent synaptic plasticity as the underlying mechanisms that govern these phenotypes. Our data show that neurological phenotypes in ADK-deficient patients are intrinsic to ADK deficiency in the brain and that blocking A2AR activity therapeutically can attenuate neurological symptoms in ADK deficiency.
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84
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Nishiyama K, Suzuki H, Maruyama M, Yoshihara T, Ohta H. Genetic deletion of GPR52 enhances the locomotor-stimulating effect of an adenosine A 2A receptor antagonist in mice: A potential role of GPR52 in the function of striatopallidal neurons. Brain Res 2017; 1670:24-31. [PMID: 28583861 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 52 (GPR52) is largely co-expressed with dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) in the striatum and nucleus accumbens, and this expression pattern is similar to that of adenosine A2A receptor (ADORA2A). GPR52 has been proposed as a therapeutic target for positive symptoms of schizophrenia, based on observations from pharmacological and transgenic mouse studies. However, the physiological role of GPR52 in dopaminergic functions in the basal ganglia remains unclear. Here, we used GPR52 knockout (KO) mice to examine the role of GPR52 in dopamine receptor-mediated and ADORA2A-mediated locomotor activity and dopamine receptor signaling. High expression of GPR52 protein in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, and lateral globus pallidus of wild type (WT) littermates was confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis. GPR52 KO and WT mice exhibited almost identical locomotor responses to the dopamine releaser methamphetamine and the N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist MK-801. In contrast, the locomotor response to the ADORA2A antagonist istradefylline was significantly augmented in GPR52 KO mice compared to WT mice. Gene expression analysis revealed that striatal expression of DRD2, but not of dopamine D1 receptor and ADORA2A, was significantly decreased in GPR52 KO mice. Moreover, a significant reduction in the mRNA expression of enkephalin, a marker of the activity of striatopallidal neurons, was observed in the striatum of GPR52 KO mice, suggesting that GPR52 deletion could enhance DRD2 signaling. Taken together, these results imply the physiological relevance of GPR52 in modulating the function of striatopallidal neurons, possibly by interaction of GPR52 with ADORA2A and DRD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Nishiyama
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hirobumi Suzuki
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Minoru Maruyama
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yoshihara
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan.
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85
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Melbourne JK, Feiner B, Rosen C, Sharma RP. Targeting the Immune System with Pharmacotherapy in Schizophrenia. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN PSYCHIATRY 2017; 4:139-151. [PMID: 28674674 PMCID: PMC5493152 DOI: 10.1007/s40501-017-0114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K. Melbourne
- The Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL, USA, 60612
| | - Benjamin Feiner
- The Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL, USA, 60612
| | - Cherise Rosen
- The Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL, USA, 60612
| | - Rajiv P. Sharma
- The Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL, USA, 60612
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 820 South Damen Avenue (M/C 151), Chicago, IL, USA, 60612
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Damazio LS, Silveira FR, Canever L, Castro AADE, Estrela JM, Budni J, Zugno AI. The preventive effects of ascorbic acid supplementation on locomotor and acetylcholinesterase activity in an animal model of schizophrenia induced by ketamine. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2017; 89:1133-1141. [PMID: 28513779 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201720160490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that schizophrenic patients seem to have nutritional deficiencies. Ascorbic acid (AA) has an important antioxidant effect and neuromodulatory properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of AA on locomotor activity and the acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in an animal model of schizophrenia (SZ). Rats were supplemented with AA (0.1, 1, or 10 mg/kg), or water for 14 days (gavage). Between the 9th and 15th days, the animals received Ketamine (Ket) (25 mg/kg) or saline (i.p). After the last administration (30 min) rats were subjected to the behavioral test. Brain structures were dissected for biochemical analysis. There was a significant increase in the locomotor activity in Ket treated. AA prevented the hyperlocomotion induced by ket. Ket also showed an increase of AChE activity within the prefrontal cortex and striatum prevented by AA. Our data indicates an effect for AA in preventing alterations induced by Ket in an animal model of SZ, suggesting that it may be an adjuvant approach for the development of new therapeutic strategies within this psychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louyse S Damazio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Neurociências, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Av. Universitária, 1105, Bairro Universitário, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Flávia R Silveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Neurociências, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Av. Universitária, 1105, Bairro Universitário, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Lara Canever
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Neurociências, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Av. Universitária, 1105, Bairro Universitário, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Adalberto A DE Castro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Neurociências, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Av. Universitária, 1105, Bairro Universitário, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Jadne M Estrela
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Neurociências, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Av. Universitária, 1105, Bairro Universitário, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Josiane Budni
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Neurociências, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Av. Universitária, 1105, Bairro Universitário, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Alexandra I Zugno
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Neurociências, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Av. Universitária, 1105, Bairro Universitário, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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87
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Bialer M, Johannessen SI, Levy RH, Perucca E, Tomson T, White HS. Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: A summary of the Thirteenth Eilat Conference on New Antiepileptic Drugs and Devices (EILAT XIII). Epilepsia 2017; 58:181-221. [PMID: 28111749 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The Thirteenth Eilat Conference on New Antiepileptic Drugs and Devices (EILAT XIII) took place in Madrid, Spain, on June 26-29, 2016, and was attended by >200 delegates from 31 countries. The present Progress Report provides an update on experimental and clinical results for drugs presented at the Conference. Compounds for which summary data are presented include an AED approved in 2016 (brivaracetam), 12 drugs in phase I-III clinical development (adenosine, allopregnanolone, bumetanide, cannabidiol, cannabidivarin, 2-deoxy-d-glucose, everolimus, fenfluramine, huperzine A, minocycline, SAGE-217, and valnoctamide) and 6 compounds or classes of compounds for which only preclinical data are available (bumetanide derivatives, sec-butylpropylacetamide, FV-082, 1OP-2198, NAX 810-2, and SAGE-689). Overall, the results presented at the Conference show that considerable efforts are ongoing into discovery and development of AEDs with potentially improved therapeutic profiles compared with existing agents. Many of the drugs discussed in this report show innovative mechanisms of action and many have shown promising results in patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsies, including previously neglected rare and severe epilepsy syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meir Bialer
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy and David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Svein I Johannessen
- The National Center for Epilepsy, Sandvika, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - René H Levy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A
| | - Emilio Perucca
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Torbjörn Tomson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H Steve White
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A
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88
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Cervetto C, Venturini A, Passalacqua M, Guidolin D, Genedani S, Fuxe K, Borroto-Esquela DO, Cortelli P, Woods A, Maura G, Marcoli M, Agnati LF. A2A-D2 receptor-receptor interaction modulates gliotransmitter release from striatal astrocyte processes. J Neurochem 2016; 140:268-279. [PMID: 27896809 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence for striatal A2A-D2 heterodimers has led to a new perspective on molecular mechanisms involved in schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Despite the increasing recognition of astrocytes' participation in neuropsychiatric disease vulnerability, involvement of striatal astrocytes in A2A and D2 receptor signal transmission has never been explored. Here, we investigated the presence of D2 and A2A receptors in isolated astrocyte processes prepared from adult rat striatum by confocal imaging; the effects of receptor activation were measured on the 4-aminopyridine-evoked release of glutamate from the processes. Confocal analysis showed that A2A and D2 receptors were co-expressed on the same astrocyte processes. Evidence for A2A-D2 receptor-receptor interactions was obtained by measuring the release of the gliotransmitter glutamate: D2 receptors inhibited the glutamate release, while activation of A2A receptors, per se ineffective, abolished the effect of D2 receptor activation. The synthetic D2 peptide VLRRRRKRVN corresponding to the receptor region involved in electrostatic interaction underlying A2A-D2 heteromerization abolished the ability of the A2A receptor to antagonize the D2 receptor-mediated effect. Together, the findings are consistent with heteromerization of native striatal astrocytic A2A-D2 receptors that via allosteric receptor-receptor interactions could play a role in the control of striatal glutamatergic transmission. These new findings suggest possible new pathogenic mechanisms and/or therapeutic approaches to neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cervetto
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research CEBR, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto, Genova, Italy
| | - Arianna Venturini
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Mario Passalacqua
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Experimental Medicine, and Italian Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Susanna Genedani
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinical Medicine and Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Pietro Cortelli
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences DIBINEM, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Amina Woods
- Structural Biology Unit, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guido Maura
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research CEBR, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto, Genova, Italy
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research CEBR, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto, Genova, Italy
| | - Luigi F Agnati
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinical Medicine and Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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89
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Koványi B, Csölle C, Calovi S, Hanuska A, Kató E, Köles L, Bhattacharya A, Haller J, Sperlágh B. The role of P2X7 receptors in a rodent PCP-induced schizophrenia model. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36680. [PMID: 27824163 PMCID: PMC5099752 DOI: 10.1038/srep36680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) are ligand-gated ion channels sensitive to extracellular ATP. Here we examined for the first time the role of P2X7R in an animal model of schizophrenia. Using the PCP induced schizophrenia model we show that both genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of P2X7Rs alleviate schizophrenia-like behavioral alterations. In P2rx7+/+ mice, PCP induced hyperlocomotion, stereotype behavior, ataxia and social withdrawal. In P2X7 receptor deficient mice (P2rx7−/−), the social interactions were increased, whereas the PCP induced hyperlocomotion and stereotype behavior were alleviated. The selective P2X7 receptor antagonist JNJ-47965567 partly replicated the effect of gene deficiency on PCP-induced behavioral changes and counteracted PCP-induced social withdrawal. We also show that PCP treatment upregulates and increases the functional responsiveness of P2X7Rs in the prefrontal cortex of young adult animals. The amplitude of NMDA evoked currents recorded from layer V pyramidal neurons of cortical slices were slightly decreased by both genetic deletion of P2rx7 and by JNJ-47965567. PCP induced alterations in mRNA expression encoding schizophrenia-related genes, such as NR2A, NR2B, neuregulin 1, NR1 and GABA α1 subunit were absent in the PFC of young adult P2rx7−/− animals. Our findings point to P2X7R as a potential therapeutic target in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Koványi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (IEM HAS), H-1450 Budapest, Hungary.,János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University School of PhD Studies, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Cecilia Csölle
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (IEM HAS), H-1450 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Stefano Calovi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (IEM HAS), H-1450 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Hanuska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Kató
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Köles
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - József Haller
- Department of Behavioral Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (IEM HAS), H-1450, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (IEM HAS), H-1450 Budapest, Hungary
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90
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Kiese K, Jablonski J, Boison D, Kobow K. Dynamic Regulation of the Adenosine Kinase Gene during Early Postnatal Brain Development and Maturation. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:99. [PMID: 27812320 PMCID: PMC5071315 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous metabolic intermediary and nucleoside adenosine is a “master regulator” in all living systems. Under baseline conditions adenosine kinase (ADK) is the primary enzyme for the metabolic clearance of adenosine. By regulating the availability of adenosine, ADK is a critical upstream regulator of complex homeostatic and metabolic networks. Not surprisingly, ADK dysfunction is involved in several pathologies, including diabetes, epilepsy, and cancer. ADK protein exists in the two isoforms nuclear ADK-L, and cytoplasmic ADK-S, which are subject to dynamic expression changes during brain development and in response to brain injury; however, gene expression changes of the Adk gene as well as regulatory mechanisms that direct the cell-type and isoform specific expression of ADK have never been investigated. Here we analyzed potential gene regulatory mechanisms that may influence Adk expression including DNA promoter methylation, histone modifications and transcription factor binding. Our data suggest binding of transcription factor SP1 to the Adk promoter influences the regulation of Adk expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kiese
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen Erlangen, Germany
| | - Janos Jablonski
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen Erlangen, Germany
| | - Detlev Boison
- Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute Portland, OR, USA
| | - Katja Kobow
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen Erlangen, Germany
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91
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Schuh CM, Hausner T, Redl HR. A therapeutic shock propels Schwann cells to proliferate in peripheral nerve injury. Brain Circ 2016; 2:138-140. [PMID: 30276290 PMCID: PMC6126275 DOI: 10.4103/2394-8108.192520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a prevalent issue and represents a great burden to patients. Although the PNS has a good capacity for regeneration, regeneration over long distances poses several difficulties. Several recent studies have addressed Schwann cells’ limited proliferative capacity; however, a solution has yet to be found. Here, we examine the effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on Schwann cell isolation, culture, and proliferation rate. The study conducted demonstrated that Schwann cells treated with ESWT had significantly improved isolation, culture, and proliferative capacities. These findings represent a solution to a significant problem that hospitals and health-care providers face every year: how to treat long distance damage to the PNS with the limited proliferative capabilities of Schwann cells. Although these findings are promising, further studies must be conducted to address the molecular mechanisms by which ESWT alters Schwann cells and the potential implications for peripheral nerve damage and other prevalent illnesses. This study is a review article. Referred literature in this paper has been listed in the references part. The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are available online by searching the PubMed. Some original points in this article come from the laboratory practice in our research centers and the authors’ experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Map Schuh
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, A-1200 Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, A-1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Hausner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, A-1200 Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, A-1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz R Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, A-1200 Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, A-1200 Vienna, Austria
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92
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Xia M, Abazyan S, Jouroukhin Y, Pletnikov M. Behavioral sequelae of astrocyte dysfunction: focus on animal models of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2016; 176:72-82. [PMID: 25468180 PMCID: PMC4439390 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes regulate multiple processes in the brain ranging from trophic support of developing neurons to modulation of synaptic neurotransmission and neuroinflammation in adulthood. It is, therefore, understandable that pathogenesis and pathophysiology of major psychiatric disorders involve astrocyte dysfunctions. Until recently, there has been the paucity of experimental approaches to studying the roles of astrocytes in behavioral disease. A new generation of in vivo models allows us to advance our understanding of the roles of astrocytes in psychiatric disorders. This review will evaluate the recent studies that focus on the contribution of astrocyte dysfunction to behavioral alterations pertinent to schizophrenia and will propose the possible solutions of the limitations of the existing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Preclinical College, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530001, Guangxi Province, China,Chinese Medicine College, Hubei University for Nationalities, ENSHI, 445000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Sofya Abazyan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Yan Jouroukhin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Mikhail Pletnikov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States; Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States.
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93
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Mitrović N, Guševac I, Drakulić D, Stanojlović M, Zlatković J, Sévigny J, Horvat A, Nedeljković N, Grković I. Regional and sex-related differences in modulating effects of female sex steroids on ecto-5'-nucleotidase expression in the rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 235:100-107. [PMID: 27296672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (eN), a membrane rate-limiting enzyme of the purine catabolic pathway, catalyzes the conversion of AMP to adenosine involved in the regulation of many brain physiological and pathological processes. Since gender fundamentally determines hormonal milieu in the body and brain, it is reasonable to assume that sex differences in the activity of various signaling systems, including adenosine, may be generated by gonadal steroids. Thus, we examined expression of eN as a component of adenosine signaling system in the basal state in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of male and female rats at gene, protein and functional level, as well as in the state of gonadal hormone deprivation, induced by ovariectomy (OVX), whereas impact of steroid hormones was explored after repeated administration of 17α-estradiol, 17β-estradiol and progesterone for seven consecutive days. Results showed regional and sex-related differences in basal eN activity level, with the highest AMP hydrolysis observed in the hippocampus of male rats. Furthermore, ovarian steroids do not contribute to basal gene eN expression or the activity in cortical and hippocampal region of female rats. However, protein eN expression was increased in OVX rats in both investigated region. Investigated exogenous steroids had no influence on eN expression in male brain, while in OVX females alterations in eN activity were induced. The observed effects in female rats were different between examined regions e.g. in cortex, applied treatments predominantly decreased whereas in hippocampus increased eN activity. Based on the presented results, eN exerts regional and sex-related response in basal state as well as after treatment with female gonadal hormones, however the exact mechanisms of sex steroids actions on eN remain unclear and should be fully explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Mitrović
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Guševac
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dunja Drakulić
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miloš Stanojlović
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Zlatković
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, G1V 4G2 QC, Canada
| | - Anica Horvat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nadežda Nedeljković
- Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 3, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Grković
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia.
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94
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Cromby J, Chung E, Papadopoulos D, Talbot C. Reviewing the epigenetics of schizophrenia. J Ment Health 2016; 28:71-79. [DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2016.1207229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Chung
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and
| | | | - Chris Talbot
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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95
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Köse M, Schiedel AC, Bauer AA, Poschenrieder H, Burbiel JC, Akkinepally RR, Stachel HD, Müller CE. Focused screening to identify new adenosine kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:5127-5133. [PMID: 27595538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine kinase (AdK) is a key player in controlling intra- and extracellular concentrations of the signaling molecule adenosine. Extensive evidence points to an important role of AdK in several diseases, and suggests that AdK inhibition might be a promising therapeutic strategy. The development of a new AdK assay and subsequent screening of part of our focused compound library led to the identification of 12 hit compounds (hit rate of 6%) representing six new classes of non-nucleoside human AdK inhibitors. The most potent inhibitor 1 displayed a Ki value of 184nM. Compound screening with a newly developed assay was useful and efficient for discovering novel AdK inhibitors which may serve as lead structures for developing drugs for adenosine augmentation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Köse
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Anke C Schiedel
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Andreas Bauer
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hermann Poschenrieder
- Department Pharmazie, Zentrum für Pharmaforschung, Universität München, Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Joachim C Burbiel
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Raghuram Rao Akkinepally
- University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal, A.P. 506009, India
| | - Hans-Dietrich Stachel
- Department Pharmazie, Zentrum für Pharmaforschung, Universität München, Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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96
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Toti KS, Osborne D, Ciancetta A, Boison D, Jacobson KA. South (S)- and North (N)-Methanocarba-7-Deazaadenosine Analogues as Inhibitors of Human Adenosine Kinase. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6860-77. [PMID: 27410258 PMCID: PMC5032833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine kinase (AdK) inhibitors raise endogenous adenosine levels, particularly in disease states, and have potential for treatment of seizures, neurodegeneration, and inflammation. On the basis of the South (S) ribose conformation and molecular dynamics (MD) analysis of nucleoside inhibitors bound in AdK X-ray crystallographic structures, (S)- and North (N)-methanocarba (bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane) derivatives of known inhibitors were prepared and compared as human (h) AdK inhibitors. 5'-Hydroxy (34, MRS4202 (S); 55, MRS4380 (N)) and 5'-deoxy 38a (MRS4203 (S)) analogues, containing 7- and N(6)-NH phenyl groups in 7-deazaadenine, robustly inhibited AdK activity (IC50 ∼ 100 nM), while the 5'-hydroxy derivative 30 lacking the phenyl substituents was weak. Docking in the hAdK X-ray structure and MD simulation suggested a mode of binding similar to 5'-deoxy-5-iodotubercidin and other known inhibitors. Thus, a structure-based design approach for further potency enhancement is possible. The potent AdK inhibitors in this study are ready to be further tested in animal models of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran S Toti
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, United States
| | - Danielle Osborne
- Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute , 1225 NE Second Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97232, United States
| | - Antonella Ciancetta
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, United States
| | - Detlev Boison
- Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute , 1225 NE Second Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97232, United States
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, United States
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97
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Moscoso-Castro M, Gracia-Rubio I, Ciruela F, Valverde O. Genetic blockade of adenosine A2A receptors induces cognitive impairments and anatomical changes related to psychotic symptoms in mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:1227-40. [PMID: 27133030 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic severe mental disorder with a presumed neurodevelopmental origin, and no effective treatment. Schizophrenia is a multifactorial disease with genetic, environmental and neurochemical etiology. The main theories on the pathophysiology of this disorder include alterations in dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in limbic and cortical areas of the brain. Early hypotheses also suggested that nucleoside adenosine is a putative affected neurotransmitter system, and clinical evidence suggests that adenosine adjuvants improve treatment outcomes, especially in poorly responsive patients. Hence, it is important to elucidate the role of the neuromodulator adenosine in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR) subtypes are expressed in brain areas controlling motivational responses and cognition, including striatum, and in lower levels in hippocampus and cerebral cortex. The aim of this study was to characterize A2AR knockout (KO) mice with complete and specific inactivation of A2AR, as an animal model for schizophrenia. We performed behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical studies to assess psychotic-like symptoms in adult male and female KO and wild-type (WT) littermates. Our results show impairments in inhibitory responses and sensory gating in A2AR KO animals. Hyperlocomotion induced by d-amphetamine and MK-801 was reduced in KO animals when compared to WT littermates. Moreover, A2AR KO animals show motor disturbances, social and cognitive alterations. Finally, behavioral impairments were associated with enlargement of brain lateral ventricles and decreased BDNF levels in the hippocampus. These data highlight the role of adenosine in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and provide new possibilities for the therapeutic management of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Moscoso-Castro
- Neurobiology of Behavior Research Group (GReNeC), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Gracia-Rubio
- Neurobiology of Behavior Research Group (GReNeC), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, IDIBELL-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ghent, Gent, Belgium
| | - Olga Valverde
- Neurobiology of Behavior Research Group (GReNeC), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
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Schuh CM, Hercher D, Stainer M, Hopf R, Teuschl AH, Schmidhammer R, Redl H. Extracorporeal shockwave treatment: A novel tool to improve Schwann cell isolation and culture. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:760-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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99
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Turčin A, Dolžan V, Porcelli S, Serretti A, Plesničar BK. Adenosine Hypothesis of Antipsychotic Drugs Revisited: Pharmacogenomics Variation in Nonacute Schizophrenia. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 20:283-9. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2016.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arijana Turčin
- University Psychiatric Clinic Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vita Dolžan
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stefano Porcelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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100
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Boison D. The Biochemistry and Epigenetics of Epilepsy: Focus on Adenosine and Glycine. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:26. [PMID: 27147960 PMCID: PMC4829603 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy, one of the most prevalent neurological conditions, presents as a complex disorder of network homeostasis characterized by spontaneous non-provoked seizures and associated comorbidities. Currently used antiepileptic drugs have been designed to suppress neuronal hyperexcitability and thereby to suppress epileptic seizures. However, the current armamentarium of antiepileptic drugs is not effective in over 30% of patients, does not affect the comorbidities of epilepsy, and does not prevent the development and progression of epilepsy (epileptogenesis). Prevention of epilepsy and its progression remains the Holy Grail for epilepsy research and therapy development, requiring novel conceptual advances to find a solution to this urgent medical need. The methylation hypothesis of epileptogenesis suggests that changes in DNA methylation are implicated in the progression of the disease. In particular, global DNA hypermethylation appears to be associated with chronic epilepsy. Clinical as well as experimental evidence demonstrates that epilepsy and its progression can be prevented by biochemical manipulations and those that target previously unrecognized epigenetic functions contributing to epilepsy development and maintenance of the epileptic state. This mini-review will discuss, epigenetic mechanisms implicated in epileptogenesis and biochemical interactions between adenosine and glycine as a conceptual advance to understand the contribution of maladaptive changes in biochemistry as a major contributing factor to the development of epilepsy. New findings based on biochemical manipulation of the DNA methylome suggest that: (i) epigenetic mechanisms play a functional role in epileptogenesis; and (ii) therapeutic reconstruction of the epigenome is an effective antiepileptogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlev Boison
- Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute Portland, OR, USA
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