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Drzewiecki CM, Willing J, Juraska JM. Influences of age and pubertal status on number and intensity of perineuronal nets in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:2495-2507. [PMID: 32914251 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02137-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a late developing region of the cortex, and its protracted maturation during adolescence may confer a period of plasticity. Closure of critical, or sensitive, periods in sensory cortices coincides with perineuronal net (PNN) expression, leading to enhanced inhibitory function and synaptic stabilization. PNN density has been found to increase across adolescence in the male rat medial PFC (mPFC). Here, we examined both male and female rats at four time points spanning adolescent development to stereologically quantify the number and intensity of PNNs in the mPFC. Additionally, because puberty coincides with broad behavioral and neuroanatomical changes, we collected tissue from age-matched pre- and post-pubertal siblings within a litter. Results indicate that both males and females show an increase in the total number and intensity of mPFC PNNs between postnatal day (P) 30 and P60. As we have previously found, white matter under the mPFC also increased at the same time. Male puberty did not affect PNNs, while female pubertal onset led to an abrupt decrease in the total number of PNNs that persisted through mid-adolescence before increasing at P60. Despite the change in PNN number, the intensity of female PNNs was not affected by puberty. Thus, though males and females show increases in mPFC PNNs during adolescence, the pubertal decrease in the number of PNNs in female rats may indicate a difference in the pattern of maximal plasticity between the sexes during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly M Drzewiecki
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Jari Willing
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E Daniel St, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA.,Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, 822 E Merry Ave, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
| | - Janice M Juraska
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA. .,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E Daniel St, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA.
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52
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Wegrzyn D, Manitz MP, Kostka M, Freund N, Juckel G, Faissner A. Poly I:C-induced maternal immune challenge reduces perineuronal net area and raises spontaneous network activity of hippocampal neurons in vitro. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:3920-3941. [PMID: 32757397 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the maternal immune system (MIA) during gestation is linked to neuropsychiatric diseases like schizophrenia. While many studies address behavioural aspects, less is known about underlying cellular mechanisms. In the following study, BALB/c mice received intraperitoneal injections of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) (20 µg/ml) or saline (0.9%) at gestation day (GD) 9.5 before hippocampal neurons were isolated and cultured from embryonic mice for further analysis. Interestingly, strongest effects were observed when the perineuronal net (PNN) wearing subpopulation of neurons was analysed. Here, a significant reduction of aggrecan staining intensity, area and soma size could be detected. Alterations of PNNs are often linked to neuropsychiatric diseases, changes in synaptic plasticity and in electrophysiology. Utilizing multielectrode array analysis (MEA), we observed a remarkable increase of the spontaneous network activity in neuronal networks after 21 days in vitro (DIV) when mother mice suffered a prenatal immune challenge. As PNNs are associated with GABAergic interneurons, our data indicate that this neuronal subtype might be stronger affected by a prenatal MIA. Degradation or damage of this subtype might cause the hyperexcitability observed in the whole network. In addition, embryonic neurons of the Poly I:C condition developed significantly shorter axons after five days in culture, while dendritic parameters and apoptosis rate remained unchanged. Structural analysis of synapse numbers revealed an increase of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) puncta after 14 DIV and an increase of presynaptic vesicular glutamate transporter (vGlut) puncta after 21 DIV, while inhibitory synaptic proteins were not altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wegrzyn
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marie-Pierre Manitz
- Division of Experimental and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Kostka
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nadja Freund
- Division of Experimental and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Georg Juckel
- Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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53
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Schmidt S, Arendt T, Morawski M, Sonntag M. Neurocan Contributes to Perineuronal Net Development. Neuroscience 2020; 442:69-86. [PMID: 32634529 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNs) are matrix molecule assemblies surrounding neuronal somata, dendrites and axon initial segments in a lattice-like appearance. PN molecules are involved in many structural and physiological processes during development and in adulthood, suggesting a crucial role in normal brain function. Neurocan, as one of the main PN proteoglycans, is suggested to control important developmental processes of neuronal tissue. This statement relies on thorough and excellent experimental work mainly conducted in reduced systems, such as cell cultures. However, previous data collected in neurocan-deficient mice do not seem to support neurocan's role in development since brain development in general and the formation of PNs especially in the hippocampus were reported to be undisturbed in neurocan-deficient mice. Here, we aim to re-address the role of neurocan in developmental processes by investigating the influence of neurocan on PN formation in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, a PN-enriched nucleus in the auditory brainstem, using neurocan-deficient mice. Immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses demonstrate that neurocan controls the regulation of PN development by influencing mRNA and protein quantity of various PN molecules. Resulting alterations in PN fine structure are critical for PN function as estimated by reduced amount of GAD65/67 and prolongation of synaptic transmission delay of calyx of Held synapses. Thus, neurocan contributes to proper PN formation and synapse physiology in the MNTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Schmidt
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Arendt
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Morawski
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mandy Sonntag
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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54
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Mohamedi Y, Fontanil T, Cobo T, Cal S, Obaya AJ. New Insights into ADAMTS Metalloproteases in the Central Nervous System. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030403. [PMID: 32150898 PMCID: PMC7175268 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are key players in regulating cellular functions throughout the whole organism. In fact, ECM components not only participate in tissue organization but also contribute to processes such as cellular maintenance, proliferation, and migration, as well as to support for various signaling pathways. In the central nervous system (CNS), proteoglycans of the lectican family, such as versican, aggrecan, brevican, and neurocan, are important constituents of the ECM. In recent years, members of this family have been found to be involved in the maintenance of CNS homeostasis and to participate directly in processes such as the organization of perineural nets, the regulation of brain plasticity, CNS development, brain injury repair, axonal guidance, and even the altering of synaptic responses. ADAMTSs are a family of “A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs” proteins that have been found to be involved in a multitude of processes through the degradation of lecticans and other proteoglycans. Recently, alterations in ADAMTS expression and activity have been found to be involved in neuronal disorders such as stroke, neurodegeneration, schizophrenia, and even Alzheimer’s disease, which in turn may suggest their potential use as therapeutic targets. Herein, we summarize the different roles of ADAMTSs in regulating CNS events through interactions and the degradation of ECM components (more specifically, the lectican family of proteoglycans).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamina Mohamedi
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; (Y.M.); (T.F.); (S.C.)
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Fisiología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología, IUOPA, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Tania Fontanil
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; (Y.M.); (T.F.); (S.C.)
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Fisiología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología, IUOPA, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Departamento de Investigación, Instituto Ordóñez, 33012 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Teresa Cobo
- Departamento de Cirugía y Especialidades Médico-Quirúrgicas, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain;
- Instituto Asturiano de Odontología, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Santiago Cal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; (Y.M.); (T.F.); (S.C.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología, IUOPA, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Alvaro J. Obaya
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Fisiología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología, IUOPA, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Mafi AM, Hofer LN, Russ MG, Young JW, Mellott JG. The Density of Perineuronal Nets Increases With Age in the Inferior Colliculus in the Fischer Brown Norway Rat. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:27. [PMID: 32116654 PMCID: PMC7026493 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss, one of the most frequently diagnosed disabilities in industrialized countries, may result from declining levels of GABA in the aging inferior colliculus (IC). However, the mechanisms of aging and subsequent disruptions of temporal processing in elderly hearing abilities are still being investigated. Perineuronal nets (PNs) are a specialized form of the extracellular matrix and have been linked to GABAergic neurotransmission and to the regulation of structural and synaptic plasticity. We sought to determine whether the density of PNs in the IC changes with age. We combined Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) staining with immunohistochemistry to glutamic acid decarboxylase in three age groups of Fischer Brown Norway (FBN) rats. The density of PNs on GABAergic and non-GABAergic cells in the three major subdivisions of the IC was quantified. Results first demonstrate that the density of PNs in the FBN IC increase with age. The greatest increases of PN density from young to old age occurred in the central IC (67% increase) and dorsal IC (117% increase). Second, in the young IC, PNs surround non-GABAergic and GABAergic cells with the majority of PNs surrounding the former. The increase of PNs with age in the IC occurred on both non-GABAergic and GABAergic populations. The average density of PN-surrounded non-GABAergic cells increased from 84.9 PNs/mm2 in the young to 134.2 PNs/mm2 in the old. While the density of PN-surrounded GABAergic cells increased from 26 PNs/mm2 in the young to 40.6 PNs/mm2 in the old. The causality is unclear, but increases in PN density in old age may play a role in altered auditory processing in the elderly, or may lead to further changes in IC plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir M Mafi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
| | - Lindsay N Hofer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
| | - Matthew G Russ
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
| | - Jesse W Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
| | - Jeffrey G Mellott
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
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56
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Muñoz-Manchado AB, Bengtsson Gonzales C, Zeisel A, Munguba H, Bekkouche B, Skene NG, Lönnerberg P, Ryge J, Harris KD, Linnarsson S, Hjerling-Leffler J. Diversity of Interneurons in the Dorsal Striatum Revealed by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing and PatchSeq. Cell Rep 2020; 24:2179-2190.e7. [PMID: 30134177 PMCID: PMC6117871 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Striatal locally projecting neurons, or interneurons, act on nearby circuits and shape functional output to the rest of the basal ganglia. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing of striatal cells enriching for interneurons. We find seven discrete interneuron types, six of which are GABAergic. In addition to providing specific markers for the populations previously described, including those expressing Sst/Npy, Th, Npy without Sst, and Chat, we identify two small populations of cells expressing Cck with or without Vip. Surprisingly, the Pvalb-expressing cells do not constitute a discrete cluster but rather are part of a larger group of cells expressing Pthlh with a spatial gradient of Pvalb expression. Using PatchSeq, we show that Pthlh cells exhibit a continuum of electrophysiological properties correlated with expression of Pvalb. Furthermore, we find significant molecular differences that correlate with differences in electrophysiological properties between Pvalb-expressing cells of the striatum and those of the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Muñoz-Manchado
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carolina Bengtsson Gonzales
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amit Zeisel
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hermany Munguba
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Bekkouche
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nathan G Skene
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Peter Lönnerberg
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Ryge
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth D Harris
- UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; UCL Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6DE, UK
| | - Sten Linnarsson
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jens Hjerling-Leffler
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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57
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Eill GJ, Sinha A, Morawski M, Viapiano MS, Matthews RT. The protein tyrosine phosphatase RPTPζ/phosphacan is critical for perineuronal net structure. J Biol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)49907-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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58
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Jain D, Mattiassi S, Goh EL, Yim EKF. Extracellular matrix and biomimetic engineering microenvironment for neuronal differentiation. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:573-585. [PMID: 31638079 PMCID: PMC6975142 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.266907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) influences cell differentiation through its structural and biochemical properties. In nervous system, neuronal behavior is influenced by these ECMs structures which are present in a meshwork, fibrous, or tubular forms encompassing specific molecular compositions. In addition to contact guidance, ECM composition and structures also exert its effect on neuronal differentiation. This short report reviewed the native ECM structure and composition in central nervous system and peripheral nervous system, and their impact on neural regeneration and neuronal differentiation. Using topographies, stem cells have been differentiated to neurons. Further, focussing on engineered biomimicking topographies, we highlighted the role of anisotropic topographies in stem cell differentiation to neurons and its recent temporal application for efficient neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sabrina Mattiassi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eyleen L Goh
- Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Evelyn K F Yim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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59
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Hunyadi A, Gaál B, Matesz C, Meszar Z, Morawski M, Reimann K, Lendvai D, Alpar A, Wéber I, Rácz É. Distribution and classification of the extracellular matrix in the olfactory bulb. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 225:321-344. [PMID: 31858237 PMCID: PMC6957564 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-02010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) became an important player over the last few decades when studying the plasticity and regeneration of the central nervous system. In spite of the established role of ECM in these processes throughout the central nervous system (CNS), only few papers were published on the ECM of the olfactory system, which shows a lifelong plasticity, synaptic remodeling and postnatal neurogenesis. In the present study, we have described the localization and organization of major ECM molecules, the hyaluronan, the lecticans, tenascin-R and HAPLN1 link protein in the olfactory bulb (OB) of the rat. We detected all of these molecules in the OB showing differences in the molecular composition, staining intensity, and organization of ECM between the layers and in some cases within a single layer. One of the striking features of ECM staining pattern in the OB was that the reactions are shown dominantly in the neuropil, the PNNs were found rarely and they exhibited thin or diffuse appearance Similar organization was shown in human and mice samples. As the PNN limits the neural plasticity, its rare appearance may be related to the high degree of plasticity in the OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hunyadi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Botond Gaál
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Clara Matesz
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.,Division of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.,MTA-DE Neuroscience Research Group, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Meszar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.,MTA-DE Neuroscience Research Group, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Markus Morawski
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Reimann
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Lendvai
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Alan Alpar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085, Hungary.,SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Wéber
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Éva Rácz
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary. .,MTA-DE Neuroscience Research Group, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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60
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Eill GJ, Sinha A, Morawski M, Viapiano MS, Matthews RT. The protein tyrosine phosphatase RPTPζ/phosphacan is critical for perineuronal net structure. J Biol Chem 2019; 295:955-968. [PMID: 31822561 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are conspicuous neuron-specific substructures within the extracellular matrix of the central nervous system that have generated an explosion of interest over the last decade. These reticulated structures appear to surround synapses on the cell bodies of a subset of the neurons in the central nervous system and play key roles in both developmental and adult-brain plasticity. Despite the interest in these structures and compelling demonstrations of their importance in regulating plasticity, their precise functional mechanisms remain elusive. The limited mechanistic understanding of PNNs is primarily because of an incomplete knowledge of their molecular composition and structure and a failure to identify PNN-specific targets. Thus, it has been challenging to precisely manipulate PNNs to rigorously investigate their function. Here, using mouse models and neuronal cultures, we demonstrate a role of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase zeta (RPTPζ) in PNN structure. We found that in the absence of RPTPζ, the reticular structure of PNNs is lost and phenocopies the PNN structural abnormalities observed in tenascin-R knockout brains. Furthermore, we biochemically analyzed the contribution of RPTPζ to PNN formation and structure, which enabled us to generate a more detailed model for PNNs. We provide evidence for two distinct kinds of interactions of PNN components with the neuronal surface, one dependent on RPTPζ and the other requiring the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan. We propose that these findings offer important insight into PNN structure and lay important groundwork for future strategies to specifically disrupt PNNs to precisely dissect their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey J Eill
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Ashis Sinha
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Markus Morawski
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, D-04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mariano S Viapiano
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210.,Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Russell T Matthews
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
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61
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Marchand A, Schwartz C. Perineuronal net expression in the brain of a hibernating mammal. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 225:45-56. [PMID: 31748912 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01983-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During hibernation, mammals like the 13-lined ground squirrel cycle between physiological extremes. Most of the hibernation season is spent in bouts of torpor, where body temperature, heart rate, and cerebral blood flow are all very low. However, the ground squirrels periodically enter into interbout arousals (IBAs), where physiological parameters return to non-hibernating levels. During torpor, neurons in many brain regions shrink and become electrically quiescent, but reconnect and regain activity during IBA. Previous work showed evidence of extracellular matrix (ECM) changes occurring in the hypothalamus during hibernation that could be associated with this plasticity. Here, we examined expression of a specialized ECM structure, the perineuronal net (PNN), in the forebrain of ground squirrels in torpor, IBA, and summer (non-hibernating). PNNs are known to restrict plasticity, and could be important for retaining essential connections in the brain during hibernation. We found PNNs in three regions of the hypothalamus: ventrolateral hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and anterior hypothalamic area. We also found PNNs throughout the cerebral cortex, amygdala, and lateral septum. The total area covered by PNNs within the PVN was significantly higher during IBA compared to non-hibernating and torpor (P < 0.01). Additionally, the amount of PNN coverage area per Nissl-stained neuron in the PVN was significantly higher in hibernation compared to non-hibernating (P < 0.05). No other significant differences were found across seasons. The PVN is involved in food intake and homeostasis, and PNNs found here could be essential for retaining vital life functions during hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marchand
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, 1725 State St., La Crosse, WI, 54601, USA
| | - Christine Schwartz
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, 1725 State St., La Crosse, WI, 54601, USA.
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O'Connor AM, Burton TJ, Mansuri H, Hand GR, Leamey CA, Sawatari A. Environmental Enrichment From Birth Impacts Parvalbumin Expressing Cells and Wisteria Floribunda Agglutinin Labelled Peri-Neuronal Nets Within the Developing Murine Striatum. Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:90. [PMID: 31708753 PMCID: PMC6821641 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental enrichment can dramatically affect both the development and function of neural circuits. This is accomplished, at least in part, by the regulation of inhibitory cellular networks and related extracellular matrix glycoprotein structures known as perineuronal nets. The degree to which enhanced housing can influence brain areas involved in the planning and execution of actions is not well known. We examined the effect of enriching mice from birth on parvalbumin expression and perineuronal net formation in developing and adult striatum. This input nucleus of the basal ganglia consists of topographically discernible regions that serve different functions, providing a means of simultaneously examining the influence of environmental factors on discrete, but related networks. Greater densities of striatal parvalbumin positive cells and wisteria floribunda agglutinin labelled perineuronal nets were present in enriched pups during the second postnatal week, primarily within the lateral portion of the nucleus. Housing conditions continued to have an impact into adulthood, with enriched mice exhibiting higher parvalbumin positive cell densities in both medial and lateral striatum. Curiously, no differences due to housing conditions were detected in striatal perineuronal net densities of mature animals. The degree of overlap between striatal parvalbumin expression and perineuronal net formation was also increased, suggesting that heightened neural activity associated with enrichment may have contributed to greater engagement of networks affiliated with cells that express the calcium binding protein. Brain derived neurotrophic factor, an important regulator of inhibitory network maturation, is also subtly, but significantly affected within the striatum of enriched cohorts. Together, these findings suggest that environmental enrichment can exert cell specific effects within different divisions of an area vital for the regulation of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela May O'Connor
- Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and the Bosch Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas Joseph Burton
- Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and the Bosch Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hannan Mansuri
- Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and the Bosch Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gabriel Rhys Hand
- Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and the Bosch Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Catherine Anne Leamey
- Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and the Bosch Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Atomu Sawatari
- Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and the Bosch Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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63
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Krishnaswamy VR, Benbenishty A, Blinder P, Sagi I. Demystifying the extracellular matrix and its proteolytic remodeling in the brain: structural and functional insights. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3229-3248. [PMID: 31197404 PMCID: PMC11105229 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays diverse roles in several physiological and pathological conditions. In the brain, the ECM is unique both in its composition and in functions. Furthermore, almost all the cells in the central nervous system contribute to different aspects of this intricate structure. Brain ECM, enriched with proteoglycans and other small proteins, aggregate into distinct structures around neurons and oligodendrocytes. These special structures have cardinal functions in the normal functioning of the brain, such as learning, memory, and synapse regulation. In this review, we have compiled the current knowledge about the structure and function of important ECM molecules in the brain and their proteolytic remodeling by matrix metalloproteinases and other enzymes, highlighting the special structures they form. In particular, the proteoglycans in brain ECM, which are essential for several vital functions, are emphasized in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Benbenishty
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Pablo Blinder
- Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School for Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Irit Sagi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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64
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The roles of perineuronal nets and the perinodal extracellular matrix in neuronal function. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:451-465. [PMID: 31263252 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix (ECM) chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG)-containing structures that surround the soma and dendrites of various mammalian neuronal cell types. PNNs appear during development around the time that the critical periods for developmental plasticity end and are important for both their onset and closure. A similar structure - the perinodal ECM - surrounds the axonal nodes of Ranvier and appears as myelination is completed, acting as an ion-diffusion barrier that affects axonal conduction speed. Recent work has revealed the importance of PNNs in controlling plasticity in the CNS. Digestion, blocking or removal of PNNs influences functional recovery after a variety of CNS lesions. PNNs have further been shown to be involved in the regulation of memory and have been implicated in a number of psychiatric disorders.
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65
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Lipachev N, Arnst N, Melnikova A, Jäälinoja H, Kochneva A, Zhigalov A, Kulesskaya N, Aganov AV, Mavlikeev M, Rauvala H, Kiyasov AP, Paveliev M. Quantitative changes in perineuronal nets in development and posttraumatic condition. J Mol Histol 2019; 50:203-216. [PMID: 30903543 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-019-09818-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Perineuronal net (PNN) is a highly structured portion of the CNS extracellular matrix (ECM) regulating synaptic plasticity and a range of pathologic conditions including posttraumatic regeneration and epilepsy. Here we studied Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-stained histological sections to quantify the PNN size and enrichment of chondroitin sulfates in mouse brain and spinal cord. Somatosensory cortex sections were examined during the period of PNN establishment at postnatal days 14, 21 and 28. The single cell PNN size and the chondroitin sulfate intensity were quantified for all cortex layers and specifically for the cortical layer IV which has the highest density of PNN-positive neurons. We demonstrate that the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan staining intensity is increased between P14 and P28 while the PNN size remains unchanged. We then addressed posttraumatic changes of the PNN expression in laminae 6 and 7 of cervical spinal cord following hemisection injury. We demonstrate increase of the chondroitin sulfate content at 1.6-1.8 mm rostrally from the injury site and increase of the density of PNN-bearing cells at 0.4-1.2 mm caudally from the injury site. We further demonstrate decrease of the single cell PNN area at 0.2 mm caudally from the injury site suggesting that the PNN ECM takes part in the posttraumatic tissue rearrangement in the spinal cord. Our results demonstrate new insights on the PNN structure dynamics in the developing and posttraumatic CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Lipachev
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kazan Kremlyovskaya 16a, Tatarstan, Russia, 420111
| | - Nikita Arnst
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.,Institut für Biochemie und Biophysik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str.2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Anastasiia Melnikova
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan K.Marx 74, Tatarstan, Russia, 420012
| | - Harri Jäälinoja
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, P.O.Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anastasiya Kochneva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan K.Marx 74, Tatarstan, Russia, 420012
| | - Alexander Zhigalov
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Natalia Kulesskaya
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Albert V Aganov
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kazan Kremlyovskaya 16a, Tatarstan, Russia, 420111
| | - Mikhail Mavlikeev
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan K.Marx 74, Tatarstan, Russia, 420012
| | - Heikki Rauvala
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrey P Kiyasov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan K.Marx 74, Tatarstan, Russia, 420012
| | - Mikhail Paveliev
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland. .,Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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66
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Xiao M, Li X, Song Q, Zhang Q, Lazzarino M, Cheng G, Ulloa Severino FP, Torre V. A Fully 3D Interconnected Graphene-Carbon Nanotube Web Allows the Study of Glioma Infiltration in Bioengineered 3D Cortex-Like Networks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1806132. [PMID: 30387225 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Currently available 3D assemblies based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) lag far behind their 2D CNT-based bricks and require major improvements for biological applications. By using Fe nanoparticles confined to the interlamination of graphite as catalyst, a fully 3D interconnected CNT web is obtained through the pores of graphene foam (GCNT web) by in situ chemical vapor deposition. This 3D GCNT web has a thickness up to 1.5 mm and a completely geometric, mechanical and electrical interconnectivity. Dissociated cortical cells cultured inside the GCNT web form a functional 3D cortex-like network exhibiting a spontaneous electrical activity that is closer to what is observed in vivo. By coculturing and fluorescently labeling glioma and healthy cortical cells with different colors, a new in vitro model is obtained to investigate malignant glioma infiltration. This model allows the 3D trajectories and velocity distribution of individual infiltrating glioma to be reconstructed with an unprecedented precision. The model is cost effective and allows a quantitative and rigorous screening of anticancer drugs. The fully 3D interconnected GCNT web is biocompatible and is an ideal tool to study 3D biological processes in vitro representing a pivotal step toward precise and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xiao
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), via Bonomea 265, Trieste, 34136, Italy
- Joint Laboratory of Biophysics and Translational Medicine, ISM-SISSA, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), via Bonomea 265, Trieste, 34136, Italy
| | - Qin Song
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), via Bonomea 265, Trieste, 34136, Italy
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang, 315201, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315100, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Marco Lazzarino
- IOM-CNR, Area Science Park, Basovizza, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Guosheng Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Francesco Paolo Ulloa Severino
- Cell Biology Department, Duke University Medical Center, 335 Nanaline Duke Building Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Vincent Torre
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), via Bonomea 265, Trieste, 34136, Italy
- Joint Laboratory of Biophysics and Translational Medicine, ISM-SISSA, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang, 315201, China
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67
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Ueno H, Suemitsu S, Murakami S, Kitamura N, Wani K, Matsumoto Y, Okamoto M, Ishihara T. Layer-specific expression of extracellular matrix molecules in the mouse somatosensory and piriform cortices. IBRO Rep 2018; 6:1-17. [PMID: 30582064 PMCID: PMC6293036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the developing central nervous system (CNS), extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules have regulating roles such as in brain development, neural-circuit maturation, and synaptic-function control. However, excluding the perineuronal net (PNN) area, the distribution, constituent elements, and expression level of granular ECM molecules (diffuse ECM) present in the mature CNS remain unclear. Diffuse ECM molecules in the CNS share the components of PNNs and are likely functional. As cortical functions are greatly region-dependent, we hypothesized that ECM molecules would differ in distribution, expression level, and components in a region- and layer-dependent manner. We examined the layer-specific expression of several chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (aggrecan, neurocan, and brevican), tenascin-R, Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA)-positive molecules, hyaluronic acid, and link protein in the somatosensory and piriform cortices of mature mice. Furthermore, we investigated expression changes in WFA-positive molecules due to aging. In the somatosensory cortex, PNN density was particularly high at layer 4 (L4), but not all diffuse ECM molecules were highly expressed at L4 compared to the other layers. There was almost no change in tenascin-R and hyaluronic acid in any somatosensory-cortex layer. Neurocan showed high expression in L1 of the somatosensory cortex. In the piriform cortex, many ECM molecules showed higher expression in L1 than in the other layers. However, hyaluronic acid showed high expression in deep layers. Here, we clarified that ECM molecules differ in constituent elements and expression in a region- and layer-dependent manner. Region-specific expression of ECM molecules is possibly related to functions such as region-specific plasticity and vulnerability.
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Key Words
- CNS, central nervous system
- CSPG, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans
- ChABC, chondroitinase ABC
- ECM, extracellular cellular matrix
- Extracellular matrix
- HA, hyaluronic acid
- HABP, hyaluronic acid binding protein
- Hapln1, hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1
- PNN, perineuronal ntes
- Perineuronal nets
- Piriform cortex
- Proteoglycans
- Somatosensory cortex
- WFA, Wisteria floribunda agglutinin
- Wisteria floribunda
- a.u., arbitrary units
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueno
- Department of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Suemitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Shinji Murakami
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Naoya Kitamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Kenta Wani
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Yosuke Matsumoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Motoi Okamoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishihara
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
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68
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Aggrecan Directs Extracellular Matrix-Mediated Neuronal Plasticity. J Neurosci 2018; 38:10102-10113. [PMID: 30282728 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1122-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the adult brain, the extracellular matrix (ECM) influences recovery after injury, susceptibility to mental disorders, and is in general a strong regulator of neuronal plasticity. The proteoglycan aggrecan is a core component of the condensed ECM structures termed perineuronal nets (PNNs), and the specific role of PNNs on neural plasticity remains elusive. Here, we genetically targeted the Acan gene encoding for aggrecan using a novel animal model. This allowed for conditional and targeted loss of aggrecan in vivo, which ablated the PNN structure and caused a shift in the population of parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory interneurons toward a high plasticity state. Selective deletion of the Acan gene in the visual cortex of male adult mice reinstated juvenile ocular dominance plasticity, which was mechanistically identical to critical period plasticity. Brain-wide targeting improved object recognition memory.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The study provides the first direct evidence of aggrecan as the main functional constituent and orchestrator of perineuronal nets (PNNs), and that loss of PNNs by aggrecan removal induces a permanent state of critical period-like plasticity. Loss of aggrecan ablates the PNN structure, resulting in invoked juvenile plasticity in the visual cortex and enhanced object recognition memory.
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69
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Sonntag M, Blosa M, Schmidt S, Reimann K, Blum K, Eckrich T, Seeger G, Hecker D, Schick B, Arendt T, Engel J, Morawski M. Synaptic coupling of inner ear sensory cells is controlled by brevican-based extracellular matrix baskets resembling perineuronal nets. BMC Biol 2018; 16:99. [PMID: 30253762 PMCID: PMC6156866 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0566-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are specialized aggregations of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules surrounding specific neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). PNNs are supposed to control synaptic transmission and are frequently associated with neurons firing at high rates, including principal neurons of auditory brainstem nuclei. The origin of high-frequency activity of auditory brainstem neurons is the indefatigable sound-driven transmitter release of inner hair cells (IHCs) in the cochlea. Results Here, we show that synaptic poles of IHCs are ensheathed by basket-like ECM complexes formed by the same molecules that constitute PNNs of neurons in the CNS, including brevican, aggreccan, neurocan, hyaluronan, and proteoglycan link proteins 1 and 4 and tenascin-R. Genetic deletion of brevican, one of the main components, resulted in a massive degradation of ECM baskets at IHCs, a significant impairment in spatial coupling of pre- and postsynaptic elements and mild impairment of hearing. Conclusions These ECM baskets potentially contribute to control of synaptic transmission at IHCs and might be functionally related to PNNs of neurons in the CNS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12915-018-0566-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Sonntag
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maren Blosa
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sophie Schmidt
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Reimann
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Blum
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Eckrich
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Seeger
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dietmar Hecker
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schick
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Arendt
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jutta Engel
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus Morawski
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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70
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Dayangac-Erden D, Gur-Dedeoglu B, Eskici FN, Oztemur-Islakoglu Y, Erdem-Ozdamar S. Do Perineuronal Net Elements Contribute to Pathophysiology of Spinal Muscular Atrophy? In Vitro and Transcriptomics Insights. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 22:598-606. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2018.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Didem Dayangac-Erden
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Fatma Nazli Eskici
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Sevim Erdem-Ozdamar
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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71
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Wen TH, Binder DK, Ethell IM, Razak KA. The Perineuronal 'Safety' Net? Perineuronal Net Abnormalities in Neurological Disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:270. [PMID: 30123106 PMCID: PMC6085424 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNN) are extracellular matrix (ECM) assemblies that preferentially ensheath parvalbumin (PV) expressing interneurons. Converging evidence indicates that PV cells and PNN are impaired in a variety of neurological disorders. PNN development and maintenance is necessary for a number of processes within the CNS, including regulation of GABAergic cell function, protection of neurons from oxidative stress, and closure of developmental critical period plasticity windows. Understanding PNN functions may be essential for characterizing the mechanisms of altered cortical excitability observed in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. Indeed, PNN abnormalities have been observed in post-mortem brain tissues of patients with schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. There is impaired development of PNNs and enhanced activity of its key regulator matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in Fragile X Syndrome, a common genetic cause of autism. MMP-9, a protease that cleaves ECM, is differentially regulated in a number of these disorders. Despite this, few studies have addressed the interactions between PNN expression, MMP-9 activity and neuronal excitability. In this review, we highlight the current evidence for PNN abnormalities in CNS disorders associated with altered network function and MMP-9 levels, emphasizing the need for future work targeting PNNs in pathophysiology and therapeutic treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa H Wen
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Devin K Binder
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Iryna M Ethell
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Khaleel A Razak
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.,Psychology Graduate Program, Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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72
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Weinrich L, Sonntag M, Arendt T, Morawski M. Neuroanatomical characterization of perineuronal net components in the human cochlear nucleus and superior olivary complex. Hear Res 2018; 367:32-47. [PMID: 30025262 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The human auditory brainstem, especially the cochlear nucleus (CN) and the superior olivary complex (SOC) are characterized by a high density of neurons associated with perineuronal nets (PNs). PNs build a specific form of extracellular matrix surrounding the neuronal somata, proximal dendrites and axon initial segments. They restrict synaptic plasticity and control high-frequency synaptic activity, a prominent characteristic of neurons of the auditory brainstem. The distribution of PNs within the auditory brainstem has been investigated in a number of mammalian species. However, much less is known regarding PNs in the human auditory brainstem. The present study aimed at the immunohistochemical identification of PNs in the cochlear nucleus (CN) and superior olivary complex (SOC) in the human brainstem. We focused on the complex nature and molecular variability of PNs in the CN and SOC by using specific antibodies against the main PN components (aggrecan, brevican, neurocan and hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1). Virtually all subnuclei within the ventral CN and SOC were found to be associated with PNs. Direct comparison between gerbil and human yielded similar fine structure of PNs and confirmed the typical tight interdigitation of PNs with synaptic terminals in both species. Noticeably, an elaborate combination of immunohistochemical labelings clearly supports the still debated existence of the medial nucleus of trapezoid body (MNTB) in the human brain. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that PNs form a prominent extracellular structure on CN and SOC neurons in the human brain, potentially stabilizing synaptic contacts, which is in agreement with many other mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Weinrich
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mandy Sonntag
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Arendt
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Morawski
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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73
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Ueno H, Fujii K, Suemitsu S, Murakami S, Kitamura N, Wani K, Aoki S, Okamoto M, Ishihara T, Takao K. Expression of aggrecan components in perineuronal nets in the mouse cerebral cortex. IBRO Rep 2018; 4:22-37. [PMID: 30135949 PMCID: PMC6084874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific regions of the cerebral cortex are highly plastic in an organism's lifetime. It is thought that perineuronal nets (PNNs) regulate plasticity, but labeling for Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA), which is widely used to detect PNNs, is observed throughout the cortex. The aggrecan molecule-a PNN component-may regulate plasticity, and may also be involved in determining region-specific vulnerability to stress. To clarify cortical region-specific plasticity and vulnerability, we qualitatively analyzed aggrecan-positive and glycosylated aggrecan-positive PNNs in the mature mouse cerebral cortex. Our findings revealed the selective expression of both aggrecan-positive and glycosylated aggrecan-positive PNNs in the cortex. WFA-positive PNNs expressed aggrecan in a region-specific manner in the cortex. Furthermore, we observed variable distributions of PNNs containing WFA- and aggrecan-positive molecules. Together, our findings suggest that PNN components and their function differ depending on the cortical region, and that aggrecan molecules may be involved in determining region-specific plasticity and vulnerability in the cortex.
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Key Words
- Aggrecan
- Au1, primary auditory cortex
- AuD, secondary auditory cortex dorsal area
- AuV, secondary auditory cortex ventral area
- Brain region-specific
- Cg, cingulate cortex
- Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan
- DIEnt, dorsintermed entorhinal cortex
- DLEnt, dorsolateral entorhinal cortex
- DLO, dorsolateral orbital cortex
- DP, dorsal peduncular cortex
- Ect, ectorhinal cortex
- Extracellular matrix
- FrA, frontal association cortex
- IL, infralimbic cortex
- LO, lateral orbital cortex
- LPtA, lateral parietal association cortex
- M1, primary motor cortex
- M2, secondary motor cortex
- MPtA, medial parietal association cortex
- PL, prelimbic cortex
- PRh, perirhinal cortex
- Perineuronal nets
- Plasticity
- RSD, retrosplenial dysgranular cortex
- RSGa, retrosplenial granular cortex a region
- RSGb, retrosplenial granular cortex b region
- RSGc, retrosplenial granular cortex c region
- S1BF, primary somatosensory cortex–barrel field
- S1Tr, primary somatosensory cortex–trunk region
- S2, secondary somatosensory cortex
- TeA, temporal association cortex
- V1B, primary visual cortex binocular area
- V1M, primary visual cortex monocular area
- V2L, secondary visual cortex lateral area
- V2ML, secondary visual cortex mediolateral area
- V2MM, secondary visual cortex–mediomedial area
- VO, ventral orbital cortex
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueno
- Department of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
- Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kazuki Fujii
- Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
- Department of Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Suemitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Shinji Murakami
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Naoya Kitamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Kenta Wani
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Shozo Aoki
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Motoi Okamoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishihara
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Keizo Takao
- Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
- Department of Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
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74
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Irvine SF, Kwok JCF. Perineuronal Nets in Spinal Motoneurones: Chondroitin Sulphate Proteoglycan around Alpha Motoneurones. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041172. [PMID: 29649136 PMCID: PMC5979458 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix structures surrounding neuronal sub-populations throughout the central nervous system, regulating plasticity. Enzymatically removing PNNs successfully enhances plasticity and thus functional recovery, particularly in spinal cord injury models. While PNNs within various brain regions are well studied, much of the composition and associated populations in the spinal cord is yet unknown. We aim to investigate the populations of PNN neurones involved in this functional motor recovery. Immunohistochemistry for choline acetyltransferase (labelling motoneurones), PNNs using Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) and chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs), including aggrecan, was performed to characterise the molecular heterogeneity of PNNs in rat spinal motoneurones (Mns). CSPG-positive PNNs surrounded ~70–80% of Mns. Using WFA, only ~60% of the CSPG-positive PNNs co-localised with WFA in the spinal Mns, while ~15–30% of Mns showed CSPG-positive but WFA-negative PNNs. Selective labelling revealed that aggrecan encircled ~90% of alpha Mns. The results indicate that (1) aggrecan labels spinal PNNs better than WFA, and (2) there are differences in PNN composition and their associated neuronal populations between the spinal cord and cortex. Insights into the role of PNNs and their molecular heterogeneity in the spinal motor pools could aid in designing targeted strategies to enhance functional recovery post-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian F Irvine
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Jessica C F Kwok
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
- Centre of Reconstructive Neurosciences, Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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75
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Horii-Hayashi N, Nishi M. A Newly Defined Area of the Mouse Anterior Hypothalamus Involved in Septohypothalamic Circuit: Perifornical Area of the Anterior Hypothalamus, PeFAH. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2018; 51:1-8. [PMID: 29622845 PMCID: PMC5880799 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.17030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the hypothalamus is classified into more than 10 compartments, it still contains uncharacterized areas. In this study, we identified a new triangular-shaped area between the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) and the fornix area in the mouse anterior hypothalamus, which is enriched in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs). We designated this region as the perifornical area of the anterior hypothalamus (PeFAH) based on its anatomical location. As evidenced by Nissl staining, the PeFAH was distinguishable as an area of relatively low density. Immunohistochemical and DNA microarray analyses indicated that PeFAH contains sparsely distributed calretinin-positive neurons and densely clustered enkephalin-positive neurons. Furthermore, the PeFAH was shown to have bidirectional neural connections with the lateral septum. Indeed, we confirmed enkephalinergic projections from PeFAH neurons to the lateral septum, and inversely, calbindin-positive lateral septum neurons as afferents to the PeFAH. Finally, c-Fos expression analysis revealed that the activity of certain PeFAH neuronal populations tended to be increased by psychological stressors, but not that of enkephalinergic neurons. We proposed PeFAH as a new region in the AH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayumi Nishi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nara Medical University
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76
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Eskici NF, Erdem-Ozdamar S, Dayangac-Erden D. The altered expression of perineuronal net elements during neural differentiation. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2018; 23:5. [PMID: 29456557 PMCID: PMC5812217 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-018-0073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Perineuronal nets (PNNs), which are localized around neurons during development, are specialized forms of neural extracellular matrix with neuroprotective and plasticity-regulating roles. Hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 (HAPLN1), tenascin-R (TNR) and aggrecan (ACAN) are key elements of PNNs. In diseases characterized by neuritogenesis defects, the expression of these proteins is known to be downregulated, suggesting that PNNs may have a role in neural differentiation. Methods In this study, the mRNA and protein levels of HAPLN1, TNR and ACAN were determined and compared at specific time points of neural differentiation. We used PC12 cells as the in vitro model because they reflect this developmental process. Results On day 7, the HAPLN1 mRNA level showed a 2.9-fold increase compared to the non-differentiated state. However, the cellular HAPLN1 protein level showed a decrease, indicating that the protein may have roles in neural differentiation, and may be secreted during the early period of differentiation. By contrast, TNR mRNA and protein levels remained unchanged, and the amount of cellular ACAN protein showed a 3.7-fold increase at day 7. These results suggest that ACAN may be secreted after day 7, possibly due to its large amount of post-translational modifications. Conclusions Our results provide preliminary data on the expression of PNN elements during neural differentiation. Further investigations will be performed on the role of these elements in neurological disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazli F Eskici
- 1Faculty of Medicine Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevim Erdem-Ozdamar
- 2Faculty of Medicine Department of Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Didem Dayangac-Erden
- 1Faculty of Medicine Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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77
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Miyata S, Nadanaka S, Igarashi M, Kitagawa H. Structural Variation of Chondroitin Sulfate Chains Contributes to the Molecular Heterogeneity of Perineuronal Nets. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 12:3. [PMID: 29456495 PMCID: PMC5801575 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggrecan, a chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan, forms lattice-like extracellular matrix structures called perineuronal nets (PNNs). Neocortical PNNs primarily ensheath parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory neurons (parvalbumin, PV cells) late in brain development. Emerging evidence indicates that PNNs promote the maturation of PV cells by enhancing the incorporation of homeobox protein Otx2 and regulating experience-dependent neural plasticity. Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA), an N-acetylgalactosamine-specific plant lectin, binds to the CS chains of aggrecan and has been widely used to visualize PNNs. Although PNNs show substantial molecular heterogeneity, the importance of this heterogeneity in neural plasticity remains unknown. Here, in addition to WFA lectin, we used the two monoclonal antibodies Cat315 and Cat316, both of which recognize the glycan structures of aggrecan, to investigate the molecular heterogeneity of PNNs. WFA detected the highest number of PNNs in all cortical layers, whereas Cat315 and Cat316 labeled only a subset of PNNs. WFA+, Cat315+, and Cat316+ PNNs showed different laminar distributions in the adult visual cortex. WFA, Cat315 and Cat316 detected distinct, but partially overlapping, populations of PNNs. Based on the reactivities of these probes, we categorized PNNs into four groups. We found that two subpopulation of PNNs, one with higher and one with lower WFA-staining are differentially labeled by Cat316 and Cat315, respectively. CS chains recognized by Cat316 were diminished in mice deficient in an enzyme involved in the initiation of CS-biosynthesis. Furthermore, WFA+ and Cat316+ aggrecan were spatially segregated and formed microdomains in a single PNN. Otx2 co-localized with Cat316+ but not with WFA+ aggrecan in PNNs. Our results suggest that the heterogeneity of PNNs around PV cells may affect the functional maturation of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Miyata
- Laboratory of Molecular Bioregulation, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satomi Nadanaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Michihiro Igarashi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences and Trans-disciplinary Program, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
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78
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Su W, Matsumoto S, Sorg B, Sherman LS. Distinct roles for hyaluronan in neural stem cell niches and perineuronal nets. Matrix Biol 2018; 78-79:272-283. [PMID: 29408010 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in mammals is a tightly regulated process where neural stem cells (NSCs), especially in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus, proliferate and differentiate into new neurons that form new circuits or integrate into old circuits involved in episodic memory, pattern discrimination, and emotional responses. Recent evidence suggests that changes in the hyaluronan (HA)-based extracellular matrix of the SGZ may regulate neurogenesis by controlling NSC proliferation and early steps in neuronal differentiation. These studies raise the intriguing possibility that perturbations in this matrix, including HA accumulation with aging, could impact adult neurogenesis and cognitive functions, and that alterations to this matrix could be beneficial following insults to the central nervous system that impact hippocampal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Su
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Steven Matsumoto
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Integrative Biosciences Department, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Barbara Sorg
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA
| | - Larry S Sherman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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79
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Beebe NL, Schofield BR. Perineuronal nets in subcortical auditory nuclei of four rodent species with differing hearing ranges. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:972-989. [PMID: 29277975 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNs) are aggregates of extracellular matrix molecules that surround some neurons in the brain. While PNs occur widely across many cortical areas, subcortical PNs are especially associated with motor and auditory systems. The auditory system has recently been suggested as an ideal model system for studying PNs and their functions. However, descriptions of PNs in subcortical auditory areas vary, and it is unclear whether the variation reflects species differences or differences in staining techniques. Here, we used two staining techniques (one lectin stain and one antibody stain) to examine PN distribution in the subcortical auditory system of four different species: guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), mice (Mus musculus, CBA/CaJ strain), Long-Evans rats (Rattus norvegicus), and naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber). We found that some auditory nuclei exhibit dramatic differences in PN distribution among species while other nuclei have consistent PN distributions. We also found that PNs exhibit molecular heterogeneity, and can stain with either marker individually or with both. PNs within a given nucleus can be heterogeneous or homogenous in their staining patterns. We compared PN staining across the frequency axes of tonotopically organized nuclei and among species with different hearing ranges. PNs were distributed non-uniformly across some nuclei, but only rarely did this appear related to the tonotopic axis. PNs were prominent in all four species; we found no systematic relationship between the hearing range and the number, staining patterns or distribution of PNs in the auditory nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole L Beebe
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, 44272
| | - Brett R Schofield
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, 44272
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80
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Warford JR, Lamport AC, Clements DR, Malone A, Kennedy BE, Kim Y, Gujar SA, Hoskin DW, Easton AS. Surfen, a proteoglycan binding agent, reduces inflammation but inhibits remyelination in murine models of Multiple Sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:4. [PMID: 29301568 PMCID: PMC5755315 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0506-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans are promising therapeutic targets in Multiple Sclerosis (MS), because they regulate many aspects of the immune response. This was studied using surfen, an agent that binds both heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs). Initial cell culture work on bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) found that surfen reduced concentrations of the chemokines CCL2, CCL4 and CCL5, with reduced messenger (m)RNA expression for Tumor Necrosis Factor, IL-6, IL-1β and inducible nitric oxide synthase. These data were further explored using Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. Surfen reduced clinical signs during EAE when administered from disease onset, and reduced infiltration by CD4 positive T cells and macrophages into the central nervous system. These mice also showed reduced mRNA expression for the chemokines CCL3 and CCL5, with reduced concentrations of CCL2, CCL3 and CCL5. During EAE, surfen treatment induced a persistent increase in Interleukin (IL)-4 concentrations which may enhance T helper 2 responses. During EAE, surfen treatment reduced mRNA expression for HSPGs (NDST1, agrin, syndecan-4, perlecan, serglycin, syndecan-1) and the CSPG versican. By contrast, surfen increased mRNA expression for the CSPG aggrecan, with no effect on neurocan. During EAE, significant positive correlations were found between mRNA expression and clinical score for syndecan-4, serglycin and syndecan-1 and a significant negative correlation for aggrecan. These correlations were absent in surfen treated mice. Repair in the later stages of MS involves remyelination, which was modeled by injecting lysolecithin (lysophosphatidylcholine, LPC) into mouse corpus callosum to create regions of demyelination. When surfen was injected 2 days after LPC, it delayed remyelination of the lesions, but had no effect when injected 7 days after LPC. The delayed remyelination was associated with local increases in CSPG expression. Therefore surfen suppresses inflammation but inhibits remyelination in these models. A mechanism in common may be increased CSPG expression.
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81
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Lasek AW, Chen H, Chen WY. Releasing Addiction Memories Trapped in Perineuronal Nets. Trends Genet 2017; 34:197-208. [PMID: 29289347 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction can be conceptualized at a basic level as maladaptive learning and memory. Addictive substances elicit changes in brain circuitry involved in reward, cognition, and emotional state, leading to the formation and persistence of strong drug-associated memories that lead to craving and relapse. Recently, perineuronal nets (PNNs), extracellular matrix (ECM) structures surrounding neurons, have emerged as regulators of learning, memory, and addiction behaviors. PNNs do not merely provide structural support to neurons but are dynamically remodeled in an experience-dependent manner by metalloproteinases. They function in various brain regions through constituent proteins such as brevican that are implicated in neural plasticity. Understanding the function of PNN components in memory processes may lead to new therapeutic approaches to treating addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy W Lasek
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics and Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Hu Chen
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics and Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Wei-Yang Chen
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics and Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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82
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Chondroitin Sulfate Is Required for Onset and Offset of Critical Period Plasticity in Visual Cortex. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12646. [PMID: 28974755 PMCID: PMC5626782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular dominance plasticity is easily observed during the critical period in early postnatal life. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is the most abundant component in extracellular structures called perineuronal nets (PNNs), which surround parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PV-cells). CS accumulates in PNNs at the critical period, but its function in earlier life is unclear. Here, we show that initiation of ocular dominance plasticity was impaired with reduced CS, using mice lacking a key CS-synthesizing enzyme, CSGalNAcT1. Two-photon in vivo imaging showed a weaker visual response of PV-cells with reduced CS compared to wild-type mice. Plasticity onset was restored by a homeoprotein Otx2, which binds the major CS-proteoglycan aggrecan and promotes its further expression. Continuous CS accumulation together with Otx2 contributed bidirectionally to both onset and offset of plasticity, and was substituted by diazepam, which enhances GABA function. Therefore, CS and Otx2 may act as common inducers of both onset and offset of the critical period by promoting PV-cell function throughout the lifetime.
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83
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Murase S, Lantz CL, Quinlan EM. Light reintroduction after dark exposure reactivates plasticity in adults via perisynaptic activation of MMP-9. eLife 2017; 6:27345. [PMID: 28875930 PMCID: PMC5630258 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensitivity of ocular dominance to regulation by monocular deprivation is the canonical model of plasticity confined to a critical period. However, we have previously shown that visual deprivation through dark exposure (DE) reactivates critical period plasticity in adults. Previous work assumed that the elimination of visual input was sufficient to enhance plasticity in the adult mouse visual cortex. In contrast, here we show that light reintroduction (LRx) after DE is responsible for the reactivation of plasticity. LRx triggers degradation of the ECM, which is blocked by pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). LRx induces an increase in MMP-9 activity that is perisynaptic and enriched at thalamo-cortical synapses. The reactivation of plasticity by LRx is absent in Mmp9−/− mice, and is rescued by hyaluronidase, an enzyme that degrades core ECM components. Thus, the LRx-induced increase in MMP-9 removes constraints on structural and functional plasticity in the mature cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Murase
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences Program, Department of Biology, University of Maryland, Maryland, United States
| | - Crystal L Lantz
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences Program, Department of Biology, University of Maryland, Maryland, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Quinlan
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences Program, Department of Biology, University of Maryland, Maryland, United States
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84
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Yang S, Hilton S, Alves JN, Saksida LM, Bussey T, Matthews RT, Kitagawa H, Spillantini MG, Kwok JCF, Fawcett JW. Antibody recognizing 4-sulfated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans restores memory in tauopathy-induced neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 59:197-209. [PMID: 28890301 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are the main active component of perineuronal nets (PNNs). Digestion of the glycosaminoglycan chains of CSPGs with chondroitinase ABC or transgenic attenuation of PNNs leads to prolongation of object recognition memory and activation of various forms of plasticity in the adult central nervous system. The inhibitory properties of the CSPGs depend on the pattern of sulfation of their glycosaminoglycans, with chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4S) being the most inhibitory form. In this study, we tested a number of candidates for functional blocking of C4S, leading to selection of an antibody, Cat316, which specifically recognizes C4S and blocks its inhibitory effects on axon growth. It also partly blocks binding of semaphorin 3A to PNNs and attenuates PNN formation. We asked whether injection of Cat316 into the perirhinal cortex would have the same effects on memory as chondroitinase ABC treatment. We found that masking C4S with the Cat316 antibody extended long-term object recognition memory in normal wild-type mice to 24 hours, similarly to chondroitinase or transgenic PNN attenuation. We then tested Cat316 for restoration of memory in a neurodegeneration model. Mice expressing tau with the P301S mutation showed profound loss of object recognition memory at 4 months of age. Injection of Cat316 into the perirhinal cortex normalized object recognition at 3 hours in P301S mice. These data indicate that Cat316 binding to C4S in the extracellular matrix can restore plasticity and memory in the same way as chondroitinase ABC digestion. Our results suggest that antibodies to C4S could be a useful therapeutic to restore memory function in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeong Yang
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sam Hilton
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - João Nuno Alves
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lisa M Saksida
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy Bussey
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Russell T Matthews
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Jessica C F Kwok
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Centre for Reconstructive Neurosciences, Institute of Experimental Medicine ASCR, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - James W Fawcett
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Centre for Reconstructive Neurosciences, Institute of Experimental Medicine ASCR, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Casting a Wide Net: Role of Perineuronal Nets in Neural Plasticity. J Neurosci 2017; 36:11459-11468. [PMID: 27911749 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2351-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are unique extracellular matrix structures that wrap around certain neurons in the CNS during development and control plasticity in the adult CNS. They appear to contribute to a wide range of diseases/disorders of the brain, are involved in recovery from spinal cord injury, and are altered during aging, learning and memory, and after exposure to drugs of abuse. Here the focus is on how a major component of PNNs, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, control plasticity, and on the role of PNNs in memory in normal aging, in a tauopathy model of Alzheimer's disease, and in drug addiction. Also discussed is how altered extracellular matrix/PNN formation during development may produce synaptic pathology associated with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, and autism spectrum disorders. Understanding the molecular underpinnings of how PNNs are altered in normal physiology and disease will offer insights into new treatment approaches for these diseases.
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86
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Miyata S, Kitagawa H. Formation and remodeling of the brain extracellular matrix in neural plasticity: Roles of chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017. [PMID: 28625420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the brain is rich in glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate (CS) and hyaluronan. These glycosaminoglycans are organized into either diffuse or condensed ECM. Diffuse ECM is distributed throughout the brain and fills perisynaptic spaces, whereas condensed ECM selectively surrounds parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory neurons (PV cells) in mesh-like structures called perineuronal nets (PNNs). The brain ECM acts as a non-specific physical barrier that modulates neural plasticity and axon regeneration. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here, we review recent progress in understanding of the molecular basis of organization and remodeling of the brain ECM, and the involvement of several types of experience-dependent neural plasticity, with a particular focus on the mechanism that regulates PV cell function through specific interactions between CS chains and their binding partners. We also discuss how the barrier function of the brain ECM restricts dendritic spine dynamics and limits axon regeneration after injury. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The brain ECM not only forms physical barriers that modulate neural plasticity and axon regeneration, but also forms molecular brakes that actively controls maturation of PV cells and synapse plasticity in which sulfation patterns of CS chains play a key role. Structural remodeling of the brain ECM modulates neural function during development and pathogenesis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Genetic or enzymatic manipulation of the brain ECM may restore neural plasticity and enhance recovery from nerve injury. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Neuro-glycoscience, edited by Kenji Kadomatsu and Hiroshi Kitagawa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Miyata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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87
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Noguchi A, Matsumoto N, Morikawa S, Tamura H, Ikegaya Y. Juvenile Hippocampal CA2 Region Expresses Aggrecan. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:41. [PMID: 28539874 PMCID: PMC5423971 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are distributed primarily around inhibitory interneurons in the hippocampus, such as parvalbumin-positive interneurons. PNNs are also present around excitatory neurons in some brain regions and prevent plasticity in these neurons. A recent study demonstrated that PNNs also exist around mouse hippocampal pyramidal cells, which are the principle type of excitatory neurons, in the CA2 subregion and modulate the excitability and plasticity of these neurons. However, the development of PNNs in the CA2 region during postnatal maturation was not fully investigated. This study found that a main component of PNNs, aggrecan, existed in the pyramidal cell layer of the putative CA2 subarea prior to the appearance of the CA2 region, which was defined by the CA2 marker protein regulator of G protein signaling 14 (RGS14). We also found that aggrecan immunoreactivity was more evident in the anterior sections of the CA2 area than the posterior sections, which suggests that the function of CA2 PNNs varies along the anterior-posterior axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Noguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Shota Morikawa
- Life Science Tokyo Advanced Research Center (L-StaR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Tamura
- Life Science Tokyo Advanced Research Center (L-StaR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan.,Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications TechnologyOsaka, Japan
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88
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Ueno H, Suemitsu S, Okamoto M, Matsumoto Y, Ishihara T. Sensory experience-dependent formation of perineuronal nets and expression of Cat-315 immunoreactive components in the mouse somatosensory cortex. Neuroscience 2017; 355:161-174. [PMID: 28495333 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are structures of extracellular matrix molecules surrounding the cell bodies and proximal dendrites of certain neurons. While PNNs are present throughout the mouse cerebral cortex, recent studies have shown that the components differ among cortical sub-regions and layers, suggesting region-specific functions. Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PV neurons) may be important regulators of cortical plasticity during the early "critical period" that is sensitive to sensory input. Here we examined the distribution and developmental functions of PNN components associated with PV neurons in the somatosensory cortex during the critical period. Aggrecan, brevican, neurocan, phosphacan, and tenascin-R were identified as PNN components in the mouse somatosensory cortex. High-magnification analysis revealed that some lectin Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA)-reactive molecules did not co-localize with monoclonal antibody Cat-315 recognition molecules around the cell body. During postnatal development, Cat-315-positive (Cat-315+) PNNs appeared later than PNNs binding to the lectin WFA (WFA+ PNNs). These WFA+ PNNs changed from granular-like to reticular-like structures during normal cortical development, while this transition was delayed by sensory deprivation. This study indicates that the formation of reticular-like WFA+ PNNs is dependent on sensory experience in the mouse somatosensory cortex. We suggest that Cat-315+ molecules and WFA expression in PNNs are involved in the early critical period of input-dependent cortical plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueno
- Department of Medical Technology, Kawasaki College of Allied Health Professions, Okayama 701-0194, Japan; Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Suemitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Motoi Okamoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Matsumoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Ishihara
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki 701-0192, Japan.
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89
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De Luca C, Papa M. Matrix Metalloproteinases, Neural Extracellular Matrix, and Central Nervous System Pathology. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 148:167-202. [PMID: 28662822 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The functionality and stability of the central nervous system (CNS) pabulum, called neural extracellular matrix (nECM), is paramount for the maintenance of a healthy network. The loosening or the damage of the scaffold disrupts synaptic transmission with the consequent imbalance of the neurotransmitters, reactive cells invasion, astrocytosis, new matrix deposition, digestion of the previous structure and ultimately, maladaptive plasticity with the loss of neuronal viability. nECM is constantly affected by CNS disorders, particularly in chronic modifying such as neurodegenerative disease, or in acute/subacute with chronic sequelae, like cerebrovascular and inflammatory pathology. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are the main interfering agent of nECM, guiding the balance of degradation and new deposition of proteins such as proteoglycans and glycoproteins, or glycosaminoglycans, such as hyaluronic acid. Activation of these enzymes is modulated by their physiologic inhibitors, the tissue inhibitors of MMPs or via other proteases inhibitors, as well as genetic or epigenetic up- or downregulation through molecular interaction or receptor activation. The appropriate understanding of the pathways underlying nECM modifications in CNS pathology is probably one of the pivotal future directions to identify the healthy brain network and subsequently design new therapies to interfere with the progression of the CNS disease and eventually find appropriate therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro De Luca
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; SYSBIO, Centre for Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
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90
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Morikawa S, Ikegaya Y, Narita M, Tamura H. Activation of perineuronal net-expressing excitatory neurons during associative memory encoding and retrieval. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46024. [PMID: 28378772 PMCID: PMC5380958 DOI: 10.1038/srep46024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs), proteoglycan-rich extracellular matrix structures, are thought to be expressed around inhibitory neurons and contribute to critical periods of brain function and synaptic plasticity. However, in some specific brain regions such as the amygdala, PNNs were predominantly expressed around excitatory neurons. These neurons were recruited during auditory fear conditioning and memory retrieval. Indeed, the activation of PNN-expressing excitatory neurons predicted cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Morikawa
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation Research, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.,Life Science Tokyo Advanced Research Center (L-StaR), Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Minoru Narita
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Hideki Tamura
- Life Science Tokyo Advanced Research Center (L-StaR), Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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91
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Yamada J, Ohgomori T, Jinno S. Alterations in expression of Cat-315 epitope of perineuronal nets during normal ageing, and its modulation by an open-channel NMDA receptor blocker, memantine. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:2035-2049. [PMID: 28271508 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The perineuronal net (PNN), a specialized aggregate of the extracellular matrix, is involved in neuroprotection against oxidative stress, which is now recognized as a major contributor to age-related decline in brain functions. In this study, we investigated the age-related molecular changes of PNNs using monoclonal antibody Cat-315, which recognizes human natural killer-1 (HNK-1) glycan on aggrecan-based PNNs. Western blot analysis showed that the expression levels of Cat-315 epitope in the hippocampus were higher in middle-aged (MA, 12-month-old) mice than in young adult (YA, 2-month-old) mice. Although there were no differences in the expression levels of Cat-315 epitope between old age (OA, 20-month-old) and MA mice, Cat-315 immunoreactivity was also detected in astrocytes of OA mice. To focus on Cat-315 epitope in PNNs, we used YA and MA mice in the following experiments. Optical disector analysis showed that there were no differences in the numbers of Cat-315-positive (Cat-315+ ) PNNs between YA and MA mice. Fluorescence intensity analysis indicated that Cat-315 immunoreactivity in PNNs increased with age in the dorsal hippocampus, which is mainly involved in cognitive functions. Administration of an open-channel blocker of NMDA receptor, memantine, reduced the expression levels of Cat-315 epitope in the hippocampus. Furthermore, the numbers of glutamatergic and GABAergic terminals colocalized with Cat-315 epitope around parvalbumin-positive neurons were decreased by memantine. These findings provide novel insight into the involvement of PNNs in normal brain ageing, and suggest that memantine may counteract the age-related alterations in expression levels of Cat-315 epitope via regulation of its subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yamada
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ohgomori
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shozo Jinno
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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92
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Song I, Dityatev A. Crosstalk between glia, extracellular matrix and neurons. Brain Res Bull 2017; 136:101-108. [PMID: 28284900 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules in the central nervous system form highly organized ECM structures around cell somata, axon initial segments, and synapses and play prominent roles in early development by guiding cell migration, neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis, and by regulating closure of the critical period of development, synaptic plasticity and stability, cognitive flexibility, and axonal regeneration in adults. Major components of neural ECM, including chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), tenascin-R and hyaluronic acid, are synthesized by both neurons and glial cells. The expression of these molecules is dynamically regulated during brain development in physiological conditions, shaping both neuronal and glial functions through multitude of molecular mechanisms. Upregulation of particular CSPGs and other ECM molecules, in particular by reactive astrocytes, after CNS injuries, during aging, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration on the one hand results in formation of growth-impermissive environment and impaired synaptic plasticity. On the other hand, ECM appeared to have a neuroprotective effect, at least in the form of perineuronal nets. CSPGs-degrading matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and several members of the disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) family of proteases are secreted by neurons and glia and may drive neural ECM remodeling in physiological conditions as well as after brain injury and other brain disorders. Thus, targeting expression of specific ECM molecules, associated glycans and degrading enzymes may lead to development of new therapeutic strategies promoting regeneration and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inseon Song
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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93
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Chondroitin sulfates and their binding molecules in the central nervous system. Glycoconj J 2017; 34:363-376. [PMID: 28101734 PMCID: PMC5487772 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-017-9761-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is the most abundant glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in the central nervous system (CNS) matrix. Its sulfation and epimerization patterns give rise to different forms of CS, which enables it to interact specifically and with a significant affinity with various signalling molecules in the matrix including growth factors, receptors and guidance molecules. These interactions control numerous biological and pathological processes, during development and in adulthood. In this review, we describe the specific interactions of different families of proteins involved in various physiological and cognitive mechanisms with CSs in CNS matrix. A better understanding of these interactions could promote a development of inhibitors to treat neurodegenerative diseases.
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94
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Yamada J, Jinno S. Molecular heterogeneity of aggrecan-based perineuronal nets around five subclasses of parvalbumin-expressing neurons in the mouse hippocampus. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:1234-1249. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yamada
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
| | - Shozo Jinno
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
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95
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Bitanihirwe BKY, Mauney SA, Woo TUW. Weaving a Net of Neurobiological Mechanisms in Schizophrenia and Unraveling the Underlying Pathophysiology. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:589-98. [PMID: 27113498 PMCID: PMC5017894 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.03.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are enigmatic structures composed of extracellular matrix molecules that encapsulate the soma, dendrites, and axon segments of neurons in a lattice-like fashion. Although most PNNs condense around parvalbumin-expressing gamma-aminobutyric acidergic interneurons, some glutamatergic pyramidal cells in the brain are also surrounded by PNNs. Experimental findings suggest pivotal roles of PNNs in the regulation of synaptic formation and function. Also, an increasing body of evidence links PNN abnormalities to schizophrenia. The number of PNNs progressively increases during postnatal development until plateauing around the period of late adolescence and early adulthood, which temporally coincides with the age of onset of schizophrenia. Given the established role of PNNs in modulating developmental plasticity, the PNN represents a possible candidate for altering the onset and progression of schizophrenia. Similarly, the reported function of PNNs in regulating the trafficking of glutamate receptors places them in a critical position to modulate synaptic pathology, considered a cardinal feature of schizophrenia. We discuss the physiologic role of PNNs in neural function, synaptic assembly, and plasticity as well as how they interface with circuit/system mechanisms of cognition. An integrated understanding of these neurobiological processes should provide a better basis to elucidate how PNN abnormalities influence brain function and contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron K Y Bitanihirwe
- Department of International Health, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah A Mauney
- Program in Cellular Neuropathology, McLean Hospital, Belmont
| | - Tsung-Ung W Woo
- Program in Cellular Neuropathology, McLean Hospital, Belmont; Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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96
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Insights from extracellular matrix studies in the hypothalamus: structural variations of perineuronal nets and discovering a new perifornical area of the anterior hypothalamus. Anat Sci Int 2016; 92:18-24. [PMID: 27714583 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-016-0375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus controls metabolism, stress responses, and instinctive behaviors for individual survival and species preservation. Recent studies suggest that hypothalamic neurons retain plasticity throughout adulthood, which enables these neurons to respond to various kinds of changes in environment, nutrients, and fluctuating hormones. One of the mechanisms underlying the regulation of neural plasticity is the formation of a stable extracellular matrix (ECM) structure called perineuronal nets (PNNs). PNNs are large aggregates of heterogeneous ECM molecules such as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), hyaluronan, their link proteins, and tenascin-R. PNNs surround the cell body and proximal dendrites of a subset of neurons and limit adult neural plasticity. This review describes the CSPG-based ECM, including the PNNs, with a special focus on the hypothalamus of mice. We first provide an overview of PNNs in terms of their structure, molecular components, and functions, most of which have been demonstrated by extrahypothalamic studies. Second, we show the presence or absence of PNNs within individual hypothalamic regions and then describe non-PNN-formed ECM containing CSPGs that can be observed in particular hypothalamic regions. Finally, we will introduce a newly identified mouse hypothalamic area that we named the perifornical area of the anterior hypothalamus (PeFAH), which contains a cluster of PNN-positive neurons. PeFAH neurons express enkephalin and have bidirectional connections with the lateral septum. The anterior hypothalamus and lateral septum are thought to regulate defensive behaviors; therefore, the PeFAH neurons and PNNs around them could be involved in the regulation of defensive behaviors.
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97
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Dzyubenko E, Rozenberg A, Hermann DM, Faissner A. Colocalization of synapse marker proteins evaluated by STED-microscopy reveals patterns of neuronal synapse distribution in vitro. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 273:149-159. [PMID: 27615741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantification of synapses and their morphological analysis are extensively used in network development and connectivity studies, drug screening and other areas of neuroscience. Thus, a number of quantitative approaches were introduced so far. However, most of the available methods are highly tailored to specific applications and have limitations for widespread use. NEW METHOD We present a new plugin for the open-source software ImageJ to provide a modifiable, high-throughput and easy to use method for synaptic puncta analysis. Our approach is based on colocalization of pre- and postsynaptic protein markers. Structurally completed glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses were identified by VGLUT1-PSD95 and VGAT-gephyrin colocalization, respectively. By combining conventional confocal microscopy with stimulated emission depletion (STED) imaging, we propose a method to quantify the number of scaffolding protein clusters, recruited to a single postsynaptic density. RESULTS In a proof-of-concept study, we reveal the differential distribution of glutamatergic and GABAergic synapse density with reference to perineuronal net (PNN) expression. Using super-resolution STED imaging, we demonstrate that postsynaptic puncta of completed synapses are composed of significantly more protein clusters, compared to uncompleted synapses. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Our Synapse Counter plugin for ImageJ offers a rapid and unbiased research tool for a broad spectrum of neuroscientists. The proposed method of synaptic protein clusters quantification exploits super-resolution imaging to provide a comprehensive approach to the analysis of postsynaptic density composition. CONCLUSIONS Our results strongly substantiate the benefits of colocalization-based synapse detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egor Dzyubenko
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; International School of Neuroscience (IGSN), Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Andrey Rozenberg
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany.
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98
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Lasek AW. Effects of Ethanol on Brain Extracellular Matrix: Implications for Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:2030-2042. [PMID: 27581478 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The brain extracellular matrix (ECM) occupies the space between cells and is involved in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion. However, in addition to providing structural support to brain tissue, the ECM activates cell signaling and controls synaptic transmission. The expression and activity of brain ECM components are regulated by alcohol exposure. This review will discuss what is currently known about the effects of alcohol on the activity and expression of brain ECM components. An interpretation of how these changes might promote alcohol use disorder (AUD) will be also provided. Ethanol (EtOH) exposure decreases levels of structural proteins involved in the interstitial matrix and basement membrane, with a concomitant increase in proteolytic enzymes that degrade these components. In contrast, EtOH exposure generally increases perineuronal net components. Because the ECM has been shown to regulate both synaptic plasticity and behavioral responses to drugs of abuse, regulation of the brain ECM by alcohol may be relevant to the development of alcoholism. Although investigation of the function of brain ECM in alcohol abuse is still in early stages, a greater understanding of the interplay between ECM and alcohol might lead to novel therapeutic strategies for treating AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy W Lasek
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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99
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Arnst N, Kuznetsova S, Lipachev N, Shaikhutdinov N, Melnikova A, Mavlikeev M, Uvarov P, Baltina TV, Rauvala H, Osin YN, Kiyasov AP, Paveliev M. Spatial patterns and cell surface clusters in perineuronal nets. Brain Res 2016; 1648:214-223. [PMID: 27425428 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNN) ensheath GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses on neuronal cell surface in the central nervous system (CNS), have neuroprotective effect in animal models of Alzheimer disease and regulate synaptic plasticity during development and regeneration. Crucial insights were obtained recently concerning molecular composition and physiological importance of PNN but the microstructure of the network remains largely unstudied. Here we used histochemistry, fluorescent microscopy and quantitative image analysis to study the PNN structure in adult mouse and rat neurons from layers IV and VI of the somatosensory cortex. Vast majority of meshes have quadrangle, pentagon or hexagon shape with mean mesh area of 1.29µm(2) in mouse and 1.44µm(2) in rat neurons. We demonstrate two distinct patterns of chondroitin sulfate distribution within a single mesh - with uniform (nonpolar) and node-enriched (polar) distribution of the Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive signal. Vertices of the node-enriched pattern match better with local maxima of chondroitin sulfate density as compared to the uniform pattern. PNN is organized into clusters of meshes with distinct morphologies on the neuronal cell surface. Our findings suggest the role for the PNN microstructure in the synaptic transduction and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Arnst
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, K. Marx 74, 420012 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Svetlana Kuznetsova
- Interdisciplinary Center for Analytic Microscopy, Kazan Federal University, Parizhskoy Kommuny Str 9, 420021 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Nikita Lipachev
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nurislam Shaikhutdinov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, K. Marx 74, 420012 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Melnikova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, K. Marx 74, 420012 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Mikhail Mavlikeev
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, K. Marx 74, 420012 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Pavel Uvarov
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tatyana V Baltina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, K. Marx 74, 420012 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Heikki Rauvala
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yuriy N Osin
- Interdisciplinary Center for Analytic Microscopy, Kazan Federal University, Parizhskoy Kommuny Str 9, 420021 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Andrey P Kiyasov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, K. Marx 74, 420012 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Mikhail Paveliev
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, K. Marx 74, 420012 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia.
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Wisteria Floribunda Agglutinin-Labeled Perineuronal Nets in the Mouse Inferior Colliculus, Thalamic Reticular Nucleus and Auditory Cortex. Brain Sci 2016; 6:brainsci6020013. [PMID: 27089371 PMCID: PMC4931490 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci6020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are specialized extracellular matrix molecules that are associated with the closing of the critical period, among other functions. In the adult brain, PNNs surround specific types of neurons, however the expression of PNNs in the auditory system of the mouse, particularly at the level of the midbrain and forebrain, has not been fully described. In addition, the association of PNNs with excitatory and inhibitory cell types in these structures remains unknown. Therefore, we sought to investigate the expression of PNNs in the inferior colliculus (IC), thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) and primary auditory cortex (A1) of the mouse brain by labeling with wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA). To aid in the identification of inhibitory neurons in these structures, we employed the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT)-Venus transgenic mouse strain, which robustly expresses an enhanced yellow-fluorescent protein (Venus) natively in nearly all gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)-ergic inhibitory neurons, thus enabling a rapid and unambiguous assessment of inhibitory neurons throughout the nervous system. Our results demonstrate that PNNs are expressed throughout the auditory midbrain and forebrain, but vary in their local distribution. PNNs are most dense in the TRN and least dense in A1. Furthermore, PNNs are preferentially associated with inhibitory neurons in A1 and the TRN, but not in the IC of the mouse. These data suggest regionally specific roles for PNNs in auditory information processing.
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