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Tardiff N, Graves KN, Thompson-Schill SL. The Role of Frontostriatal Systems in Instructed Reinforcement Learning: Evidence From Genetic and Experimentally-Induced Variation. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 12:472. [PMID: 30618672 PMCID: PMC6304395 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Instructions have a powerful effect on learning and decision-making, biasing choice even in the face of disconfirming feedback. Detrimental biasing effects have been reported in a number of studies in which instruction was given prior to trial-and-error learning. Previous work has attributed individual differences in instructional bias to variations in prefrontal and striatal dopaminergic genes, suggesting a role for prefrontally-mediated cognitive control processes in biasing learning. The current study replicates and extends these findings. Human subjects performed a probabilistic reinforcement learning task after receiving inaccurate instructions about the quality of one of the options. In order to establish a causal relationship between prefrontal cortical mechanisms and instructional bias, we applied transcranial direct current stimulation over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (anodal, cathodal, or sham) while subjects performed the task. We additionally genotyped subjects for the COMT Val158Met genetic polymorphism, which influences the breakdown of prefrontal dopamine, and for the DAT1/SLC6A3 variable number tandem repeat, which affects expression of striatal dopamine transporter. We replicated the finding that the COMT Met allele is associated with increased instructional bias and further demonstrated that variation in DAT1 has similar effects to variation in COMT, with 9-repeat carriers demonstrating increased bias relative to 10-repeat homozygotes. Consistent with increased top-down regulation of reinforcement learning, anodal subjects demonstrated greater bias relative to sham, though this effect was present only early in training. In contrast, there was no effect of cathodal stimulation. Finally, we fit computational models to subjects' data to better characterize the mechanisms underlying instruction bias. A novel choice bias model, in which instructions influence decision-making rather than learning, was found to best account for subjects' behavior. Overall, these data provide further evidence for the role of frontostriatal interactions in biasing instructed reinforcement learning, which adds to the growing literature documenting both costs and benefits of cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Tardiff
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kathryn N Graves
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, United States
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52
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Emonson MRL, Fitzgerald PB, Rogasch NC, Hoy KE. Neurobiological effects of transcranial direct current stimulation in younger adults, older adults and mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychologia 2019; 125:51-61. [PMID: 30625292 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been investigated as a way to improve motor and cognitive functioning, with largely variable results. Currently, relatively little is known about the neurobiological effects, and possible drivers of variability, in either healthy or clinical populations. Therefore, this study aimed to characterise the neurobiological effects to tDCS in younger adults, older adults and adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and their relationship to cognitive performance. 20 healthy younger adults, 20 healthy older adults and 9 individuals with MCI participated in the study. All completed neuropsychological tasks and TMS-EEG, prior to and following delivery of 20 min of anodal tDCS to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). EEG was also recorded during the 2-Back working memory task. Following tDCS, younger adults demonstrated alterations in early TMS-Evoked Potentials (TEPs), namely P30 and P60. Both younger and older adults exhibited a larger task-related N250 amplitude after stimulation, with contrasting relationships to cognitive performance. The MCI group showed no change in TEPs or ERPs over time. Comparisons between the groups revealed differences in the change in amplitude of early TEP (P60) and ERP (N100) peaks between younger and older adults. Our findings indicate that tDCS was able to modulate cortical activity in younger and older healthy adults, but in varying ways. These findings suggest that varied response to tDCS may be related to factors such as age and the presence/absence of cognitive impairment, and these factors should be considered when assessing the effectiveness of tDCS in healthy and pathological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R L Emonson
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University, Australia; School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Australia.
| | - P B Fitzgerald
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University, Australia; Epworth Clinic, Epworth Healthcare, Camberwell, Australia
| | - N C Rogasch
- Brain and Mental Health Laboratory, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Monash University, Australia
| | - K E Hoy
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University, Australia
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Wang Y, Zhou H, Li Y, Liu W. Impact of Electrode Number on the Performance of High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (HD-tDCS). ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2018; 2018:4182-4185. [PMID: 30441277 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8513379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation for treating brain disorders by applying constant current through scalp towards the targeted cortex regions. Precisely activating or inhibiting a specific area without interfering other parts in the brain is a challenge of tDCS. Recently high-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) with optimization technique attracts a lot of attention due to the improved focality. Unlike conventional tDCS which utilizes two large pads to deliver current to certain area, HD-tDCS employs tens of smaller electrodes. The purpose of this work is to study the effect of the electrode number on the performance of HD-tDCS. A realistic head model with four layers of tissue was constructed with different electrode montages. A systematic simulation study was conducted using targets in different regions with different functions to analyze the focusing capability, stimulation accuracy, and the intensity of constrained least square based optimized HD-tDCS. Results show that better performance in all three aspects can be achieved by increasing the electrode number.
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Buchwald A, Falconer C, Rykman-Peltz A, Cortes M, Pascual-Leone A, Thickbroom GW, Krebs HI, Fregni F, Gerber LM, Oromendia C, Chang J, Volpe BT, Edwards DJ. Robotic Arm Rehabilitation in Chronic Stroke Patients With Aphasia May Promote Speech and Language Recovery (but Effect Is Not Enhanced by Supplementary tDCS). Front Neurol 2018; 9:853. [PMID: 30405512 PMCID: PMC6207995 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to determine the extent to which robotic arm rehabilitation for chronic stroke may promote recovery of speech and language function in individuals with aphasia. Methods: We prospectively enrolled 17 individuals from a hemiparesis rehabilitation study pairing intensive robot assisted therapy with sham or active tDCS and evaluated their speech (N = 17) and language (N = 9) performance before and after a 12-week (36 session) treatment regimen. Performance changes were evaluated with paired t-tests comparing pre- and post-test measures. There was no speech therapy included in the treatment protocol. Results: Overall, the individuals significantly improved on measures of motor speech production from pre-test to post-test. Of the subset who performed language testing (N = 9), overall aphasia severity on a standardized aphasia battery improved from pre-test baseline to post-test. Active tDCS was not associated with greater gains than sham tDCS. Conclusions: This work indicates the importance of considering approaches to stroke rehabilitation across different domains of impairment, and warrants additional exploration of the possibility that robotic arm motor treatment may enhance rehabilitation for speech and language outcomes. Further investigation into the role of tDCS in the relationship of limb and speech/language rehabilitation is required, as active tDCS did not increase improvements over sham tDCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Buchwald
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Carolyn Falconer
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Avrielle Rykman-Peltz
- Restorative Neurology Clinic, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY, United States.,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Mar Cortes
- Restorative Neurology Clinic, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY, United States.,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY, United States.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Fundación Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació Adscrit a la UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gary W Thickbroom
- Restorative Neurology Clinic, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY, United States.,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Hermano Igo Krebs
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Linda M Gerber
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
| | | | - Johanna Chang
- Center for Biomedical Science, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Bruce T Volpe
- Center for Biomedical Science, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Dylan J Edwards
- Restorative Neurology Clinic, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY, United States.,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY, United States.,Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, PA, United States.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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55
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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) facilitates verb learning by altering effective connectivity in the healthy brain. Neuroimage 2018; 181:550-559. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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56
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Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with cognitive training for the treatment of Parkinson Disease: A randomized, placebo-controlled study. Brain Stimul 2018; 11:1251-1262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Lum JAG, Mills A, Plumridge JMA, Sloan NP, Clark GM, Hedenius M, Enticott PG. Transcranial direct current stimulation enhances retention of a second (but not first) order conditional visuo-motor sequence. Brain Cogn 2018; 127:34-41. [PMID: 30253264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the role of the left inferior frontal gyrus in the implicit learning and retention of a 'simple' first order conditional (FOC) sequence and a relatively 'complex' second order conditional (SOC) sequence, using anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS). Groups of healthy adults received either a-tDCS (n = 18) over the left inferior frontal gyrus or sham/placebo (n = 18) stimulation. On separate days, participants completed a serial reaction time (SRT) task whilst receiving stimulation. On one of the days, participants were presented with a FOC sequence and in another, a SOC sequence. Both the learning and short-term retention of the sequences were measured. Results showed a-tDCS enhanced the short-term retention of the SOC sequence but not the FOC sequence. There was no effect of a-tDCS on the learning of either FOC or SOC sequences. The results provide evidence of prefrontal involvement in the retention of a motor sequence. However, its role appears to be influenced by the complexity of the sequence's structure. Additionally, the results show a-tDCS can enhance retention of an implicitly learnt motor sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrad A G Lum
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Australia.
| | - Andrea Mills
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Australia
| | - James M A Plumridge
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Australia
| | - Nicole P Sloan
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Australia
| | - Gillian M Clark
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Australia
| | - Martina Hedenius
- Department of Neuroscience, Speech Language Pathology Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter G Enticott
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Australia
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58
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Klaus J, Schutter DJLG. Putting focus on transcranial direct current stimulation in language production studies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202730. [PMID: 30138361 PMCID: PMC6107198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous language production studies targeting the inferior frontal and superior temporal gyrus using anodal tDCS have provided mixed results. Part of this heterogeneity may be explained by limited target region focality of conventionally used electrode montages. We examined the focality of conventionally and alternative electrode montages. Electrical field distributions of anodal tDCS targeting IFG and pSTG were simulated in conventional setups (anodal electrode over left IFG/pSTG, reference electrode over right supraorbital region) and an alternative electrode montage in four different brains. Conventional montages showed maximum field strengths outside of the target regions. Results from alternative electrode montages showed that focality of tDCS could be improved by adjustments in electrode placement. Heterogeneity of findings of language production studies deploying conventional montages may in part be explained by diffuse electrical field distributions. Alternative montages may improve focality and provide more unequivocal results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Klaus
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Dennis J. L. G. Schutter
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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59
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Cognitive effects of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with working memory training in fibromyalgia: a randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12477. [PMID: 30127510 PMCID: PMC6102237 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction in fibromyalgia has been reported, especially memory. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been effective in enhancing this function. We tested the effects of eight sessions of tDCS and cognitive training on immediate and delayed memory, verbal fluency and working memory and its association with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. Forty females with fibromyalgia were randomized to receive eight sessions of active or sham tDCS. Anodal stimulation (2 mA) was applied over the DLPFC and online combined with a working memory training (WMT) for 20 minutes. Pre and post-treatment neurocognitive tests were administered. Data analysis on deltas considering years of education and BDNF as covariates, indicated active-tDCS + WMT significantly increased immediate memory indexed by Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test score when compared to sham. This effect was dependent on basal BDNF levels. In addition, the model showed active stimulation increased orthographic and semantic verbal fluency scores (Controlled Oral Word Association Test) and short-term memory (Forward Digit Span). The combination of both techniques seemed to produce effects on specific cognitive functions related to short-term and long-term episodic memory and executive functions, which has clinical relevance for top-down treatment approaches in FM.
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Madden DL, Sale MV, Robinson GA. Improved conceptual generation and selection with transcranial direct current stimulation in older adults. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2018; 41:43-57. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2018.1491529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Madden
- Neuropsychology Research Unit, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD,Australia
| | - Martin V. Sale
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, and Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD,Australia
| | - Gail A. Robinson
- Neuropsychology Research Unit, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD,Australia
- Neurology Department, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Systems Neuroscience, Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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61
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Non-invasive brain stimulation to investigate language production in healthy speakers: A meta-analysis. Brain Cogn 2018; 123:10-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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62
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Fabio RA, Gangemi A, Capri T, Budden S, Falzone A. Neurophysiological and cognitive effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in three girls with Rett Syndrome with chronic language impairments. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2018; 76:76-87. [PMID: 29587149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND this study was based on both neurophysiological decelerated activity and communication deficits in Rett Syndrome (RTT). AIMS the aim was to examine the neurophysiological and cognitive effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in three girls with RTT with chronic language impairments. METHODS AND PROCEDURES we proposed an integrated intervention: tDCS and cognitive empowerment applied to language in order to enhance speech production (new functional sounds and new words). Because maximal gains usually are achieved when tDCS is coupled with behavioral training, we applied tDCS stimulation on Broca's area together with linguistic training. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS the results indicated a general enhancement in language abilities (an increase in the number of vowel/consonant sounds and words and the production and comprehension through discrimination), motor coordination (functional movements), and neurophysiological parameters (an increase in the frequency and power of alpha, beta and theta bands). CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS we assume that tDCS stimulation combined with the cognitive empowerment applied to language can significantly influence a chronic impairment even in genetic syndromes. Our results provide data that support the role of tDCS in fostering brain plasticity and in particular in empowering speech production and comprehension in girls with RTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Angela Fabio
- Department of Cognitive Science, Psychological, Education and Cultural Studies, University of Messina, Italy.
| | - Antonio Gangemi
- Department of Cognitive Science, Psychological, Education and Cultural Studies, University of Messina, Italy.
| | - Tindara Capri
- Department of Cognitive Science, Psychological, Education and Cultural Studies, University of Messina, Italy.
| | - Sarojini Budden
- St. Vincent's Hospital and Medical Center Portland, OR, United States.
| | - Alessandra Falzone
- Department of Cognitive Science, Psychological, Education and Cultural Studies, University of Messina, Italy.
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63
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Peled-Avron L, Glasner L, Gvirts HZ, Shamay-Tsoory SG. The role of the inferior frontal gyrus in vicarious social touch: A transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) study. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018; 35:115-121. [PMID: 29773509 PMCID: PMC6968961 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural mechanisms facilitating the experience of vicarious social touch are largely unknown. The right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) has been suggested as part of a simulation observation-execution neural network that plays a key role in the perception of tactile stimuli. Considering that vicarious social touch involves vicarious sharing of emotions, we hypothesized that emotional empathy, i.e., the ability to feel what another individual is feeling, modulates the neural responses to vicarious touch. To examine the role of the rIFG in vicarious touch and its modulation by levels of emotional empathy, we used anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on forty participants who observed photos depicting social touch, nonsocial touch or no touch during tDCS or sham stimulation. The results show that while participants with high levels of emotional empathy exhibited no change in ratings of vicarious social touch, participants with low levels of emotional empathy rate human touch as more emotional following anodal stimulation of the rIFG than following sham stimulation. These findings indicate that emotional responses to vicarious social touch are associated with rIFG activity and are modulated by levels of emotional empathy. This result has major therapeutic potential for individuals with low empathic abilities, such as those with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Glasner
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Hila Z Gvirts
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Psychology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
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Cao J, Liu H, Alexandrakis G. Modulating the resting-state functional connectivity patterns of language processing areas in the human brain with anodal transcranial direct current stimulation applied over the Broca's area. NEUROPHOTONICS 2018; 5:025002. [PMID: 29531963 PMCID: PMC5827696 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.5.2.025002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cortical circuit reorganization induced by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the Broca's area of the dominant language hemisphere in 13 healthy adults was quantified by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Transient cortical reorganization patterns in steady-state functional connectivity (seed-based and graph theory analysis) and temporal functional connectivity (sliding window correlation analysis) were recorded before, during, and after applying high current tDCS (1 mA, 8 min). fNIRS connectivity mapping showed that tDCS induced significantly ([Formula: see text]) increased functional connectivity between Broca's area and its neighboring cortical regions while it simultaneously decreased the connectivity to remote cortical regions. Furthermore, the anodal stimulation caused significant increases to the functional connectivity variability (FCV) of remote cortical regions related to language processing. In addition to the high current tDCS, low current tDCS (0.5 mA, 2 min 40 s) was also applied to test whether the transient effects of lower stimulation current could qualitatively predict cortical connectivity alterations induced by the higher currents. Interestingly, low current tDCS could qualitatively predict the increase in clustering coefficient and FCV but not the enhancement of local connectivity. Our findings indicate the possibility of combining future studies fNIRS with tDCS at lower currents to help guide therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Cao
- University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Joint Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Arlington, Texas
| | - Hanli Liu
- University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Joint Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Arlington, Texas
| | - George Alexandrakis
- University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Joint Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Arlington, Texas
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65
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Factors Contributing to the Failure to Replicate Findings of tDCS-Induced Enhancement of Verbal Fluency: A Response to Cattaneo et al (2016). Cogn Behav Neurol 2018; 31:23-25. [PMID: 29561316 DOI: 10.1097/wnn.0000000000000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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66
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Westwood SJ, Romani C. Null Effects on Working Memory and Verbal Fluency Tasks When Applying Anodal tDCS to the Inferior Frontal Gyrus of Healthy Participants. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:166. [PMID: 29615855 PMCID: PMC5867342 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique used to modify cognition by modulating underlying cortical excitability via weak electric current applied through the scalp. Although many studies have reported positive effects with tDCS, a number of recent studies highlight that tDCS effects can be small and difficult to reproduce. This is especially the case when attempting to modulate performance using single applications of tDCS in healthy participants. Possible reasons may be that optimal stimulation parameters have yet to be identified, and that individual variation in cortical activity and/or level of ability confound outcomes. To address these points, we carried out a series of experiments in which we attempted to modulate performance in fluency and working memory probe tasks using stimulation parameters which have been associated with positive outcomes: we targeted the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) and compared performance when applying a 1.5 mA anodal current for 25 min and with sham stimulation. There is evidence that LIFG plays a role in these tasks and previous studies have found positive effects of stimulation. We also compared our experimental group (N = 19–20) with a control group receiving no stimulation (n = 24). More importantly, we also considered effects on subgroups subdivided according to memory span as well as to more direct measures of executive function abilities and motivational levels. We found no systematic effect of stimulation. Our findings are in line with a growing body of evidence that tDCS produces unreliable effects. We acknowledge that our findings speak to the conditions we investigated, and that alternative protocols (e.g., multiple sessions, clinical samples, and different stimulation polarities) may be more effective. We encourage further research to explore optimal conditions for tDCS efficacy, given the potential benefits that this technique poses for understanding and enhancing cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Westwood
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Romani
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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67
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Simione M, Fregni F, Green JR. The Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Jaw Motor Function Is Task Dependent: Speech, Syllable Repetition and Chewing. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:33. [PMID: 29487512 PMCID: PMC5816739 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor cortex transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to enhance motor learning in healthy adults as well as various neurological conditions. However, there has been limited data on whether tDCS enhances jaw motor performance during different oral behaviors such as speech, maximum syllable repetition, and chewing. Because the effects of anodal and cathodal stimulation are known to be dependent on task demands, we hypothesized that tDCS would have a distinct effect on the jaw motor performance during these disparate oral behaviors. Ten healthy adults completed speech, maximum syllable repetition, and chewing tasks as their jaw movements were recorded using 3D optical motion capture during sham, anodal, and cathodal tDCS. Our findings showed that compared to the sham condition, jaw displacements during speech and syllable repetition were smaller during anodal stimulation, but larger during cathodal stimulation for syllable repetition and chewing indicating improved performance during anodal tDCS. On the other hand, there were no effects of anodal tDCS during chewing. These results confirm our hypotheses that: (1) tDCS induces a significant effect on jaw motor function; (2) its effects are polarity dependent; and (3) its effects are dependent on the task demands on jaw motor function. These findings support future studies exploring the effects of tDCS on persons with oral sensorimotor impairments and the development of therapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg Simione
- Department of Pediatrics, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Spaulding-Labuschagne Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jordan R. Green
- Speech and Feeding Disorders Laboratory, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jordan R. Green
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68
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Lifshitz-Ben-Basat A, Mashal N. Improving Naming Abilities Among Healthy Young-Old Adults Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2018; 47:113-124. [PMID: 28856553 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-017-9516-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive tool to facilitate brain plasticity and enhance language abilities. Our study aims to search for a potential beneficial influence of tDCS on a cognitive linguistic task of naming which found to decline during aging. A group of fifteen healthy old adults [Formula: see text] were tested in naming 50 pictures of objects. Each subject participated in two sessions spanning on a one week period. One session included active tDCS stimulation and the other sham-placebo like stimulation. Subjects were blinded to stimulation type. During the active stimulation a bilateral protocol of anodal tDCS to the left Inferior Frontal Gyrus (IFG) combined with cathodal tDCS to the right IFG was delivered. Half of participants received active stimulation at the first session and sham at the second and half received the stimulations at the opposite order. Naming reaction time was measured at baseline, after active tDCS stimulation and after sham. 10 min of bilateral tDCS stimulation which was given after sham (training) was found to reduce naming reaction time among healthy adult subjects. These findings support the cooperative model (Weems and Reggia in Brain Lang 89:554-568, 2004) and point on strong interhemispheric connections during naming processing. It is also demonstrate the advantage of training to intensify the therapeutic effect of tDCS. Our results pinpoint on a potential tool to facilitate naming among aging people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Lifshitz-Ben-Basat
- Department of Communication Disorders, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Kiryat Hamada, 40700, Ariel, Israel.
| | - Nira Mashal
- School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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69
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Binney RJ, Zuckerman BM, Waller HN, Hung J, Ashaie SA, Reilly J. Cathodal tDCS of the bilateral anterior temporal lobes facilitates semantically-driven verbal fluency. Neuropsychologia 2018; 111:62-71. [PMID: 29337133 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In a verbal fluency task, a person is required to produce as many exemplars of a given category (e.g., 'animals', or words starting with 'f') as possible within a fixed duration. Successful verbal fluency performance relies both on the depth of search within semantic/phonological neighborhoods ('clustering') and the ability to flexibly disengage between exhausted clusters ('switching'). Convergent evidence from functional imaging and neuropsychology suggests that cluster-switch behaviors engage dissociable brain regions. Switching has been linked to a frontoparietal network dedicated to executive functioning and controlled lexical retrieval, whereas clustering is more commonly associated with temporal lobe regions dedicated to semantic and phonological processing. Here we attempted to modulate cluster-switch dynamics among neurotypical adults (N = 24) using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) delivered at three sites: a) anterior temporal cortex; b) frontal cortex; and c) temporoparietal cortex. Participants completed letter-guided and semantic category verbal fluency tasks pre/post stimulation. Cathodal stimulation of anterior temporal cortex facilitated the total number of words generated and the number of words generated within clusters during semantic category verbal fluency. These neuromodulatory effects were specific to stimulation of the one anatomical site. Our findings highlight the role of the anterior temporal lobes in representing semantic category structure and support the claim that clustering and switching behaviors have distinct substrates. We discuss implications both for theory and application to neurorehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Binney
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Gwynedd, Wales, UK; Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bonnie M Zuckerman
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hilary N Waller
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jinyi Hung
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sameer A Ashaie
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jamie Reilly
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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70
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Lukasik KM, Lehtonen M, Salmi J, Meinzer M, Joutsa J, Laine M. No Effects of Stimulating the Left Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex with tDCS on Verbal Working Memory Updating. Front Neurosci 2018; 11:738. [PMID: 29379410 PMCID: PMC5770813 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex functions, such as working memory (WM), have been examined in a number of studies. However, much less is known about the behavioral effects of tDCS over other important WM-related brain regions, such as the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC). In a counterbalanced within-subjects design with 33 young healthy participants, we examined whether online and offline single-session tDCS over VLPFC affects WM updating performance as measured by a digit 3-back task. We compared three conditions: anodal, cathodal and sham. We observed no significant tDCS effects on participants' accuracy or reaction times during or after the stimulation. Neither did we find any differences between anodal and cathodal stimulation. Largely similar results were obtained when comparing subgroups of high- and low-performing participants. Possible reasons for the lack of effects, including individual differences in responsiveness to tDCS, features of montage, task and sample characteristics, and the role of VLPFC in WM, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minna Lehtonen
- Department of Psychology, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Salmi
- Department of Psychology, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marcus Meinzer
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Juho Joutsa
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Laine
- Department of Psychology, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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71
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Giustolisi B, Vergallito A, Cecchetto C, Varoli E, Romero Lauro LJ. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over left inferior frontal gyrus enhances sentence comprehension. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2018; 176:36-41. [PMID: 29175380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We tested the possibility of enhancing natural language comprehension through the application of anodal tDCS (a-tDCS) over the left inferior frontal gyrus, a key region for verbal short-term memory and language comprehension. We designed a between subjects sham- and task-controlled study. During tDCS stimulation, participants performed a sentence to picture matching task in which targets were sentences with different load on short-term memory. Regardless of load on short-term memory, the Anodal group performed significantly better than the Sham group, thus providing evidence that a-tDCS over LIFG enhances natural language comprehension. To our knowledge, we apply for the first time tDCS to boost sentence comprehension. This result is of special interest also from a clinical perspective: applying a-tDCS in patients manifesting problems at the sentence level due to brain damage could enhance the effects of behavioral rehabilitation procedures aimed to improve language comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlo Cecchetto
- Université de Paris 8 & CNRS - UMR 7023 Structures Formelles du Langage, France; Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Erica Varoli
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Italy
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72
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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over the Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC) Enhances Figural Fluency: Implications for Creative Cognition. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-017-0059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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73
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Borrione L, Brunoni AR. Primum non nocere or primum facere meliorem? Hacking the brain in the 21st century. TRENDS IN PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2017; 39:232-238. [DOI: 10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that modulates cortical excitability. It is devoid of serious adverse events and exerts variable effects on cognition, with several research findings suggesting that it can improve memory, verbal and mathematical skills. Because tDCS devices are low-cost, portable and relatively easy to assemble, they have become available outside of the medical setting and used for non-medical (“cosmetic”) purposes by laypersons. In this sense, tDCS has become a popular technique aiming to improve cognition and the achievement of a better performance not only at work, but also in other fields such as sports, leisure activities (video games) and even the military. In spite of these unforeseen developments, there has been a general paralysis of the medical and regulatory agencies to develop guidelines for the use of tDCS for cosmetic purposes. Several challenges are present, most importantly, how to restrict tDCS use outside of the medical setting in face of variable and sometimes conflicting results from scientific research. This article aims to describe the popular use of tDCS, in light of the pillars of neuroethics, a branch of bioethics relative to brain research. Between two possible but extreme solutions – total release or total restriction of tDCS – it is paramount to develop a spectrum of alternatives, which may vary over time and in different cultural backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andre R. Brunoni
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Germany
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74
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Bikson M, Paneri B, Mourdoukoutas A, Esmaeilpour Z, Badran BW, Azzam R, Adair D, Datta A, Fang XH, Wingeier B, Chao D, Alonso-Alonso M, Lee K, Knotkova H, Woods AJ, Hagedorn D, Jeffery D, Giordano J, Tyler WJ. Limited output transcranial electrical stimulation (LOTES-2017): Engineering principles, regulatory statutes, and industry standards for wellness, over-the-counter, or prescription devices with low risk. Brain Stimul 2017; 11:134-157. [PMID: 29122535 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We present device standards for low-power non-invasive electrical brain stimulation devices classified as limited output transcranial electrical stimulation (tES). Emerging applications of limited output tES to modulate brain function span techniques to stimulate brain or nerve structures, including transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), and transcranial pulsed current stimulation (tPCS), have engendered discussion on how access to technology should be regulated. In regards to legal regulations and manufacturing standards for comparable technologies, a comprehensive framework already exists, including quality systems (QS), risk management, and (inter)national electrotechnical standards (IEC). In Part 1, relevant statutes are described for medical and wellness application. While agencies overseeing medical devices have broad jurisdiction, enforcement typically focuses on those devices with medical claims or posing significant risk. Consumer protections regarding responsible marketing and manufacture apply regardless. In Part 2 of this paper, we classify the electrical output performance of devices cleared by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) including over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription electrostimulation devices, devices available for therapeutic or cosmetic purposes, and devices indicated for stimulation of the body or head. Examples include iontophoresis devices, powered muscle stimulators (PMS), cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES), and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) devices. Spanning over 13 FDA product codes, more than 1200 electrical stimulators have been cleared for marketing since 1977. The output characteristics of conventional tDCS, tACS, and tPCS techniques are well below those of most FDA cleared devices, including devices that are available OTC and those intended for stimulation on the head. This engineering analysis demonstrates that with regard to output performance and standing regulation, the availability of tDCS, tACS, or tPCS to the public would not introduce risk, provided such devices are responsibly manufactured and legally marketed. In Part 3, we develop voluntary manufacturer guidance for limited output tES that is aligned with current regulatory standards. Based on established medical engineering and scientific principles, we outline a robust and transparent technical framework for ensuring limited output tES devices are designed to minimize risks, while also supporting access and innovation. Alongside applicable medical and government activities, this voluntary industry standard (LOTES-2017) further serves an important role in supporting informed decisions by the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marom Bikson
- The City College of New York, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York, NY 10031, USA.
| | - Bhaskar Paneri
- The City College of New York, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Andoni Mourdoukoutas
- The City College of New York, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Zeinab Esmaeilpour
- The City College of New York, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Bashar W Badran
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA; Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Devin Adair
- The City College of New York, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | | | - Xiao Hui Fang
- The City College of New York, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | | | - Daniel Chao
- Halo Neuroscience Inc., San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | - Miguel Alonso-Alonso
- Harvard Medical School, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kiwon Lee
- Ybrain Inc., Sampyeong-dong, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Helena Knotkova
- MJHS Institute for Innovation in Palliative Care, New York, NY, USA; Department of Family and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Adam J Woods
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, USA
| | | | | | - James Giordano
- Department of Neurology and Neuroethics Studies Program, Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - William J Tyler
- Arizona State University, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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75
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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulation of picture naming and word reading: A meta-analysis of single session tDCS applied to healthy participants. Neuropsychologia 2017; 104:234-249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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76
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Schretlen DJ, van Steenburgh JJ, Varvaris M, Vannorsdall TD, Andrejczuk MA, Gordon B. Can Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Improve Cognitive Functioning in Adults with Schizophrenia? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 11:133-142. [DOI: 10.3371/csrp.scst.103114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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77
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Martin AK, Meinzer M, Lindenberg R, Sieg MM, Nachtigall L, Flöel A. Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Neural Networks in Young and Older Adults. J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 29:1817-1828. [PMID: 28707568 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may be a viable tool to improve motor and cognitive function in advanced age. However, although a number of studies have demonstrated improved cognitive performance in older adults, other studies have failed to show restorative effects. The neural effects of beneficial stimulation response in both age groups is lacking. In the current study, tDCS was administered during simultaneous fMRI in 42 healthy young and older participants. Semantic word generation and motor speech baseline tasks were used to investigate behavioral and neural effects of uni- and bihemispheric motor cortex tDCS in a three-way, crossover, sham tDCS controlled design. Independent components analysis assessed differences in task-related activity between the two age groups and tDCS effects at the network level. We also explored whether laterality of language network organization was effected by tDCS. Behaviorally, both active tDCS conditions significantly improved semantic word retrieval performance in young and older adults and were comparable between groups and stimulation conditions. Network-level tDCS effects were identified in the ventral and dorsal anterior cingulate networks in the combined sample during semantic fluency and motor speech tasks. In addition, a shift toward enhanced left laterality was identified in the older adults for both active stimulation conditions. Thus, tDCS results in common network-level modulations and behavioral improvements for both age groups, with an additional effect of increasing left laterality in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mira M Sieg
- Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Agnes Flöel
- Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,University of Greifswald
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78
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Medina J, Cason S. No evidential value in samples of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) studies of cognition and working memory in healthy populations. Cortex 2017; 94:131-141. [PMID: 28759803 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A substantial number of studies have been published over the last decade, claiming that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can influence performance on cognitive tasks. However, there is some skepticism regarding the efficacy of tDCS, and evidence from meta-analyses are mixed. One major weakness of these meta-analyses is that they only examine outcomes in published studies. Given biases towards publishing positive results in the scientific literature, there may be a substantial "file-drawer" of unpublished negative results in the tDCS literature. Furthermore, multiple researcher degrees of freedom can also inflate published p-values. Recently, Simonsohn, Nelson and Simmons (2014) created a novel meta-analytic tool that examines the distribution of significant p-values in a literature, and compares it to expected distributions with different effect sizes. Using this tool, one can assess whether the selected studies have evidential value. Therefore, we examined a random selection of studies that used tDCS to alter performance on cognitive tasks, and tDCS studies on working memory in a recently published meta-analysis (Mancuso et al., 2016). Using a p-curve analysis, we found no evidence that the tDCS studies had evidential value (33% power or greater), with the estimate of statistical power of these studies being approximately 14% for the cognitive studies, and 5% (what would be expected from randomly generated data) for the working memory studies. It is likely that previous tDCS studies are substantially underpowered, and we provide suggestions for future research to increase the evidential value of future tDCS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Medina
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, USA.
| | - Samuel Cason
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, USA
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79
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Modulating phonemic fluency performance in healthy subjects with transcranial magnetic stimulation over the left or right lateral frontal cortex. Neuropsychologia 2017; 102:109-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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80
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McConathey EM, White NC, Gervits F, Ash S, Coslett HB, Grossman M, Hamilton RH. Baseline Performance Predicts tDCS-Mediated Improvements in Language Symptoms in Primary Progressive Aphasia. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:347. [PMID: 28713256 PMCID: PMC5492829 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by insidious irreversible loss of language abilities. Prior studies suggest that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) directed toward language areas of the brain may help to ameliorate symptoms of PPA. In the present sham-controlled study, we examined whether tDCS could be used to enhance language abilities (e.g., picture naming) in individuals with PPA variants primarily characterized by difficulties with speech production (non-fluent and logopenic). Participants were recruited from the Penn Frontotemporal Dementia Center to receive 10 days of both real and sham tDCS (counter-balanced, full-crossover design; participants were naïve to stimulation condition). A battery of language tests was administered at baseline, immediately post-tDCS (real and sham), and 6 weeks and 12 weeks following stimulation. When we accounted for individuals' baseline performance, our analyses demonstrated a stratification of tDCS effects. Individuals who performed worse at baseline showed tDCS-related improvements in global language performance, grammatical comprehension and semantic processing. Individuals who performed better at baseline showed a slight tDCS-related benefit on our speech repetition metric. Real tDCS may improve language performance in some individuals with PPA. Severity of deficits at baseline may be an important factor in predicting which patients will respond positively to language-targeted tDCS therapies. Clinicaltrials.gov ID: NCT02928848.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M McConathey
- Laboratory for Cognition and Neural Stimulation, Department of Neurology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nicole C White
- Laboratory for Cognition and Neural Stimulation, Department of Neurology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, United States
| | - Felix Gervits
- Laboratory for Cognition and Neural Stimulation, Department of Neurology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sherry Ash
- Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration CenterPhiladelphia, PA, United States
| | - H Branch Coslett
- Laboratory for Cognition and Neural Stimulation, Department of Neurology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, United States.,Neurology, Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, United States
| | - Murray Grossman
- Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration CenterPhiladelphia, PA, United States.,Neurology, Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, United States
| | - Roy H Hamilton
- Laboratory for Cognition and Neural Stimulation, Department of Neurology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, United States.,Neurology, Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, United States
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81
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Abstract
Stuttering affects nearly 1% of the population worldwide and often has life-altering negative consequences, including poorer mental health and emotional well-being, and reduced educational and employment achievements. Over two decades of neuroimaging research reveals clear anatomical and physiological differences in the speech neural networks of adults who stutter. However, there have been few neurophysiological investigations of speech production in children who stutter. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), we examined hemodynamic responses over neural regions integral to fluent speech production including inferior frontal gyrus, premotor cortex, and superior temporal gyrus during a picture description task. Thirty-two children (16 stuttering and 16 controls) aged 7–11 years participated in the study. We found distinctly different speech-related hemodynamic responses in the group of children who stutter compared to the control group. Whereas controls showed significant activation over left dorsal inferior frontal gyrus and left premotor cortex, children who stutter exhibited deactivation over these left hemisphere regions. This investigation of neural activation during natural, connected speech production in children who stutter demonstrates that in childhood stuttering, atypical functional organization for speech production is present and suggests promise for the use of fNIRS during natural speech production in future research with typical and atypical child populations.
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82
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Pisoni A, Cerciello M, Cattaneo Z, Papagno C. Phonological facilitation in picture naming: When and where? A tDCS study. Neuroscience 2017; 352:106-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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83
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Fiori V, Nitsche M, Iasevoli L, Cucuzza G, Caltagirone C, Marangolo P. Differential effects of bihemispheric and unihemispheric transcranial direct current stimulation in young and elderly adults in verbal learning. Behav Brain Res 2017; 321:170-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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84
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Pisoni A, Mattavelli G, Papagno C, Rosanova M, Casali AG, Romero Lauro LJ. Cognitive Enhancement Induced by Anodal tDCS Drives Circuit-Specific Cortical Plasticity. Cereb Cortex 2017; 28:1132-1140. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pisoni
- Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
- NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Mattavelli
- Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
- NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milano, Italy
| | - Costanza Papagno
- Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
- NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milano, Italy
- CeRiN - Centro di Riabilitazione Neurocognitiva, Università degli Studi di Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Mario Rosanova
- Department of Clinical Sciences, “Luigi Sacco”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Fondazione Europea di Ricerca Biomedica, FERB Onlus, Cernusco sul Naviglio, Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Adenauer G Casali
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Leonor J Romero Lauro
- Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
- NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milano, Italy
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85
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Westwood SJ, Olson A, Miall RC, Nappo R, Romani C. Limits to tDCS effects in language: Failures to modulate word production in healthy participants with frontal or temporal tDCS. Cortex 2017; 86:64-82. [PMID: 27912107 PMCID: PMC5264390 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a method of non-invasive brain stimulation widely used to modulate cognitive functions. Recent studies, however, suggests that effects are unreliable, small and often non-significant at least when stimulation is applied in a single session to healthy individuals. We examined the effects of frontal and temporal lobe anodal tDCS on naming and reading tasks and considered possible interactions with linguistic activation and selection mechanisms as well as possible interactions with item difficulty and participant individual variability. Across four separate experiments (N, Exp 1A = 18; 1B = 20; 1C = 18; 2 = 17), we failed to find any difference between real and sham stimulation. Moreover, we found no evidence of significant effects limited to particular conditions (i.e., those requiring suppression of semantic interference), to a subset of participants or to longer RTs. Our findings sound a cautionary note on using tDCS as a means to modulate cognitive performance. Consistent effects of tDCS may be difficult to demonstrate in healthy participants in reading and naming tasks, and be limited to cases of pathological neurophysiology and/or to the use of learning paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Olson
- Behavioural Brain Sciences Centre, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - R Chris Miall
- Behavioural Brain Sciences Centre, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Raffaele Nappo
- Aston University, Life & Health Sciences, Birmingham, UK
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86
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Karuza EA, Balewski ZZ, Hamilton RH, Medaglia JD, Tardiff N, Thompson-Schill SL. Mapping the Parameter Space of tDCS and Cognitive Control via Manipulation of Current Polarity and Intensity. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:665. [PMID: 28082886 PMCID: PMC5187365 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the cognitive domain, enormous variation in methodological approach prompts questions about the generalizability of behavioral findings obtained from studies of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). To determine the impact of common variations in approach, we systematically manipulated two key stimulation parameters—current polarity and intensity—and assessed their impact on a task of inhibitory control (the Eriksen Flanker). Ninety participants were randomly assigned to one of nine experimental groups: three stimulation conditions (anode, sham, cathode) crossed with three intensity levels (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mA). As participants performed the Flanker task, stimulation was applied over left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC; electrode montage: F3-RSO). The behavioral impact of these manipulations was examined using mixed effects linear regression. Results indicate a significant effect of stimulation condition (current polarity) on the magnitude of the interference effect during the Flanker; however, this effect was specific to the comparison between anodal and sham stimulation. Inhibitory control was therefore improved by anodal stimulation over the DLPFC. In the present experimental context, no reliable effect of stimulation intensity was observed, and we found no evidence that inhibitory control was impeded by cathodal stimulation. Continued exploration of the stimulation parameter space, particularly with more robustly powered sample sizes, is essential to facilitating cross-study comparison and ultimately working toward a reliable model of tDCS effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A Karuza
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - Zuzanna Z Balewski
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - Roy H Hamilton
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - John D Medaglia
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - Nathan Tardiff
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - Sharon L Thompson-Schill
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaPA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaPA, USA
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87
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88
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Joyal M, Fecteau S. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Effects on Semantic Processing in Healthy Individuals. Brain Stimul 2016; 9:682-691. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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89
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Tatti E, Rossi S, Innocenti I, Rossi A, Santarnecchi E. Non-invasive brain stimulation of the aging brain: State of the art and future perspectives. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 29:66-89. [PMID: 27221544 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Favored by increased life expectancy and reduced birth rate, worldwide demography is rapidly shifting to older ages. The golden age of aging is not only an achievement but also a big challenge because of the load of the elderly on social and medical health care systems. Moreover, the impact of age-related decline of attention, memory, reasoning and executive functions on self-sufficiency emphasizes the need of interventions to maintain cognitive abilities at a useful degree in old age. Recently, neuroscientific research explored the chance to apply Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation (NiBS) techniques (as transcranial electrical and magnetic stimulation) to healthy aging population to preserve or enhance physiologically-declining cognitive functions. The present review will update and address the current state of the art on NiBS in healthy aging. Feasibility of NiBS techniques will be discussed in light of recent neuroimaging (either structural or functional) and neurophysiological models proposed to explain neural substrates of the physiologically aging brain. Further, the chance to design multidisciplinary interventions to maximize the efficacy of NiBS techniques will be introduced as a necessary future direction.
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90
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Lavidor M. tES Stimulation as a Tool to Investigate Cognitive Processes in Healthy Individuals. EUROPEAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2016. [DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract. This paper is aimed at providing an introduction to up-to-date noninvasive brain stimulation tools that have been successful in modulating higher-level cognitive functions in healthy individuals. The current review focuses on transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) studies aiming to explore cognitive models from an experimental rather than clinical viewpoint. It focuses primarily on major advances in language, working memory, learning, response inhibition, and other executive functions in healthy individuals, and the use of different methods of electrical brain stimulation such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS). The final section summarizes the scientific novelty of the reviewed papers and discusses the possible roles of brain stimulation in future experimental research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Lavidor
- Department of Psychology, The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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91
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Task-dependent and polarity-specific effects of prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation on cortical activation during word fluency. Neuroimage 2015; 140:134-40. [PMID: 26748077 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted modulation of cortical functions by non-invasive brain stimulation is widely used for the investigation of the neurophysiological signatures of executive functions and put forward as a potential specific treatment for its disorders. To further investigate the underlying mechanisms, we performed two experiments involving 46 subjects that performed a semantic and a phonological verbal fluency task (VFT) as well as a simple speech-production task after application of 1mA anodal or cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Brain activation was measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during task performance. Neither preceding anodal nor cathodal tDCS was found to modulate VFT performance of either difficulty. However, preconditioning with anodal tDCS increased brain activity during the VFT whereas a trendwise decrease of activation was found after cathodal stimulation. Notably, this difference was not found with simple speech production. These findings support the notion of a polarity-specific malleability of neuronal network activity underlying speech production by tDCS. Most importantly, the task-specificity of the modulatory effect observed after the end of stimulation demonstrates lasting neurophysiological effects of tDCS that are reflected in modifications of cortical excitability by challenging cognitive tasks.
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92
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Sandars M, Cloutman L, Woollams AM. Taking Sides: An Integrative Review of the Impact of Laterality and Polarity on Efficacy of Therapeutic Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Anomia in Chronic Poststroke Aphasia. Neural Plast 2015; 2016:8428256. [PMID: 26819777 PMCID: PMC4706968 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8428256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anomia is a frequent and persistent symptom of poststroke aphasia, resulting from damage to areas of the brain involved in language production. Cortical neuroplasticity plays a significant role in language recovery following stroke and can be facilitated by behavioral speech and language therapy. Recent research suggests that complementing therapy with neurostimulation techniques may enhance functional gains, even amongst those with chronic aphasia. The current review focuses on the use of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) as an adjunct to naming therapy for individuals with chronic poststroke aphasia. Our survey of the literature indicates that combining therapy with anodal (excitatory) stimulation to the left hemisphere and/or cathodal (inhibitory) stimulation to the right hemisphere can increase both naming accuracy and speed when compared to the effects of therapy alone. However, the benefits of tDCS as a complement to therapy have not been yet systematically investigated with respect to site and polarity of stimulation. Recommendations for future research to help determine optimal protocols for combined therapy and tDCS are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Sandars
- Neuroscience and Aphasia Research Unit, School of Psychological Sciences, 3rd Floor, Zochonis Building, University of Manchester, Brunswick Street, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Lauren Cloutman
- Neuroscience and Aphasia Research Unit, School of Psychological Sciences, 3rd Floor, Zochonis Building, University of Manchester, Brunswick Street, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Anna M. Woollams
- Neuroscience and Aphasia Research Unit, School of Psychological Sciences, 3rd Floor, Zochonis Building, University of Manchester, Brunswick Street, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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93
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Hussey EK, Ward N, Christianson K, Kramer AF. Language and Memory Improvements following tDCS of Left Lateral Prefrontal Cortex. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141417. [PMID: 26528814 PMCID: PMC4631603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research demonstrates that performance on executive-control measures can be enhanced through brain stimulation of lateral prefrontal regions. Separate psycholinguistic work emphasizes the importance of left lateral prefrontal cortex executive-control resources during sentence processing, especially when readers must override early, incorrect interpretations when faced with temporary ambiguity. Using transcranial direct current stimulation, we tested whether stimulation of left lateral prefrontal cortex had discriminate effects on language and memory conditions that rely on executive-control (versus cases with minimal executive-control demands, even in the face of task difficulty). Participants were randomly assigned to receive Anodal, Cathodal, or Sham stimulation of left lateral prefrontal cortex while they (1) processed ambiguous and unambiguous sentences in a word-by-word self-paced reading task and (2) performed an n-back memory task that, on some trials, contained interference lure items reputed to require executive-control. Across both tasks, we parametrically manipulated executive-control demands and task difficulty. Our results revealed that the Anodal group outperformed the remaining groups on (1) the sentence processing conditions requiring executive-control, and (2) only the most complex n-back conditions, regardless of executive-control demands. Together, these findings add to the mounting evidence for the selective causal role of left lateral prefrontal cortex for executive-control tasks in the language domain. Moreover, we provide the first evidence suggesting that brain stimulation is a promising method to mitigate processing demands encountered during online sentence processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika K. Hussey
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nathan Ward
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kiel Christianson
- Department of Education Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Arthur F. Kramer
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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94
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Andrade SM, Fernández-Calvo B, Boggio PS, de Oliveira EA, Gomes LF, Pinheiro Júnior JEG, Rodrigues RM, de Almeida NL, Moreira GMDS, Alves NT. Neurostimulation for cognitive rehabilitation in stroke (NeuroCog): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2015; 16:435. [PMID: 26420269 PMCID: PMC4589066 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-015-0945-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stroke patients may present severe cognitive impairments, primarily related to executive functions. Transcranial direct current stimulation has shown promising results, with neuromodulatory and neuroplastic effects. This study is a double-blind, sham-controlled clinical trial aiming to compare the long-term effects of stimulation in two different cognitive regions after a stroke. Methods/Design Sixty patients who suffer from chronic strokes will be randomized into one of four groups: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, cingulo-opercular network, motor primary cortex and sham stimulation. Each group will receive transcranial direct current stimulation at an intensity of 2 mA for 20 minutes daily for 10 consecutive days. Patients will be assessed with a Dysexecutive Questionnaire, Semantic Fluency Test, categorical verbal fluency and Go-no go tests, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test, Letter Comparison and Pattern Comparison Tasks at baseline and after their tenth stimulation session. Those who achieve clinical improvement with neurostimulation will be invited to receive treatment for 12 months as part of a follow-up study. Discussion Long-term stimulation could be analyzed in regard to possible adaptive changes on plasticity after structural brain damage and if these changes are different in terms of clinical improvement when applied to two important cognitive centers. Trials registration Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02315807. 9 December 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suellen Marinho Andrade
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.
| | - Bernardino Fernández-Calvo
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Sérgio Boggio
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and Developmental Disorders Program, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Eliane Araújo de Oliveira
- Center for Research in Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | - Lilze Franklim Gomes
- Perception, Neurosciences and Behavior Laboratory, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | | | - Rafaela Martins Rodrigues
- Perception, Neurosciences and Behavior Laboratory, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | - Natália Leandro de Almeida
- Perception, Neurosciences and Behavior Laboratory, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | | | - Nelson Torro Alves
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.
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95
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Data Synthesis in Meta-Analysis may Conclude Differently on Cognitive Effect From Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. Brain Stimul 2015; 8:974-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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96
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Price AR, McAdams H, Grossman M, Hamilton RH. A Meta-analysis of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Studies Examining the Reliability of Effects on Language Measures. Brain Stimul 2015. [PMID: 26210573 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a brain stimulation technique used to examine causal relationships between brain regions and cognitive functions. The effects from tDCS are complex, and the extent to which stimulation reliably affects different cognitive domains is not fully understood and continues to be debated. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS To conduct a meta-analysis of studies examining the effects of single-session anodal tDCS on language. METHODS The meta-analysis examined the behavioral results from eleven experiments of single-session anodal tDCS and language processing in healthy adults. The means and standard deviations of the outcome measures were extracted from each experiment and entered into the meta-analyses. In the first analysis, we examined the effects of single-session tDCS across all language studies. Next, a series of sub-analyses examined the effects of tDCS on specific tasks and stimulation protocols. RESULTS There was a significant effect from anodal single-session tDCS in healthy adults compared to sham (P = 0.001) across all language measures. Next, we found significant effects on specific stimulation protocols (e.g., offline measures, P = 0.002), as well as specific tasks and electrode montages (e.g., verbal fluency measures and left prefrontal cortex, P = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that single-session tDCS produces significant and reliable effects on language measures in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Price
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Harrison McAdams
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Murray Grossman
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Roy H Hamilton
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA.
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97
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Garnett EO, Malyutina S, Datta A, den Ouden DB. On the Use of the Terms Anodal and Cathodal in High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: A Technical Note. Neuromodulation 2015; 18:705-13. [DOI: 10.1111/ner.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily O. Garnett
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders; University of South Carolina; Columbia SC USA
| | - Svetlana Malyutina
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders; University of South Carolina; Columbia SC USA
| | | | - Dirk-Bart den Ouden
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders; University of South Carolina; Columbia SC USA
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98
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Enhancing verbal creativity: Modulating creativity by altering the balance between right and left inferior frontal gyrus with tDCS. Neuroscience 2015; 291:167-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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99
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Carvalho Lima VLC, Collange Grecco LA, Marques VC, Fregni F, Brandão de Ávila CR. Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with integrative speech therapy in a child with cerebral palsy: A case report. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2015; 20:252-7. [PMID: 27210840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the results of the first case combining integrative speech therapy with anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over Broca's area in a child with cerebral palsy. The ABFW phonology test was used to analyze speech based on the Percentage of Correct Consonants (PCC) and Percentage of Correct Consonants - Revised (PCC-R). After treatment, increases were found in both PCC (Imitation: 53.63%-78.10%; Nomination: 53.19%-70.21%) and PPC-R (Imitation: 64.54%-83.63%; Nomination: 61.70%-77.65%). Moreover, reductions occurred in distortions, substitutions and improvement was found in oral performance, especially tongue mobility (AMIOFE-mobility before = 4 after = 7). The child demonstrated a clinically important improvement in speech fluency as shown in results of imitation number of correct consonants and phonemes acquire. Based on these promising findings, continuing research in this field should be conducted with controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania L C Carvalho Lima
- Department of Hearing, Speech and Language Pathology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Luanda A Collange Grecco
- Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Center of Pediatric Neurosurgery - Rehabilitation (CENEPE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Valéria C Marques
- Department of Hearing, Speech and Language Pathology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Center of Pediatric Neurosurgery - Rehabilitation (CENEPE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Clara R Brandão de Ávila
- Department of Hearing, Speech and Language Pathology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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100
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Improved reading measures in adults with dyslexia following transcranial direct current stimulation treatment. Neuropsychologia 2015; 70:107-13. [PMID: 25701796 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the contribution of the dorsal system to word reading, we explored transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) effects when adults with developmental dyslexia received active stimulation over the visual extrastriate area MT/V5, which is dominated by magnocellular input. Stimulation was administered in 5 sessions spread over two weeks, and reading speed and accuracy as well as reading fluency were assessed before, immediately after, and a week after the end of the treatment. A control group of adults with developmental dyslexia matched for age, gender, reading level, vocabulary and block-design WAIS-III sub-tests and reading level was exposed to the same protocol but with sham stimulation. The results revealed that active, but not sham stimulation, significantly improved reading speed and fluency. This finding suggests that the dorsal stream may play a role in efficient retrieval from the orthographic input lexicon in the lexical route. It also underscores the potential of tDCS as an intervention tool for improving reading speed, at least in adults with developmental dyslexia.
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