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Katare B, Chakrovorty S. Association between environmental factors and BMI: evidence from recent immigrants from developing countries. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2019; 38:15. [PMID: 31277719 PMCID: PMC6612128 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-019-0174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To study the association between the surrounding local environmental factors and the body mass index of immigrants in the USA. METHODS We use the New Immigrant Survey, to study the association of obesity prevalence in a region on body mass index. We consider local obesity rate as an outcome of the local environmental factors. Using ordinary least squares, three versions of equations are estimated to quantify the contribution of individual-level, acculturation, and environmental effects on immigrants' body mass index. RESULTS We find statistically significant results for the correlation of local obesity rate and body mass index. For every 1% increase in the obesity rate, the body mass index levels increase by 0.182 kg/m2. Evidence also suggests dietary assimilation in immigrants is influenced by local environmental factors and that dietary change affects body mass index of female immigrants. CONCLUSIONS Immigrants' body mass index increase with the increase in the local obesity rate of the region where they reside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagyashree Katare
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, 640 Krannert Building, 403 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA.
| | - Sanchita Chakrovorty
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, 631 Krannert Building, 403 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
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Ashdown-Franks G, Vancampfort D, Firth J, Smith L, Sabiston CM, Stubbs B, Koyanagi A. Association of leisure-time sedentary behavior with fast food and carbonated soft drink consumption among 133,555 adolescents aged 12-15 years in 44 low- and middle-income countries. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2019; 16:35. [PMID: 31014359 PMCID: PMC6480660 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-019-0796-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rates of sedentary behavior (SB), fast food and carbonated soft drink consumption are increasing worldwide, with steeper increases being observed in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in recent years. Given that these behaviors have been linked to adverse health outcomes among adolescents, this presents a new but rapidly growing challenge to human health in these under-resourced nations. However, very little is known about the associations between SB and fast food or soft drink consumption among adolescents in LMICs. Methods Thus, data from the Global school-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) were cross-sectionally analyzed in 133,555 adolescents aged 12–15 years from 44 LMICs [mean (SD) age 13.8 (1.0) years; 49% females]. The data were collected in the form of self-report questionnaires. Associations were assessed with multivariable logistic regression analysis and meta-analysis. Results The overall prevalence of fast food consumption (at least once in previous 7 days) and carbonated soft drink consumption (at least once per day during past 30 days) were 49.3 and 43.8%, respectively. The overall pooled estimates based on a meta-analysis with random effects for the association of ≥3 h/day of SB with fast food consumption and soft drink consumption using country-wise estimates were OR = 1.35 (95% CI = 1.27–1.43, I2 = 62.1%).) and OR = 1.26 (95% CI = 1.19–1.34; I2 = 54.3%), respectively. Spending > 8 h/day of SB compared to < 1 h/day in females was associated with significantly higher odds for fast food (OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.38–1.88) and soft drink consumption (OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.60–2.28). Conclusions Future interventions to address unhealthy behaviors in adolescents should take into account the interrelated nature of SB and unhealthy dietary habits, and seek to further understand the mechanisms linking these behaviors in the LMIC context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garcia Ashdown-Franks
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Box, London, SE5 8AF, UK. .,Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2W6, Canada.
| | - Davy Vancampfort
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Joseph Firth
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia.,Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lee Smith
- The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Catherine M Sabiston
- Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2W6, Canada
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Box, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2W6, Canada.,Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley National Health Services Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys, 23, Barcelona, Spain
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53
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Silva DCGD, Segheto W, Amaral FCDS, Reis NDA, Veloso GSS, Pessoa MC, Novaes JFD, Longo GZ. [Consumption of sweetened beverages and associated factors in adults]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2019; 24:899-906. [PMID: 30892511 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232018243.05432017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the regular consumption of sweetened beverages and its association with sociodemographic and behavioral aspects in a city in the southwest of Brazil. It involves is a population-based study of 1,226 adults aged 20 to 59 living in the urban area of the municipality of Viçosa in the state of Minas Gerais. A structured questionnaire to measure sociodemographic and behavioral conditions was applied. The consumption of sweetened beverages was considered regular when the frequency of consumption was five or more times a week. Regular consumption of sweetened beverages was higher in men and women aged between 20 and 29 years (p < 0.01). Men with the habit of eating meals in front of the television (p = 0.03) and women dissatisfied with their weight (p = 0.03) consumed greater regular amounts of sweetened beverages. The conclusion reached is that older individuals showed less regular consumption of sweetened beverages and that the consumption of same was associated with obesogenic behaviors, such as the habit of eating meals in front of the television and among individuals dissatisfied with their body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wellington Segheto
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa. R. P. H. Holfs s/n, Centro. 36570-000 Viçosa MG Brasil.
| | | | - Nínive de Almeida Reis
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa. R. P. H. Holfs s/n, Centro. 36570-000 Viçosa MG Brasil.
| | - Ghéssica Santana Silva Veloso
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa. R. P. H. Holfs s/n, Centro. 36570-000 Viçosa MG Brasil.
| | - Milene Cristine Pessoa
- Departamento de Nutrição, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte MG Brasil
| | - Juliana Farias de Novaes
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa. R. P. H. Holfs s/n, Centro. 36570-000 Viçosa MG Brasil.
| | - Giana Zarbato Longo
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa. R. P. H. Holfs s/n, Centro. 36570-000 Viçosa MG Brasil.
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Alblas MC, Mollen S, Fransen ML, van den Putte B. Watch what you watch: The effect of exposure to food-related television content on the accessibility of a hedonic eating goal. Appetite 2019; 134:204-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sensory evaluation of poultry meat: A comparative survey of results from normal sighted and blind people. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210722. [PMID: 30699202 PMCID: PMC6353138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual assessment is one of the key criteria in the sensory evaluation of foods. The appearance of food products may affect their perception by other senses, sometimes giving a false picture of their quality. A true assessment of such sensory attributes as aroma, taste, tenderness, and juiciness, which are components of the overall liking of food, without the use of instrumental methods is feasible only by blind people. We have advanced a hypothesis that blindness may modify the impressions perceived through other senses used in food evaluation. To confirm this hypothesis, a sensory testing of cooked breast and leg meat from various poultry species was conducted by normal sighted and blind panelists aged from 18 to 26 years. It has been demonstrated that the lack of sight is compensated by other senses, the intensified perception of which enables a more precise sensory evaluation of food in terms of such parameters as the aroma, tenderness and juiciness. Thus, blind people can be recommended as panelists evaluating the sensory profile of food products. Scores given by the sensory panel allowed the conclusion that the most desirable poultry meat was BM of broiler chicken and capon, followed by Guinea fowl. Lower scores were given by the panelists to meat of water fowl (goose, duck), whereas the lowest ones were assigned to cooked ostrich meat.
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Like father, like son. Physical Activity, Dietary Intake, and Media Consumption in Pre-School-Aged Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16030306. [PMID: 30678117 PMCID: PMC6388281 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
An imbalance between energy input and energy needs contributes to the growing incidence of overweight children. Pre-schoolers normally like to move, but even at this young age, they are already affected by a lack of physical activity and a high amount of screen time. Media consumption contributes to unhealthy diets and extends the length of time spent sitting. Longer periods of sitting are, independent of the level of activity, seen as a risk factor for the development of obesity. In the present study, 160 pre-schoolers and their parents (128 mothers, 121 fathers) were examined. The results show deviations from actual recommendations regarding physical activity, time spent sitting, dietary intake, and media consumption. Increased screen time was associated with a higher weight status among pre-school-aged children. To provide a healthy upbringing, prevention and intervention measures should be implemented on a behavioral and relational level.
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Carrillo-Álvarez E, Kawachi I, Riera-Romaní J. Neighbourhood social capital and obesity: a systematic review of the literature. Obes Rev 2019; 20:119-141. [PMID: 30306717 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Social capital, defined as the resources accessed by individuals and groups through social connections, has been posited to be a social determinant of obesity. However, empirical evidence for this association has been inconsistent - namely, some studies have found a protective association while others have reported no correlation. We sought to conduct a systematic review on the relation between neighbourhood social capital and obesity, considering potential differences on the results based on the measures used and the covariates and mediators included in the studies. PRISMA statement guidelines were followed. Our results indicate that an association between neighbourhood social capital and obesity exists, but that it depends on the measures and covariates used in the study design. Understanding the role of social capital in the development and/or maintenance of obesity will require the use of strong methodological designs and a thorough conceptualization of how this relationship may arise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I Kawachi
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Riera-Romaní
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sports Sciences, Blanquerna - URL, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Theorizing around the topic of attention and its role in human information processing largely emerged out of research on the so-called spatial senses: vision, audition, and to a lesser extent, touch. Thus far, the chemical senses have received far less research interest (or should that be attention) from those experimental psychologists and cognitive neuroscientists interested in the topic. Nevertheless, this review highlights the key role that attentional selection also plays in chemosensory information processing and awareness. Indeed, many of the same theoretical approaches/experimental paradigms that were originally developed in the context of the spatial senses, can be (and in some cases already have been) extended to provide a useful framework for thinking about the perception of taste/flavour. Furthermore, a number of those creative individuals interested in modifying the perception of taste/flavour by manipulating product-extrinsic cues (such as, for example, music in the case of sonic seasoning) are increasingly looking to attentional accounts in order to help explain the empirical phenomena that they are starting to uncover. However, separate from its role in explaining sonic seasoning, gaining a better understanding of the role of attentional distraction in modulating our eating/drinking behaviours really ought to be a topic of growing societal concern. This is because distracted diners (e.g., those who eat while watching TV, fiddling with a mobile device or smartphone, or even while driving) consume significantly more than those who mindfully pay attention to the sensations associated with eating and drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Spence
- Crossmodal Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Psychology, Anna Watts Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
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59
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Food Choice Priorities Change Over Time and Predict Dietary Intake at the End of the First Year of College Among Students in the U.S. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091296. [PMID: 30217004 PMCID: PMC6164337 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed food choice priorities (FCP) and associations with consumption of fruits and vegetables (FV), fiber, added sugars from non-beverage sources, and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) among college students. Freshmen from eight U.S. universities (N = 1149) completed the Food Choice Priorities Survey, designed for college students to provide a way to determine the factors of greatest importance regarding food choices, and the NCI Dietary Screener Questionnaire. Changes in FCP and dietary intake from fall 2015 to spring 2016 were assessed. Multiple regression models examined associations between FCP and log-transformed dietary intake, controlling for sex, age, race, and BMI. Participant characteristics and FCP associations were also assessed. FCP importance changed across the freshmen year and significantly predicted dietary intake. The most important FCP were price, busy daily life and preferences, and healthy aesthetic. Students who endorsed healthy aesthetic factors (health, effect on physical appearance, freshness/quality/in season) as important for food choice, consumed more FV and fiber and less added sugar and SSB. Busy daily life and preferences (taste, convenience, routine, ability to feel full) predicted lower FV, higher added sugar, and higher SSB consumption. Price predicted lower FV, higher SSB, and more added sugar while the advertising environment was positively associated with SSB intake. FCP and demographic factors explained between 2%–17% of the variance in dietary intake across models. The strongest relationship was between healthy aesthetic factors and SSB (B = −0.37, p < 0.01). Self-rated importance of factors influencing food choice are related to dietary intake among students. Interventions that shift identified FCP may positively impact students’ diet quality especially considering that some FCP increase in importance across the first year of college.
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Prado CV, Rech CR, Hino AAF, Reis RS. Perception of neighborhood safety and screen time in adolescents from Curitiba, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2018; 20:688-701. [PMID: 29267753 DOI: 10.1590/1980-5497201700040011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the association between perceptions of neighborhood safety (PNS) and screen time among adolescents and to assess the moderating effects of sex, age and socioeconomic status. METHODS A cross-sectional study with school survey was conducted in Curitiba, Brazil. First, six schools (three public and three private) were intentionally selected. Next, one class within each educational level (from the sixth year of elementary school to the third year of high school) was randomly selected. PNS was assessed using a NEWS-Y scale, and daily screen time was defined as the time spent watching TV/videos/DVDs, playing video games and using the Internet. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to test the association between PNS and screen time, adjusting for the confounding variables. RESULTS The sample included 776 adolescents (boys and girls), aged between 11 and 18 years old. Perceived crime was associated with time playing video games among older teenagers (p < 0.05). Pedestrian and traffic safety was inversely associated with time playing video games among adolescents with high socioeconomic status (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The association between PNS and screen time is complex among adolescents and varies according to sociodemographic variables and the screen time outcome (TV/videos/DVDs, video games and the Internet).
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Affiliation(s)
- Crisley Vanessa Prado
- Centro Universitário Autônomo do Brasil - Curitiba (PR), Brasil.,Curso de Educação Física, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Campus Curitiba - Curitiba (PR), Brasil
| | - Cassiano Ricardo Rech
- Curso de Educação Física, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Campus Curitiba - Curitiba (PR), Brasil.,Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - Florianópolis (SC), Brasil
| | - Adriano Akira Ferreira Hino
- Curso de Educação Física, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Campus Curitiba - Curitiba (PR), Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Siqueira Reis
- Curso de Educação Física, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Campus Curitiba - Curitiba (PR), Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná - Curitiba (PR), Brasil.,Prevention Research Center, Brown School, Washington University - St. Louis, MO, Estados Unidos
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Tsuji T, Amemiya A, Shirai K, Stenholm S, Pentti J, Oksanen T, Vahtera J, Kondo K. Association between education and television viewing among older working and retired people: a comparative study of Finland and Japan. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:917. [PMID: 30045698 PMCID: PMC6060519 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5860-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Educational attainment is associated with physical activity among older people. However, little is known about its association with sedentary lifestyle in European as well as Asian nations. This study aims to examine the associations between educational attainment and daily television viewing as an indicator of a sedentary lifestyle among older working and retired people in Finland and Japan. Methods We used cross-sectional harmonized data from two cohorts, the Finnish Public Sector study (n = 10,744) and the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (n = 2493), evaluating individuals aged 65–75 years old. We defined high-duration television viewing as ≥4 h per day. Poisson regression was used to examine the association between educational attainment and high-duration television viewing, stratified by the current working status. Models were adjusted for age, sex, household size, smoking, alcohol, body mass index, chronic diseases, mental disorders, and physical activity. Results Of the participants, 27% in Finland and 30% in Japan reported high-duration television viewing. Compared with a low education (≤9 years), Finnish and Japanese retirees with a high education (≥13 years) had less high-duration television viewing [prevalence ratio, PR 0.68 (95% confidence interval 0.63–0.73) and 0.66 (0.55–0.79), respectively]. The corresponding PRs for Finnish and Japanese retirees with intermediate education were also lowered [0.89 (0.83–0.95) and 0.79 (0.68–0.91), respectively]. Among older people still at work, educational attainment was associated with high-duration television viewing among the Japanese but not among the Finnish. Conclusion A similar association between educational attainment and high-duration television viewing in Finland and Japan particularly after retirement suggests a robust and consistent impact of educational attainment on a sedentary lifestyle after retirements. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-5860-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Tsuji
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo Ward, Chiba City, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Airi Amemiya
- Department of Health Education and Health Sociology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo Ward, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kokoro Shirai
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sari Stenholm
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20014 Turun yliopisto, Turku, Finland
| | - Jaana Pentti
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20014 Turun yliopisto, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuula Oksanen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 b (Headquarters), 00250, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Vahtera
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20014 Turun yliopisto, Turku, Finland
| | - Katsunori Kondo
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo Ward, Chiba City, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Gerontology and Evaluation Study, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu City, Aichi, Japan
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Cleland VJ, Patterson K, Breslin M, Schmidt MD, Dwyer T, Venn AJ. Longitudinal associations between TV viewing and BMI not explained by the 'mindless eating' or 'physical activity displacement' hypotheses among adults. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:797. [PMID: 29940922 PMCID: PMC6019267 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5674-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms explaining the positive relationship between television (TV) viewing and body mass index (BMI) are unclear. 'Mindless eating' and 'physical activity displacement' theories have been suggested, but have not been tested longitudinally among young adults. This study aimed to determine whether longitudinal associations between young adults' TV viewing and BMI are explained by changes in TV-related food and beverage consumption (FBC) and/or leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) over 5 years among young adults. METHODS A cohort of young Australian adults (n = 1068) was assessed in 2004-6 (T1) and 2009-2011 (T2), height and weight were measured (T1) or self-reported (T2), and participants self-reported TV viewing time (hours/day), weekly TV-related FBC and LTPA (mins/week). Linear regression was used to examine direct pathways between TV viewing and BMI, adjusting for TV-related FBC and LTPA to examine indirect pathways. RESULTS The association between TV viewing time and BMI (β: 0.41, 95% CI 0.03, 0.78 for > 1-h increase in TV viewing/day) was not explained by TV-related FBC (β: 0.37, 95% CI -0.18, 0.91) or LTPA (β: 0.38, 95% CI -0.17, 0.93) hypotheses. Increased TV-related FBC was associated with increased TV viewing (0.39 ± 1.54 h/day) and greater increases in BMI (0.92 ± 2.28 kg/m2, p = 0.16). LTPA increases were not associated with changes in TV viewing (- 0.07 ± 1.42 h/day), and increases in BMI were smallest when LTPA increased (0.44 ± 2.25 kg/m2) and greatest when LTPA decreased (0.82 ± 2.30 kg/m2) (p = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS Factors other than changes in TV-related FBC or LTPA may explain the longitudinal relationship between TV viewing and increasing BMI among young adults. Findings confirm that TV viewing is a risk factor for weight gain in young adults but the underlying causal mechanisms remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity J Cleland
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| | - Kira Patterson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.,Faculty of Education, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Monique Breslin
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | | | - Terence Dwyer
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Alison J Venn
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
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63
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Ghobadi S, Faghih S. Eating breakfast and snacks while television viewing are associated with some cardio metabolic risk factors among Iranian children. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2018; 12:235-243. [PMID: 29042250 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to investigate the association of eating meals while television viewing (TVV) and screen-based behaviors with cardio metabolic risk factors (CRFs) among school-aged children in Shiraz. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was done on 409 primary school children (217 boys), aged 6-9 years. Physical activity, time spent on screen-based behaviors and frequency of eating meals while TVV were measured using a questionnaire. Anthropometric indices, fasting blood sugar (FBS), blood lipids, blood pressure (BP), dietary intakes and physical activity were assessed. Association of eating while TVV with CRFs were assessed using linear regression, adjusted for potential confounders. All statistical analysis were conducted using the Stata 13 software. RESULTS Fully adjusted model showed that TVV time had significant positive association with waist circumferences (WC), and BP (p <0.05). Also, we found an inverse relationship between using Computer and Video games with TG level (β=-0.3; CI: -0.64, -0.09). Children who ate two or more breakfast meal while TVV had higher WC (β=2.02; CI: 0.51, 3.53) and FBS (β=3.58; CI: 0.39, 6.78) compared to who never ate breakfast while TVV. After adjustment for Screen time and BMI, eating snacks while TVV was positively associated with FBS and systolic BP. However, Eating dinner and lunch while TVV were not significantly associated with any of CRFs after adjustment for confounders. CONCLUSIONS We found that both eating breakfast and snacks while TVV were associated with WC, FBS and BP in children. Also, excessive TVV was associated with WC and BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ghobadi
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Shiva Faghih
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Rivière F, Aubert S, Omorou AY, Ainsworth BE, Vuillemin A. Taxonomy-based content analysis of sedentary behavior questionnaires: A systematic review. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193812. [PMID: 29509791 PMCID: PMC5839579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Health effects of sedentary behaviors (SB) may vary depending on their characteristics such as type, purpose, duration, and intensity of the behavior. While a growing number of questionnaires assess sedentary behaviors, it is unclear which characteristics of SB are measured. The aim of this review was to examine the content of self-report SB questionnaires. Methods Three databases were searched for sedentary behavior questionnaires published before January 1st, 2016. Based on the inclusion criteria, 82 articles out of 1369 were retrieved for a total of 60 questionnaires. For each questionnaire, the sedentary behavior characteristics identified were reported and analyzed. Results Most of the questionnaires assessed the time (n = 60), posture (n = 54), purpose (n = 46) and the types (n = 45) of SB performed. Fewer questionnaires assessed the environment (n = 20) social context (n = 11), status (n = 2), and associated behaviors (n = 2) related to sedentary behaviors. All the questionnaires except two assessed time spent in SB with 17 assessing frequency and 6 assessing breaks in SB. The most frequent characteristics identified in the questionnaires were the categories of sitting (90%), a day (95%), watching television (65%) and using a computer (55%). Many characteristics of SB were not measured. Conclusions By knowing the breadth of SB included in questionnaires, this review provides support to shape the design of new questionnaires designed to reduce the gaps in measuring sedentary behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Rivière
- EA 4360 APEMAC, University of Lorraine, Paris Descartes University, Nancy, France
| | - Salomé Aubert
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Abdou Yacoubou Omorou
- EA 4360 APEMAC, University of Lorraine, Paris Descartes University, Nancy, France
- INSERM, CIC-1433 Clinical Epidemiology, CHRU Nancy, France
| | - Barbara E. Ainsworth
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | - Anne Vuillemin
- EA 4360 APEMAC, University of Lorraine, Paris Descartes University, Nancy, France
- Université Côte d’Azur, LAMHESS, Nice, France
- * E-mail:
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Ghobadi S, Hassanzadeh-Rostami Z, Salehi-Marzijarani M, Bellissimo N, Brett NR, Totosy de Zepetnek JO, Faghih S. Association of eating while television viewing and overweight/obesity among children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Obes Rev 2018; 19:313-320. [PMID: 29266643 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the association between eating while television viewing (TVV) and overweight or obesity in children (<18 years). A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of science, PreQuest and Embase was conducted up to April 2017; pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a random effects model. Of 4,357 articles identified, 20 observational studies met inclusion criteria (n = 84,825) and 8 of these 20 (n = 41,617) reported OR. Eating while TVV was positively associated with obesity-related anthropometric measurements in 15 studies (75%). The meta-analysis revealed that eating while TVV was positively associated with being overweight (OR = 1.28; 95% CI: 1.17, 1.39). Subgroup analyses showed similar positive associations in both girls and boys, as well as in children who ate dinner while TVV. There was no evidence of publication bias. The present systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that eating while TVV could be a risk factor for being overweight or obese in childhood and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghobadi
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Z Hassanzadeh-Rostami
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M Salehi-Marzijarani
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - N Bellissimo
- School of Nutrition, Faculty of Community Services, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - N R Brett
- School of Nutrition, Faculty of Community Services, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - S Faghih
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Dieze A, Stephan T, Hilzendegen C, Stroebele-Benschop N. The impact of viewing a video with and without head phones on snack intake: A pilot study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188457. [PMID: 29216205 PMCID: PMC5720623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research shows that many small changes to the environment impact one’s eating behavior. The aim of this study was to examine whether the type of audio transmission would affect snack intake depending on the degree of immersion. A sample of 174 university students were randomized to either viewing a movie wearing headphones or listening over loud speakers while consuming a snack of their choice. Significant differences were found with more snacks consumed in the group without headphones compared to the group wearing headphones. Particularly women tend to eat less (about 10% of the offered snack less) when wearing headphones while viewing a movie. The results seem to indicate that audio transmission mode might impact eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Dieze
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Nutritional Psychology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Theodora Stephan
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Nutritional Psychology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Carolin Hilzendegen
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Nutritional Psychology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nanette Stroebele-Benschop
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Nutritional Psychology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Aryeetey R, Lartey A, Marquis GS, Nti H, Colecraft E, Brown P. Prevalence and predictors of overweight and obesity among school-aged children in urban Ghana. BMC OBESITY 2017; 4:38. [PMID: 29214030 PMCID: PMC5715494 DOI: 10.1186/s40608-017-0174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood overnutrition is a serious public health problem, with consequences that extend into adulthood. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and determinants of overweight and obesity among school-age children in two urban settings in Ghana. METHODS This cross-sectional study involved 3089 children (9-15 years) recruited between December 2009 and February 2012 in Accra and Kumasi, Ghana. Socio-demographic, dietary, and physical activity data were collected using pretested questionnaires. BMI-for-age z-scores were used to categorize anthropometric data of the children as thin, normal, or overweight/obese. Determinants of overweight were examined using multiple logistic regressions. RESULTS Seventeen percent of children were overweight or obese. Children who reported lower participation (< 3 times/week) in sports activity were 44% more likely to be overweight or obese (AOR = 1.44; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.94). Maternal tertiary education (AOR = 1.91, 95% CI: 1.07, 3.42), higher household socioeconomic status (AOR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.06), and attending private school (AOR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.31, 2.32) were also associated with elevated risk of overweight and obesity. CONCLUSIONS Physical inactivity is a modifiable independent determinant of overweight or obesity among Ghanaian school-aged children. Promoting and supporting a physically active lifestyle in this population is likely to reduce risk of childhood overnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richmond Aryeetey
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Box LG 13 Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Anna Lartey
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Box LG 134 Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Grace S. Marquis
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Helena Nti
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Box LG 134 Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Esi Colecraft
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Box LG 134 Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Patricia Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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ALTAN SS, BEKTAS M. The effects of parental feeding styles, children’s self-efficacy and social anxiety on adolescent obesity. REV NUTR 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-98652017000600008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective To examine the effect of parental feeding styles and children’s self-efficacy and social anxiety on adolescent obesity. Methods The samples of this descriptive and cross-sectional study were collected by using a simple sampling method. The study group was composed of 649 Turkish secondary schools students and their parents. Three secondary schools were selected from both rural and urban areas of the province. Data of the study were collected with the child-parent socio-demographic data collection form, the parenting feeding style questionnaire, the middle school self-efficacy scale and the social anxiety scale for the adolescent. To analyze the data of the study, we used percentages, mean, correlation, and regression analysis. Results The average age of the students was 11.58+1.21 years and percentages of female students 55.0%. The factors that significantly affect male adolescent obesity were fear of social situations in general, interpersonal relations, preventive healthcare self-efficacy, and strict dietary control, respectively. The factors affect male adolescent obesity at the rate of 35.0%. The factors that significantly affect female adolescent obesity were fear of social situations in general, preventive healthcare self-efficacy, emotional feeding, social evasion and distress in new situations, and tolerant dietary control, respectively. These factors affect female adolescent obesity at the rate of 32.8%. Conclusion It is indicated that the obesity of children is affected by self-efficacy levels, social anxiety, and the parental feeding style.
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Howard JB, Skinner AC, Ravanbakht SN, Brown JD, Perrin AJ, Steiner MJ, Perrin EM. Obesogenic Behavior and Weight-Based Stigma in Popular Children's Movies, 2012 to 2015. Pediatrics 2017; 140:peds.2017-2126. [PMID: 29158229 PMCID: PMC5703773 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-2126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity-promoting content and weight-stigmatizing messages are common in child-directed television programming and advertisements, and 1 study found similar trends in G- and PG-rated movies from 2006 to 2010. Our objective was to examine the prevalence of such content in more recent popular children's movies. METHODS Raters examined 31 top-grossing G- and PG-rated movies released from 2012 to 2015. For each 10-minute segment (N = 302) and for movies as units, raters documented the presence of eating-, activity-, and weight-related content observed on-screen. To assess interrater reliability, 10 movies (32%) were coded by more than 1 rater. RESULTS The result of Cohen's κ test of agreement among 3 raters was 0.65 for binary responses (good agreement). All 31 movies included obesity-promoting content; most common were unhealthy foods (87% of movies, 42% of segments), exaggerated portion sizes (71%, 29%), screen use (68%, 38%), and sugar-sweetened beverages (61%, 24%). Weight-based stigma, such as a verbal insult about body size or weight, was observed in 84% of movies and 30% of segments. CONCLUSIONS Children's movies include much obesogenic and weight-stigmatizing content. These messages are not shown in isolated incidences; rather, they often appear on-screen multiple times throughout the entire movie. Future research should explore these trends over time, and their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna B. Howard
- Departments of Pediatrics and,Duke Center for Childhood Obesity Research, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Asheley Cockrell Skinner
- Medicine and,Duke Center for Childhood Obesity Research, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina;,Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Sophie N. Ravanbakht
- Departments of Pediatrics and,Duke Center for Childhood Obesity Research, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Michael J. Steiner
- Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Eliana M. Perrin
- Departments of Pediatrics and,Duke Center for Childhood Obesity Research, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Tian J, Gall SL, Smith KJ, Dwyer T, Venn AJ. Worsening Dietary and Physical Activity Behaviors Do Not Readily Explain Why Smokers Gain Weight After Cessation: A Cohort Study in Young Adults. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:357-366. [PMID: 27613937 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The relationship between smoking cessation and weight gain is well established but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We aimed to determine whether postcessation weight gain was mediated by changing health behaviors. Methods A total of 281 smokers self-reported their demographic, smoking, and lifestyle characteristics in 2004-2006 (aged 26-36) and 2009-2011 (aged 31-41). Behaviors considered as potential mediators of weight gain were changes in consumption of breakfast, discretionary foods (servings/d), fruit and vegetables (servings/d), alcohol (g/d), takeaway food (times/wk), Diet Guideline Index score, leisure time physical activity (PA, min/wk), total PA (min/wk), time spent sitting (min/d), and TV viewing (h/d). Results In total, 124 smokers quit smoking during 5 years follow-up. After adjustment for age, sex, baseline body mass index, education, and follow-up length, smoking cessation was associated with average excess weight gain of 2.09kg (95% CI = 0.35-3.83). Compared with continuing smokers, quitters reported a higher Diet Guideline Index score and less consumption of alcohol at baseline and follow-up (all p < .05). In addition, there was a tendency towards healthier dietary and PA behaviors over 5 years among quitters than continuing smokers except for time spent sitting, although these differences did not reach statistical significance. Adjustment for changes in these behaviors made little difference to the magnitude of postcessation weight gain (β: 2.32kg, 95% CI = 0.54-4.10). Conclusions The weight gain associated with smoking cessation was not explained by worsening dietary and PA behaviors. Future research is needed to elucidate the complex mechanisms and particularly ways it may be prevented. Implications Fear of weight gain often discourages smokers from trying to quit but guidance on ways to most effectively avoid weight gain is lacking. It is important to identify what causes postcessation weight gain and the ways it may be prevented. The current study explored the effects of several changing dietary and PA behaviors on the relationship between smoking cessation and weight gain in 281 young Australian smokers. We found that quitters tended to adopt healthier dietary and PA behaviors than continuing smokers, so these behaviors did not readily explain the postcessation weight gain. Further investigations of other potential mechanisms are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Seana L Gall
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Kylie J Smith
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Terry Dwyer
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alison J Venn
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Rosenthal R, Raynor H. The effect of television watching and portion size on intake during a meal. Appetite 2017; 117:191-196. [PMID: 28673808 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Watching television while eating and eating from larger portion sizes of food are factors that have been found to independently increase food intake. When combined, these factors may further enhance consumption. This investigation, using a 4 × 2 × 2 mixed factorial design, with a between-subjects factor of order of conditions and within-subjects factors of television watching (NO TV and TV) and portion size (SMALL and LARGE), tested the independent effects and interaction of these factors in seventeen women and three men (21.6 ± 2.3 kg/m2, 22.3 ± 3.7 years, 80% white and 95% non-Hispanic). In each condition, participants had 30 min to eat a meal containing macaroni and cheese and salad with dressing. For NO TV, participants sat for 30 min while eating, while for TV, participants viewed a 30-min show containing no food cues while eating. In SMALL the meal provided 1083 kcal, while in LARGE the meal provided 200% of SMALL. Mixed factorial analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect of portion size on grams and energy consumed of the total meal. Participants consumed more grams (577.9 ± 150.5 g vs. 453.1 ± 96.6 g; p < 0.001) and energy (903.9 ± 270.4 kcal vs. 734.6 ± 187.1 kcal; p < 0.001) in LARGE as compared to SMALL. No significant effect of television watching or interaction of television watching and portion size was found. Results of this study suggest that to assist with reducing intake, smaller portion sizes should be implemented in all types of eating situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Rosenthal
- The University of Tennessee, Department of Nutrition, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, 229 JHB, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Hollie Raynor
- The University of Tennessee, Department of Nutrition, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, 229 JHB, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Saunders TJ, Vallance JK. Screen Time and Health Indicators Among Children and Youth: Current Evidence, Limitations and Future Directions. APPLIED HEALTH ECONOMICS AND HEALTH POLICY 2017; 15:323-331. [PMID: 27798796 DOI: 10.1007/s40258-016-0289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite accumulating evidence linking screen-based sedentary behaviours (i.e. screen time) with poorer health outcomes among children and youth <18 years of age, the prevalence of these behaviours continues to increase, with roughly half of children and youth exceeding the public health screen time recommendation of 2 h per day or less. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of key research initiatives aimed at understanding the associations between screen time and health indicators including physical health, quality of life and psychosocial health. Available evidence suggests that screen time is deleteriously associated with numerous health indicators in child and youth populations, including adiposity, aerobic fitness, quality of life, self-esteem, pro-social behaviour, academic achievement, depression and anxiety. However, few longitudinal or intervention studies have been conducted, with most of these studies focusing on physical health indicators. While most studies have used self-reported assessments of screen time, the availability of more objective assessment methods presents important opportunities (e.g. more accurate and precise assessment of sedentary time and screen time) and challenges (e.g. privacy and participant burden). Novel statistical approaches such as isotemporal substitution modelling and compositional analysis, as well as studies using longitudinal and experimental methodologies, are needed to better understand the health impact of excessive screen time, and to develop strategies to minimise or reverse the negative impacts of these behaviours. The evidence to date suggests a clear need for policy aimed at minimising the hazardous health consequences associated with screen time among children and youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J Saunders
- Department of Applied Human Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - Jeff K Vallance
- Faculty of Health Disciplines, Centre for Nursing and Health Studies, Athabasca University, Athabasca, AB, Canada.
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Paravidino VB, Mediano MFF, Sichieri R. Does a single bout of exercise influence subsequent physical activity and sedentary time in overweight boys? Physiol Behav 2017; 173:231-235. [PMID: 28223036 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the influence of a single bout of exercise on subsequent physical activity and sedentary time among overweight boys. METHODS A crossover study on 24 overweight boys (11-13years old) was conducted with three different experimental sessions: control, one bout of moderate exercise, and one bout of vigorous exercise. Physical activity was measured using triaxial accelerometers and time spent in light, moderate, vigorous, and sedentary activities was assessed during six days of follow-up. Differences in daily percentage of time spent in sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous activities among experimental sessions were analyzed using linear mixed-effect models. RESULTS Time spent in sedentary behavior was greater after moderate and vigorous sessions compared to the control, with statistically significant differences in trajectories between moderate (p=0.04) and vigorous sessions (p=0.006) compared to controls. Similarly, the time spent in moderate physical activity was smaller after moderate (p=0.02) and vigorous sessions (p=0.02) compared to the control. No differences in sedentary (p=0.50) and moderate (p=0.97) activities were observed between moderate and vigorous sessions. The percentage of time spent in vigorous physical activity showed a greater reduction in vigorous condition compared to moderate and control (p<0.01) conditions, while time spent in light physical activities was not different between sessions. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate a compensatory effect after a single bout of exercise due to decreases in moderate and vigorous physical activity and increases in sedentary time during the following six days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Barreto Paravidino
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Social Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Pavilhão João Lyra Filho, 7 andar/blocos D e E, e 6 andar/bloco E, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20550-013, Brazil; Department of Physical Education and Sports, Naval Academy - Brazilian Navy, Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Almirante Silvio de Noronha, s/n, Castelo, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20021-010, Brazil.
| | - Mauro Felippe Felix Mediano
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Disease, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Rosely Sichieri
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Social Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Pavilhão João Lyra Filho, 7 andar/blocos D e E, e 6 andar/bloco E, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20550-013, Brazil
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Ferguson GM, Muzaffar H, Iturbide MI, Chu H, Meeks Gardner J. Feel American, Watch American, Eat American? Remote Acculturation, TV, and Nutrition Among Adolescent-Mother Dyads in Jamaica. Child Dev 2017; 89:1360-1377. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Willis E, Haught MJ, Morris Ii DL. Up in Vapor: Exploring the Health Messages of E-Cigarette Advertisements. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2017; 32:372-380. [PMID: 27309130 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2016.1138388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have gained popularity in the United States, and marketers are using advertising to recruit new users to their products. Despite outright bans on traditional cigarette advertisements, e-cigarettes have no specific regulations. This study uses framing theory to explore the themes in e-cigarette advertisements. Also, practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Willis
- a Advertising, Public Relations and Media Design , University of Colorado Boulder
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to provide an overview of (1) underlying mechanisms of the effect of portion size on energy intake, (2) external factors explaining the portion size effect and (3) interventions and measurements aimed at food portion size. RECENT FINDINGS Previous studies have shown that portion sizes have increased in recent decades. Many experimental studies have been conducted to unravel the mechanisms underlying the portion-size effect on food intake (e.g. the appropriateness mechanism, the 'unit bias' mechanism, the 'previous experience/expectation' mechanism, the 'visual cue' mechanism and the 'bite size' mechanism). In addition, external factors have been found to drive food portion selection and consumption (e.g. value for money, mindless eating, levels of awareness, estimation bias. Research on several interventions (ranging from 'providing information' to 'eliminating choice') have been conducted, but remain scarce, especially intervention studies in which portion size is a key focus in weight loss. Moreover, only three new instruments with respect to portion control behavior have been developed. There is considerable evidence for the portion-size effect on energy intake. However, the work on interventions targeting portion size and measurements for portion control behavior are limited. Moreover, from the literature it is not yet clear what type of interventions work best, for whom and in what context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Steenhuis
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Earth & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Maartje Poelman
- Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, PO Box 80115, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Avery A, Anderson C, McCullough F. Associations between children's diet quality and watching television during meal or snack consumption: A systematic review. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2017; 13. [PMID: 28211230 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies have identified an association between watching television (TV) and childhood obesity. This review adds context to existing research by examining the associations between TV viewing, whilst eating, and children's diet quality. Web of Science and PubMed databases were searched from January 2000 to June 2014. Cross-sectional trials of case control or cohort studies, which included baseline data, measuring the associations between eating whilst watching TV and children's food and drink intake. Quality of selected papers was assessed. Thirteen studies, representing 61,674 children aged 1-18 yrs, met inclusion criteria. Of six studies reporting overall food habits, all found a positive association between TV viewing and consumption of pizza, fried foods, sweets, and snacks. Of eight studies looking at fruit and vegetable consumption, seven identified a negative association with eating whilst watching TV (p < .0001). Four out of five studies identified a positive association between watching TV whilst eating and servings of sugar-sweetened beverages (p < .0001). Four studies identified an association between low socioeconomic status and increased likelihood of eating whilst watching TV (p ≤ .01). Family meals did not overcome the adverse impact on diet quality of having the TV on at mealtimes. Eating whilst watching television is associated with poorer diet quality among children, including more frequent consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and high-fat, high-sugar foods and fewer fruits and vegetables. Although these differences in consumption are small, the cumulative effect may contribute to the positive association between eating whilst watching TV and childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Avery
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Catherine Anderson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Fiona McCullough
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Screen-based sedentary time: Association with soft drink consumption and the moderating effect of parental education in European children: The ENERGY study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171537. [PMID: 28182671 PMCID: PMC5300182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of the present study was to explore if children who spend more time on screen-based sedentary behaviors (i.e.TV viewing and computer use) drink more sugar-sweetened soft drinks. The study also assessed whether these associations were independent of individual and home environmental correlates of soft drink consumption and whether they were moderated by parental education. Methods Data were collected from 7886 children participating in the EuropeaN Energy balance Research to prevent excessive weight Gain among Youth (ENERGY) survey conducted in eight European countries. Self-report questionnaires were used. Multilevel linear regression analyses with soft drink consumption as dependent variable, TV viewing and computer use as independent variables and age, gender, parental education, attitude towards soft drinks, self-efficacy, parental modelling, parental rules and home availability of soft drinks as covariates were conducted. Further interactions were tested to explore if these associations were moderated by parental education. Country-specific analyses were conducted. Results In six of the eight included countries, a significant positive association was observed between TV viewing (min/day) and soft drink consumption (ml/day), independent of individual and home environmental correlates of soft drink consumption (B = 0.46 (0.26–0.66) in Greece, B = 0.77 (0.36–1.17) in Norway, B = 0.82 (0.12–1.51) in Hungary, B = 1.06 (0.67–1.46) in Spain, B = 1.21 (0.67–1.74) in Belgium and B = 1.49 (0.72–2.27) in Switzerland). There was no significant association between computer use and soft drink consumption in six of the eight included countries in the final models. Moderation effects of parental education in the association between TV viewing and soft drink consumption were found in Norway and Hungary, the association being stronger among those with low parental education. Conclusions TV viewing appears to be independently associated with soft drink consumption and this association was moderated by parental education in two countries only. Reducing TV time might therefore favorably impact soft drink consumption.
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Schröder H, Bawaked RA, Ribas-Barba L, Izquierdo-Pulido M, Roman-Viñas B, Fíto M, Serra-Majem L. Cumulative Effect of Obesogenic Behaviours on Adiposity in Spanish Children and Adolescents. Obes Facts 2017; 10:584-596. [PMID: 29207394 PMCID: PMC5836229 DOI: 10.1159/000480403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is known about the cumulative effect of obesogenic behaviours on childhood obesity risk. We determined the cumulative effect on BMI z-score, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), overweight and abdominal obesity of four lifestyle behaviours that have been linked to obesity. METHODS In this cross-sectional analysis, data were obtained from the EnKid sudy, a representative sample of Spanish youth. The study included 1,614 boys and girls aged 5-18 years. Weight, height and waist circumference were measured. Physical activity (PA), screen time, breakfast consumption and meal frequency were self-reported on structured questionnaires. Obesogenic behaviours were defined as <1 h PA/day, ≥2 h/day screen time, skipping breakfast and <3 meals/day. BMI z-score was computed using age- and sex-specific reference values from the World Health Organization (WHO). Overweight including obesity was defined as a BMI > 1 SD from the mean of the WHO reference population. Abdominal obesity was defined as a WHtR ≥ 0.5. RESULTS High screen time was the most prominent obesogenic behaviour (49.7%), followed by low physical activity (22.4%), low meal frequency (14.4%), and skipping breakfast (12.5%). Although 33% of participants were free of all 4 obesogenic behaviours, 1, 2, and 3 or 4 behaviours were reported by 44.5%, 19.3%, and 5.0%, respectively. BMI z-score and WHtR were positively associated (p < 0.001) with increasing numbers of concurrent obesogenic behaviours. The odds of presenting with obesogenic behaviours were significantly higher in children who were overweight (OR 2.68; 95% CI 1.50; 4.80) or had abdominal obesity (OR 2.12; 95% CI 1.28; 3.52); they reported more than 2 obesogenic behaviours. High maternal and parental education was inversely associated (p = 0.004 and p < 0.001, respectively) with increasing presence of obesogenic behaviours. Surrogate markers of adiposity increased with numbers of concurrent presence of obesogenic behaviours. The opposite was true for high maternal and paternal education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Schröder
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (CARIN), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Dr. Helmut Schröder, Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (CARIN), Program of Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain,
| | - Rowaedh Ahmed Bawaked
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (CARIN), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedicine PhD program, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Ribas-Barba
- Fundación para la Investigación Nutricional (Nutrition Research Foundation), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Izquierdo-Pulido
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Roman-Viñas
- Fundación para la Investigación Nutricional (Nutrition Research Foundation), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Fíto
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (CARIN), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluis Serra-Majem
- Fundación para la Investigación Nutricional (Nutrition Research Foundation), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
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van Koperen TM, Renders CM, Spierings EJM, Hendriks AM, Westerman MJ, Seidell JC, Schuit AJ. Recommendations and Improvements for the Evaluation of Integrated Community-Wide Interventions Approaches. J Obes 2016; 2016:2385698. [PMID: 28116149 PMCID: PMC5220506 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2385698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Integrated community-wide intervention approaches (ICIAs) are implemented to prevent childhood obesity. Programme evaluation improves these ICIAs, but professionals involved often struggle with performance. Evaluation tools have been developed to support Dutch professionals involved in ICIAs. It is unclear how useful these tools are to intended users. We therefore researched the facilitators of and barriers to ICIA programme evaluation as perceived by professionals and their experiences of the evaluation tools. Methods. Focus groups and interviews with 33 public health professionals. Data were analysed using a thematic content approach. Findings. Evaluation is hampered by insufficient time, budget, and experience with ICIAs, lack of leadership, and limited advocacy for evaluation. Epidemiologists are regarded as responsible for evaluation but feel incompetent to perform evaluation or advocate its need in a political environment. Managers did not prioritise process evaluations, involvement of stakeholders, and capacity building. The evaluation tools are perceived as valuable but too comprehensive considering limited resources. Conclusion. Evaluating ICIAs is important but most professionals are unfamiliar with it and management does not prioritise process evaluation nor incentivize professionals to evaluate. To optimise programme evaluation, more resources and coaching are required to improve professionals' evaluation capabilities and specifically the use of evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa M. van Koperen
- Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carry M. Renders
- Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eline J. M. Spierings
- Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anna-Marie Hendriks
- Department of Health Promotion, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marjan J. Westerman
- Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jacob C. Seidell
- Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Albertine J. Schuit
- Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
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82
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[Reduce sedentary behaviour among children - a systematic review]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2016; 59:1443-1451. [PMID: 27683079 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-016-2452-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Sedentary behaviour is itself a health-related behaviour. This systematic review examines whether family-based interventions can reduce sitting time among children and adolescents and which variables moderate potential intervention effects. METHODS Using a systematic literature search we identified family-based randomised controlled intervention studies that focus on sedentary behaviour in 3‑ to 18-year-old children and youth. The methodological quality of studies as well as the intervention effects according to different outcomes (screen-based vs. overall sitting) were analysed and evaluated for moderating effects. RESULTS Of 29 studies, 17 reported significant effects and 11 studies showed positive trends for reduced sitting time. The content of interventions, the level of theoretical underpinning as well as the methodological quality of studies were heterogeneous. Most often, screen-based sitting and seldom overall sitting was examined. Concise characteristics of intervention success were not clearly apparent. The proportion of positive intervention effects was higher in reducing sitting in front of TVs compared to other outcomes. An analysis of moderators highlighted that intervention programs among pre-schoolers showed more often positive intervention effects. DISCUSSION There are many promising opportunities to reduce sitting time using family-based approaches. Statements in terms of replication of interventions and explanations of the effective mechanisms within interventions are limited. Therefore, future interventions should use subjective as well as objective evaluation measures and consider overall sitting time. To strengthen the basis of interventional effort in this research field, a theoretical planning approach is recommended.
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Mantzios M, Egan H, Patchell C. Can Existing Knowledge on Eating Behaviors and Obesity Support People with Cystic Fibrosis Who Are Nutritionally Compromised? Front Psychol 2016; 7:1477. [PMID: 27729893 PMCID: PMC5037194 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michail Mantzios
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University Birmingham, UK
| | - Helen Egan
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University Birmingham, UK
| | - Carolyn Patchell
- Birmingham Children's Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust Birmingham, UK
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84
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Silva DR, Ohara D, Tomeleri CM, Batista MB, Fernandes RA, Ronque ER, Sardinha LB, Cyrino ES. Association between risk behaviors and adiposity indicators in adolescents from Southern Brazil: A methodological approach. J Child Health Care 2016; 20:314-23. [PMID: 26311484 DOI: 10.1177/1367493515598642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the association between risk behaviors and adiposity indicators in adolescents and to discuss some methodological aspects related to this relationship. We evaluated 1,321 adolescents (55.2% female) aged 10-16 years. Relative body fat (%fat) by measurement of triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness and waist circumference (WC) were used as total and central adiposity indicators, respectively. Physical inactivity, time spent in front of the TV, the consumption of soda and/or chocolate, alcohol, and tobacco smoking were analyzed as risk behaviors. Information about the socioeconomic status (categorized into three levels) and nutritional status of the mother (overweight or normal weight) were used as adjustment factors in the analyses of prevalence ratio (PR) of the outcomes and their associated 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The chi-square test and Poisson regression were used for statistical analyses. Low associations were found between risk behaviors and adiposity indicators. Tobacco smoking was the most positively correlated behavior with adiposity in girls (%fat: PR = 1.61; 95% CI = 1.04-2.47; WC: PR = 1.90; 95% CI = 1.17-3.08) and in adolescents whose mothers were normal weight (%fat: PR = 2.31; 95% CI = 1.33-4.03; WC: PR: 2.31; CI: 1.19-4.46). Additionally, as an important methodological issue, we highlighted the assessment of risk behaviors in adolescents as crucial to producing more robust evidence on the subject. Of the investigated behaviors, we concluded that tobacco smoking is the behavior most associated with adiposity indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Rp Silva
- Study and Research Group in Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise (GEPEMENE), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
| | - David Ohara
- Study and Research Group in Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise (GEPEMENE), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
| | - Crisieli M Tomeleri
- Study and Research Group in Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise (GEPEMENE), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
| | - Mariana B Batista
- Study and Research Group in Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise (GEPEMENE), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
| | - Rômulo A Fernandes
- Scientific Research Group Related to Physical Activity (GICRAF), Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Enio Rv Ronque
- Study and Research Group in Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise (GEPEMENE), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
| | - Luís B Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Edilson S Cyrino
- Study and Research Group in Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise (GEPEMENE), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
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85
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Cameron JD, Maras D, Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Borghese MM, Chaput JP, Alberga AS, Goldfield GS. The mediating role of energy intake on the relationship between screen time behaviour and body mass index in adolescents with obesity: The HEARTY study. Appetite 2016; 107:437-444. [PMID: 27545672 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.08.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents spend up to 6-8 h/day in sedentary screen behaviour and screen time is an independent risk factor for obesity. However, the mechanisms by which screen time confers obesity risk remain unclear. Via community level recruitment this study examined whether the relationship between screen time behaviours and body mass index (BMI: kg/m2) was mediated by total energy intake or macronutrient consumption. In a cross-sectional study of post-pubertal adolescents (N = 283: 86M, 197F) with overweight or obesity at baseline of an intervention for weight control, we examined self-reported total energy intake (mean Calories from 3 day food diary), macronutrient intake (grams/day of carbohydrate, fat, protein) and total screen time (aggregate of hours/day watching TV, playing seated video games, and recreational computer use). BMI was objectively measured and converted to standardized scores (z-BMI). Simple and multiple mediation analyses were conducted using the bootstrapping approach described by Preacher and Hayes. Covariates included age, sex, ethnicity, parental education, Tanner stage, and self-reported physical activity. The relationship between screen time and z-BMI was significantly mediated by energy intake. Higher levels of carbohydrate intake, but not fat or protein intake, significantly mediated the relationship between screen time and z-BMI (95% bias-corrected and accelerated confidence interval [0.0004, 0.0074]). Higher carbohydrate intake mediated the relationship between TV viewing and z-BMI, and video gaming and z-BMI. In conclusion, the relationship between screen time and BMI appears to be mediated by increased energy intake, primarily in the form of higher carbohydrate intake. It is possible that reducing time spent watching TV and playing video games may reduce food intake and help promote dietary adherence needed for weight management in obese adolescents. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT00195858.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameason D Cameron
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Danijela Maras
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ronald J Sigal
- Department of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Glen P Kenny
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael M Borghese
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Chaput
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Angela S Alberga
- Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Gary S Goldfield
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
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86
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Raptou E, Papastefanou G, Mattas K. Investigating the influence of eating habits, body weight and television programme preferences on television viewing time and domestic computer usage. Perspect Public Health 2016; 137:59-72. [DOI: 10.1177/1757913916636925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background: The present study explored the influence of eating habits, body weight and television programme preference on television viewing time and domestic computer usage, after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and home media environment indicators. In addition, potential substitution or complementarity in screen time was investigated. Methods: Individual level data were collected via questionnaires that were administered to a random sample of 2,946 Germans. The econometric analysis employed a seemingly unrelated bivariate ordered probit model to conjointly estimate television viewing time and time engaged in domestic computer usage. Results: Television viewing and domestic computer usage represent two independent behaviours in both genders and across all age groups. Dietary habits have a significant impact on television watching with less healthy food choices associated with increasing television viewing time. Body weight is found to be positively correlated with television screen time in both men and women, and overweight individuals have a higher propensity for heavy television viewing. Similar results were obtained for age groups where an increasing body mass index (BMI) in adults over 24 years old is more likely to be positively associated with a higher duration of television watching. With respect to dietary habits of domestic computer users, participants aged over 24 years of both genders seem to adopt more healthy dietary patterns. A downward trend in the BMI of domestic computer users was observed in women and adults aged 25–60 years. On the contrary, young domestic computer users 18–24 years old have a higher body weight than non-users. Television programme preferences also affect television screen time with clear differences to be observed between genders and across different age groups. Conclusions: In order to reduce total screen time, health interventions should target different types of screen viewing audiences separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Raptou
- Department of Agricultural Development, Lab of Marketing and Management, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece
| | | | - Konstadinos Mattas
- School of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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87
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du Hoffmann J, Nicola SM. Activation of Dopamine Receptors in the Nucleus Accumbens Promotes Sucrose-Reinforced Cued Approach Behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:144. [PMID: 27471453 PMCID: PMC4943936 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine receptor activation in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) promotes vigorous environmentally-cued food-seeking in hungry rats. Rats fed ad libitum, however, respond to fewer food-predictive cues, particularly when the value of food reward is low. Here, we investigated whether this difference could be due to differences in the degree of dopamine receptor activation in the NAc. First, we observed that although rats given ad libitum access to chow in their home cages approached a food receptacle in response to reward-predictive cues, the number of such approaches declined as animals accumulated food rewards. Intriguingly, cued approach to food occurred in clusters, with several cued responses followed by successive non-responses. This pattern suggested that behavior was dictated by transitions between two states, responsive and non-responsive. Injection of D1 or D2 dopamine receptor agonists into the NAc dose-dependently increased cue responding by promoting transitions to the responsive state and by preventing transitions to the non-responsive state. In contrast, antagonists of either D1 or D2 receptors promoted long bouts of non-responding by inducing transitions to the non-responsive state and by preventing transitions to the responsive state. Moreover, locomotor behavior during the inter-trial interval was correlated with the responsive state, and was also increased by dopamine receptor agonists. These results suggest that activation of NAc dopamine receptors plays an important role in regulating the probability of approach to food under conditions of normative satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann du Hoffmann
- Department of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Saleem M Nicola
- Department of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, NY, USA
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Basch CH, Kecojevic A, Cadorett V, Zagnit EA. Sedentary images in a popular US based parenting magazine: 2010-2015. Health Promot Perspect 2016; 6:55-7. [PMID: 27386418 PMCID: PMC4932222 DOI: 10.15171/hpp.2016.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Parenting magazines serve as a platform for advertisers to target children and their caregivers. The purpose of this study was to analyze and describe the number of pictures of sedentary and non-sedentary children pictured in the popular parenting magazine, Parents. Methods: Our sample consisted of 72 issues from Parents magazine from January 2010 to December 2015. The sampling frame consisted of all printed issues over this time period. All pictures of children, whether they were in advertisements or models appearing throughout the magazine were included. There were a total of 11 018 children images reviewed. Results: The overwhelming majority included sedentary children (n = 9734, 88.3%), while the minority showed children engaged in some kind of activity (n = 1284, 11.7%). Conclusion: Parents are encouraged to discuss with their pediatricians which activities are most beneficial for their children’s health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey H Basch
- Department of Public Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA
| | | | - Valerie Cadorett
- Department of Public Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA
| | - Emily A Zagnit
- Graduate Student, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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89
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del Pino A, Royo-Bordonada MÁ. Ethical Evaluation of a Proposed Statutory Regulation of Food Advertising Targeted at Minors in Spain. Public Health Ethics 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/phe/phw029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Direct effects of food cues seen during TV viewing on energy intake in young women. Appetite 2016; 101:80-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Boswell RG, Kober H. Food cue reactivity and craving predict eating and weight gain: a meta-analytic review. Obes Rev 2016; 17:159-77. [PMID: 26644270 PMCID: PMC6042864 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
According to learning-based models of behavior, food cue reactivity and craving are conditioned responses that lead to increased eating and subsequent weight gain. However, evidence supporting this relationship has been mixed. We conducted a quantitative meta-analysis to assess the predictive effects of food cue reactivity and craving on eating and weight-related outcomes. Across 69 reported statistics from 45 published reports representing 3,292 participants, we found an overall medium effect of food cue reactivity and craving on outcomes (r = 0.33, p < 0.001; approximately 11% of variance), suggesting that cue exposure and the experience of craving significantly influence and contribute to eating behavior and weight gain. Follow-up tests revealed a medium effect size for the effect of both tonic and cue-induced craving on eating behavior (r = 0.33). We did not find significant differences in effect sizes based on body mass index, age, or dietary restraint. However, we did find that visual food cues (e.g. pictures and videos) were associated with a similar effect size to real food exposure and a stronger effect size than olfactory cues. Overall, the present findings suggest that food cue reactivity, cue-induced craving and tonic craving systematically and prospectively predict food-related outcomes. These results have theoretical, methodological, public health and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hedy Kober
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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92
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Conditioned to eat while watching television? Low-income caregivers' perspectives on the role of snacking and television viewing among pre-schoolers. Public Health Nutr 2016; 19:1598-605. [PMID: 26794059 DOI: 10.1017/s136898001500364x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although television (TV) viewing is frequently paired with snacking among young children, little is known about the environment in which caregivers promote this behaviour. We describe low-income pre-schoolers' snacking and TV viewing habits as reported by their primary caregivers, including social/physical snacking contexts, types of snacks and caregiver rationales for offering snacks. These findings may support the development of effective messages to promote healthy child snacking. DESIGN Semi-structured interviews assessed caregiver conceptualizations of pre-schoolers' snacks, purpose of snacks, snack context and snack frequency. SETTING Interviews occurred in Boston, Massachusetts and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. SUBJECTS Forty-seven low-income multi-ethnic primary caregivers of children aged 3-5 years (92 % female, 32 % Hispanic/Latino, 34 % African American) described their child's snacking in the context of TV viewing. RESULTS TV viewing and child snacking themes were described consistently across racial/ethnic groups. Caregivers described snacks offered during TV viewing as largely unhealthy. Labels for TV snacks indicated non-nutritive purposes, such as 'time out', 'enjoyment' or 'quiet.' Caregivers' primary reasons for providing snacks included child's expectations, behaviour management (e.g. to occupy child) and social time (e.g. family bonding). Some caregivers used TV to distract picky children to eat more food. Child snacking and TV viewing were contextually paired by providing child-sized furniture ('TV table') specifically for snacking. CONCLUSIONS Low-income caregivers facilitate pre-schoolers' snacking and TV viewing, which are described as routine, positive and useful for non-nutritive purposes. Messages to caregivers should encourage 'snack-free' TV viewing, healthy snack options and guidance for managing children's behaviour without snacks or TV.
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Anderson AS, Key TJ, Norat T, Scoccianti C, Cecchini M, Berrino F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Espina C, Leitzmann M, Powers H, Wiseman M, Romieu I. European Code against Cancer 4th Edition: Obesity, body fatness and cancer. Cancer Epidemiol 2015; 39 Suppl 1:S34-45. [PMID: 26205840 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is estimated that over half the population of the European Union (EU) is overweight or obese due to an imbalance between energy expenditure and energy intake; this is related to an obesogenic environment of sociocultural, economic and marketing challenges to the control of body weight. Excess body fat is associated with nine cancer sites - oesophagus, colorectum, gall bladder, pancreas, postmenopausal breast, endometrium, ovary, kidney and prostate (advanced) - and 4-38% of these cancers (depending on site and gender) can be attributed to overweight/obesity status. Metabolic alterations which accompany excess body weight are accompanied by increased levels of inflammation, insulin, oestrogens and other hormonal factors. There are some indications that intentional weight loss is associated with reduced cancer incidence (notably in postmenopausal breast and endometrial cancers). Excess body weight is also a risk factor for several other diseases, including diabetes and heart disease, and is related to higher risk of premature death. In reviewing the current evidence related to excess body fat and cancer, the European Code against Cancer Nutrition Working Group has developed the following recommendation: 'Take action to be a healthy body weight'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie S Anderson
- Centre for Research into Cancer Prevention and Screening, Level 7, Mailbox 7, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Norat
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Scoccianti
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Michele Cecchini
- Health Policy Analyst OECD, 2 rue André Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France
| | - Franco Berrino
- Fondazione IRCSS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 1 via Venezian, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Carolina Espina
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Michael Leitzmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Regensburg University, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hilary Powers
- Human Nutrition Unit, The Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Wiseman
- World Cancer Research Fund International, Second Floor, 22 Bedford Square, London WC1B 3HH, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Romieu
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France.
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94
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Gordia AP, Quadros TMBD, Silva LR, Mota J. Cut-off values for step count and TV viewing time as discriminators of hyperglycaemia in Brazilian children and adolescents. Ann Hum Biol 2015; 43:423-9. [PMID: 26479698 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2015.1096418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of step count and TV viewing time to discriminate youngsters with hyperglycaemia is still a matter of debate. AIM To establish cut-off values for step count and TV viewing time in children and adolescents using glycaemia as the reference criterion. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1044 schoolchildren aged 6-18 years from Northeastern Brazil. Daily step counts were assessed with a pedometer over 1 week and TV viewing time by self-report. RESULTS The area under the curve (AUC) ranged from 0.52-0.61 for step count and from 0.49-0.65 for TV viewing time. The daily step count with the highest discriminatory power for hyperglycaemia was 13 884 (sensitivity = 77.8; specificity = 51.8) for male children and 12 371 (sensitivity = 55.6; specificity = 55.5) and 11 292 (sensitivity = 57.7; specificity = 48.6) for female children and adolescents respectively. The cut-off for TV viewing time with the highest discriminatory capacity for hyperglycaemia was 3 hours/day (sensitivity = 57.7-77.8; specificity = 48.6-53.2). CONCLUSION This study represents the first step for the development of criteria based on cardiometabolic risk factors for step count and TV viewing time in youngsters. However, the present cut-off values have limited practical application because of their poor accuracy and low sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Pinheiro Gordia
- a Physical Education Course, Federal University of Reconcavo of Bahia , Amargosa , Bahia , Brazil .,b Faculty of Medicine , Post-Graduate Program in Medicine and Health, Federal University of Bahia , Salvador , Bahia , Brazil , and.,c Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Teresa Maria Bianchini de Quadros
- a Physical Education Course, Federal University of Reconcavo of Bahia , Amargosa , Bahia , Brazil .,b Faculty of Medicine , Post-Graduate Program in Medicine and Health, Federal University of Bahia , Salvador , Bahia , Brazil , and.,c Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Luciana Rodrigues Silva
- b Faculty of Medicine , Post-Graduate Program in Medicine and Health, Federal University of Bahia , Salvador , Bahia , Brazil , and
| | - Jorge Mota
- c Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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95
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Spence C, Okajima K, Cheok AD, Petit O, Michel C. Eating with our eyes: From visual hunger to digital satiation. Brain Cogn 2015; 110:53-63. [PMID: 26432045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the brain's key roles is to facilitate foraging and feeding. It is presumably no coincidence, then, that the mouth is situated close to the brain in most animal species. However, the environments in which our brains evolved were far less plentiful in terms of the availability of food resources (i.e., nutriments) than is the case for those of us living in the Western world today. The growing obesity crisis is but one of the signs that humankind is not doing such a great job in terms of optimizing the contemporary food landscape. While the blame here is often put at the doors of the global food companies - offering addictive foods, designed to hit 'the bliss point' in terms of the pleasurable ingredients (sugar, salt, fat, etc.), and the ease of access to calorie-rich foods - we wonder whether there aren't other implicit cues in our environments that might be triggering hunger more often than is perhaps good for us. Here, we take a closer look at the potential role of vision; Specifically, we question the impact that our increasing exposure to images of desirable foods (what is often labelled 'food porn', or 'gastroporn') via digital interfaces might be having, and ask whether it might not inadvertently be exacerbating our desire for food (what we call 'visual hunger'). We review the growing body of cognitive neuroscience research demonstrating the profound effect that viewing such images can have on neural activity, physiological and psychological responses, and visual attention, especially in the 'hungry' brain.
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96
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Costa SMM, Horta PM, Santos LCD. Analysis of television food advertising on children's programming on "free-to-air" broadcast stations in Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2015; 16:976-83. [PMID: 24896602 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-790x2013000400017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the content of television food advertising on Brazilian 'free-to-air' broadcast stations during children's programming. METHODS This is a descriptive study which evaluated the content of food advertising between 08:00 a.m. and 06:00 p.m. on three Brazilian 'free-to-air' broadcast stations (A, B and C). Data collection was performed during 10 week days and weekends. Food advertising was organized according to the food group classification from the Food Guide for the Brazilian Population. The annual exposure to food advertising was obtained considering the national children average exposure to television of five daily hours. The χ2 and Fisher's exact test were conducted in order to identify differences in the content of television advertising in the morning and in the afternoon and between broadcast stations. RESULTS One hundred and twenty six hours of programming were recorded, totalizing 1,369 commercials - 13.8% of food. There was major participation of 'sugars and sweets' (48.1%) and 'oils and fats' (29.1%) among food advertising and much food publicity in the afternoon (15.7%; morning: 12.2%, p = 0.037). Moreover, the broadcast with more audience was the one that advertised more food (A: 63.5%; B: 12.2%; C: 24.3%), especially 'sugar and sweets' (A: 59.2%; B: 43.5%; C: 21.7%). Finally, an annual average exposure to 2,735.5 commercials was obtained for Brazilian children, totalizing 2,106.3 of food rich in sugar and fat publicity. CONCLUSION Food advertising is focused on poor nutritionally food, emphasizing the need for specific intervention strategies.
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97
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Missbach B, Weber A, Huber EM, König JS. Inverting the pyramid! Extent and quality of food advertised on Austrian television. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:910. [PMID: 26381731 PMCID: PMC4574607 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2275-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research showed that food marketing for children frequently contradicts national dietary guidelines. Children, unlike adults, are not able to understand the persuasiveness of the advertisements with its short- and long-term effects on health, thus the common international tenor is to restrict food marketing. In the European Union, marketing restriction based on self-regulation have been initiated (EU Pledge Nutrition Criteria). The study aims contribute to depict the status quo of television advertisement targeted at children before the pledged initiative came into full effect. METHODS In this study we analyze the quality and displaying frequency of a set of advertisements targeted at children broadcasted on Austrian television. Promoted food products targeted at children or adults were identified. Category-based analysis of the displayed food was performed based on the Austrian Nutrition guidelines (number of displayed food per food category). The children's food content was analyzed according to the newly established nutritional quality criteria for advertised food in the EU to assess the nutritional quality of the depicted food. RESULTS In total, 360 h of video material was recorded in February and March 2014. A set of 1919 food advertisements, with 15.1 % targeted at children were broadcasted. Of all food advertisements targeted at children, 92.4 % was for fatty, sweet and salty snacks, while no advertisements for vegetables, legumes or fruits were shown. From all food advertisements for children, 65.9 % originated from participating companies of the EU Pledge Nutrition Criteria. Further analysis revealed that 95.9 % of the advertised food for children showed at least one aspect of nonconformity with the EU Pledge Nutrition Criteria; on the contrary 64.7 % of the displayed food advertisement also featured at least one desirable food component (e.g. high fibre content, high protein content). CONCLUSIONS The present research suggests that the majority of advertised food for children do not conform with the pledged criteria as defined in the EU Pledge Nutrition Criteria and almost all advertisements would be prohibited. We discuss our findings in the context of public health nutrition and present a perspective for future directions in this important field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Missbach
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Adelheid Weber
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Elke M Huber
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jürgen S König
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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98
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Vukmirovic M. The effects of food advertising on food-related behaviours and perceptions in adults: A review. Food Res Int 2015; 75:13-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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99
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Fletcher E, Leech R, McNaughton SA, Dunstan DW, Lacy KE, Salmon J. Is the relationship between sedentary behaviour and cardiometabolic health in adolescents independent of dietary intake? A systematic review. Obes Rev 2015; 16:795-805. [PMID: 26098509 PMCID: PMC4657480 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Screen time, but not overall sedentary behaviour, is consistently related to cardiometabolic health in adolescents. Because of the associations screen time has with dietary intake, diet may be an important factor in the screen time and health relationship; however, evidence has not previously been synthesized. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to explore whether the associations between various sedentary behaviours and cardiometabolic risk markers are independent of dietary intake in adolescents. Online databases and personal libraries were searched for peer-reviewed original research articles published in English before March 2014. Included studies assessed associations between sedentary behaviour and cardiometabolic markers in 12- to 18-year-olds and adjusted for dietary intake. Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. From the 21 studies examining sedentary behaviour and adiposity, the majority found significant positive associations between television viewing, screen time and self-reported overall sedentary behaviour with markers of adiposity, independent of dietary intake. No significant associations between screen time with blood pressure and cholesterol were reported. Sedentary behaviour appears to be associated with adiposity in adolescents, irrespective of dietary intake. However, the variability of dietary variables between studies suggests further work is needed to understand the role of dietary intake when examining these associations in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fletcher
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - R Leech
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - S A McNaughton
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - D W Dunstan
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,School of Population Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - K E Lacy
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - J Salmon
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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100
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Watching reality weight loss TV. The effects on body satisfaction, mood, and snack food consumption. Appetite 2015; 91:351-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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