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Connectomic markers of disease expression, genetic risk and resilience in bipolar disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e706. [PMID: 26731443 PMCID: PMC5068872 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by emotional dysregulation and cognitive deficits associated with abnormal connectivity between subcortical-primarily emotional processing regions-and prefrontal regulatory areas. Given the significant contribution of genetic factors to BD, studies in unaffected first-degree relatives can identify neural mechanisms of genetic risk but also resilience, thus paving the way for preventive interventions. Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) and random-effects Bayesian model selection were used to define and assess connectomic phenotypes linked to facial affect processing and working memory in a demographically matched sample of first-degree relatives carefully selected for resilience (n=25), euthymic patients with BD (n=41) and unrelated healthy controls (n=46). During facial affect processing, patients and relatives showed similarly increased frontolimbic connectivity; resilient relatives, however, evidenced additional adaptive hyperconnectivity within the ventral visual stream. During working memory processing, patients displayed widespread hypoconnectivity within the corresponding network. In contrast, working memory network connectivity in resilient relatives was comparable to that of controls. Our results indicate that frontolimbic dysfunction during affect processing could represent a marker of genetic risk to BD, and diffuse hypoconnectivity within the working memory network a marker of disease expression. The association of hyperconnectivity within the affect-processing network with resilience to BD suggests adaptive plasticity that allows for compensatory changes and encourages further investigation of this phenotype in genetic and early intervention studies.
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Rohr C, Dreyer F, Aderka I, Margulies D, Frisch S, Villringer A, Okon-Singer H. Individual differences in common factors of emotional traits and executive functions predict functional connectivity of the amygdala. Neuroimage 2015; 120:154-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Singh MK, Kelley RG, Chang KD, Gotlib IH. Intrinsic Amygdala Functional Connectivity in Youth With Bipolar I Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015; 54:763-70. [PMID: 26299298 PMCID: PMC4548854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bipolar disorder (BD) commonly begins during adolescence and may continue into adulthood. Studies in adults with BD suggest that disruptions in amygdalar neural circuitry explain the pathophysiology underlying the disorder. Importantly, however, amygdala subregion networks have not yet been examined in youth close to mania onset. The goal of this study was to compare resting state functional connectivity patterns in amygdala subregions in youth with bipolar I disorder with patterns in healthy controls. METHOD Centromedial, laterobasal, and superficial amygdala subdivisions were assessed during rest and examined in relation to clinical measures of mania in youth (14-20 years old) with bipolar I disorder who experienced only a single episode of mania (BD; n = 20) and age-matched healthy comparison youth without any personal or family history of DSM-IV Axis I disorders (HC; n = 23). RESULTS Relative to HC youth, youth with BD exhibited decreased connectivity between the laterobasal subdivision of the amygdala and the hippocampus and precentral gyrus, and increased connectivity between the laterobasal subdivision and the precuneus. Connectivity between the right laterobasal amygdala and right hippocampus was positively correlated with levels of anxiety in BD but not in HC youth, and connectivity between the right laterobasal amygdala and right precuneus was negatively correlated with insight about bipolar illness. CONCLUSION Youth with BD have abnormal amygdala resting state network connections to regions that are critical for emotional processing and self-awareness. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether these aberrant patterns in youth with BD can be altered with intervention and can influence the course of disorder.
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Disturbed cortico-amygdalar functional connectivity as pathophysiological correlate of working memory deficits in bipolar affective disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2015; 265:303-11. [PMID: 25119145 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-014-0517-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients suffering from bipolar affective disorder show deficits in working memory functions. In a previous functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we observed an abnormal hyperactivity of the amygdala in bipolar patients during articulatory rehearsal in verbal working memory. In the present study, we investigated the dynamic neurofunctional interactions between the right amygdala and the brain systems that underlie verbal working memory in both bipolar patients and healthy controls. In total, 18 euthymic bipolar patients and 18 healthy controls performed a modified version of the Sternberg item-recognition (working memory) task. We used the psychophysiological interaction approach in order to assess functional connectivity between the right amygdala and the brain regions involved in verbal working memory. In healthy subjects, we found significant negative functional interactions between the right amygdala and multiple cortical brain areas involved in verbal working memory. In comparison with the healthy control subjects, bipolar patients exhibited significantly reduced functional interactions of the right amygdala particularly with the right-hemispheric, i.e., ipsilateral, cortical regions supporting verbal working memory. Together with our previous finding of amygdala hyperactivity in bipolar patients during verbal rehearsal, the present results suggest that a disturbed right-hemispheric "cognitive-emotional" interaction between the amygdala and cortical brain regions underlying working memory may be responsible for amygdala hyperactivation and affects verbal working memory (deficits) in bipolar patients.
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Kret ME, Ploeger A. Emotion processing deficits: A liability spectrum providing insight into comorbidity of mental disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 52:153-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
The Kraepelinian dichotomy between schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) is being challenged by recent epidemiological and biological studies. We performed a comparative review of neuroimaging features in both conditions at several scales: whole-brain and regional volumes, brain activity, connectivity, and networks. Structural volumetric neuroimaging studies suggest a common pattern of volume decreases, but networks studies reveal a clearer distinction between BD and SZ with an altered connectivity generalized to all brain networks in SZ and restricted to limbic, paralimbic, and interhemispheric networks in BD.
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Horacek J, Mikolas P, Tintera J, Novak T, Palenicek T, Brunovsky M, Höschl C, Alda M. Sad mood induction has an opposite effect on amygdala response to emotional stimuli in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder and healthy controls. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2015; 40. [PMID: 25703646 PMCID: PMC4354819 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.140044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant amygdala reactivity to affective stimuli represents a candidate factor predisposing patients with bipolar disorder (BD) to relapse, but it is unclear to what extent amygdala reactivity is state-dependent. We evaluated the modulatory influence of mood on amygdala reactivity and functional connectivity in patients with remitted BD and healthy controls. METHODS Amygdala response to sad versus neutral faces was investigated using fMRI during periods of normal and sad mood induced by autobiographical scripts. We assessed the functional connectivity of the amygdala to characterize the influence of mood state on the network responsible for the amygdala response. RESULTS We included 20 patients with remitted BD and 20 controls in our study. The sad and normal mood exerted opposite effects on the amygdala response to emotional faces in patients compared with controls (F1,38 = 5.85, p = 0.020). Sad mood amplified the amygdala response to sad facial stimuli in controls but attenuated the amygdala response in patients. The groups differed in functional connectivity between the amygdala and the inferior prefrontal gyrus (p ≤ 0.05, family-wise error-corrected) of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) corresponding to Brodmann area 47. The sad mood challenge increased connectivity during the period of processing sad faces in patients but decreased connectivity in controls. LIMITATIONS Limitations to our study included long-term medication use in the patient group and the fact that we mapped only depressive (not manic) reactivity. CONCLUSION Our results support the role of the amygdala-vlPFC as the system of dysfunctional contextual affective processing in patients with BD. Opposite amygdala reactivity unmasked by the mood challenge paradigm could represent a trait marker of altered mood regulation in patients with BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Horacek
- Correspondence to: J. Horacek, Prague Psychiatric Centre, Ustavni 91, 181 03 Prague 8, Czech Republic EU;
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Oertel-Knöchel V, Reinke B, Matura S, Prvulovic D, Linden DEJ, van de Ven V. Functional connectivity pattern during rest within the episodic memory network in association with episodic memory performance in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 2015; 231:141-50. [PMID: 25575881 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we sought to examine the intrinsic functional organization of the episodic memory network during rest in bipolar disorder (BD). The previous work suggests that deficits in intrinsic functional connectivity may account for impaired memory performance. We hypothesized that regions involved in episodic memory processing would reveal aberrant functional connectivity in patients with bipolar disorder. We examined 21 patients with BD and 21 healthy matched controls who underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a resting condition. We did a seed-based functional connectivity analysis (SBA), using the regions of the episodic memory network that showed a significantly different activation pattern during task-related fMRI as seeds. The functional connectivity scores (FC) were further correlated with episodic memory task performance. Our results revealed decreased FC scores within frontal areas and between frontal and temporal/hippocampal/limbic regions in BD patients in comparison with controls. We observed higher FC in BD patients compared with controls between frontal and limbic regions. The decrease in fronto-frontal functional connectivity in BD patients showed a significant positive association with episodic memory performance. The association between task-independent dysfunctional frontal-limbic FC and episodic memory performance may be relevant for current pathophysiological models of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Oertel-Knöchel
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology und Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main 60528, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Britta Reinke
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology und Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main 60528, Germany; Brain Imaging Center Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Silke Matura
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology und Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main 60528, Germany; Brain Imaging Center Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David Prvulovic
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology und Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main 60528, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David E J Linden
- Brain Imaging Center Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent van de Ven
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, United Kingdom; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Stoddard J, Hsu D, Reynolds R, Brotman MA, Ernst M, Pine DS, Leibenluft E, Dickstein DP. Aberrant amygdala intrinsic functional connectivity distinguishes youths with bipolar disorder from those with severe mood dysregulation. Psychiatry Res 2015; 231:120-5. [PMID: 25544024 PMCID: PMC4370426 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It remains unclear the degree to which youths with episodic mania (bipolar disorder; BD) vs. those with chronic, severe irritability (severe mood dysregulation, SMD) should be placed in similar or distinct diagnostic groups. Addressing this clinically meaningful question requires greater understanding of the neural alterations underlying both disorders. We evaluated resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 53 youths (14 BD, 20 healthy volunteers (HV), and 19 SMD, ages 9-18.5 years). Seed regions of interest were the bilateral basolateral, superficial and centromedial amygdala, defined using the Juelich probabilistic atlas. We found a significant between-group difference in functional connectivity between the left basolateral amygdala and the medial aspect of the left frontal pole plus the posterior cingulate/precuneus. This finding was driven by hyperconnectivity among BD vs. HV or SMD youths. As with earlier data, these findings suggest that the pathophysiology of BD and SMD may differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Stoddard
- Section on Bipolar Spectrum Disorders, Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Derek Hsu
- Section on Bipolar Spectrum Disorders, Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rick Reynolds
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Melissa A. Brotman
- Section on Bipolar Spectrum Disorders, Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Monique Ernst
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel S. Pine
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ellen Leibenluft
- Section on Bipolar Spectrum Disorders, Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel P. Dickstein
- PediMIND Program, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Hadaeghi F, Hashemi Golpayegani MR, Murray G. Towards a complex system understanding of bipolar disorder: A map based model of a complex winnerless competition. J Theor Biol 2015; 376:74-81. [PMID: 25728789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is characterized by repeated erratic episodes of mania and depression, which can be understood as pathological complex system behavior involving cognitive, affective and psychomotor disturbance. In order to illuminate dynamical aspects of the longitudinal course of the illness, we propose here a novel complex model based on the notion of competition between recurrent maps, which mathematically represent the dynamics of activation in excitatory (Glutamatergic) and inhibitory (GABAergic) pathways. We assume that manic and depressive states can be considered stable sub attractors of a dynamical system through which the mood trajectory moves. The model provides a theoretical framework which can account for a number of complex phenomena of bipolar disorder, including intermittent transition between the two poles of the disorder, rapid and ultra-rapid cycling of episodes and manicogenic effects of antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Hadaeghi
- Complex Systems and Cybernetics Control Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Faculty, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Hashemi Golpayegani
- Complex Systems and Cybernetics Control Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Faculty, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Greg Murray
- Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
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61
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Koutsoukos E, Angelopoulos E. Mood regulation in bipolar disorders viewed through the pendulum dynamics concept. Int J Bipolar Disord 2014; 2:9. [PMID: 26092396 PMCID: PMC4452624 DOI: 10.1186/s40345-014-0009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorders have been characterized by powerful fluctuations of energy, mood, and thinking patterns. Mood episodes (manic or depressive) could be considered as deviations of a psycho-physiological index above or below a conventionally defined value called 'normothymia'. In the present study, we analyzed the feedback techniques used to suppress the oscillatory activity exhibited on an inverted pendulum device. Subsequently, we examine the degree that this multimodal feedback design could be considered on a hypothetical pendulum where the mood plays the role of the suspended mass, and the force balance compensation circuitry is substituted by drug-specific therapeutic interventions. The study does not concern a model of bipolar illness that could simulate numerically various phases of mood episodes but focuses on the functional similarities regarding the correction treatments applied on the two different oscillating systems giving a potential perspective of how techniques of feedback control may enhance the conceptualization of the treatment schemes followed in recent guidelines for biological treatment of bipolar disorders. Our theoretical consideration, along with observations on clinical level, gives support to the concept that the compensation of the mood oscillations should be adaptive with selective therapeutic interventions that compensate the excited system in different time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Koutsoukos
- />Signal Processing Laboratory, University Mental Health Research Institute, 2 Soranou Efessiou, Athens, 115 27 Greece
- />Medical School, 1st Psychiatric Dept., Eginition Hospital, Athens University, 72-74 Vas. Sofias Ave., Athens, 115 28 Greece
| | - Elias Angelopoulos
- />Signal Processing Laboratory, University Mental Health Research Institute, 2 Soranou Efessiou, Athens, 115 27 Greece
- />Medical School, 1st Psychiatric Dept., Eginition Hospital, Athens University, 72-74 Vas. Sofias Ave., Athens, 115 28 Greece
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62
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Tang LR, Liu CH, Jing B, Ma X, Li HY, Zhang Y, Li F, Wang YP, Yang Z, Wang CY. Voxel-based morphometry study of the insular cortex in bipolar depression. Psychiatry Res 2014; 224:89-95. [PMID: 25218414 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar depression (BD) is a common psychiatric illness characterized by deficits in emotional and cognitive processing. Abnormalities in the subregions of the insula are common findings in neuroanatomical studies of patients with bipolar disorder. However, the specific relationships between morphometric changes in specific insular subregions and the pathogenesis of BD are not clear. In this study, structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to investigate gray matter volume abnormalities in the insular subregion in 27 patients with BD and in 27 age and sex-matched controls. Using DARTEL (diffeomorphic anatomical registration through exponentiated lie algebra) for voxel-based morphometry (VBM), we examined changes in regional gray matter volumes of the insula in patients with BD. As compared with healthy controls, the BD patients showed decreased gray matter volumes in the right posterior insula and left ventral anterior insula and increased gray matter volumes in the left dorsal anterior insula. Consistent with the emerging theory of insular interference as a contributor to emotional-cognitive dysregulation, the current findings suggest that the insular cortex may be involved in the neural substrates of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Rong Tang
- Center of the Treatment in Depressive Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Department of Radiology, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Chun-Hong Liu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Bin Jing
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Center of the Treatment in Depressive Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing 100088, China.
| | - Hai-Yun Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Feng Li
- Center of the Treatment in Depressive Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Yu-Ping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Chuan-Yue Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing 100088, China; Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Beijing 100088, China
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63
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Rashid B, Damaraju E, Pearlson GD, Calhoun VD. Dynamic connectivity states estimated from resting fMRI Identify differences among Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and healthy control subjects. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:897. [PMID: 25426048 PMCID: PMC4224100 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BP) share significant overlap in clinical symptoms, brain characteristics, and risk genes, and both are associated with dysconnectivity among large-scale brain networks. Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) data facilitates studying macroscopic connectivity among distant brain regions. Standard approaches to identifying such connectivity include seed-based correlation and data-driven clustering methods such as independent component analysis (ICA) but typically focus on average connectivity. In this study, we utilize ICA on rsfMRI data to obtain intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) in cohorts of healthy controls (HCs) and age matched SZ and BP patients. Subsequently, we investigated difference in functional network connectivity, defined as pairwise correlations among the timecourses of ICNs, between HCs and patients. We quantified differences in both static (average) and dynamic (windowed) connectivity during the entire scan duration. Disease-specific differences were identified in connectivity within different dynamic states. Notably, results suggest that patients make fewer transitions to some states (states 1, 2, and 4) compared to HCs, with most such differences confined to a single state. SZ patients showed more differences from healthy subjects than did bipolars, including both hyper and hypo connectivity in one common connectivity state (dynamic state 3). Also group differences between SZ and bipolar patients were identified in patterns (states) of connectivity involving the frontal (dynamic state 1) and frontal-parietal regions (dynamic state 3). Our results provide new information about these illnesses and strongly suggest that state-based analyses are critical to avoid averaging together important factors that can help distinguish these clinical groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnaly Rashid
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque NM, USA ; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Eswar Damaraju
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque NM, USA ; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center - Institute of Living, Hartford CT, USA ; Departments of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA ; Departments of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque NM, USA ; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM, USA ; Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center - Institute of Living, Hartford CT, USA ; Departments of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
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64
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Yip SW, Mackay CE, Goodwin GM. Increased temporo-insular engagement in unmedicated bipolar II disorder: an exploratory resting state study using independent component analysis. Bipolar Disord 2014; 16:748-55. [PMID: 24725219 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite numerous structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies, the neurobiology of bipolar disorder (BD) is still incompletely understood. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsFMRI) allows for the study of intrinsic functional connections between brain areas, which may reflect the pathophysiology of BD. Most previous rsFMRI studies conducted in BD have included a majority of medicated patients, making simple interpretation with respect to pathophysiology difficult. METHODS Participants were 15 antipsychotic agent- and mood-stabilizer-naïve young adults with bipolar II disorder (BD-II), and 20 healthy controls group-matched for gender, age, and cognitive ability. Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to identify eight commonly studied resting-state networks (RSNs). Between-group comparisons were conducted using dual regression and corrected for family-wise error (FWE) across space and the number of components (pFWE < 0.05). RESULTS In comparison to controls, participants with BD-II had increased coherence across several brain regions, including the bilateral insula and putamen, across a temporo-insular network. No between-group differences in engagement of the default mode network were found. CONCLUSIONS This was the first ICA-based rsFMRI study conducted among unmedicated individuals with BD. Given the young age (mean = 23 years) and antipsychotic agent- and mood-stabilizer-naïve status of our participants with BD-II, temporo-insular functional connectivity is a candidate vulnerability marker for BD. Further work is needed to relate resting-state differences to detailed understanding of pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah W Yip
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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65
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Singh MK, Chang KD, Kelley RG, Saggar M, Reiss A, Gotlib IH. Early signs of anomalous neural functional connectivity in healthy offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2014; 16:678-89. [PMID: 24938878 PMCID: PMC4213354 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bipolar disorder (BD) has been associated with dysfunctional brain connectivity and with family chaos. It is not known whether aberrant connectivity occurs before illness onset, representing vulnerability for developing BD amidst family chaos. We used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine neural network dysfunction in healthy offspring living with parents with BD and healthy comparison youth. METHODS Using two complementary methodologies [data-driven independent component analysis (ICA) and hypothesis-driven region-of-interest (ROI)-based intrinsic connectivity], we examined resting-state fMRI data in 8-17-year-old healthy offspring of a parent with BD (n = 24; high risk) and age-matched healthy youth without any personal or family psychopathology (n = 25; low risk). RESULTS ICA revealed that, relative to low-risk youth, high-risk youth showed increased connectivity in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) subregion of the left executive control network (ECN), which includes frontoparietal regions important for emotion regulation. ROI-based analyses revealed that high-risk versus low-risk youth had decreased connectivities between the left amygdala and pregenual cingulate, between the subgenual cingulate and supplementary motor cortex, and between the left VLPFC and left caudate. High-risk youth showed stronger connections in the VLPFC with age and higher functioning, which may be neuroprotective, and weaker connections between the left VLPFC and caudate with more family chaos, suggesting an environmental influence on frontostriatal connectivity. CONCLUSIONS Healthy offspring of parents with BD show atypical patterns of prefrontal and subcortical intrinsic connectivity that may be early markers of resilience to or vulnerability for developing BD. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether these patterns predict outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet K Singh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Kiki D Chang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Ryan G Kelley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Manish Saggar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Allan Reiss
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Ian H Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Lois G, Linke J, Wessa M. Altered functional connectivity between emotional and cognitive resting state networks in euthymic bipolar I disorder patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107829. [PMID: 25343370 PMCID: PMC4208743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is characterized by a functional imbalance between hyperactive ventral/limbic areas and hypoactive dorsal/cognitive brain regions potentially contributing to affective and cognitive symptoms. Resting-state studies in bipolar disorder have identified abnormal functional connectivity between these brain regions. However, most of these studies used a seed-based approach, thus restricting the number of regions that were analyzed. Using data-driven approaches, researchers identified resting state networks whose spatial maps overlap with frontolimbic areas such as the default mode network, the frontoparietal networks, the salient network, and the meso/paralimbic network. These networks are specifically engaged during affective and cognitive tasks and preliminary evidence suggests that functional connectivity within and between some of these networks is impaired in bipolar disorder. The present study used independent component analysis and functional network connectivity approaches to investigate functional connectivity within and between these resting state networks in bipolar disorder. We compared 30 euthymic bipolar I disorder patients and 35 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Inter-network connectivity analysis revealed increased functional connectivity between the meso/paralimbic and the right frontoparietal network in bipolar disorder. This abnormal connectivity pattern did not correlate with variables related to the clinical course of the disease. The present finding may reflect abnormal integration of affective and cognitive information in ventral-emotional and dorsal-cognitive networks in euthymic bipolar patients. Furthermore, the results provide novel insights into the role of the meso/paralimbic network in bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannis Lois
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia Linke
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michèle Wessa
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Multimodal assessments of the hippocampal formation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: evidences from neurobehavioral measures and functional and structural MRI. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2014; 6:134-44. [PMID: 25379425 PMCID: PMC4215399 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A potential clinical and etiological overlap between schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) has long been a subject of discussion. Imaging studies imply functional and structural alterations of the hippocampus in both diseases. Thus, imaging this core memory region could provide insight into the pathophysiology of these disorders and the associated cognitive deficits. To examine possible shared alterations in the hippocampus, we conducted a multi-modal assessment, including functional and structural imaging as well as neurobehavioral measures of memory performance in BD and SZ patients compared with healthy controls. We assessed episodic memory performance, using tests of verbal and visual learning (HVLT, BVMT) in three groups of participants: BD patients (n = 21), SZ patients (n = 21) and matched (age, gender, education) healthy control subjects (n = 21). In addition, we examined hippocampal resting state functional connectivity, hippocampal volume using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and fibre integrity of hippocampal connections using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We found memory deficits, changes in functional connectivity within the hippocampal network as well as volumetric reductions and altered white matter fibre integrity across patient groups in comparison with controls. However, SZ patients when directly compared with BD patients were more severely affected in several of the assessed parameters (verbal learning, left hippocampal volumes, mean diffusivity of bilateral cingulum and right uncinated fasciculus). The results of our study suggest a graded expression of verbal learning deficits accompanied by structural alterations within the hippocampus in BD patients and SZ patients, with SZ patients being more strongly affected. Our findings imply that these two disorders may share some common pathophysiological mechanisms. The results could thus help to further advance and integrate current pathophysiological models of SZ and BD. multimodal assessment of the hippocampus formation. comparison of bipolar patients, schizophrenia patients and controls. assessment of associations beetween hippocampus alterations and cognitive functioning.
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68
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fMRI evidence for abnormal resting-state functional connectivity in euthymic bipolar patients. J Affect Disord 2014; 165:182-9. [PMID: 24882198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural substrates of bipolar disorder (BD) have frequently been characterized by dysregulation of fronto-limbic networks that may persist during euthymic periods. Only a few studies have investigated euthymic bipolar patients (BP) functional connectivity at rest. The current study aims to assess resting-state functional connectivity in euthymic BP in order to identify trait abnormalities responsible for enduring mood dysregulation in these patients. METHODS Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) functional connectivity was investigated in 20 euthymic BP and 20 healthy subjects (HS). The functional connectivity maps were compared across groups using a between-group random effect analysis. Additional region of interest (ROI) analysis focused on mPFC-amygdala functional connectivity as well as correlations between the clinical features in euthymic BP was also conducted. RESULTS A significant difference between euthymic BP and HS was observed in terms of connectivity between the mPFC and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). A significant negative correlation between the activity of these regions was found in HS but not in euthymic BP. In addition, euthymic BP showed greater connectivity between mPFC and right amygdala compared to HS, which was also correlated with the duration of the disease. LIMITATIONS The BP group was heterogeneous with respect to the bipolarity subtype and the medication. The robustness of results could be improved with an increased sample size. CONCLUSIONS Compared to HS, the euthymic BP showed abnormal decoupling (decreased functional connectivity) activity between mPFC-dlPFC and hyperconnectivity (increased functional connectivity) and between mPFC and amygdala. These abnormalities could underlie the pathophysiology of BD, and may deteriorate further in accordance with disease duration.
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Phillips ML, Swartz HA. A critical appraisal of neuroimaging studies of bipolar disorder: toward a new conceptualization of underlying neural circuitry and a road map for future research. Am J Psychiatry 2014; 171:829-43. [PMID: 24626773 PMCID: PMC4119497 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13081008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this critical review, the authors appraise neuroimaging findings in bipolar disorder in emotion-processing, emotion-regulation, and reward-processing neural circuitry in order to synthesize the current knowledge of the neural underpinnings of bipolar disorder and provide a neuroimaging research road map for future studies. METHOD The authors examined findings from all major studies in bipolar disorder that used functional MRI, volumetric analysis, diffusion imaging, and resting-state techniques, integrating findings to provide a better understanding of larger-scale neural circuitry abnormalities in bipolar disorder. RESULTS Bipolar disorder can be conceptualized, in neural circuitry terms, as parallel dysfunction in prefrontal cortical (especially ventrolateral prefrontal cortical)-hippocampal-amygdala emotion-processing and emotion-regulation circuits bilaterally, together with an "overactive" left-sided ventral striatal-ventrolateral and orbitofrontal cortical reward-processing circuitry, resulting in characteristic behavioral abnormalities associated with bipolar disorder: emotional lability, emotional dysregulation, and heightened reward sensitivity. A potential structural basis for these functional abnormalities is gray matter volume decreases in the prefrontal and temporal cortices, the amygdala, and the hippocampus and fractional anisotropy decreases in white matter tracts connecting prefrontal and subcortical regions. CONCLUSIONS Neuroimaging studies of bipolar disorder clearly demonstrate abnormalities in neural circuits supporting emotion processing, emotion regulation, and reward processing, although there are several limitations to these studies. Future neuroimaging research in bipolar disorder should include studies adopting dimensional approaches; larger studies examining neurodevelopmental trajectories in youths with bipolar disorder or at risk for bipolar disorder; multimodal neuroimaging studies using integrated systems approaches; and studies using pattern recognition approaches to provide clinically useful individual-level data. Such studies will help identify clinically relevant biomarkers to guide diagnosis and treatment decision making for individuals with bipolar disorder.
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70
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Vargas C, Pineda J, Calvo V, López-Jaramillo C. [Brain activitivation of euthymic patients with Type I bipolar disorder in resting state Default Mode Network]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 43:154-61. [PMID: 26575129 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcp.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As there are still doubts about brain connectivity in type I bipolar disorder (BID), resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI) studies are necessary during euthymia for a better control of confounding factors. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the differences in brain activation between euthymic BID patients and control subjects using resting state- functional-magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI), and to identify the lithium effect in these activations. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on 21 BID patients (10 receiving lithium only, and 11 non-medicated) and 12 healthy control subjects, using RS fMRI and independent component analysis (ICA). RESULTS Increased activation was found in the right hippocampus (P=.049) and posterior cingulate (P=.040) within the Default Mode Network (DMN) when BID and control group were compared. No statistically significant differences were identified between BID on lithium only therapy and non-medicated BID patients. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that there are changes in brain activation and connectivity in BID even during euthymic phase and mainly within the DMN network, which could be relevant in affect regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Vargas
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Julián Pineda
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Instituto de Alta Tecnología Médica IATM, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Víctor Calvo
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Instituto de Alta Tecnología Médica IATM, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Carlos López-Jaramillo
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Instituto de Alta Tecnología Médica IATM, Medellín, Colombia; Coordinador del Programa de Trastornos del Ánimo, Hospital San Vicente Fundación; Jefe del Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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Vai B, Bollettini I, Benedetti F. Corticolimbic connectivity as a possible biomarker for bipolar disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 14:631-50. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2014.915744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Bipolar and borderline patients display differential patterns of functional connectivity among resting state networks. Neuroimage 2014; 98:73-81. [PMID: 24793833 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) and borderline personality (BPD) disorder share clinical features such as emotional lability and poor interpersonal functioning but the course of illness and treatment differs in these groups, which suggests that the underlying neurobiology of BD and BPD is likely to be different. Understanding the neural mechanisms behind the pathophysiology of BD and BPD will facilitate accurate diagnosis and inform the administration of targeted treatment. Since deficits in social cognition or emotion regulation or in the self-referential processing system can give rise to these clinical features, and impairment in these domains have been observed in both patient groups, functional connectivity within and between networks subserving these processes during resting was investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Data were acquired from 16 patients with BD, 14 patients with BPD, and 13 healthy controls (HC) and functional connectivity strength was correlated with scores using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Functional network connectivity (FNC) patterns differentiated BD and BPD patients from HC. In BD, FNC was increased while in BPD it was decreased. In BD impaired FNC was evident primarily among networks involved in self-referential processing while in BPD it also involved the emotion regulatory network. Impaired FNC displayed an association with impulsivity in BPD and emotional clarity and emotional awareness in BD. This study shows that BD and BPD can perhaps be differentiated using resting state FNC approach and that the neural mechanisms underpinning overlapping symptoms discernibly differ between the groups. These findings provide a potential platform for elucidating the targeted effects of psychological interventions in both disorders.
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73
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Teng S, Lu CF, Wang PS, Li CT, Tu PC, Hung CI, Su TP, Wu YT. Altered resting-state functional connectivity of striatal-thalamic circuit in bipolar disorder. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96422. [PMID: 24788849 PMCID: PMC4008631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is characterized by internally affective fluctuations. The abnormality of inherently mental state can be assessed using resting-state fMRI data without producing task-induced biases. In this study, we hypothesized that the resting-state connectivity related to the frontal, striatal, and thalamic regions, which were associated with mood regulations and cognitive functions, can be altered for bipolar disorder. We used the Pearson's correlation coefficients to estimate functional connectivity followed by the hierarchical modular analysis to categorize the resting-state functional regions of interest (ROIs). The selected functional connectivities associated with the striatal-thalamic circuit and default mode network (DMN) were compared between bipolar patients and healthy controls. Significantly decreased connectivity in the striatal-thalamic circuit and between the striatal regions and the middle and posterior cingulate cortex was observed in the bipolar patients. We also observed that the bipolar patients exhibited significantly increased connectivity between the thalamic regions and the parahippocampus. No significant changes of connectivity related to the frontal regions in the DMN were observed. The changed resting-state connectivity related to the striatal-thalamic circuit might be an inherent basis for the altered emotional and cognitive processing in the bipolar patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Teng
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Feng Lu
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Po-Shan Wang
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- The Neurological Institute, Taipei Municipal Gan-Dau Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Ta Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Chi Tu
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-I Hung
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tung-Ping Su
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Te Wu
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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de Zwarte SMC, Johnston JAY, Cox Lippard ET, Blumberg HP. Frontotemporal White Matter in Adolescents with, and at-Risk for, Bipolar Disorder. J Clin Med 2014; 3:233-54. [PMID: 26237259 PMCID: PMC4449671 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3010233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal neural systems are highly implicated in the emotional dysregulation characteristic of bipolar disorder (BD). Convergent genetic, postmortem, behavioral and neuroimaging evidence suggests abnormalities in the development of frontotemporal white matter (WM) in the pathophysiology of BD. This review discusses evidence for the involvement of abnormal WM development in BD during adolescence, with a focus on frontotemporal WM. Findings from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies in adults and adolescents are reviewed to explore possible progressive WM abnormalities in the disorder. Intra- and interhemispheric frontotemporal abnormalities were reported in adults with BD. Although evidence in children and adolescents with BD to date has been limited, similar intrahemispheric and interhemispheric findings have also been reported. The findings in youths suggest that these abnormalities may represent a trait marker present early in the course of BD. Functional connectivity studies, demonstrating a relationship between WM abnormalities and frontotemporal dysfunction in BD, and DTI studies of vulnerability in first-degree relatives of individuals with BD, are discussed. Together, findings suggest the involvement of abnormal frontotemporal WM development in the pathophysiology of BD and that these abnormalities may be early trait markers of vulnerability; however, more studies are critically needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja M C de Zwarte
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Jennifer A Y Johnston
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Elizabeth T Cox Lippard
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Hilary P Blumberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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75
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Liu H, Tang Y, Womer F, Fan G, Lu T, Driesen N, Ren L, Wang Y, He Y, Blumberg HP, Xu K, Wang F. Differentiating patterns of amygdala-frontal functional connectivity in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:469-77. [PMID: 23599250 PMCID: PMC3932086 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbt044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insight into the neural mechanisms underlying the shared and disparate features of schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) is limited. The amygdala and prefrontal cortex (PFC) appear to have crucial roles in SZ and BD, yet abnormalities appear to manifest differently in the 2 disorders. METHODS Eighteen participants with SZ, 18 participants with BD, and 18 healthy controls (HC) underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) between the PFC and the amygdala divided into 3 subregions (the laterobasal, centromedial, and superficial amygdala) was examined using probabilistic anatomic maps. For each participant, rsFC maps of the 3 amygdala subregions were computed and compared across the 3 groups. RESULTS Compared with the HC group, we found significant differences in rsFC between the amygdala and PFC in the SZ and BD groups. In direct comparison between the SZ and BD groups, distinct patterns of rsFC between the amygdala and PFC were observed, particularly in the superficial amygdala. RsFC between the amygdala and the dorsal lateral PFC was significantly decreased in the SZ group, whereas rsFC between the amygdyala and the ventral PFC was significantly decreased in the BD group. CONCLUSIONS These results strongly suggest dorsal vs ventral PFC differentiation in amygdala-PFC neural system abnormalities between SZ and BD. These regional differences in SZ and BD may give rise to the differences in clinical characteristics observed in SZ and BD, and may implicate potential avenues for differentiating the 2 disorders during early stages of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Liu
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, PR China; tel: 8624-8328-2999, fax: 8624-8328-2997, e-mail:
| | - Yanqing Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, PR China;,Cofirst authors
| | - Fay Womer
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA;,Cofirst authors
| | - Guoguang Fan
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Naomi Driesen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science, Neuroscience, and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ling Ren
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Ye Wang
- Mental Health Center of Shenyang, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science, Neuroscience, and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hilary P. Blumberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, PR China;,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, PR China; tel: 8624-8328-2999, fax: 8624-8328-2997, e-mail:
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning, PR China;,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Marlinge E, Bellivier F, Houenou J. White matter alterations in bipolar disorder: potential for drug discovery and development. Bipolar Disord 2014; 16:97-112. [PMID: 24571279 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Brain white matter (WM) alterations have recently emerged as potentially relevant in bipolar disorder. New techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging allow precise exploration of these WM microstructural alterations in bipolar disorder. Our objective was to critically review WM alterations in bipolar disorder, using neuroimaging and neuropathological studies, in the context of neural models and the potential for drug discovery and development. METHODS We conducted a systematic PubMed and Google Scholar search of the WM and bipolar disorder literature up to and including January 2013. RESULTS Findings relating to WM alterations are consistent in neuroimaging and neuropathology studies of bipolar disorder, especially in regions involved in emotional processing such as the anterior frontal lobe, corpus callosum, cingulate cortex, and in fronto-limbic connections. Some of the structural alterations are related to genetic risk factors for bipolar disorder and may underlie the dysfunctional emotional processing described in recent neurobiological models of bipolar disorder. Medication effects in bipolar disorder, from lithium and other mood stabilizers, might impact myelinating processes, particularly by inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta. CONCLUSIONS Pathways leading to WM alterations in bipolar disorder represent potential targets for the development and discovery of new drugs. Myelin damage in bipolar disorder suggests that the effects of existing pro-myelinating drugs should also be evaluated to improve our understanding and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Marlinge
- AP-HP, Groupe Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Paris, France; Inserm, U955, Equipe 15 (Psychiatrie Génétique), Paris, France; Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France; Neurospin, I2BM, CEA, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
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77
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Xu K, Liu H, Li H, Tang Y, Womer F, Jiang X, Chen K, Zhou Y, Jiang W, Luo X, Fan G, Wang F. Amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in bipolar disorder: a resting state fMRI study. J Affect Disord 2014; 152-154:237-42. [PMID: 24120087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The spontaneous low frequency fluctuations (LFF) of blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal in resting state have been identified as a biological measure of baseline spontaneous activity in the brain. Increasingly, studies of spontaneous resting state functional connectivity have demonstrated neural network abnormalities in bipolar disorder (BD). This study used the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF) to explore the regional functional changes in BD during resting state. METHODS Twenty-nine BD participants and 29 matched healthy controls (HC) were recruited to undergo resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan on a 3.0T magnetic resonance imaging system. The ALFF of BOLD signal in gray matter for each participant was calculated, and then was compared between BD and HC using ALFF maps. RESULTS Compared to the HC group, the BD group showed increased ALFF in ventral prefrontal cortex, dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, frontal eye field, insula, and putamen with extension into the ventral striatum, as well as decreased ALFF in the lingual gyrus (p<0.05, corrected). LIMITATIONS Although we observed differences in ALFF between BD and HC, we cannot conclusively state that these differences are caused by the pathophysiology of BD since most of BD participants were being treated with medications at the time of scanning. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed altered regional brain activity in BD during resting state. The affected regions have been associated with BD pathophysiology. This suggests that methods using ALFF method may potentially be useful in further studies of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China
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Nakao T, Matsumoto T, Shimizu D, Morita M, Yoshimura S, Northoff G, Morinobu S, Okamoto Y, Yamawaki S. Resting state low-frequency fluctuations in prefrontal cortex reflect degrees of harm avoidance and novelty seeking: an exploratory NIRS study. Front Syst Neurosci 2013; 7:115. [PMID: 24381545 PMCID: PMC3865766 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Harm avoidance (HA) and novelty seeking (NS) are temperament dimensions defined by Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), respectively, reflecting a heritable bias for intense response to aversive stimuli or for excitement in response to novel stimuli. High HA is regarded as a risk factor for major depressive disorder and anxiety disorder. In contrast, higher NS is linked to increased risk for substance abuse and pathological gambling disorder. A growing body of evidence suggests that patients with these disorders show abnormality in the power of slow oscillations of resting-state brain activity. It is particularly interesting that previous studies have demonstrated that resting state activities in medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) are associated with HA or NS scores, although the relation between the power of resting state slow oscillations and these temperament dimensions remains poorly elucidated. This preliminary study investigated the biological bases of these temperament traits by particularly addressing the resting state low-frequency fluctuations in MPFC. Regional hemodynamic changes in channels covering MPFC during 5-min resting states were measured from 22 healthy participants using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). These data were used for correlation analyses. Results show that the power of slow oscillations during resting state around the dorsal part of MPFC is negatively correlated with the HA score. In contrast, NS was positively correlated with the power of resting state slow oscillations around the ventral part of MPFC. These results suggest that the powers of slow oscillation at rest in dorsal or ventral MPFC, respectively, reflect the degrees of HA and NS. This exploratory study therefore uncovers novel neural bases of HA and NS. We discuss a neural mechanism underlying aversion-related and reward-related processing based on results obtained from this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakao
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima University Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomoya Matsumoto
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Machiko Morita
- Faculty of Medicine, Hiroshima University Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinpei Yoshimura
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Otemon Gakuin University Osaka, Japan
| | - Georg Northoff
- Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Shigeru Morinobu
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University Hiroshima, Japan ; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kochi University Kochi, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Okamoto
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shigeto Yamawaki
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University Hiroshima, Japan
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Kelley R, Chang KD, Garrett A, Alegría D, Thompson P, Howe M, L Reiss A. Deformations of amygdala morphology in familial pediatric bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2013; 15:795-802. [PMID: 24034354 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Smaller amygdalar volumes have been consistently observed in pediatric bipolar disorder subjects compared to healthy control subjects. Whether smaller amygdalar volume is a consequence or antecedent of the first episode of mania is not known. Additionally, smaller volume has not been localized to specific amygdala subregions. METHODS We compared surface contour maps of the amygdala between 22 youths at high risk for bipolar disorder, 26 youths meeting full diagnostic criteria for pediatric familial bipolar disorder, and 24 healthy control subjects matched for age, gender, and intelligence quotient. Amygdalae were manually delineated on three-dimensional spoiled gradient echo images by a blinded rater using established tracing protocols. Statistical surface mesh modeling algorithms supported by permutation statistics were used to identify regional surface differences between the groups. RESULTS When compared to high-risk subjects and controls, youth with bipolar disorder showed surface deformations in specific amygdalar subregions, suggesting smaller volume of the basolateral nuclei. The high-risk subjects did not differ from controls in any subregion. CONCLUSIONS These findings support previous reports of smaller amygdala volume in pediatric bipolar disorder and map the location of abnormality to specific amygdala subregions. These subregions have been associated with fear conditioning and emotion-enhanced memory. The absence of amygdala size abnormalities in youth at high risk for bipolar disorder suggests that reductions might occur after the onset of mania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Kelley
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research (CIBSR), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, USA
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Vargas C, López-Jaramillo C, Vieta E. A systematic literature review of resting state network--functional MRI in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2013; 150:727-35. [PMID: 23830141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in bipolar disorder (BD) have been performed in the last decade. Some of them have applied novel neuroimaging techniques such as resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fcMRI). METHODS We reviewed the top-quality rs-fcMRI studies in BD available in the PubMed and Embase databases up to November, 2012 to identify brain activation networks and research techniques that may benefit future research. RESULTS We present and discuss the methods and findings of eight articles. Most of these studies used the regions-of-interest (ROI) and independent component analysis (ICA) methods, and some used approaches such as amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF), restricted global brain connectivity (rGBC) and regional homogeneity (ReHO). The largest differences in their results were found in the connectivity of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the anterior cingulated cortex with limbic-striatal structures, and in spatial extent in ReHo when studying the default mode network (DMN). LIMITATIONS The heterogeneity of the analytical methods used to explore the resting-state network (RSN) and the characteristics of the sample of each study limit the conclusions. CONCLUSIONS Despite the variation among the results of the reviewed papers, they all support the cortico-limbic hypothesis and suggest that connectivity can be more complex and that intra-regional disturbances should also be studied. Recommendations for future studies include consideration of intra-regional disturbances, better control of confounding factors, use of larger scale methods, and a consensus regarding how to approach the study of resting-state networks and interpret the results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Vargas
- Mood Disorders Program, Hospital San Vicente Fundación, Research Group in Psychiatry (GIPSI), Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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81
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Altered intrinsic functional connectivity in language-related brain regions in association with verbal memory performance in euthymic bipolar patients. Brain Sci 2013; 3:1357-73. [PMID: 24961532 PMCID: PMC4061875 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci3031357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Potential abnormalities in the structure and function of the temporal lobes have been studied much less in bipolar disorder than in schizophrenia. This may not be justified because language-related symptoms, such as pressured speech and flight of ideas, and cognitive deficits in the domain of verbal memory are amongst the hallmark of bipolar disorder (BD), and contribution of temporal lobe dysfunction is therefore likely. In the current study, we examined resting-state functional connectivity (FC) between the auditory cortex (Heschl’s gyrus [HG], planum temporale [PT]) and whole brain using seed correlation analysis in n = 21 BD euthymic patients and n = 20 matched healthy controls and associated it with verbal memory performance. In comparison to controls BD patients showed decreased functional connectivity between Heschl’s gyrus and planum temporale and the left superior and middle temporal gyrus. Additionally, fronto-temporal functional connectivity with the right inferior frontal/precentral gyrus and the insula was increased in patients. Verbal episodic memory deficits in the investigated sample of BD patients and language-related symptoms might therefore be associated with a diminished FC within the auditory/temporal gyrus and a compensatory fronto-temporal pathway.
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82
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Resting state functional connectivity of five neural networks in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. J Affect Disord 2013; 150:601-9. [PMID: 23489402 PMCID: PMC3749249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BPD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) share clinical characteristics and genetic contributions. Functional dysconnectivity across various brain networks has been reported to contribute to the pathophysiology of both SCZ and BPD. However, research examining resting-state neural network dysfunction across multiple networks to understand the relationship between these two disorders is lacking. METHODS We conducted a resting-state functional connectivity fMRI study of 35 BPD and 25 SCZ patients, and 33 controls. Using previously defined regions-of-interest, we computed the mean connectivity within and between five neural networks: default mode (DM), fronto-parietal (FP), cingulo-opercular (CO), cerebellar (CER), and salience (SAL). Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to compare groups, adjusting false discovery rate to control for multiple comparisons. The relationship of connectivity with the SANS/SAPS, vocabulary and matrix reasoning was investigated using hierarchical linear regression analyses. RESULTS Decreased within-network connectivity was only found for the CO network in BPD. Across groups, connectivity was decreased between CO-CER (p<0.001), to a larger degree in SCZ than in BPD. In SCZ, there was also decreased connectivity in CO-SAL, FP-CO, and FP-CER, while BPD showed decreased CER-SAL connectivity. Disorganization symptoms were predicted by connectivity between CO-CER and CER-SAL. DISCUSSION Our findings indicate dysfunction in the connections between networks involved in cognitive and emotional processing in the pathophysiology of BPD and SCZ. Both similarities and differences in connectivity were observed across disorders. Further studies are required to investigate relationships of neural networks to more diverse clinical and cognitive domains underlying psychiatric disorders.
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83
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Li Z, Santhanam P, Coles CD, Lynch ME, Hamann S, Peltier S, Hu X. Prenatal cocaine exposure alters functional activation in the ventral prefrontal cortex and its structural connectivity with the amygdala. Psychiatry Res 2013; 213:47-55. [PMID: 23693086 PMCID: PMC3672335 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) is associated with arousal dysregulation, and alterations of amygdala activity in response to emotional arousal have previously been reported. However, voluntary regulation of emotional affect, enabling appropriate neural response to different streams of stimuli, must also engage prefrontal regions, yet the impact of PCE on these prefrontal mechanisms has not been investigated. Recent neuroimaging studies have shown the involvement of ventral prefrontal cortex (vPFC) in the modulation of amygdala reactivity and the mediation of effective emotional regulation. Based on these findings, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), the present study compared functional activations of the vPFC as well as its structural connectivity with the amygdala between groups of PCE and control adolescents. In a working memory task with emotional distracters, the PCE adolescents exhibited less capability of increasing their vPFC activation in response to increased memory load, which corresponded with their less suppressed amygdala activation. Reduced structural connectivity between the vPFC and the amygdala was also observed from DTI measurement in the PCE group. In addition, correlations between amygdala activation and (i) vPFC activation, as well as (ii) amygdala-vPFC structural connectivity, were observed in the control but not in the PCE group. These data complement previous findings of the impact of PCE on the activity of the amygdala and extend our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the effect of PCE on arousal dysregulation reported in human and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Li
- Biomedical Imaging Technology Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University & Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30322, Georgia U.S.A
| | - Priya Santhanam
- Biomedical Imaging Technology Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University & Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30322, Georgia U.S.A
| | - Claire D. Coles
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia U.S.A
| | - Mary Ellen Lynch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia U.S.A
| | - Stephan Hamann
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta 30322, Georgia U.S.A
| | - Scott Peltier
- Biomedical Imaging Technology Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University & Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30322, Georgia U.S.A
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- Biomedical Imaging Technology Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University & Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30322, Georgia U.S.A.,Correspondence: Xiaoping Hu, PhD., Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Woodruff Memorial Building, 101 Woodruff Circle, Suite 2001, Atlanta Georgia 30322, Tel: (404)-712-2615, Fax: (404)-712-2707,
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84
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A review of gamma oscillations in healthy subjects and in cognitive impairment. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 90:99-117. [PMID: 23892065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review describes a wide range of functional correlates of gamma oscillations in whole-brain work, in neuroethology, sensory-cognitive dynamics, emotion, and cognitive impairment. This survey opens a new window towards understanding the brain's gamma activity. Gamma responses are selectively distributed in the whole brain, and do not reflect only a unique, specific function of the nervous system. Sensory responses from cortex, thalamus, hippocampus, and reticular formations in animal and human brains, and also cognitive responses, were described by several authors. According to reviewed results, it becomes obvious that cognitive disorders, and medication-which influence the transmitter release-change entirely the understanding of the big picture in cognitive processes. Gamma activity is evoked or induced by different sensory stimuli or cognitive tasks. Thus, it is argued that gamma-band synchronization is an elementary and fundamental process in whole-brain operation. In conclusion, reasoning and suggestions for understanding gamma activity are highlighted.
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85
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Nakao T, Matsumoto T, Morita M, Shimizu D, Yoshimura S, Northoff G, Morinobu S, Okamoto Y, Yamawaki S. The Degree of Early Life Stress Predicts Decreased Medial Prefrontal Activations and the Shift from Internally to Externally Guided Decision Making: An Exploratory NIRS Study during Resting State and Self-Oriented Task. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:339. [PMID: 23840186 PMCID: PMC3699719 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS), an important risk factor for psychopathology in mental disorders, is associated neuronally with decreased functional connectivity within the default mode network (DMN) in the resting state. Moreover, it is linked with greater deactivation in DMN during a working memory task. Although DMN shows large amplitudes of very low-frequency oscillations (VLFO) and strong involvement during self-oriented tasks, these features’ relation to ELS remains unclear. Therefore, our preliminary study investigated the relationship between ELS and the degree of frontal activations during a resting state and self-oriented task using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). From 22 healthy participants, regional hemodynamic changes in 43 front-temporal channels were recorded during 5 min resting states, and execution of a self-oriented task (color-preference judgment) and a control task (color-similarity judgment). Using a child abuse and trauma scale, ELS was quantified. We observed that ELS showed a negative correlation with medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) activation during both resting state and color-preference judgment. In contrast, no significant correlation was found between ELS and MPFC activation during color-similarity judgment. Additionally, we observed that ELS and the MPFC activation during color-preference judgment were associated behaviorally with the rate of similar color choice in preference judgment, which suggests that, for participants with higher ELS, decisions in the color-preference judgment were based on an external criterion (color similarity) rather than an internal criterion (subjective preference). Taken together, our neuronal and behavioral findings show that high ELS is related to lower MPFC activation during both rest and self-oriented tasks. This is behaviorally manifest in an abnormal shift from internally to externally guided decision making, even under circumstances where internal guidance is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakao
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima , Japan
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86
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McIntosh AM, Bastin ME, Luciano M, Maniega SM, Del C Valdés Hernández M, Royle NA, Hall J, Murray C, Lawrie SM, Starr JM, Wardlaw JM, Deary IJ. Neuroticism, depressive symptoms and white-matter integrity in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. Psychol Med 2013; 43:1197-1206. [PMID: 22785087 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171200150x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical depression is associated with reductions in white-matter integrity in several long tracts of the brain. The extent to which these findings are localized or related to depressive symptoms or personality traits linked to disease risk remains unclear. Method Members of the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (LBC936) were assessed in two waves at mean ages of 70 and 73 years. At wave 1, they underwent assessments of depressive symptoms and the personality traits of neuroticism and extraversion. Brain diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were obtained at the second wave and mood assessments were repeated. We tested whether depressive symptoms were related to reduced white-matter tract fractional anisotropy (FA), a measure of integrity, and then examined whether high neuroticism or low extraversion mediated this relationship. RESULTS Six hundred and sixty-eight participants provided useable data. Bilateral uncinate fasciculus FA was significantly negatively associated with depressive symptoms at both waves (standardized β=0.12-0.16). Higher neuroticism and lower extraversion were also significantly associated with lower uncinate FA bilaterally (standardized β=0.09-0.15) and significantly mediated the relationship between FA and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Trait liability to depression and depressive symptoms are associated with reduced structural connectivity in tracts connecting the prefrontal cortex with the amygdala and anterior temporal cortex. These effects suggest that frontotemporal disconnection is linked to the etiology of depression, in part through personality trait differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, UK.
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87
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Anticevic A, Brumbaugh MS, Winkler AM, Lombardo LE, Barrett J, Corlett PR, Kober H, Gruber J, Repovs G, Cole MW, Krystal JH, Pearlson GD, Glahn DC. Global prefrontal and fronto-amygdala dysconnectivity in bipolar I disorder with psychosis history. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:565-73. [PMID: 22980587 PMCID: PMC3549314 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathophysiological models of bipolar disorder postulate that mood dysregulation arises from fronto-limbic dysfunction, marked by reduced prefrontal cortex (PFC) inhibitory control. This might occur due to both disruptions within PFC networks and abnormal inhibition over subcortical structures involved in emotional processing. However, no study has examined global PFC dysconnectivity in bipolar disorder and tested whether regions with within-PFC dysconnectivity also exhibit fronto-limbic connectivity deficits. Furthermore, no study has investigated whether such connectivity disruptions differ for bipolar patients with psychosis history, who might exhibit a more severe clinical course. METHODS We collected resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3T in 68 remitted bipolar I patients (34 with psychosis history) and 51 demographically matched healthy participants. We employed a recently developed global brain connectivity method, restricted to PFC (rGBC). We also independently tested connectivity between anatomically defined amygdala and PFC. RESULTS Bipolar patients exhibited reduced medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) rGBC, increased amygdala-mPFC connectivity, and reduced connectivity between amygdala and dorsolateral PFC. All effects were driven by psychosis history. Moreover, the magnitude of observed effects was significantly associated with lifetime psychotic symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS This convergence between rGBC, seed-based amygdala findings, and symptom severity analyses highlights that mPFC, a core emotion regulation region, exhibits both within-PFC dysconnectivity and connectivity abnormalities with limbic structures in bipolar illness. Furthermore, lateral PFC dysconnectivity in patients with psychosis history converges with published work in schizophrenia, indicating possible shared risk factors. Observed dysconnectivity in remitted patients suggests a bipolar trait characteristic and might constitute a risk factor for phasic features of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
| | - Margaret S. Brumbaugh
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, 200 Retreat Avenue, CT, 06106, USA
| | - Anderson M. Winkler
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA,Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, 200 Retreat Avenue, CT, 06106, USA
| | - Lauren E. Lombardo
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, 200 Retreat Avenue, CT, 06106, USA
| | - Jennifer Barrett
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, 200 Retreat Avenue, CT, 06106, USA
| | - Phillip R. Corlett
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Hedy Kober
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA,Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Avenue, P.O. Box 208205, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - June Gruber
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA,Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Avenue, P.O. Box 208205, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Grega Repovs
- Department of Psychology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - John H. Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA,NIAAA Center for the Translational Neuroscience of Alcoholism, New Haven, CT 06519,Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT
| | - Godfrey D. Pearlson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA,Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, 200 Retreat Avenue, CT, 06106, USA,Department of Neurobiology, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - David C. Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA,Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, 200 Retreat Avenue, CT, 06106, USA
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Regional homogeneity of resting-state brain abnormalities in bipolar and unipolar depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013. [PMID: 23200830 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bipolar disorder patients experiencing a depressive episode (BD-dep) without an observed history of mania are often misdiagnosed and are consequently treated as having unipolar depression (UD), leading to inadequate treatment and poor outcomes. An essential solution to this problem is to identify objective biological markers that distinguish BD-dep and UD patients at an early stage. However, studies directly comparing the brain dysfunctions associated with BD-dep and UD are rare. More importantly, the specificity of the differences in brain activity between these mental disorders has not been examined. With whole-brain regional homogeneity analysis and region-of-interest (ROI) based receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, we aimed to compare the resting-state brain activity of BD-dep and UD patients. Furthermore, we examined the specific differences and whether these differences were attributed to the brain abnormality caused by BD-dep, UD, or both. METHODS Twenty-one bipolar and 21 unipolar depressed patients, as well as 26 healthy subjects matched for gender, age, and educational levels, participated in the study. We compared the differences in the regional homogeneity (ReHo) of the BD-dep and UD groups and further identified their pathophysiological abnormality. In the brain regions showing a difference between the BD-dep and UD groups, we further conducted receptive operation characteristic (ROC) analyses to confirm the effectiveness of the identified difference in classifying the patients. RESULTS We observed ReHo differences between the BD-dep and UD groups in the right ventrolateral middle frontal gyrus, right dorsal anterior insular, right ventral anterior insular, right cerebellum posterior gyrus, right posterior cingulate cortex, right parahippocampal gyrus, and left cerebellum anterior gyrus. Further ROI comparisons and ROC analysis on these ROIs showed that the right parahippocampal gyrus reflected abnormality specific to the BD-dep group, while the right middle frontal gyrus, the right dorsal anterior insular, the right cerebellum posterior gyrus, and the right posterior cingulate cortex showed abnormality specific to the UD group. CONCLUSIONS We found brain regions showing resting state ReHo differences and examined their sensitivity and specificity, suggesting a potential neuroimaging biomarker to distinguish between BD-dep and UD patients. We further clarified the pathophysiological abnormality of these regions for each of the two patient populations.
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Changes in saccadic eye movement (SEM) and quantitative EEG parameter in bipolar patients. J Affect Disord 2013; 145:378-85. [PMID: 22832171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that neurocognitive dysfunction is associated with the different states in Bipolar Disorder. Gamma coherence is strongly related to cognitive processes and cortico-cortical communication. This paper aims at shedding light on the relationship between cortical gamma coherence within bipolar patients and a control group during a prosaccadic attention task. We hypothesized that gamma coherence oscillations act as a main neural mechanism underlying information processing which changes in bipolar patients. METHOD Thirty-two (12 healthy controls and 20 bipolar patients) subjects were enrolled in this study. The subjects performed a prosaccadic attention task while their brain activity pattern was recorded using quantitative electroencephalography (20 channels). RESULTS We observed that the maniac group presented lower saccade latency when compared to depression and control groups. The main finding was a greater gamma coherence for control group in the right hemisphere of both frontal and motor cortices caused by the execution of a prosaccadic attention task. LIMITATIONS The findings need to be confirmed in larger samples and in bipolar patients before start the pharmacological treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a disrupted connection of the brain's entire functioning of maniac patients and represent a deregulation in cortical inhibitory mechanism. Thus, our results reinforce our hypothesis that greater gamma coherence in the right and left frontal cortices for the maniac group produces a "noise" during information processing and highlights that gamma coherence might be a biomarker for cognitive dysfunction during the manic state.
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90
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Torrisi S, Moody TD, Vizueta N, Thomason ME, Monti MM, Townsend JD, Bookheimer SY, Altshuler LL. Differences in resting corticolimbic functional connectivity in bipolar I euthymia. Bipolar Disord 2013; 15:156-66. [PMID: 23347587 PMCID: PMC3582748 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined resting state functional connectivity in the brain between key emotion regulation regions in bipolar I disorder to delineate differences in coupling from healthy subjects. METHODS Euthymic subjects with bipolar I disorder (n = 20) and matched healthy subjects (n = 20) participated in a resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan. Low-frequency fluctuations in blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal were correlated in the six connections between four anatomically defined nodes: left and right amygdala and left and right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC). Seed-to-voxel connectivity results were probed for commonly coupled regions. Following this, an identified region was included in a mediation analysis to determine the potential of mediation. RESULTS The bipolar I disorder group exhibited significant hyperconnectivity between right amygdala and right vlPFC relative to healthy subjects. The connectivity between these regions in the bipolar I disorder group was partially mediated by activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). CONCLUSIONS Greater coupling between right amygdala and right vlPFC and their partial mediation by the ACC were found in bipolar I disorder subjects in remission and in the absence of a psychological task. These findings have implications for a trait-related and clinically important imaging biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Torrisi
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Teena D Moody
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Nathalie Vizueta
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Moriah E Thomason
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Martin M Monti
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jennifer D Townsend
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Susan Y Bookheimer
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lori L Altshuler
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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91
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Chen G, Chen G, Xie C, Li SJ. Negative functional connectivity and its dependence on the shortest path length of positive network in the resting-state human brain. Brain Connect 2013; 1:195-206. [PMID: 22433048 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2011.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is suggested that structurally segregated and functionally specialized brain regions are mediated by synchrony over large-scale networks in order to provide the formation of dynamic links and integration functions. The existence of negative synchrony, or negative functional connectivity (NFC), however, has been a subject of debate in terms of its origin, interpretation, relationship with structural connectivity, and possible neurophysiological function. The present study, which incorporated 20 cognitively healthy elderly human subjects, focused on testing the hypothesis that NFC significantly correlates with the shortest path length (SPL) in the human brain network. Our theoretical calculation, simulated data, and human study results support this hypothesis. In the human study, we find that (1) the percentage of NFC connections among all connections between brain regions significantly correlates with spatial Euclidian distance; (2) the strength of the NFC between the right amygdala and the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is significantly correlated with the SPL across the 20 human subjects; (3) such a significant relationship between the NFC and SPL exists in all the NFC connections in the whole brain; and (4) the correlations between the NFC and SPL also are frequency bandwidth dependent. These results suggest that an accumulated phased delay gives rise to the NFC, along the shortest path in the large-scale brain functional network. It is suggested that our study can be extended to examine a variety of neurological diseases and psychiatric disorders by measuring the changes of SPL and functional reorganization in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Chen
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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92
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Townsend JD, Torrisi SJ, Lieberman MD, Sugar CA, Bookheimer SY, Altshuler LL. Frontal-amygdala connectivity alterations during emotion downregulation in bipolar I disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:127-35. [PMID: 22858151 PMCID: PMC3525751 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The symptoms of bipolar disorder suggest dysfunction of emotion regulatory networks. In healthy control populations, downregulation of emotional responses activates the ventral lateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) and dampens amygdala activation. This study investigated frontal and limbic function and connectivity during emotion downregulation in euthymic subjects with bipolar I disorder (BPI) and healthy control subjects. METHODS Thirty BPI and 26 control subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning while performing an emotion processing task with passive viewing and emotion downregulation conditions. Contrasts were made for each group comparing the downregulation and passive viewing conditions, and these were entered into a between-group random effects analysis to assess group differences in activation. Psychophysiological interaction analyses were conducted to test for significant group differences in functional connectivity between the amygdala and inhibitory frontal regions (i.e., vlPFC). RESULTS Control subjects showed the expected robust bilateral activation of frontal and limbic regions during passive viewing and emotion downregulation tasks. Between-group analyses revealed similar activation of BPI and control subjects during passive viewing but significantly decreased activation in bilateral vlPFC, bilateral anterior and posterior cingulate, medial frontal gyrus, and bilateral dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex during emotion downregulation in subjects with BPI. Connectivity analysis demonstrated that control subjects had significantly greater negative functional connectivity between the left amygdala and bilateral vlPFC compared with subjects with BPI. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that dysfunction in the neural networks responsible for emotion regulation, including the prefrontal cortex, cingulate, and subcortical structures, are present in BPI subjects, even while euthymic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D. Townsend
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Salvatore J. Torrisi
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Catherine A. Sugar
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Susan Y. Bookheimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lori L. Altshuler
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Psychiatry, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, West Los Angeles
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93
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Wang F, Bobrow L, Liu J, Spencer L, Blumberg HP. Corticolimbic functional connectivity in adolescents with bipolar disorder. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50177. [PMID: 23185566 PMCID: PMC3503984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Convergent evidence supports regional dysfunction within a corticolimbic neural system that subserves emotional processing and regulation in adolescents and adults with bipolar disorder (BD), with abnormalities prominent within the amygdala and its major anterior paralimbic cortical connection sites including ventral anterior cingulate, orbitofrontal, insular and temporopolar cortices. Recent studies of adults with BD demonstrate abnormalities in the functional connectivity between the amygdala and anterior paralimbic regions suggesting an important role for the connections between these regions in the development of the disorder. This study tests the hypothesis that these functional connectivity abnormalities are present in adolescents with BD. Fifty-seven adolescents, twenty-one with BD and thirty-six healthy comparison (HC) adolescents, participated in functional magnetic resonance imaging while processing emotional face stimuli. The BD and HC groups were compared in the strength of functional connectivity from amygdala to the anterior paralimbic cortical regions, and explored in remaining brain regions. Functional connectivity was decreased in the BD group, compared to the HC group, during processing of emotional faces in ventral anterior cingulate (VACC), orbitofrontal, insular and temporopolar cortices (p<0.005). Orbitofrontal and VACC findings for the happy condition, and additionally right insula for the neutral condition, survived multiple comparison correction. Exploratory analyses did not reveal additional regions of group differences. This study provides evidence for decreased functional connectivity between the amygdala and anterior paralimbic cortices in adolescents with BD. This suggests that amygdala-anterior paralimbic connectivity abnormalities are early features of BD that emerge at least by adolescence in the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Laurel Bobrow
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Linda Spencer
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Hilary P. Blumberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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94
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Passarotti AM, Ellis J, Wegbreit E, Stevens MC, Pavuluri MN. Reduced functional connectivity of prefrontal regions and amygdala within affect and working memory networks in pediatric bipolar disorder. Brain Connect 2012; 2:320-34. [PMID: 23035965 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2012.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined whether adolescents with pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) have abnormal regional functional connectivity in distributed brain networks during an affective working memory task. Adolescents with PBD (n=41) and healthy controls (HC; n=16) performed a two-back functional magnetic resonance imaging working memory task with blocks of either angry or neutral faces. Independent component analysis methodology identified two temporally independent and functionally connected brain networks that showed differential functional connectivity in PBD and HC. Within a network for "affect evaluation and regulation," PBD showed decreased functional connectivity relative to HC in regions involved in emotion processing such as the right amygdala, and in emotion regulation regions such as the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), while functional connectivity was increased in emotion evaluation regions such as the bilateral medial PFC. Furthermore, in an "Affective Working Memory Network," PBD exhibited greater connectivity relative to HC in left dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC), caudate, and right VLPFC; and simultaneously reduced connectivity in emotion processing regions, such as the right amygdala, bilateral temporal regions, and the junction of DLPFC/VLPFC, which interfaces affective and cognitive processes. Dysfunction in network engagement in PBD patients illustrates that they are expending greater effort in face emotion evaluation, while being less able to engage affect regulation regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra M Passarotti
- Pediatric Brain Research and Intervention Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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95
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Liu CH, Ma X, Li F, Wang YJ, Tie CL, Li SF, Chen TL, Fan TT, Zhang Y, Dong J, Yao L, Wu X, Wang CY. Regional homogeneity within the default mode network in bipolar depression: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48181. [PMID: 23133615 PMCID: PMC3487908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim We sought to use a regional homogeneity (ReHo) approach as an index in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the features of spontaneous brain activity within the default mode network (DMN) in patients suffering from bipolar depression (BD). Methods Twenty-six patients with BD and 26 gender-, age-, and education-matched healthy subjects participated in the resting-state fMRI scans. We compared the differences in ReHo between the two groups within the DMN and investigated the relationships between sex, age, years of education, disease duration, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) total score, and ReHo in regions with significant group differences. Results Our results revealed that bipolar depressed patients had increased ReHo in the left medial frontal gyrus and left inferior parietal lobe compared to healthy controls. No correlations were found between regional ReHo values and sex, age, and clinical features within the BD group. Conclusions Our findings indicate that abnormal brain activity is mainly distributed within prefrontal-limbic circuits, which are believed to be involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying bipolar depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hong Liu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Beijing Key Lab of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Center of the Treatment in Depressive Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Li
- Beijing Key Lab of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Jun Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Le Tie
- Beijing Key Lab of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Su-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao-Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-ting Fan
- College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (CYW); (XW)
| | - Chuan-Yue Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Major Disorders - State Key Lab Incubation Base, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Neuroscience Disciplines, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (CYW); (XW)
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96
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Jacobs RH, Renken R, Aleman A, Cornelissen FW. The amygdala, top-down effects, and selective attention to features. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:2069-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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97
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura I van Dyck
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brian P Pittman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hilary P Blumberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Depression Research Enhancement Award Program, Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, CT, USA
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98
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Liu CH, Li F, Li SF, Wang YJ, Tie CL, Wu HY, Zhou Z, Zhang D, Dong J, Yang Z, Wang CY. Abnormal baseline brain activity in bipolar depression: a resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychiatry Res 2012; 203:175-9. [PMID: 23017873 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We examined resting state brain activity in the depressive phase of bipolar disorder (BD) by measuring the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) in the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal. Unlike functional connectivity, the ALFF approach reflects local properties in specific regions and provides direct information about impaired foci. Groups of 26 patients with BD depression and 26 gender-, age-, and education-matched healthy subjects participated in fMRI scans. We examined group differences in ALFF findings as well as correlations between clinical measurements and ALFF in the regions showing significant group differences. Our results showed that patients with BD depression had significantly increased ALFF in the left insula, the right caudate nucleus, the temporal gyrus, the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, and the posterior lobe of the cerebellum. They also had decreased ALFF in the left postcentral gyrus, the left parahippocampal gyrus, and the cerebellum. Moderate negative correlations were found between the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score and ALFF in the left insular cortex in the patient group. These results support a model of BD that involves dysfunction in the prefrontal-limbic networks and associated striatal systems. We also demonstrated the feasibility of ALFF as a technique to investigate persistent cerebral dysfunction in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hong Liu
- Department of Radiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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99
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Sripada RK, King AP, Garfinkel SN, Wang X, Sripada CS, Welsh RC, Liberzon I. Altered resting-state amygdala functional connectivity in men with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2012; 37:241-9. [PMID: 22313617 PMCID: PMC3380095 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.110069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Converging neuroimaging research suggests altered emotion neurocircuitry in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Emotion activation studies in these individuals have shown hyperactivation in emotion-related regions, including the amygdala and insula, and hypoactivation in emotion-regulation regions, including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). However, few studies have examined patterns of connectivity at rest in individuals with PTSD, a potentially powerful method for illuminating brain network structure. METHODS Using the amygdala as a seed region, we measured resting-state brain connectivity using 3 T functional magnetic resonance imaging in returning male veterans with PTSD and combat controls without PTSD. RESULTS Fifteen veterans with PTSD and 14 combat controls enrolled in our study. Compared with controls, veterans with PTSD showed greater positive connectivity between the amygdala and insula, reduced positive connectivity between the amygdala and hippocampus, and reduced anticorrelation between the amygdala and dorsal ACC and rostral ACC. LIMITATIONS Only male veterans with combat exposure were tested, thus our findings cannot be generalized to women or to individuals with non-combat related PTSD. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that studies of functional connectivity during resting state can discern aberrant patterns of coupling within emotion circuits and suggest a possible brain basis for emotion-processing and emotion-regulation deficits in individuals with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chandra S. Sripada
- Correspondence to: R.K. Sripada, 4250 Plymouth Rd., 2702 Rachel Upjohn Bldg., Ann Arbor MI 48109;
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100
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Williamson PC, Allman JM. A framework for interpreting functional networks in schizophrenia. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:184. [PMID: 22737116 PMCID: PMC3380255 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Some promising genetic correlates of schizophrenia have emerged in recent years but none explain more than a small fraction of cases. The challenge of our time is to characterize the neuronal networks underlying schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric illnesses. Early models of schizophrenia have been limited by the ability to readily evaluate large-scale networks in living patients. With the development of resting state and advanced structural magnetic resonance imaging, it has become possible to do this. While we are at an early stage, a number of models of intrinsic brain networks have been developed to account for schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders. This paper reviews the recent voxel-based morphometry (VBM), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and resting functional magnetic resonance imaging literature in light of the proposed networks underlying these disorders. It is suggested that there is support for recently proposed models that suggest a pivotal role for the salience network. However, the interactions of this network with the default mode network and executive control networks are not sufficient to explain schizophrenic symptoms or distinguish them from other neuropsychiatric disorders. Alternatively, it is proposed that schizophrenia arises from a uniquely human brain network associated with directed effort including the dorsal anterior and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), auditory cortex, and hippocampus while mood disorders arise from a different brain network associated with emotional encoding including the ventral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), orbital frontal cortex, and amygdala. Both interact with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and a representation network including the frontal and temporal poles and the fronto-insular cortex, allowing the representation of the thoughts, feelings, and actions of self and others across time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Williamson
- Tanna Schulich Chair in Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Western Ontario, London ON, Canada
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