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Wang YY, Diao BZ, Zhong LH, Lu BL, Cheng Y, Yu L, Zhu LY. Maslinic acid protects against lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury in mice. Microb Pathog 2018; 119:49-53. [PMID: 29627448 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute liver injury is a life-threatening syndrome that often caused by hepatocyte damage. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of maslinic acid (MA) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/d-galactosamine (D-gal)-induced acute liver injury and clarified its mechanism. Mice acute liver injury model was induced by given LPS and D-gal and MA was given intraperitoneally 1 h before LPS and D-gal. Our results showed that MA protected against liver injury by attenuating liver histopathologic changes, serum AST and ALT levels. The increased inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in serum and liver tissues were also inhibited by MA. The level of MDA and the activity of MPO in liver tissues were up-regulated by LPS/D-gal and dose-dependently inhibited by MA. Furthermore, MA attenuated hepatic NF-κB protein expression and increased hepatic Nrf2 and HO-1 protein expression. Taken together, MA offers a protective role against LPS/D-gal-induced liver injury through suppressing NF-κB and activating Nrf2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Forth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Bao-Zhong Diao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Preparations, Liaocheng People's Hospital and Liaocheng Clinical School of Taishan Medical University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China
| | - Li-Hua Zhong
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Forth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Bao-Ling Lu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Forth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Forth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Forth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China.
| | - Li-Ying Zhu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Forth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China.
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Hu JJ, Wang H, Pan CW, Lin MX. Isovitexin alleviates liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine by activating Nrf2 and inhibiting NF-κB activation. Microb Pathog 2018; 119:86-92. [PMID: 29604422 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects and mechanism of isovitexin, a glycosylflavonoid isolated from rice hulls of Oryza sativa, on Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/d-galactosamine (D-Gal)-induced acute liver injury. The mice were randomly divided into five groups: control group, LPS/D-Gal group, and LPS/D-Gal + isovitexin groups. The mice of LPS/D-Gal group were received of LPS (50 μg/kg) and D-gal (800 mg/kg) intraperitoneal. The mice of LPS/D-Gal + isovitexin groups were received isovitexin (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) 1 h before LPS/D-Gal treatment. The results showed that the severity of liver injury was attenuated by treatment of isovitexin, as confirmed by the decreased liver histopathologic changes, as well as serum AST and ALT levels. Furthermore, the levels of TNF-α in serum and liver tissues, MPO activity and MDA content were significantly inhibited by isovitexin. In addition, isovitexin significantly attenuated NF-κB phosphorylation induced by LPS/D-Gal. The expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 were significantly up-regulated by isovitexin. In conclusion, isovitexin could protect against LPS/D-Gal-induced liver injury by inhibiting inflammatory and oxidative responses. Isovitexin also had protective effects against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury. Isovitexin may used as a potential agent for the treatment of liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jian Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated YanAn Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650051, China
| | - Chen-Wei Pan
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, PR China
| | - Meng-Xiang Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China.
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Abstract
Changes in the intracellular thiol-disulfide balance are considered major determinants in the redox status/signaling of the cell. Cellular signaling is very sensitive to both exogenous and intracellular redox status and respond to many exogenous pro-oxidative or oxidative stresses. Redox status has dual effects on upstream signaling systems and downstream transcription factors. Redox signaling pathways use reactive oxygen species (ROS) to transfer signals from different sources to the nucleus to regulate such functions as growth, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Mitogen-activated protein kinases are activated by numerous cellular stresses and ligand-receptor bindings. An imbalance in the oxidant/antioxidant system, either resulting from excessive ROS/reactive nitrogen species production and/or antioxidant system impairment, leads to oxidative stress. Glutathione (GSH) is known to play a critical role in the cellular defense against unregulated oxidative stress in mammalian cells and involvement of large molecular antioxidants include classical antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR). Cadmium (Cd), a potent toxic heavy metal, is a widespread environmental contaminant. It is known to cause renal dysfunction, hepatic toxicity, genotoxicity, and apoptotic effects depending on the dose, route, and duration of exposure. This review examines the signaling pathways and mechanisms of activation of transcription factors by Cd-induced oxidative stress thus representing an important basis for understanding the mechanisms of Cd effect on the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saïd Nemmiche
- LSTPA Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of SNV, University of Mostaganem, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria
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Dynamic imaging of adaptive stress response pathway activation for prediction of drug induced liver injury. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1797-1814. [PMID: 29502165 PMCID: PMC5962642 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury remains a concern during drug treatment and development. There is an urgent need for improved mechanistic understanding and prediction of DILI liabilities using in vitro approaches. We have established and characterized a panel of liver cell models containing mechanism-based fluorescent protein toxicity pathway reporters to quantitatively assess the dynamics of cellular stress response pathway activation at the single cell level using automated live cell imaging. We have systematically evaluated the application of four key adaptive stress pathway reporters for the prediction of DILI liability: SRXN1-GFP (oxidative stress), CHOP-GFP (ER stress/UPR response), p21 (p53-mediated DNA damage-related response) and ICAM1 (NF-κB-mediated inflammatory signaling). 118 FDA-labeled drugs in five human exposure relevant concentrations were evaluated for reporter activation using live cell confocal imaging. Quantitative data analysis revealed activation of single or multiple reporters by most drugs in a concentration and time dependent manner. Hierarchical clustering of time course dynamics and refined single cell analysis allowed the allusion of key events in DILI liability. Concentration response modeling was performed to calculate benchmark concentrations (BMCs). Extracted temporal dynamic parameters and BMCs were used to assess the predictive power of sub-lethal adaptive stress pathway activation. Although cellular adaptive responses were activated by non-DILI and severe-DILI compounds alike, dynamic behavior and lower BMCs of pathway activation were sufficiently distinct between these compound classes. The high-level detailed temporal- and concentration-dependent evaluation of the dynamics of adaptive stress pathway activation adds to the overall understanding and prediction of drug-induced liver liabilities.
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Choudhuri S, Patton GW, Chanderbhan RF, Mattia A, Klaassen CD. From Classical Toxicology to Tox21: Some Critical Conceptual and Technological Advances in the Molecular Understanding of the Toxic Response Beginning From the Last Quarter of the 20th Century. Toxicol Sci 2018; 161:5-22. [PMID: 28973688 PMCID: PMC5837539 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxicology has made steady advances over the last 60+ years in understanding the mechanisms of toxicity at an increasingly finer level of cellular organization. Traditionally, toxicological studies have used animal models. However, the general adoption of the principles of 3R (Replace, Reduce, Refine) provided the impetus for the development of in vitro models in toxicity testing. The present commentary is an attempt to briefly discuss the transformation in toxicology that began around 1980. Many genes important in cellular protection and metabolism of toxicants were cloned and characterized in the 80s, and gene expression studies became feasible, too. The development of transgenic and knockout mice provided valuable animal models to investigate the role of specific genes in producing toxic effects of chemicals or protecting the organism from the toxic effects of chemicals. Further developments in toxicology came from the incorporation of the tools of "omics" (genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, interactomics), epigenetics, systems biology, computational biology, and in vitro biology. Collectively, the advances in toxicology made during the last 30-40 years are expected to provide more innovative and efficient approaches to risk assessment. A goal of experimental toxicology going forward is to reduce animal use and yet be able to conduct appropriate risk assessments and make sound regulatory decisions using alternative methods of toxicity testing. In that respect, Tox21 has provided a big picture framework for the future. Currently, regulatory decisions involving drugs, biologics, food additives, and similar compounds still utilize data from animal testing and human clinical trials. In contrast, the prioritization of environmental chemicals for further study can be made using in vitro screening and computational tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supratim Choudhuri
- Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland
| | - Geoffrey W Patton
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ronald F Chanderbhan
- Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland
| | - Antonia Mattia
- Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland
| | - Curtis D Klaassen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Zhang H, Jia R, Wang F, Qiu G, Qiao P, Xu X, Wu D. Catalpol protects mice against Lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury through inhibiting inflammatory and oxidative response. Oncotarget 2017; 9:3887-3894. [PMID: 29423091 PMCID: PMC5790508 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of catalpol on Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-gal)-induced acute liver injury in mice. The mouse model was established by injection of LPS and D-gal. Catalpol (2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg) were pretreated intraperitoneally 1 h before LPS and D-gal. The survival rate, AST, ALT, MDA, MPO activity, hepatic tissue histology, TNF-α level, and NF-κB activation were assayed. The results revealed that catalpol dose-dependently elevated the survival rate. Furthermore, catalpol reduced the activities of AST, ALT, MDA, and MPO. The production of TNF-α was also inhibited by treatment of catalpol. In addition, catalpol inhibited LPS/D-gal-induced NF-κB activation. The expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 were up-regulated by treatment of catalpol. These results indicated that pretreatment with catalpol could attenuate LPS/D-gal-induced acute liver injury in mice and the underlying mechanism may due to the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway and the activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haogang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Ruichun Jia
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Fujing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Gongcai Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Pengfei Qiao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Xunzheng Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Dequan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
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Jia R, Zhang H, Zhang W, Zhao H, Zha C, Liu Y. Protective effects of tenuigenin on lipopolysaccharide and d -galactosamine-induced acute liver injury. Microb Pathog 2017; 112:83-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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58
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Zhou S, Yin X, Jin J, Tan Y, Conklin DJ, Xin Y, Zhang Z, Sun W, Cui T, Cai J, Zheng Y, Cai L. Intermittent hypoxia-induced cardiomyopathy and its prevention by Nrf2 and metallothionein. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 112:224-239. [PMID: 28778483 PMCID: PMC7453314 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism for intermittent hypoxia (IH)-induced cardiomyopathy remains obscure. We reported the prevention of acute and chronic IH-induced cardiac damage by selective cardiac overexpression of metallothionein (MT). Herein we defined that MT-mediated protection from IH-cardiomyopathy is via activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a critical redox-balance controller in the body. For this, mice were exposed to IH for 3 days (acute) or 4 or 8 weeks (chronic). Cardiac Nrf2 and MT expression in response to IH were significantly increased acutely yet decreased chronically. Interestingly, cardiac overexpression (Nrf2-TG) or global deletion of the Nrf2 gene (Nrf2-KO) made mice highly resistant or highly susceptible, respectively, to IH-induced cardiomyopathy and MT expression. Mechanistically, 4-week IH exposure significantly decreased cardiac Nrf2 binding to the MT gene promoter, and thus, depressed both MT transcription and translation in WT mice but not Nrf2-TG mice. Likewise, cardiac MT overexpression prevented chronic IH-induced cardiomyopathy and down-regulation of Nrf2 likely via activation of a PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β/Fyn-dependent signaling pathway. These results reveal an integrated relationship between cardiac Nrf2 and MT expression in response to IH -- acute compensatory up-regulation followed by chronic down-regulation and cardiomyopathy. Cardiac overexpression of either Nrf2 or MT offered cardioprotection from IH via complicated PI3K/Akt/GSK3B/Fyn signaling. Potential therapeutics may target either Nrf2 or MT to prevent chronic IH-induced cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhou
- The Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Pediatric Research Institute, the Department of Pediatrics of University of Louisville, Louisville 40202, USA
| | - Xia Yin
- The Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jingpeng Jin
- Endoscopy Center China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yi Tan
- Pediatric Research Institute, the Department of Pediatrics of University of Louisville, Louisville 40202, USA; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complication, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Daniel J Conklin
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Ying Xin
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- The Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Pediatric Research Institute, the Department of Pediatrics of University of Louisville, Louisville 40202, USA
| | - Weixia Sun
- The Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Pediatric Research Institute, the Department of Pediatrics of University of Louisville, Louisville 40202, USA
| | - Taixing Cui
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Jun Cai
- Pediatric Research Institute, the Department of Pediatrics of University of Louisville, Louisville 40202, USA
| | - Yang Zheng
- The Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Lu Cai
- Pediatric Research Institute, the Department of Pediatrics of University of Louisville, Louisville 40202, USA; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complication, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, China; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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59
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Mohajeri M, Rezaee M, Sahebkar A. Cadmium-induced toxicity is rescued by curcumin: A review. Biofactors 2017; 43:645-661. [PMID: 28719149 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most common environmental and occupational heavy metals with extended distribution. Exposure to Cd may be associated with several deleterious consequences on the liver, bones, kidneys, lungs, testes, brain, immunological, and cardiovascular systems. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as the main mechanism behind its toxicity causes oxidative stress and subsequent damages to lipids, proteins, and DNA. Therefore, antioxidants along with chelating agents have shown promising outcomes against Cd-induced toxicity. Curcumin with various beneficial effects and medical efficacy has been evaluated for its inhibitory activities against biological impairments caused by Cd. Thus, this article is intended to address the effectiveness of curcumin against toxicity following Cd entry. Curcumin can afford to attenuate lipid peroxidation, glutathione depletion, alterations in antioxidant enzyme, and so forth through scavenging and chelating activities or Nrf2/Keap1/ARE pathway induction. © 2017 BioFactors, 43(5):645-661, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mohajeri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rezaee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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60
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Shirani K, Shahbazi N, Khayat MH, Khashayarmanesh Z, Hassani FV, Moharerri N, Haghighi HM, Karimi G. Concentration of heavy metals in Iranian market rice and associated population health risk. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2015.0667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Shirani
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Vakil Abad Blvd, 91775-1365 Mashhad, Iran
| | - N. Shahbazi
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Vakil Abad Blvd, 91775-1365 Mashhad, Iran
| | - M. Hassanzadeh Khayat
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre and School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Vakil Abad Blvd, 91775-1365 Mashhad, Iran
| | - Z. Khashayarmanesh
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre and School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Vakil Abad Blvd, 91775-1365 Mashhad, Iran
| | - F. Vahdati Hassani
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Vakil Abad Blvd, 91775-1365 Mashhad, Iran
| | - N. Moharerri
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Vakil Abad Blvd, 91775-1365 Mashhad, Iran
| | - H. Moalemzadeh Haghighi
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre and School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Vakil Abad Blvd, 91775-1365 Mashhad, Iran
| | - G. Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmacy School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Vakil Abad Blvd, 91775-1365 Mashhad, Iran
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Fucoxanthin provides neuroprotection in models of traumatic brain injury via the Nrf2-ARE and Nrf2-autophagy pathways. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46763. [PMID: 28429775 PMCID: PMC5399453 DOI: 10.1038/srep46763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fucoxanthin is abundant in seaweed and is considered as a powerful antioxidant. It has been proposed to possess anti-cancer, anti-obesity and anti-diabetes effects. However, its roles in brain injury models have not been fully understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the neuroprotection of fucoxanthin in models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the role of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant-response element (ARE) and Nrf2-autophagy pathways in the putative neuroprotection. We found that fucoxanthin alleviated TBI-induced secondary brain injury, including neurological deficits, cerebral edema, brain lesion and neuronal apoptosis. Moreover, the up-regulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were reversed by fucoxanthin treatment. Furthermore, our in vitro studies demonstrated that fucoxanthin increased the neuron survival and reduced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. In addition, fucoxanthin activated the Nrf2-ARE pathway and autophagy both in vivo and in vitro, which was proven by the results of immunohistochemistry, western blot and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). However, fucoxanthin failed to provide neuroprotection and activated autophagy following TBI in Nrf2−/− mice. In conclusion, our studies indicated that fucoxanthin provided neuroprotective effects in models of TBI, potentially via regulation of the Nrf2-ARE and Nrf2-autophagy pathways.
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Rathi VK, Das S, Parampalli Raghavendra A, Rao BSS. Naringin abates adverse effects of cadmium-mediated hepatotoxicity: An experimental study using HepG2 cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017; 31. [PMID: 28422390 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the protective potential of Naringin (NIN) against cadmium chloride (CdCl2 ) mediated hepatotoxicity using human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. An optimal concentration of NIN (5 μM) was potent enough to confer cytoprotection against CdCl2 (50 μM) as was observed by MTT assay. Preconditioning with NIN maintained redox homeostasis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and reduced apoptosis as marked by decrease in the percentage sub-G0 /G1 and Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide positive cells (apoptotic). NIN pretreatment maintained the levels of protein thiol along with endogenous activities of Superoxide dismutase, Glutathione S-transferase, and Catalase and lowered lipid peroxidation. Decreased Bax/Bcl2 ratio along with reduced Caspase 3 cleavage and Cytochrome c release indicated that NIN conditioning blocked mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. Increased Nrf2 and metallothionein (MT) acted as adaptive response in the presence of cadmium. Thus, the protective mechanism of NIN is attributed to its antioxidant potential which aids in redox homeostasis and prevents CdCl2 mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visesh Kumar Rathi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Shubhankar Das
- Department of Radiation Biology & Toxicology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Archana Parampalli Raghavendra
- Department of Physiology, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal Campus, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Bola Sadashiva Satish Rao
- Department of Radiation Biology & Toxicology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
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Naturally Occurring Nrf2 Activators: Potential in Treatment of Liver Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:3453926. [PMID: 28101296 PMCID: PMC5215260 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3453926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a major role in acute and chronic liver injury. In hepatocytes, oxidative stress frequently triggers antioxidant response by activating nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor, which upregulates various cytoprotective genes. Thus, Nrf2 is considered a potential therapeutic target to halt liver injury. Several studies indicate that activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway ameliorates liver injury. The hepatoprotective potential of naturally occurring compounds has been investigated in various models of liver injuries. In this review, we comprehensively appraise various phytochemicals that have been assessed for their potential to halt acute and chronic liver injury by enhancing the activation of Nrf2 and have the potential for use in humans.
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Clarke JL, Murray JB, Park BK, Copple IM. Roles of Nrf2 in drug and chemical toxicity. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Jiang S, Yang Y, Li T, Ma Z, Hu W, Deng C, Fan C, Lv J, Sun Y, Yi W. An overview of the mechanisms and novel roles of Nrf2 in cardiovascular diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:1413-1424. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2016.1250887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Wu S, Zhang T, Du J. Ursolic acid sensitizes cisplatin-resistant HepG2/DDP cells to cisplatin via inhibiting Nrf2/ARE pathway. Drug Des Devel Ther 2016; 10:3471-3481. [PMID: 27822011 PMCID: PMC5087784 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s110505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combinations of adjuvant sensitizers with anticancer drugs is a promising new strategy to reverse chemoresistance. Ursolic acid (UA) is one of the natural pentacyclic triterpene compounds known to have many pharmacological characteristics such as anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. This study investigates whether UA can sensitize hepatocellular carcinoma cells to cisplatin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cells were transfected with nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) small interfering RNA and Nrf2 complementary DNA by using Lipofectin 2000. The cytotoxicity of cells was investigated by Cell Counting Kit 8 assay. Cell apoptosis, cell cycle, reactive oxygen species, and mitochondrial membrane potential were detected by flow cytometry fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The protein level of Nrf2, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was detected by Western blot analysis. RESULTS The results showed that the reverse index was 2.9- and 9.69-fold by UA of 1.125 μg/mL and 2.25 μg/mL, respectively, for cisplatin to HepG2/DDP cells. UA-cisplatin combination induced cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species, blocked the cell cycle in G0/G1 phase, and reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential. Mechanistically, UA-cisplatin dramatically decreased the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream genes. The sensibilization of UA-cisplatin combination was diminished in Nrf2 small interfering RNA-transfected HepG2/DDP cells, as well as in Nrf2 complementary DNA-transfected HepG2/DDP cells. CONCLUSION The results confirmed the sensibilization of UA on HepG2/DDP cells to cisplatin, which was possibly mediated via the Nrf2/antioxidant response element pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouhai Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University
- Center for Regenerative and Translational Medicine
| | | | - Jingsheng Du
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
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Muthusamy S, Peng C, Ng JC. Effects of multi-component mixtures of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metal/loid(s) on Nrf2-antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway in ARE reporter-HepG2 cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:1160-1171. [PMID: 30090422 PMCID: PMC6072108 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00024j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metal/loid(s) has been demonstrated to induce an oxidative stress response in mammalian cells. The combined effect of PAHs and heavy metal/loid(s) on the oxidative stress response has not been reported extensively. The Nrf2 antioxidant response pathway plays an important role in cellular antioxidant defense against oxidative stress-induced cell damage. In this study, we have determined the combined effect of four PAHs (benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), naphthalene (Nap), phenanthrene (Phe) and pyrene (Pyr)) and three heavy metal/loid(s) (arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb)) on the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway using the ARE reporter-HepG2 cell line. The mixture study was carried out for binary, ternary, quaternary and seven-component combinations of PAHs and heavy metal/loid(s). Initially, individual dose responses for the PAHs (B[a]P, Nap, Phe and Pyr) and heavy metal/loid(s) (As, Cd and Pb), as well as their respective concentrations that induced an induction ratio of 1.5 (ECIR1.5), were determined. The luciferase assay system was used to quantify the induction of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway. The individual dose response study showed that both PAHs and heavy metal/loid(s) activated the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway in ARE reporter-HepG2 cells. Among these chemicals, Cd was the most potent inducer, followed by B[a]P and As. Based on the individual dose response findings, PAHs and heavy metal/loid(s) were mixed at equipotent ratios using a fixed concentration ratio, and the effects of the mixtures of PAHs and heavy metal/loid(s) (binary to seven-component) on the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway were determined. The mixture effects were predicted by using the concentration addition (CA) model. Overall, the results showed that the multi-component mixtures of PAHs and heavy metal/loid(s) induced an oxidative stress response in ARE reporter-HepG2 cells, and that the CA model is an appropriate model to predict the interaction effect of these selected mixtures. A human cell line-based reporter gene assay system was successfully used to determine the mixture effects of two groups of common contaminants on oxidative stress response pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasikumar Muthusamy
- The University of Queensland , National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox) , Member of Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS) , Coopers Plains , Brisbane , QLD 4108 , Australia
- CRC CARE , The University of Newcastle , University Drive , Callaghan , NSW 2308 , Australia . ; ; Tel: +61 414 747 147
| | - Cheng Peng
- The University of Queensland , National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox) , Member of Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS) , Coopers Plains , Brisbane , QLD 4108 , Australia
- CRC CARE , The University of Newcastle , University Drive , Callaghan , NSW 2308 , Australia . ; ; Tel: +61 414 747 147
| | - Jack C Ng
- The University of Queensland , National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox) , Member of Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS) , Coopers Plains , Brisbane , QLD 4108 , Australia
- CRC CARE , The University of Newcastle , University Drive , Callaghan , NSW 2308 , Australia . ; ; Tel: +61 414 747 147
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Methylmercury alters glutathione homeostasis by inhibiting glutaredoxin 1 and enhancing glutathione biosynthesis in cultured human astrocytoma cells. Toxicol Lett 2016; 256:1-10. [PMID: 27180086 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a neurotoxin that binds strongly to thiol residues on protein and low molecular weight molecules like reduced glutathione (GSH). The mechanism of its effects on GSH homeostasis particularly at environmentally relevant low doses is not fully known. We hypothesized that exposure to MeHg would lead to a depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) and an accumulation of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) leading to alterations in S-glutathionylation of proteins. Our results showed exposure to low concentrations of MeHg (1μM) did not significantly alter GSH levels but increased GSSG levels by ∼12-fold. This effect was associated with a significant increase in total cellular glutathione content and a decrease in GSH/GSSG. Immunoblot analyses revealed that proteins involved in glutathione synthesis were upregulated accounting for the increase in cellular glutathione. This was associated an increase in cellular Nrf2 protein levels which is required to induce the expression of antioxidant genes in response to cellular stress. Intriguingly, we noted that a key enzyme involved in reversing protein S-glutathionylation and maintaining glutathione homeostasis, glutaredoxin-1 (Grx1), was inhibited by ∼50%. MeHg treatment also increased the S-glutathionylation of a high molecular weight protein. This observation is consistent with the inhibition of Grx1 and elevated H2O2 production however; contrary to our original hypothesis we found few S-glutathionylated proteins in the astrocytoma cells. Collectively, MeHg affects multiple arms of glutathione homeostasis ranging from pool management to protein S-glutathionylation and Grx1 activity.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oleanolic acid belongs to the pentacyclic triterpene family. In China, oleanolic acid has been used as an over the counter (OTC) hepatoprotective drug for decades. Oleanolic acid and its derivatives present a wide variety of biological activities, supporting their pharmaceutical uses for multiple diseases. AREAS COVERED Representative patent publications (1971-2015) covering the preparation, pharmaceutical compositions, and medical uses of oleanolic acid and its derivatives are analyzed, with focus on their anticancer, anti-osteoporosis, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immune-regulatory, and hepatoprotective effects. A large number of Chinese patents have been given particular attention in this review. EXPERT OPINION Detailed efficacy studies are highly worth doing to undoubtedly confirm the clinical potential of oleanolic acid and its derivatives. Based on that, it would be critical to identify the key protein targets of the drugs so as to promote drug development and search for new lead compounds. Together, there is a huge potential for drug-repositioning of oleanolic acid, particularly in the areas of metabolic disease and immunological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lin
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xiaoan Wen
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
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Vatsalya V, Avila D, Frimodig JC, Barve SS, McClain CJ, Gobejishvili L. Liver Injury Assessment by Vetscan VS2 Analyzer and Most Frequently Used ALT/GTP Reagent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 4. [PMID: 27275009 DOI: 10.15406/ghoa.2016.04.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Liver injury is estimated by serum alanine aminotransferases (ALT) levels in experimental animal models. Laboratories use various techniques to measure ALT levels including assay reagents and chemistry analyzers. VetScan VS2 (VS2) is widely used in veterinary clinics and research laboratories for highly reproducible, convenient and effective testing. Alternatively, ALT liquid reagent is used by laboratories to estimate liver injury in animal studies. The aim of this study was to perform comparative analyses of data obtained from these two assays in two different animal models. METHODS In this study, we used two different mouse models and compared the ALT levels measured using VetScan VS2 chemistry analyzer and ALT liquid reagent. Immunohistochemical analysis of hepatic tissue was also performed to document liver pathology. The first model is a high fat diet feeding model that results in a mild hepatic steatosis (fat accumulation in the liver) without elevation of ALT levels. For a severe liver injury model, we employed a hepatotoxin-induced liver injury model (carbon tetrachloride, CCl4), which leads to the development of hepatic fibrosis and very high ALT levels. RESULTS VetScan VS2 and ALT reagent gave different values of ALT for all animal groups. However, linear regression analysis showed a significantly high association between ALT levels obtained by VS2 and ALT liquid reagent in a high-fat feeding model with no liver injury. For the CCl4 induced liver injury model, serum dilution (5 and 10 times) was performed to obtain accurate results with ALT reagent. ALT levels acquired from both techniques showed a close association. Interestingly, this correlation was closer when serum was diluted 5 fold. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that both methods give similar results when evaluating liver injury in animal studies. However, the serum dilution factor is critical for severe liver injury assessment when using ALT reagent and requires some optimization. In this regard, VetScan VS2 is easier to use and gives comparable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vatsalya Vatsalya
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, USA; Robley Rex Veteran's Medical Center, USA
| | - Diana Avila
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, USA
| | - Jane C Frimodig
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, USA
| | - Shirish S Barve
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, USA
| | - Craig J McClain
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, USA; Robley Rex Veteran's Medical Center, USA
| | - Leila Gobejishvili
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, USA
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Satoh H, Moriguchi T, Saigusa D, Baird L, Yu L, Rokutan H, Igarashi K, Ebina M, Shibata T, Yamamoto M. NRF2 Intensifies Host Defense Systems to Prevent Lung Carcinogenesis, but After Tumor Initiation Accelerates Malignant Cell Growth. Cancer Res 2016; 76:3088-96. [PMID: 27020858 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nrf2 activation promotes resistance to chemical carcinogenesis in animal models, but activating mutations in Nrf2 also confer malignant characters to human cells by activating antioxidative/detoxifying enzymes and metabolic reprogramming. In this study, we examined how these contradictory activities of Nrf2, cancer chemoprevention and cancer cell growth enhancement, can be reconciled in an established mouse model of urethane-induced lung carcinogenesis. Using Keap1-knockdown (kd) mice, which express high levels of Nrf2, we found that urethane was rapidly excreted into the urine, consistent with an upregulation in the expression of urethane detoxification genes. Consequently, urethane-induced tumors were significantly smaller and less frequent in Keap1-kd mice than in wild-type mice. In contrast, tumor cells derived from Keap1-kd mice and transplanted into nude mice exhibited higher tumorigenicity compared with cells derived from wild-type mice. To identify the factors contributing to the tumor growth phenotype in the transplantation model, we performed a microarray analysis and found that many antioxidative stress genes were upregulated in the Keap1-kd-derived tumors. Therefore, we suggest that Nrf2 activation in cancer cells enhances their tumorigenicity, but global Nrf2 activation, as in Keap1-kd mice, simultaneously enhances anticancer immunity, thereby suppressing the growth potential of Keap1-kd tumors. Our findings provide relevant insight into the dual role of Nrf2 in cancer and warrant further studies of Nrf2 function during different stages of carcinogenesis. Cancer Res; 76(10); 3088-96. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Satoh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Moriguchi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Saigusa
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Liam Baird
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Rokutan
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Igarashi
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahito Ebina
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Pulmonary Center, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Miyagino-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Shibata
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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Shinkai Y, Kimura T, Itagaki A, Yamamoto C, Taguchi K, Yamamoto M, Kumagai Y, Kaji T. Partial contribution of the Keap1-Nrf2 system to cadmium-mediated metallothionein expression in vascular endothelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 295:37-46. [PMID: 26827822 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium is an environmental electrophile that modifies protein reactive thiols such as Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), a negative regulator of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). In the present study, we investigated a role of the Keap1-Nrf2 system in cellular response to cadmium in vascular endothelial cells. Exposure of bovine aortic endothelial cells to cadmium resulted in modification of Keap1 and Nrf2 activation, thereby up-regulating not only its typical downstream proteins but also metallothionein-1/2. Experiments with siRNA-mediated knockdown of Nrf2 or Keap1 supported participation of the Keap1-Nrf2 system in the modulation of metallothionein-1/2 expression. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that Nrf2 was recruited to the antioxidant response element of the promoter region of the bovine metallothionein-2 gene in the presence of cadmium. These results suggest that the transcription factor Nrf2 plays, at least in part, a role in the changes in metallothionein expression mediated by exposure to cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shinkai
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kimura
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Setsunan University, 17-8 Ikedanaka-machi, Neyagawa, Osaka 572-8508, Japan
| | - Ayaka Itagaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ho-3 Kanagawa, Kanazawa, 920-1181, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Chika Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ho-3 Kanagawa, Kanazawa, 920-1181, Ishikawa, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Keiko Taguchi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kumagai
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ho-3 Kanagawa, Kanazawa, 920-1181, Ishikawa, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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Kim MY, Shon WJ, Park MN, Lee YS, Shin DM. Protective effect of dietary chitosan on cadmium accumulation in rats. Nutr Res Pract 2015; 10:19-25. [PMID: 26865912 PMCID: PMC4742306 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2016.10.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Cadmium is a toxic metal that is an occupational and environmental concern especially because of its human carcinogenicity; it induces serious adverse effects in various organs and tissues. Even low levels of exposure to cadmium could be harmful owing to its extremely long half-life in the body. Cadmium intoxication may be prevented by the consumption of dietary components that potentially reduce its accumulation in the body. Dietary chitosan is a polysaccharide derived from animal sources; it has been known for its ability to bind to divalent cations including cadmium, in addition to other beneficial effects including hypocholesterolemic and anticancer effects. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the role of dietary chitosan in reducing cadmium accumulation using an in vivo system. MATERIALS/METHODS Cadmium was administered orally at 2 mg (three times per week) to three groups of Sprague-Dawley rats: control, low-dose, and high-dose (0, 3, and 5%, respectively) chitosan diet groups for eight weeks. Cadmium accumulation, as well as tissue functional and histological changes, was determined. RESULTS Compared to the control group, rats fed the chitosan diet showed significantly lower levels of cadmium in blood and tissues including the kidneys, liver, and femur. Biochemical analysis of liver function including the determination of aspartate aminotransferase and total bilirubin levels showed that dietary chitosan reduced hepatic tissue damage caused by cadmium intoxication and prevented the associated bone disorder. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that dietary chitosan has the potential to reduce cadmium accumulation in the body as well as protect liver function and bone health against cadmium intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Woo-Jeong Shon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Mi-Na Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yeon-Sook Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dong-Mi Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea.; Research institution of human ecology, Seoul National University,1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Nazimabashir, Manoharan V, Miltonprabu S. RETRACTED: Cadmium induced cardiac oxidative stress in rats and its attenuation by GSP through the activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 242:179-93. [PMID: 26462792 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. Western Blots from Figures 8B and 9A appear similar to Blots from Figure 4A of the article previously published by the authors in Biochemistry and Cell Biology 93 (2015) 210-226 https://doi.org/10.1139/bcb-2014-0114 and Figures 12 and 14 of the article previously published by the corresponding author et al in Biomedicine & Preventive Nutrition 4 (2014) 561-577 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bionut.2014.08.003, although the Western Blots purportedly described different samples. Also, sections within the panels from Figures 10 and 11D appear unusually similar to each other. The explanation provided by the corresponding author was not satisfactory and the Editor decided to retract the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazimabashir
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608002, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Vaihundam Manoharan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608002, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Selvaraj Miltonprabu
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608002, Tamilnadu, India.
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Abdel Aziz AM, Sh Hamed S, Gaballah MA. Possible Relationship between Chronic Telogen Effluvium and Changes in Lead, Cadmium, Zinc, and Iron Total Blood Levels in Females: A Case-Control Study. Int J Trichology 2015; 7:100-6. [PMID: 26622152 PMCID: PMC4639951 DOI: 10.4103/0974-7753.167465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hair loss is a common and distressing problem that can affect both males and females of all ages. Chronic telogen effluvium (CTE) is idiopathic diffuse scalp hair shedding of at least 6 months duration. Hair loss can be one of the symptoms of metal toxicity. Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are highly toxic metals that can cause acute and chronic health problems in human. The aim of the present study is to determine if there is a relationship between these metals and CTE in women and if CTE is also associated with changes in zinc (Zn) or iron (Fe) blood levels. Materials and Methods: Pb, Cd, Fe and Zn total blood levels were determined in 40 female patients fulfilling the criteria of CTH and compared with total blood levels of same elements in 30 well-matched healthy women. Results: Quantitative analysis of total blood Fe, Zn, Pb and Cd revealed that there were no significant differences between patients and controls regarding Fe, Zn, and Pb. Yet, Cd level was significantly higher in patients than controls. In addition, Cd level showed significant positive correlation with the patient's body weight. Conclusion: Estimation of blood Pb and Cd levels can be important in cases of CTE as Cd toxicity can be the underlying hidden cause of such idiopathic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M Abdel Aziz
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria St., Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sameera Sh Hamed
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria St., Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohammad A Gaballah
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria St., Mansoura, Egypt
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Bayele HK, Balesaria S, Srai SKS. Phytoestrogens modulate hepcidin expression by Nrf2: Implications for dietary control of iron absorption. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:1192-202. [PMID: 26546695 PMCID: PMC4698393 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hepcidin is a liver-derived antimicrobial peptide that regulates iron absorption and is also an integral part of the acute phase response. In a previous report, we found evidence that this peptide could also be induced by toxic heavy metals and xenobiotics, thus broadening its teleological role as a defensin. However it remained unclear how its sensing of disparate biotic and abiotic stressors might be integrated at the transcriptional level. We hypothesized that its function in cytoprotection may be regulated by NFE2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), the master transcriptional controller of cellular stress defenses. In this report, we show that hepcidin regulation is inextricably linked to the acute stress response through Nrf2 signaling. Nrf2 regulates hepcidin expression from a prototypical antioxidant response element in its promoter, and by synergizing with other basic leucine-zipper transcription factors. We also show that polyphenolic small molecules or phytoestrogens commonly found in fruits and vegetables including the red wine constituent resveratrol can induce hepcidin expression in vitro and post-prandially, with concomitant reductions in circulating iron levels and transferrin saturation by one such polyphenol quercetin. Furthermore, these molecules derepress hepcidin promoter activity when its transcription by Nrf2 is repressed by Keap1. Taken together, the data show that hepcidin is a prototypical antioxidant response or cytoprotective gene within the Nrf2 transcriptional circuitry. The ability of phytoestrogens to modulate hepcidin expression in vivo suggests a novel mechanism by which diet may impact iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry K Bayele
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT United Kingdom.
| | - Sara Balesaria
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT United Kingdom
| | - Surjit K S Srai
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT United Kingdom.
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Wu H, Kong L, Cheng Y, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Luo M, Tan Y, Chen X, Miao L, Cai L. Metallothionein plays a prominent role in the prevention of diabetic nephropathy by sulforaphane via up-regulation of Nrf2. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:431-42. [PMID: 26415026 PMCID: PMC4684781 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN) prevents diabetic nephropathy (DN) in type 1 diabetes via up-regulation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). However, it has not been addressed whether SFN also prevents DN from type 2 diabetes or which Nrf2 downstream gene(s) play(s) the key role in SFN renal protection. Here we investigated whether Nrf2 is required for SFN protection against type 2 diabetes-induced DN and whether metallothionein (MT) is an Nrf2 downstream antioxidant using Nrf2 knockout (Nrf2-null) mice. In addition, MT knockout mice were used to further verify if MT is indispensable for SFN protection against DN. Diabetes-increased albuminuria, renal fibrosis, and inflammation were significantly prevented by SFN, and Nrf2 and MT expression was increased. However, SFN renal protection was completely lost in Nrf2-null diabetic mice, confirming the pivotal role of Nrf2 in SFN protection from type 2 diabetes-induced DN. Moreover, SFN failed to up-regulate MT in the absence of Nrf2, suggesting that MT is an Nrf2 downstream antioxidant. MT deletion resulted in a partial, but significant attenuation of SFN renal protection from type 2 diabetes, demonstrating a partial requirement for MT for SFN renal protection. Therefore, the present study demonstrates for the first time that as an Nrf2 downstream antioxidant, MT plays an important, though partial, role in mediating SFN renal protection from type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130041; Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics, Wendy L. Novak Diabetes Care Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA, 40202
| | - Lili Kong
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130041; Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics, Wendy L. Novak Diabetes Care Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA, 40202
| | - Yanli Cheng
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics, Wendy L. Novak Diabetes Care Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA, 40202; The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130021
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics, Wendy L. Novak Diabetes Care Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA, 40202; The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130021
| | - Yangwei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130041
| | - Manyu Luo
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130041; Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics, Wendy L. Novak Diabetes Care Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA, 40202
| | - Yi Tan
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics, Wendy L. Novak Diabetes Care Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA, 40202; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China, 325200
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China, 100853
| | - Lining Miao
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130041.
| | - Lu Cai
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics, Wendy L. Novak Diabetes Care Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA, 40202; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China, 325200.
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78
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The KEAP1-Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathway is important in protecting liver from various insults. However, little is known about the expression of Nrf2-related genes in human liver in different diseases. METHODS This study utilized normal donor liver tissues (n=35), samples from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, n=24), HBV-related cirrhosis (n=27), alcoholic cirrhosis (n=5) and end-stage liver disease (n=13). All of the liver tissues were from the Oriental Liver Transplant Center, Beijing, China. The expressions of Nrf2 and Nrf2-related genes, including its negative regulator Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), its targeted gene NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) and modified subunit (GCLM), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and peroxiredoxin-1 (PRDX1) were evaluated. RESULTS The expression of Nrf2 was decreased in HCC, increased in alcoholic cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. The expression of KEAP1 was increased in all of the liver samples. The most notable finding was the increased expression of NQO1 in HCC (18-fold), alcoholic cirrhosis (6-fold), end-stage liver disease (5-fold) and HBV-related cirrhosis (3-fold). Peri-HCC also had 4-fold higher NQO1 mRNA as compared to the normal livers. GCLC mRNA levels were lower only in HCC, as compared to the normal livers and peri-HCC tissues. GCLM mRNA levels were higher in HBV-related cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. HO-1 mRNA levels were increased in all liver tissues except for HCC. Peri-HCC had higher PRDX1 mRNA levels compared with HCC and normal livers. CONCLUSION Nrf2 and Nrf2-related genes are aberrantly expressed in the liver in different diseases and the increase of NQO1 was the most notable finding, especially in HCC.
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79
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Wang W, He Y, Yu G, Li B, Sexton DW, Wileman T, Roberts AA, Hamilton CJ, Liu R, Chao Y, Shan Y, Bao Y. Sulforaphane Protects the Liver against CdSe Quantum Dot-Induced Cytotoxicity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138771. [PMID: 26402917 PMCID: PMC4581733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential cytotoxicity of cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots (QDs) presents a barrier to their use in biomedical imaging or as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Sulforaphane (SFN) is a chemoprotective compound derived from cruciferous vegetables which can up-regulate antioxidant enzymes and induce apoptosis and autophagy. This study reports the effects of SFN on CdSe QD-induced cytotoxicity in immortalised human hepatocytes and in the livers of mice. CdSe QDs induced dose-dependent cell death in hepatocytes with an IC50 = 20.4 μM. Pre-treatment with SFN (5 μM) increased cell viability in response to CdSe QDs (20 μM) from 49.5 to 89.3%. SFN induced a pro-oxidant effect characterized by depletion of intracellular reduced glutathione during short term exposure (3–6 h), followed by up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes and glutathione levels at 24 h. SFN also caused Nrf2 translocation into the nucleus, up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes and autophagy. siRNA knockdown of Nrf2 suggests that the Nrf2 pathway plays a role in the protection against CdSe QD-induced cell death. Wortmannin inhibition of SFN-induced autophagy significantly suppressed the protective effect of SFN on CdSe QD-induced cell death. Moreover, the role of autophagy in SFN protection against CdSe QD-induced cell death was confirmed using mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking ATG5. CdSe QDs caused significant liver damage in mice, and this was decreased by SFN treatment. In conclusion, SFN attenuated the cytotoxicity of CdSe QDs in both human hepatocytes and in the mouse liver, and this protection was associated with the induction of Nrf2 pathway and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Yan He
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Yu
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Baolong Li
- Center of Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Darren W Sexton
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Wileman
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra A Roberts
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J Hamilton
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Ruoxi Liu
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Yimin Chao
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Yujuan Shan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Yongping Bao
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
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80
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Liu H, Gooneratne R, Huang X, Lai R, Wei J, Wang W. A rapid in vivo zebrafish model to elucidate oxidative stress-mediated PCB126-induced apoptosis and developmental toxicity. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 84:91-102. [PMID: 25770664 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Dioxin-like 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) is one of the most potent and widespread environmental pollutants. Although PCB126-induced toxicity is related to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway, there is still no study that has constructed an in vivo visual model to clarify the role of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in the oxidative stress mechanism of PCB126-induced toxicity. In the present study, an in vivo zebrafish model of nrf2a fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (nrf2a-eGFP) was constructed. The zebrafish embryos microinjected with nrf2a-eGFP (72h postfertilization) were exposed to various concentrations of PCB126 (0, 25, 50, 100, 200μg/L) or 30mMN-acetylcysteine (NAC)+200μg/L PCB126. After 72h exposure, PCB126 significantly increased the malformation rates and induced eGFP expression in a dose-dependent manner in several zebrafish tissue types. The distribution of eGFP fluorescence coincided with developmental deformity sites. NAC pretreatment effectively counteracted PCB126-induced developmental toxicity including heart rate, pericardial edema, and body length. The highest PCB126 dose, 200μg/L, produced marked apoptosis in the eye, gill, and trunk detected by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay. At 48 and 72h exposure, 200μg/L PCB126 affected glutathione metabolism as evidenced by decreased glutathione and increased glutathione disulfide concentrations, indicative of oxidative stress. These effects were also counteracted by NAC pretreatment. Furthermore, the Nrf2-regulated genes gclc, gpx, gstp1, and hmox1 were significantly induced at 24, 48, and 72h at the highest PCB126 exposures but not in the NAC-pretreated group. In addition, a significant increase in ROS generation was detected in zebrafish larvae at 72h PCB126 exposure, which might offer a link for future mechanistic studies. Collectively, these data suggest that PCB126-induced developmental toxicity and apoptosis in the nrf2a-eGFP-injected zebrafish model are due to oxidative stress mediated by disruption to glutathione metabolism and changes in Nrf2-regulated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Xin Huang
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Ruifang Lai
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Jin Wei
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Weimin Wang
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People׳s Republic of China.
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81
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Peng T, Wang WN, Gu MM, Xie CY, Xiao YC, Liu Y, Wang L. Essential roles of Cdc42 and MAPK in cadmium-induced apoptosis in Litopenaeus vannamei. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 163:89-96. [PMID: 25863597 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium, one of the most toxic heavy metals in aquatic environments, has severe effects on marine invertebrates and fishes. The MAPK signaling pathway plays a vital role in stress responses of animals. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway plays a vital role in animals' stress responses, including mediation of apoptosis induced by the Rho GTPase Cdc42. However, there is limited knowledge about its function in shrimps, although disorders exacerbated by environmental stresses (including heavy metal pollution) have caused serious mortality in commercially cultured shrimps. Thus, we probed roles of Cdc42 in Litopenaeus vannamei shrimps (LvCdc42) during cadmium exposure by inhibiting its expression using dsRNA-mediated RNA interference. The treatment successfully reduced expression levels of MAPKs (including p38, JNK, and ERK). Cadmium exposure induced significant increases in expression levels of LvCdc42 and MAPKs, accompanied by reductions in total hemocyte counts (THC) and increases in apoptotic hemocyte ratios and ROS production. However, all of these responses were much weaker in LvCdc42-suppressed shrimps, in which mortality rates were higher than in controls. Our results suggest that the MAPK pathway plays a vital role in shrimps' responses to Cd(2+). They also indicate that LvCdc42 in shrimps participates in its regulation, and thus plays key roles in ROS production, regulation of apoptosis and associated stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Peng
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Wei-Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China.
| | - Mei-Mei Gu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Chen-Ying Xie
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Yu-Chao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
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Madejczyk MS, Baer CE, Dennis WE, Minarchick VC, Leonard SS, Jackson DA, Stallings JD, Lewis JA. Temporal changes in rat liver gene expression after acute cadmium and chromium exposure. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127327. [PMID: 25993096 PMCID: PMC4437902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
U.S. Service Members and civilians are at risk of exposure to a variety of environmental health hazards throughout their normal duty activities and in industrial occupations. Metals are widely used in large quantities in a number of industrial processes and are a common environmental toxicant, which increases the possibility of being exposed at toxic levels. While metal toxicity has been widely studied, the exact mechanisms of toxicity remain unclear. In order to further elucidate these mechanisms and identify candidate biomarkers, rats were exposed via a single intraperitoneal injection to three concentrations of CdCl2 and Na2Cr2O7, with livers harvested at 1, 3, or 7 days after exposure. Cd and Cr accumulated in the liver at 1 day post exposure. Cd levels remained elevated over the length of the experiment, while Cr levels declined. Metal exposures induced ROS, including hydroxyl radical (•OH), resulting in DNA strand breaks and lipid peroxidation. Interestingly, ROS and cellular damage appeared to increase with time post-exposure in both metals, despite declines in Cr levels. Differentially expressed genes were identified via microarray analysis. Both metals perturbed gene expression in pathways related to oxidative stress, metabolism, DNA damage, cell cycle, and inflammatory response. This work provides insight into the temporal effects and mechanistic pathways involved in acute metal intoxication, leading to the identification of candidate biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Madejczyk
- ORISE Postdoctoral Fellow at the US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | | | - William E. Dennis
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Valerie C. Minarchick
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Stephen S. Leonard
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - David A. Jackson
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D. Stallings
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - John A. Lewis
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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83
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Amamou F, Nemmiche S, Meziane RK, Didi A, Yazit SM, Chabane-Sari D. Protective effect of olive oil and colocynth oil against cadmium-induced oxidative stress in the liver of Wistar rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 78:177-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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84
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Ma JQ, Ding J, Zhang L, Liu CM. Protective effects of ursolic acid in an experimental model of liver fibrosis through Nrf2/ARE pathway. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2015; 39:188-97. [PMID: 25459994 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM Liver fibrosis is a reversible wound-healing response that occurs following liver injury. In this study, we aimed to investigate the possible protective effects of ursolic acid in liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). METHODS ICR mice were randomly divided into six groups (Group 1: normal; Group 2: CCl4-treated group; Group 3: CCl4 plus ursolic acid 25mg/kg group; Group 4: CCl4 plus ursolic acid 50mg/kg group; Group 5: CCl4 plus colchicine 1mg/kg group; Group 6: ursolic acid 50mg/kg group). Mice were administered with CCl4 (2 mL of CCl4 in olive oil (1:1, v/v) per kg body weight twice weekly) by intraperitoneal injection and oral injection of colchicine (1mg/kg) or ursolic acid (25, 50mg/kg) daily. After six weeks, serum aminotransferase activity, hepatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), antioxidase (SOD, CAT, GPx) activity and histopathological analysis were performed. The levels of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), Bcl-2 and caspase-3 were measured. RESULTS Ursolic acid significantly prevented CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity and fibrosis, indicated by both diagnostic indicators and histopathological analysis. CCl4-induced profound elevations of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in liver were suppressed by ursolic acid. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that ursolic acid has the hepatoprotective actions. The inhibition of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis, inflammation and apoptosis by ursolic acid is due at least in part to its ability to modulate the Nrf2/ARE signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Qiong Ma
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, No. 180, Huixing Road, 643000 Zigong City, Sichuan Province, PR China.
| | - Jie Ding
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, No. 180, Huixing Road, 643000 Zigong City, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, No. 180, Huixing Road, 643000 Zigong City, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Chan-Min Liu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No.101, Shanghai Road, Tangshan New Area, 221116 Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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85
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Matović V, Buha A, Ðukić-Ćosić D, Bulat Z. Insight into the oxidative stress induced by lead and/or cadmium in blood, liver and kidneys. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 78:130-40. [PMID: 25681546 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Besides being important occupational hazards, lead and cadmium are nowadays metals of great environmental concern. Both metals, without any physiological functions, can induce serious adverse health effects in various organs and tissues. Although Pb and Cd are non-redox metals, one of the important mechanisms underlying their toxicity is oxidative stress induction as a result of the generation of reactive species and/or depletion of the antioxidant defense system. Considering that the co-exposure to both metals is a much more realistic scenario, the effects of these metals on oxidative status when simultaneously present in the organism have become one of the contemporary issues in toxicology. This paper reviews short and long term studies conducted on Pb or Cd-induced oxidative stress in blood, liver and kidneys as the most prominent target organs of the toxicity of these metals and proposes the possible molecular mechanisms of the observed effects. The review is also focused on the results obtained for the effects of the combined treatment with Pb and Cd on oxidative status in target organs and on the mechanisms of their possible interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Matović
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Aleksandra Buha
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Ðukić-Ćosić
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorica Bulat
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Jin J, Xiong T, Hou X, Sun X, Liao J, Huang Z, Huang M, Zhao Z. Role of Nrf2 activation and NF-κB inhibition in valproic acid induced hepatotoxicity and in diammonium glycyrrhizinate induced protection in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 73:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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87
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Protection against phalloidin-induced liver injury by oleanolic acid involves Nrf2 activation and suppression of Oatp1b2. Toxicol Lett 2014; 232:326-32. [PMID: 25280775 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study utilized pharmacological activation of Nrf2 with oleanolic acid (OA, 22.5mg/kg, sc for 4 days) and the genetic alteration of Nrf2 (Nrf2-null, wild-type, and Keap1-HKO mice) to examine the role of Nrf2 in protection against phalloidin hepatotoxicity. Mice were given phalloidin (1.5mg/kg, ip for 8h) to examine liver injury and the expression of toxicity-related genes. Phalloidin increased serum enzyme activities and caused extensive hepatic hemorrhage and necrosis in Nrf2-null and wild-type mice, but less injury was seen in Keap1-HKO mice and OA-pretreated mice. Phalloidin increased the expression of neutrophil-specific chemokine mKC and MIP-2 in Nrf2-null and WT mice, but such increases were attenuated in Keap1-HKO and OA-pretreated mice. Phalloidin increased, while Nrf2 activation attenuated, the expression of genes involved in acute-phase response (Ho-1) and DNA-damage response genes (Gadd45 and Chop10). Phalloidin is taken up by hepatocytes through Oatp1b2, but there was no difference in basal and phalloidin-induced Oatp1b2 expression among Nrf2-null, wild-type, and Keap1-HKO mice. In contrast, OA decreased phalloidin-induced Oatp1b2. Phalloidin activated MAPK signaling (p-JNK), which was attenuated by activation of Nrf2. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that protection against phalloidin hepatotoxicity by OA involves activation of Nrf2 and suppression of Oatp1b2.
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Wu Q, Zhang D, Tao N, Zhu QN, Jin T, Shi JS, Liu J. Induction of Nrf2 and metallothionein as a common mechanism of hepatoprotective medicinal herbs. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2014; 42:207-21. [PMID: 24467545 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x14500141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Many Chinese medicines have the potential to be hepatoprotective and therefore can be used to treat acute and chronic liver diseases. The challenge is to identify the molecular target for their protective mechanism. This study investigated the induction of nuclear factor-erythroid 2(NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant genes and metallothionein as a common mechanism of hepatoprotective effects of Chinese medicines such as Piper puberulum. Mice were pretreated with Piper puberulum extract (PPE, 500 mg/kg, po) or vehicles for seven days, followed by intoxication with CCl 4 (25 μl/kg, ip for 16 h), D-galactosamine (800 mg/kg, ip for 8 h), or acetaminophen (400 mg/kg, ip for 8 h). Hepatotoprotection was evaluated by serum enzyme activities and histopathology. To determine the mechanism of protection, mice were given PPE (250-1000 mg/kg, po for seven days) and livers were collected to quantify the expression of Nrf2-targeted genes and metallothionein. Nrf2-null mice were also used to determine the role of Nrf2 in PPE-mediated hepatoprotection.PPE pretreatment protected against the hepatotoxicity produced by CCl 4, D-galactosamine, and acetaminophen, as evidenced by decreased serum enzyme activities and ameliorated liver lesions. PPE treatment increased the expression of hepatic Nrf2, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase1 (Nqo1), heme oxygenase-1 (Ho-1), glutamate-cysteine ligases (Gclc), and metallothionein (MT), at both transcripts and protein levels. PPE protected wild-type mice from CCl 4 and acetaminophen hepatotoxicity, but not Nrf2-null mice, fortifying the Nrf2-dependent protection. In conclusion, induction of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathways and metallothionein appears to be a common mechanism for hepatoprotective herbs such as PPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi 563003, P. R. China
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Role of sulfiredoxin in systemic diseases influenced by oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2014; 2:1023-8. [PMID: 25460739 PMCID: PMC4215520 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfiredoxin is a recently discovered member of the oxidoreductases family which plays a crucial role in thiol homoeostasis when under oxidative stress. A myriad of systemic disorders have oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species as the key components in their etiopathogenesis. Recent studies have evaluated the role of this enzyme in oxidative stress mediated diseases such as atherosclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a wide array of carcinomas. Its action is responsible for the normal functioning of cells under oxidative stress and the promotion of cell survival in cancerous cells. This review will highlight the cumulative effects of sulfiredoxin in various systemic disorders with a strong emphasis on its target activity and the factors influencing its expression in such conditions.
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90
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Ding K, Wang H, Xu J, Li T, Zhang L, Ding Y, Zhu L, He J, Zhou M. Melatonin stimulates antioxidant enzymes and reduces oxidative stress in experimental traumatic brain injury: the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway as a potential mechanism. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 73:1-11. [PMID: 24810171 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential involvement of melatonin in the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and antioxidant-responsive element (Nrf2-ARE) signaling pathway and the modulation of antioxidant enzyme activity in an experimental model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). In experiment 1, ICR mice were divided into four groups: sham group, TBI group, TBI + vehicle group, and TBI + melatonin group (n = 38 per group). Melatonin (10mg/kg) was administered via an intraperitoneal (ip) injection at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4h post-TBI. In experiment 2, Nrf2 wild-type (Nrf2(+/+) group) and Nrf2-knockout (Nrf2(-/-) group) mice received a TBI insult followed by melatonin administration (10mg/kg, ip) at the corresponding time points (n = 35 per group). The administration of melatonin after TBI significantly ameliorated the effects of the brain injury, such as oxidative stress, brain edema, and cortical neuronal degeneration. Melatonin markedly promoted the translocation of Nrf2 protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus; increased the expression of Nrf2-ARE pathway-related downstream factors, including heme oxygenase-1 and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1; and prevented the decline of antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Furthermore, knockout of Nrf2 partly reversed the neuroprotection of melatonin after TBI. In conclusion, melatonin administration may increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes and attenuate brain injury in a TBI model, potentially via mediation of the Nrf2-ARE pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Handong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jin He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mengliang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
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91
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Zheng J, Piao MJ, Kim KC, Yao CW, Cha JW, Hyun JW. Fucoxanthin enhances the level of reduced glutathione via the Nrf2-mediated pathway in human keratinocytes. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:4214-30. [PMID: 25028796 PMCID: PMC4113824 DOI: 10.3390/md12074214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoxanthin, a natural carotenoid, is abundant in seaweed with antioxidant properties. This study investigated the role of fucoxanthin in the induction of antioxidant enzymes involved in the synthesis of reduced glutathione (GSH), synthesized by glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) and glutathione synthetase (GSS), via Akt/nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related (Nrf2) pathway in human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and elucidated the underlying mechanism. Fucoxanthin treatment increased the mRNA and protein levels of GCLC and GSS in HaCaT cells. In addition, fucoxanthin treatment promoted the nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of Nrf2, a transcription factor for the genes encoding GCLC and GSS. Chromatin immune-precipitation and luciferase reporter gene assays revealed that fucoxanthin treatment increased the binding of Nrf2 to the antioxidant response element (ARE) sequence and transcriptional activity of Nrf2. Fucoxanthin treatment increased phosphorylation of Akt (active form), an up-regulator of Nrf2 and exposure to LY294002, a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt inhibitor, suppressed the fucoxanthin-induced activation of Akt, Nrf2, resulting in decreased GCLC and GSS expression. In accordance with the effects on GCLC and GSS expression, fucoxanthin induced the level of GSH. In addition, fucoxanthin treatment recovered the level of GSH reduced by ultraviolet B irradiation. Taken together, these findings suggest that fucoxanthin treatment augments cellular antioxidant defense by inducing Nrf2-driven expression of enzymes involved in GSH synthesis via PI3K/Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zheng
- School of Medicine and Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea.
| | - Mei Jing Piao
- School of Medicine and Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea.
| | - Ki Cheon Kim
- School of Medicine and Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea.
| | - Cheng Wen Yao
- School of Medicine and Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea.
| | - Ji Won Cha
- School of Medicine and Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea.
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- School of Medicine and Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea.
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92
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Egner PA, Chen JG, Zarth AT, Ng DK, Wang JB, Kensler KH, Jacobson LP, Muñoz A, Johnson JL, Groopman JD, Fahey JW, Talalay P, Zhu J, Chen TY, Qian GS, Carmella SG, Hecht SS, Kensler TW. Rapid and sustainable detoxication of airborne pollutants by broccoli sprout beverage: results of a randomized clinical trial in China. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:813-823. [PMID: 24913818 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Broccoli sprouts are a convenient and rich source of the glucosinolate, glucoraphanin, which can generate the chemopreventive agent, sulforaphane, an inducer of glutathione S-transferases (GST) and other cytoprotective enzymes. A broccoli sprout-derived beverage providing daily doses of 600 μmol glucoraphanin and 40 μmol sulforaphane was evaluated for magnitude and duration of pharmacodynamic action in a 12-week randomized clinical trial. Two hundred and ninety-one study participants were recruited from the rural He-He Township, Qidong, in the Yangtze River delta region of China, an area characterized by exposures to substantial levels of airborne pollutants. Exposure to air pollution has been associated with lung cancer and cardiopulmonary diseases. Urinary excretion of the mercapturic acids of the pollutants, benzene, acrolein, and crotonaldehyde, were measured before and during the intervention using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid and sustained, statistically significant (P ≤ 0.01) increases in the levels of excretion of the glutathione-derived conjugates of benzene (61%), acrolein (23%), but not crotonaldehyde, were found in those receiving broccoli sprout beverage compared with placebo. Excretion of the benzene-derived mercapturic acid was higher in participants who were GSTT1-positive than in the null genotype, irrespective of study arm assignment. Measures of sulforaphane metabolites in urine indicated that bioavailability did not decline over the 12-week daily dosing period. Thus, intervention with broccoli sprouts enhances the detoxication of some airborne pollutants and may provide a frugal means to attenuate their associated long-term health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Egner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Jian-Guo Chen
- Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, Qidong, Jiangsu, 226200 China
| | - Adam T Zarth
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Derek K Ng
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Jin-Bing Wang
- Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, Qidong, Jiangsu, 226200 China
| | - Kevin H Kensler
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Lisa P Jacobson
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Alvaro Muñoz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Jamie L Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - John D Groopman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Jed W Fahey
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Paul Talalay
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Jian Zhu
- Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, Qidong, Jiangsu, 226200 China
| | - Tao-Yang Chen
- Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, Qidong, Jiangsu, 226200 China
| | - Geng-Sun Qian
- Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, Qidong, Jiangsu, 226200 China
| | - Steven G Carmella
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Thomas W Kensler
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
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93
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Qu Q, Liu J, Zhou HH, Klaassen CD. Nrf2 protects against furosemide-induced hepatotoxicity. Toxicology 2014; 324:35-42. [PMID: 24813929 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Furosemide is a diuretic drug, but its reactive intermediates lead to acute liver injury in mice. Given the essential role of Nrf2 as a cellular defense regulator, we investigated whether Nrf2 would protect against furosemide-induced liver injury using the Nrf2 "gene-dose response" mouse model (Nrf2-null with Nrf2 knock-out, wild-type with normal expression of Nrf2, Keap1-KD with enhanced Nrf2 activation and Keap1-HKO mice with maximum Nrf2 activation). Twenty-four hours after furosemide administration (250mg/kg, i.p.), serum ALT activities and histopathological analysis indicated severe hepatotoxicity in Nrf2-null and WT mice, but significantly less in the Nrf2-overexpressing Keap1-KD and Keap1-HKO mice. Furosemide increased the mRNA of genes involved in the acute phase response (hemeoxygenase-1 and metallothionein-1), ER stress (C/Ebp-homologous protein and Growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein), inflammatory cytokine (interleukin 1 beta), chemokines (macrophage inflammatory protein 2 and mouse keratinocyte-derived chemokine), as well as apoptosis (early growth response factor and BCL2-associated X protein) in livers of Nrf2-null and wild-type mice, but these genes increased less in mice with more Nrf2. The two genotypes of over-expressed Nrf2 mice had increased expression of the Nrf2 target genes Gclm, Gclc and Nqo1 prior to furosemide administration, and the expressions of these genes were increased further after furosemide administration. Thus, our findings provide strong evidence that over-expression of Nrf2 in Keap1-KD and Keap1-HKO mice and the increases in mRNA of a number of genes involved in anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, anti-ER stress and anti-apoptosis protect against furosemide-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66101, USA; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jie Liu
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66101, USA
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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94
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García-Niño WR, Pedraza-Chaverrí J. Protective effect of curcumin against heavy metals-induced liver damage. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 69:182-201. [PMID: 24751969 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Occupational or environmental exposures to heavy metals produce several adverse health effects. The common mechanism determining their toxicity and carcinogenicity is the generation of oxidative stress that leads to hepatic damage. In addition, oxidative stress induced by metal exposure leads to the activation of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/antioxidant response elements (Nrf2/Keap1/ARE) pathway. Since antioxidant and chelating agents are generally used for the treatment of heavy metals poisoning, this review is focused on the protective role of curcumin against liver injury induced by heavy metals. Curcumin has shown, in clinical and preclinical studies, numerous biological activities including therapeutic efficacy against various human diseases and anti-hepatotoxic effects against environmental or occupational toxins. Curcumin reduces the hepatotoxicity induced by arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and mercury, prevents histological injury, lipid peroxidation and glutathione (GSH) depletion, maintains the liver antioxidant enzyme status and protects against mitochondrial dysfunction. The preventive effect of curcumin on the noxious effects induced by heavy metals has been attributed to its scavenging and chelating properties, and/or to the ability to induce the Nrf2/Keap1/ARE pathway. However, additional research is needed in order to propose curcumin as a potential protective agent against liver damage induced by heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wylly Ramsés García-Niño
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), University City, 04510 D.F., Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverrí
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), University City, 04510 D.F., Mexico.
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95
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Lu YF, Liu J, Wu KC, Qu Q, Fan F, Klaassen CD. Overexpression of Nrf2 protects against microcystin-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93013. [PMID: 24667526 PMCID: PMC3965536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and glutathione (GSH) depletion are implicated in mycocystin hepatotoxicity. To investigate the role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in microcystin-induced liver injury, Nrf2-null, wild-type, and Keap1-hepatocyte knockout (Keap1-HKO) mice were treated with microcystin (50 μg/kg, i.p.). Blood and liver samples were collected 8 h thereafter. Microcystin increased serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities, and caused extensive inflammation and necrosis in Nrf2-null and wild-type mice, but not in Keap1-HKO mice. Oxidative stress and inflammation are implicated in microcystin-induced hepatotoxicity, as evidenced by increased lipid peroxidation and increased expression of pro-inflammatory genes, such as neutrophil-specific chemokines mKC and MIP-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6. The increased expression of these pro-inflammatory genes was attenuated in Keap1-HKO mice. Nrf2 and Nqo1 mRNA and protein were higher in Keap1-HKO mice at constitutive levels and after microcystin. To further investigate the mechanism of the protection, hepatic GSH and the mRNA of GSH-related enzymes were determined. Microcystin markedly depleted liver GSH by 60–70% in Nrf2 and WT mice but only 35% in Keap1-HKO mice. The mRNAs of GSH conjugation and peroxide reduction enzymes, such as Gstα1, Gstα4, Gstμ, and Gpx2 were higher in livers of Keap1-HKO mice, together with higher expression of the rate-limiting enzyme for GSH synthesis (Gclc). Organic anion transport polypeptides were increased by microcystin with the most increase in Keap1-HKO mice. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that higher basal levels of Nrf2 and GSH-related genes in Keap1-HKO mice prevented microcystin-induced oxidative stress and liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Fu Lu
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Jie Liu
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Kai Connie Wu
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Qiang Qu
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Fang Fan
- Cytopathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Curtis D. Klaassen
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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96
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Guerrero-Castilla A, Olivero-Verbel J, Marrugo-Negrete J. Heavy metals in wild house mice from coal-mining areas of Colombia and expression of genes related to oxidative stress, DNA damage and exposure to metals. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 762:24-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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97
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Zhou R, Lin J, Wu D. Sulforaphane induces Nrf2 and protects against CYP2E1-dependent binge alcohol-induced liver steatosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1840:209-18. [PMID: 24060752 PMCID: PMC3859691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism(s) by which alcohol causes cell injury are still not clear but a major mechanism appears to be the role of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in alcohol toxicity. CYP2E1-generated ROS contributes to the ethanol-induced oxidant stress and inhibition of CYP2E1 activity decreases ethanol-induced fatty liver. The transcription factor Nrf2 regulates the expression of many cytoprotective enzymes which results in cellular protection against a variety of toxins. METHOD The current study was designed to evaluate the ability of sulforaphane, an activator of Nrf2, to blunt CYP2E1-dependent, ethanol-induced steatosis in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS The sulforaphane treatment activated Nrf2, increased levels of the Nrf2 target heme oxygenase-1 and subsequently lowered oxidant stress as shown by the decline in lipid peroxidation and 3-nitrotyrosine protein adducts and an increase in GSH levels after the acute ethanol treatment. It decreased ethanol-elevated liver levels of triglycerides and cholesterol and Oil Red O staining. Similar results were found in vitro as addition of sulforaphane to HepG2 E47 cells, which express CYP2E1, elevated Nrf2 levels and decreased the accumulation of lipid in cells cultured with ethanol. Sulforaphane treatment had no effect on levels of or activity of CYP2E1. CONCLUSIONS Sulforaphane proved to be an effective in vivo inhibitor of acute ethanol-induced fatty liver in mice. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The possible amelioration of liver injury which occurs under these conditions by chemical activators of Nrf2 is of clinical relevance and worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Zhou
- Depetment of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Jianjun Lin
- Liver Disease Center, Xiamen Chinese Medicine Hospital, Fujian Chinese Medicine University, Xiamen, China
| | - Defeng Wu
- Depetment of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
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98
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Pérez Díaz MFF, Acosta M, Mohamed FH, Ferramola ML, Oliveros LB, Gimenez MS. Protective effect of soybeans as protein source in the diet against cadmium-aorta redox and morphological alteration. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:806-15. [PMID: 23916567 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of cadmium exposition on thoracic aorta redox status and morphology, and the putative protective effect of soybeans in the diet. Male Wistar rats were separated into 6 groups: 3 fed with a diet containing casein and 3 containing soybeans, as protein source. Within each protein group, one was given tap water (control) and the other two tap water containing 15 and 100 ppm of Cd(2+), respectively, for two months. In rats fed with casein diet, 15 ppm of Cd induced an increase of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), and of the catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, which were even higher with 100 ppm of Cd(2+), in aorta. Also, 100 ppm Cd(2+) exposure increased superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) activity; CAT, GPX, SOD, Nrf2 and metallothioneine II mRNA expressions and CAT, GPx and NOX-2 protein levels, compared with control. Aorta endothelial and cytoplasmic alterations were observed. However, with the soybeans diet, 15 and 100 ppm of Cd(2+) did not modify TBARS levels; CAT, GPX and Nrf2 mRNA expressions; CAT, GPx and NOX-2 protein; and the aorta morphology, compared with control. The soybean diet attenuates the redox changes and protects against morphological alterations induced, in a dose-dependent way, by Cd in aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías F F Pérez Díaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, Argentina; IMIBIO-San Luis CONICET, Argentina
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Cadmium and cellular signaling cascades: interactions between cell death and survival pathways. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1743-86. [PMID: 23982889 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellular stress elicited by the toxic metal Cd(2+) does not coerce the cell into committing to die from the onset. Rather, detoxification and adaptive processes are triggered concurrently, allowing survival until normal function is restored. With high Cd(2+), death pathways predominate. However, if sublethal stress levels affect cells for prolonged periods, as in chronic low Cd(2+) exposure, adaptive and survival mechanisms may deregulate, such that tumorigenesis ensues. Hence, death and malignancy are the two ends of a continuum of cellular responses to Cd(2+), determined by magnitude and duration of Cd(2+) stress. Signaling cascades are the key factors affecting cellular reactions to Cd(2+). This review critically surveys recent literature to outline major features of death and survival signaling pathways as well as their activation, interactions and cross talk in cells exposed to Cd(2+). Under physiological conditions, receptor activation generates 2nd messengers, which are short-lived and act specifically on effectors through their spatial and temporal dynamics to transiently alter effector activity. Cd(2+) recruits physiological 2nd messenger systems, in particular Ca(2+) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which control key Ca(2+)- and redox-sensitive molecular switches dictating cell function and fate. Severe ROS/Ca(2+) signals activate cell death effectors (ceramides, ASK1-JNK/p38, calpains, caspases) and/or cause irreversible damage to vital organelles, such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), whereas low localized ROS/Ca(2+) levels act as 2nd messengers promoting cellular adaptation and survival through signal transduction (ERK1/2, PI3K/Akt-PKB) and transcriptional regulators (Ref1-Nrf2, NF-κB, Wnt, AP-1, bestrophin-3). Other cellular proteins and processes targeted by ROS/Ca(2+) (metallothioneins, Bcl-2 proteins, ubiquitin-proteasome system, ER stress-associated unfolded protein response, autophagy, cell cycle) can evoke death or survival. Hence, temporary or permanent disruptions of ROS/Ca(2+) induced by Cd(2+) play a crucial role in eliciting, modulating and linking downstream cell death and adaptive and survival signaling cascades.
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Liu J, Lu YF, Zhang Y, Wu KC, Fan F, Klaassen CD. Oleanolic acid alters bile acid metabolism and produces cholestatic liver injury in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:816-24. [PMID: 23948738 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA) is a triterpenoids that exists widely in plants. OA is effective in protecting against hepatotoxicants. Whereas a low dose of OA is hepatoprotective, higher doses and longer-term use of OA produce liver injury. This study characterized OA-induced liver injury in mice. Adult C57BL/6 mice were given OA at doses of 0, 22.5, 45, 90, and 135 mg/kg, s.c., daily for 5 days, and liver injury was observed at doses of 90 mg/kg and above, as evidenced by increases in serum activities of alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase, increases in serum total bilirubin, as well as by liver histopathology. OA-induced cholestatic liver injury was further evidenced by marked increases of both unconjugated and conjugated bile acids (BAs) in serum. Gene and protein expression analysis suggested that livers of OA-treated mice had adaptive responses to prevent BA accumulation by suppressing BA biosynthetic enzyme genes (Cyp7a1, 8b1, 27a1, and 7b1); lowering BA uptake transporters (Ntcp and Oatp1b2); and increasing a BA efflux transporter (Ostβ). OA increased the expression of Nrf2 and its target gene, Nqo1, but decreased the expression of AhR, CAR and PPARα along with their target genes, Cyp1a2, Cyp2b10 and Cyp4a10. OA had minimal effects on PXR and Cyp3a11. Taken together, the present study characterized OA-induced liver injury, which is associated with altered BA homeostasis, and alerts its toxicity potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi 563003, China.
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