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Qi X, Yang M, Stenberg J, Dey R, Fogwe L, Alam MS, Kimchi ET, Staveley-O'Carroll KF, Li G. Gut microbiota mediated molecular events and therapy in liver diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:7603-7618. [PMID: 33505139 PMCID: PMC7789060 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i48.7603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota is a community of microorganisms that reside in the gastrointestinal tract. An increasing number of studies has demonstrated that the gut-liver axis plays a critical role in liver homeostasis. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota can cause liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease. Preclinical and clinical investigations have substantiated that the metabolites and other molecules derived from gut microbiota and diet interaction function as mediators to cause liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and final cancer. This effect has been demonstrated to be associated with dysregulation of intrahepatic immunity and liver metabolism. Targeting these findings have led to the development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies. Here, we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying gut microbiota-mediated impact on liver disease. We also summarize the advancement of gut microbiota-based therapeutic strategies in the control of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Qi
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
- VA Hospital, Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, United States
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
- VA Hospital, Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, United States
| | - Joseph Stenberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | - Rahul Dey
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | - Leslie Fogwe
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | | | - Eric T Kimchi
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
- VA Hospital, Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, United States
| | - Kevin F Staveley-O'Carroll
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
- VA Hospital, Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, United States
| | - Guangfu Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
- VA Hospital, Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
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Song S, Liu J, Zhang F, Hong JS. Norepinephrine depleting toxin DSP-4 and LPS alter gut microbiota and induce neurotoxicity in α-synuclein mutant mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15054. [PMID: 32929122 PMCID: PMC7490385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the genetic mutation and toxicant exposure in producing gut microbiota alteration and neurotoxicity. Homozygous α-synuclein mutant (SNCA) mice that overexpress human A53T protein and littermate wild-type mice received a single injection of LPS (2 mg/kg) or a selective norepinephrine depleting toxin DSP-4 (50 mg/kg), then the motor activity, dopaminergic neuron loss, colon gene expression and gut microbiome were examined 13 months later. LPS and DSP-4 decreased rotarod and wirehang activity, reduced dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), and SNCA mice were more vulnerable. SNCA mice had 1,000-fold higher human SNCA mRNA expression in the gut, and twofold higher gut expression of NADPH oxidase (NOX2) and translocator protein (TSPO). LPS further increased expression of TSPO and IL-6 in SNCA mice. Both LPS and DSP-4 caused microbiome alterations, and SNCA mice were more susceptible. The altered colon microbiome approximated clinical findings in PD patients, characterized by increased abundance of Verrucomicrobiaceae, and decreased abundance of Prevotellaceae, as evidenced by qPCR with 16S rRNA primers. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was increased by LPS in SNCA mice. This study demonstrated a critical role of α-synuclein and toxins interactions in producing gut microbiota disruption, aberrant gut pro-inflammatory gene expression, and dopaminergic neuron loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Song
- Neuropharmacology Section, Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Neuropharmacology Section, Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA. .,Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neuropharmacology Section, Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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Zhao L, Yang W, Chen Y, Huang F, Lu L, Lin C, Huang T, Ning Z, Zhai L, Zhong LL, Lam W, Yang Z, Zhang X, Cheng C, Han L, Qiu Q, Shang X, Huang R, Xiao H, Ren Z, Chen D, Sun S, El-Nezami H, Cai Z, Lu A, Fang X, Jia W, Bian Z. A Clostridia-rich microbiota enhances bile acid excretion in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:438-450. [PMID: 31815740 PMCID: PMC6934182 DOI: 10.1172/jci130976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An excess of fecal bile acids (BAs) is thought to be one of the mechanisms for diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D). However, the factors causing excessive BA excretion remain incompletely studied. Given the importance of gut microbiota in BA metabolism, we hypothesized that gut dysbiosis might contribute to excessive BA excretion in IBS-D. By performing BA-related metabolic and metagenomic analyses in 290 IBS-D patients and 89 healthy volunteers, we found that 24.5% of IBS-D patients exhibited excessive excretion of total BAs and alteration of BA-transforming bacteria in feces. Notably, the increase in Clostridia bacteria (e.g., C. scindens) was positively associated with the levels of fecal BAs and serum 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4), but negatively correlated with serum fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) concentration. Furthermore, colonization with Clostridia-rich IBS-D fecal microbiota or C. scindens individually enhanced serum C4 and hepatic conjugated BAs but reduced ileal FGF19 expression in mice. Inhibition of Clostridium species with vancomycin yielded opposite results. Clostridia-derived BAs suppressed the intestinal FGF19 expression in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the Clostridia-rich microbiota contributes to excessive BA excretion in IBS-D patients, which provides a mechanistic hypothesis with testable clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhao
- Institute of Brain and Gut Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Institute of Brain and Gut Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yang Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengjie Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus and Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Institute of Brain and Gut Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chengyuan Lin
- Institute of Brain and Gut Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Institute of Brain and Gut Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ziwan Ning
- Institute of Brain and Gut Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lixiang Zhai
- Institute of Brain and Gut Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Linda Ld Zhong
- Chinese Medicine Clinical Study Center, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Waiching Lam
- Chinese Medicine Clinical Study Center, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Chinese Medicine Clinical Study Center, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Chinese Medicine Clinical Study Center, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chungwah Cheng
- Chinese Medicine Clinical Study Center, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lijuan Han
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinwei Qiu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Shang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Runyue Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haitao Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenxing Ren
- College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Silong Sun
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hani El-Nezami
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- School of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- Chinese Medicine Clinical Study Center, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaodong Fang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus and Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Hawaii, USA
| | - Zhaoxiang Bian
- Institute of Brain and Gut Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Chinese Medicine Clinical Study Center, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Increasing the Hindgut Carbohydrate/Protein Ratio by Cecal Infusion of Corn Starch or Casein Hydrolysate Drives Gut Microbiota-Related Bile Acid Metabolism To Stimulate Colonic Barrier Function. mSystems 2020; 5:5/3/e00176-20. [PMID: 32487741 PMCID: PMC8534727 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00176-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary high protein and low carbohydrate levels compromise colonic microbiota and bile acid metabolism, which underlies a detrimental gut environment. However, it remains unclear if the diet-induced changes in colonic health are due to a change in hindgut nutrient availability and what key intermediates link the microbe-epithelium dialogue. To specifically alter the hindgut nutrient substrate availability, here we used a cecally cannulated pig model to infuse corn starch and casein hydrolysate directly into the cecum to generate a stepwise change of carbohydrate/nitrogenous compound (C/N) ratio. Pigs were cecally infused daily with either saline (Control), corn starch (Starch), or casein hydrolysate (Casein) (n = 8 per group), respectively, for 19 days. After infusion, C/N ratios in colonic digesta were 16.33, 12.56, and 8.54 for the starch, control, and casein groups, respectively (P < 0.05). Relative to the control group, casein infusion showed greater abundance of the bacteria (Eubacterium) capable of bile acid 7α-dehydroxylation (baiJ), higher levels of expression of bacterial genes encoding the baiJ enzyme, and higher levels of secondary bile acid (deoxycholic acid [DCA] and lithocholic acid [LCA]), while the starch infusion showed the opposite effect. Correspondingly, casein infusion downregulated expression of genes encoding tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and OCLD) and upregulated expression of genes encoding epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The ratio of C/N was linearly related with the concentrations of DCA and LCA and gene expression levels of ZO-1, occludin, and EGFR. Caco-2 cell experiments further showed that DCA and LCA downregulated expression of genes involved in barrier function (ZO-1 and OCLD) and upregulated the gene expression of EGFR and Src. Inhibition of EGFR and Src could abolish DCA- and LCA-induced downregulation of ZO-1, indicating that DCA and LCA impair gut barrier function via enhancing the EGFR-Src pathway. These results suggest that the ratio of C/N in the large intestine is an important determinant of microbial metabolism and gut barrier function in the colon. The findings provide evidence that microbe-related secondary bile acid metabolism may mediate the interplay between microbes and gut barrier function. IMPORTANCE High-fiber or high-protein diets could alter gut microbiota and health in the large intestine, but factors involved in the effects remain unclear. The present study for the first time demonstrates that the starch- and casein-induced C/N ratio in the hindgut is an important factor. Using the cannulated pig model, we found that the distinct C/N ratio induced by cecal infusion of corn starch or casein hydrolysate was linearly correlated with microbial metabolites (secondary bile acids) and tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and OCLD). Cell culture study further demonstrates that the gut microbial metabolites (DCA and LCA) could impair the intestinal barrier function via the EGFR-Src pathway. These suggest that DCA and LCA were key metabolites mediating microbe-epithelium dialogue when the hindgut C/N ratios were altered by cecal infusion of corn starch or casein hydrolysate. These findings provide new insight into the impact of C/N ratio in the large intestine on colonic health and provide a new framework for therapeutic strategy in gut health through targeted manipulation of hindgut microbiota by increasing the carbohydrate level in the large intestine.
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Antibacterial Monoclonal Antibodies Do Not Disrupt the Intestinal Microbiome or Its Function. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.02347-19. [PMID: 32152087 PMCID: PMC7179586 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02347-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics revolutionized the treatment of infectious diseases; however, it is now clear that broad-spectrum antibiotics alter the composition and function of the host’s microbiome. The microbiome plays a key role in human health, and its perturbation is increasingly recognized as contributing to many human diseases. Widespread broad-spectrum antibiotic use has also resulted in the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens, spurring the development of pathogen-specific strategies such as monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to combat bacterial infection. Antibiotics revolutionized the treatment of infectious diseases; however, it is now clear that broad-spectrum antibiotics alter the composition and function of the host’s microbiome. The microbiome plays a key role in human health, and its perturbation is increasingly recognized as contributing to many human diseases. Widespread broad-spectrum antibiotic use has also resulted in the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens, spurring the development of pathogen-specific strategies such as monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to combat bacterial infection. Not only are pathogen-specific approaches not expected to induce resistance in nontargeted bacteria, but they are hypothesized to have minimal impact on the gut microbiome. Here, we compare the effects of antibiotics, pathogen-specific MAbs, and their controls (saline or control IgG [c-IgG]) on the gut microbiome of 7-week-old, female, C57BL/6 mice. The magnitude of change in taxonomic abundance, bacterial diversity, and bacterial metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and bile acids in the fecal pellets from mice treated with pathogen-specific MAbs, was no different from that with animals treated with saline or an IgG control. Conversely, dramatic changes were observed in the relative abundance, as well as alpha and beta diversity, of the fecal microbiome and bacterial metabolites in the feces of all antibiotic-treated mice. Taken together, these results indicate that pathogen-specific MAbs do not alter the fecal microbiome like broad-spectrum antibiotics and may represent a safer, more-targeted approach to antibacterial therapy.
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Liu M, Feng P, Kakade A, Yang L, Chen G, Yan X, Ni H, Liu P, Kulshreshtha S, Abomohra AEF, Li X. Reducing residual antibiotic levels in animal feces using intestinal Escherichia coli with surface-displayed erythromycin esterase. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 388:122032. [PMID: 31955024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are widely used in livestock and poultry industries, which results in large quantities of antibiotic residues in manure that influences subsequent treatments. In this study, an Escherichia coli strain was engineered to display erythromycin esterase on its cell surface. The engineered strain (E. coli ereA) efficiently degraded erythromycin by opening the macrocyclic 14-membered lactone ring in solution. Erythromycin (50 mg/L) was completely degraded in a solution by E. coli ereA (1 × 109 CFU/mL) within 24 h. E. coli ereA retained over 86.7 % of the initial enzyme activity after 40 days of storage at 25 °C, and 78.5 % of the initial activity after seven repeated batch reactions in solution at 25 °C. Mice were fed with E. coli ereA and real-time quantitative PCR data showed that E. coli ereA colonized in the mice large intestine. The mice group fed E. coli ereA exhibited 83.13 % decrease in erythromycin levels in their feces compared with the mice group not fed E. coli ereA. E. coli ereA eliminated antibiotics from the source preventing its release into the environment. The surface-engineered strain therefore is an effective alternative agent for treating recalcitrant antibiotics, and has the potential to be applied in livestock and poultry industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minrui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Pengya Feng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Apurva Kakade
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China; Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Ling Yang
- Huangshi Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Huangshi 435000, Hubei, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Huangshi Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Huangshi 435000, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Institute of Forensic Science, Department of Public Security Hunan Province, Changsha 410001, Hunan, China
| | - Hongyuhang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Pu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Saurabh Kulshreshtha
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | | | - Xiangkai Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.
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Chen C, Zhang BB, Hu AL, Li H, Liu J, Zhang F. Protective role of cinnabar and realgar in Hua-Feng-Dan against LPS plus rotenone-induced neurotoxicity and disturbance of gut microbiota in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 247:112299. [PMID: 31606537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hua-Feng-Dan (HFD) is a traditional Chinese medicine used for neurological disorders. HFD contains cinnabar (HgS) and realgar (As4S4). The ethnopharmacological basis of cinnabar and realgar in HFD is not known. AIM OF THE STUDY To address the role of cinnabar and realgar in HFD-produced neuroprotection against neurodegenerative diseases and disturbance of gut microbiota. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus rotenone (ROT)-elicited rat dopaminergic (DA) neuronal damage loss was performed as a Parkinson's disease animal model. Rats were given a single injection of LPS. Four months later, rats were challenged with the threshold dose of ROT. The clinical dose of HFD was administered via feed, starting from ROT administration for 46 days. Behavioral dysfunction was detected by rotarod and Y-maze tests. DA neuron loss and microglial activation were assessed via immunohistochemical staining and western bolt analysis. The colon content was collected to extract bacterial DNA followed by real-time PCR analysis with 16S rRNA primers. RESULTS LPS plus ROT induced neurotoxicity, as evidenced by DA neuron loss in substantia nigra, impaired behavioral functions and increased microglial activation. HFD-original (containing 10% cinnabar and 10% realgar) rescued loss of DA neurons, improved behavioral dysfunction and attenuated microglial activation. Compared with HFD-original, HFD-reduced (3% cinnabar and 3% realgar) was also effective, but to be a less extent, while HFD-removed (without cinnabar and realgar) was ineffective. In analysis of gut microbiome, the increased Verrucomicrobiaceae and Lactobacteriaceae, and the decreased Enterobacteeriaceae by LPS plus ROT were ameliorated by HFD-original, and to be the less extent by HFD-reduced. CONCLUSION Cinnabar and realgar are active ingredients in HFD to exert beneficial effects in a neurodegenerative model and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Chen
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Bin-Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - An-Ling Hu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Huan Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.
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Ahmad TR, Haeusler RA. Bile acids in glucose metabolism and insulin signalling - mechanisms and research needs. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2019; 15:701-712. [PMID: 31616073 PMCID: PMC6918475 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Of all the novel glucoregulatory molecules discovered in the past 20 years, bile acids (BAs) are notable for the fact that they were hiding in plain sight. BAs were well known for their requirement in dietary lipid absorption and biliary cholesterol secretion, due to their micelle-forming properties. However, it was not until 1999 that BAs were discovered to be endogenous ligands for the nuclear receptor FXR. Since that time, BAs have been shown to act through multiple receptors (PXR, VDR, TGR5 and S1PR2), as well as to have receptor-independent mechanisms (membrane dynamics, allosteric modulation of N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D). We now also have an appreciation of the range of physiological, pathophysiological and therapeutic conditions in which endogenous BAs are altered, raising the possibility that BAs contribute to the effects of these conditions on glycaemia. In this Review, we highlight the mechanisms by which BAs regulate glucose homeostasis and the settings in which endogenous BAs are altered, and provide suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiara R Ahmad
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca A Haeusler
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Martínez G, Diéguez SN, Fernández Paggi MB, Riccio MB, Pérez Gaudio DS, Rodríguez E, Amanto FA, Tapia MO, Soraci AL. Effect of fosfomycin, Cynara scolymus extract, deoxynivalenol and their combinations on intestinal health of weaned piglets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2019; 5:386-395. [PMID: 31890916 PMCID: PMC6920400 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Weaning is a challenging stage of pig farming. Animals undergo environmental, social and dietary changes leading to weaning stress syndrome. In order to compensate for the detrimental effects of weaning stress, antibiotics and natural extracts are used as feed additives, sometimes without fully understanding the interactions between them or even with low concentrations of mycotoxins that are frequently present in feed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fosfomycin (FOS), Cynara scolymus extract (CSE), deoxynivalenol (DON) and their combined administration on intestinal health of weaned piglets. The experiment was designed as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 3 factors (FOS, CSE and DON treatments), 2 levels each (presence and absence) and 3 repeats. Weaned piglets (n = 24) were randomly divided in groups to receive the different treatments, namely DON administered in diet (50 μg/kg BW), FOS administered into the drinking water (30 mg/kg BW), CSE administered in diet (15 mg/kg BW) and all their combinations. After 15 d, the animals were euthanized and gastrointestinal tract samples were immediately taken to evaluate gastrointestinal pH, Enterobacteriaceae to lactic acid bacteria (E:L) ratio, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, disaccharidase (lactase, sucrase and maltase) activity, histology (intestinal absorptive area [IAA] and goblet cells count) and mucus ability to adhere pathogenic Escherichia coli. From our results, FOS and CSE treatments, individually or combined, produced a lower E:L ratio, an enhanced production of butyrate, increased disaccharidase activity (particularly maltase), and a greater IAA and goblet cells count along with an increase in pathogenic bacteria adherence to intestinal mucus. Deoxynivalenol did not show interactions with the other factors and its administration produced decreases on VFA, disaccharidase activity and goblet cells count. In conclusion, weaning piglets receiving diets containing FOS, CSE or both exhibited evident beneficial intestinal effects compared to animals receiving diets free from these compounds. On the contrary, the presence of DON at sub-toxic concentrations produced detrimental effects on intestinal health. The knowledge of the physiological and pathological gut changes produced by these compounds contributes to understand their potential productive consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Martínez
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas-CONICET, Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Susana N. Diéguez
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, B1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María B. Fernández Paggi
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Área Producción Porcina, Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María B. Riccio
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Denisa S. Pérez Gaudio
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas-CONICET, Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Edgardo Rodríguez
- Área Estadística, Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabián A. Amanto
- Área Producción Porcina, Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María O. Tapia
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas-CONICET, Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Alejandro L. Soraci
- Área Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, B7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas-CONICET, Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina
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Abstract
Bile acid biotransformation is a collaborative effort by the host and the gut microbiome. Host hepatocytes synthesize primary bile acids from cholesterol. Once these host-derived primary bile acids enter the gastrointestinal tract, the gut microbiota chemically modify them into secondary bile acids. Interest into the gut-bile acid-host axis is expanding in diverse fields including gastroenterology, endocrinology, oncology, and infectious disease. This review aims to 1) describe the physiologic aspects of collaborative bile acid metabolism by the host and gut microbiota; 2) to evaluate how gut microbes influence bile acid pools, and in turn how bile acid pools modulate the gut microbial community structure; 3) to compare species differences in bile acid pools; and lastly, 4) discuss the effects of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) administration, a common therapeutic bile acid, on the gut microbiota-bile acid-host axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenessa A. Winston
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Casey M. Theriot
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA,CONTACT Casey M. Theriot Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Research Building 406, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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Guirro M, Costa A, Gual-Grau A, Herrero P, Torrell H, Canela N, Arola L. Effects from diet-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis and obesity can be ameliorated by fecal microbiota transplantation: A multiomics approach. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218143. [PMID: 31545802 PMCID: PMC6756520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its comorbidities are currently considered an epidemic, and the involved pathophysiology is well studied. Hypercaloric diets are tightly related to the obesity etiology and also cause alterations in gut microbiota functionality. Diet and antibiotics are known to play crucial roles in changes in the microbiota ecosystem and the disruption of its balance; therefore, the manipulation of gut microbiota may represent an accurate strategy to understand its relationship with obesity caused by diet. Fecal microbiota transplantation, during which fecal microbiota from a healthy donor is transplanted to an obese subject, has aroused interest as an effective approach for the treatment of obesity. To determine its success, a multiomics approach was used that combined metagenomics and metaproteomics to study microbiota composition and function. To do this, a study was performed in rats that evaluated the effect of a hypercaloric diet on the gut microbiota, and this was combined with antibiotic treatment to deplete the microbiota before fecal microbiota transplantation to verify its effects on gut microbiota-host homeostasis. Our results showed that a high-fat diet induces changes in microbiota biodiversity and alters its function in the host. Moreover, we found that antibiotics depleted the microbiota enough to reduce its bacterial content. Finally, we assessed the use of fecal microbiota transplantation as a complementary obesity therapy, and we found that it reversed the effects of antibiotics and reestablished the microbiota balance, which restored normal functioning and alleviated microbiota disruption. This new approach could be implemented to support the dietary and healthy habits recommended as a first option to maintain the homeostasis of the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Guirro
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Tarragona, Spain
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences (COS), Joint Unit Universitat Rovira i Virgili-EURECAT, Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructures (ICTS), Reus, Spain
| | - Andrea Costa
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences (COS), Joint Unit Universitat Rovira i Virgili-EURECAT, Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructures (ICTS), Reus, Spain
| | - Andreu Gual-Grau
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pol Herrero
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences (COS), Joint Unit Universitat Rovira i Virgili-EURECAT, Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructures (ICTS), Reus, Spain
| | - Helena Torrell
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences (COS), Joint Unit Universitat Rovira i Virgili-EURECAT, Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructures (ICTS), Reus, Spain
| | - Núria Canela
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences (COS), Joint Unit Universitat Rovira i Virgili-EURECAT, Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructures (ICTS), Reus, Spain
| | - Lluis Arola
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Tarragona, Spain
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Biotechnological Area, Reus, Spain
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62
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Zhang BB, Liu YM, Hu AL, Xu SF, Fan LD, Cheng ML, Li C, Wei LX, Liu J. HgS and Zuotai differ from HgCl 2 and methyl mercury in intestinal Hg absorption, transporter expression and gut microbiome in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 379:114615. [PMID: 31175882 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is generally considered as a toxic metal; yet the biological outcomes of Hg-containing compounds are highly dependent upon their chemical forms. We hypothesize that mercury sulfide (HgS) is different from HgCl2 and methylmercury (MeHg) in producing intestinal Hg absorption and disruption of gut microbiome. To test this hypothesis, mice were given orally with HgS (α-HgS, 30 mg/kg), Zuotai (β-HgS, 30 mg/kg), HgCl2 (33.6 mg/kg, equivalent Hg as HgS), or MeHg (3.1 mg/kg, 1/10 Hg as HgS) for 7 days. Accumulation of Hg in the duodenum and ileum after HgCl2 (30-40 fold) and MeHg (10-15 fold) was higher than HgS and Zuotai (~2-fold). HgCl2 and MeHg decreased intestinal intake peptide transporter-1 and Ost-β, and increased ileal bile acid binding protein and equilibrative nucleoside transporter-1. The efflux transporters ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member-4 (Abcc4), Abcg2, Abcg5/8, and Abcb1b were increased by HgCl2 and to a lesser extent by MeHg, while HgS and Zuotai had minimal effects. Bacterial DNA was extracted and subjected to 16S rDNA sequencing. Operational taxonomic unit (OTU) results showed that among the 10 phyla, HgS increased Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, while HgCl2 increased Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria and decreased Firmicutes; among the 79 families, HgS increased Rikenellaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Helicobacteraceae, and decreased Prevotellaceae, while HgCl2 increased Odoribacteraceae, Porphyromonadaceae, and decreased Lactobacillaceae; among the 232 genus/species, HgS and Zuotai affected gut microbiome quite differently from HgCl2 and MeHg. qPCR analysis with 16S rRNA confirmed sequencing results. Thus, chemical forms of mercury are a major determinant for intestinal Hg accumulation, alterations in transporters and disruption of microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Zhang
- Key Lab for Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yong-Mei Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University, No. 4 Beijing Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - An-Ling Hu
- Key Lab for Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Shang-Fu Xu
- Key Lab for Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Li-Da Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University, No. 4 Beijing Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - Ming-Liang Cheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University, No. 4 Beijing Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - Cen Li
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
| | - Li-Xin Wei
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Lab for Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi 563000, China.
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63
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Abstract
Bile acids have important roles in the regulation of lipid, glucose and energy metabolism. Metabolic diseases linked to obesity, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, are associated with dysregulation of bile acid homeostasis. Here, the basic chemistry and regulation of bile acids as well as their metabolic effects will be reviewed. Changes in circulating bile acids associated with obesity and related diseases will be reviewed. Finally, pharmaceutical manipulation of bile acid homeostasis as therapy for metabolic diseases will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Rose McGlone
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
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64
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Khan TJ, Hasan MN, Azhar EI, Yasir M. Association of gut dysbiosis with intestinal metabolites in response to antibiotic treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humic.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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65
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Garnier M, Gallah S, Vimont S, Benzerara Y, Labbe V, Constant AL, Siami S, Guerot E, Compain F, Mainardi JL, Montil M, Quesnel C. Multicentre randomised controlled trial to investigate usefulness of the rapid diagnostic βLACTA test performed directly on bacterial cell pellets from respiratory, urinary or blood samples for the early de-escalation of carbapenems in septic intensive care unit patients: the BLUE-CarbA protocol. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e024561. [PMID: 30782909 PMCID: PMC6367973 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The dramatic increase of the incidence of infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) has led to an increase of 50% of carbapenem consumption all around Europe in only 5 years. This favours the spread of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (GNB), causing life-threatening infections. In order to limit use of carbapenems for infections actually due to ESBL-PE, health authorities promote the use of rapid diagnostic tests of bacterial resistance. The objective of this work conducted in the intensive care unit (ICU) is to determine whether an early de-escalation of empirical carbapenems guided by the result of the βLACTA test is not inferior to the reference strategy of de-escalating carbapenems after the antibiogram result has been rendered. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This multicentre randomised controlled open-label non-inferiority clinical trial will include patients suffering from respiratory and/or urinary and/or bloodstream infections documented with GNB on direct examination and empirically treated with carbapenems. Empirical carbapenems will be adapted before the second dose depending on the results of the βLACTA test performed directly on the microbiological sample (intervention group) or after 48-72 hours depending on the definite antibiogram (control group). The primary outcome will combine 90-day mortality and percentage of infection recurrence during the ICU stay. The secondary outcomes will include the number of carbapenems defined daily doses and carbapenem-free days after inclusion, the proportion of new infections during ICU stay, new colonisation of patients' digestive tractus with multidrug-resistant GNB, ICU and hospital length of stay and cost-effectiveness ratio. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This protocol has been approved by the ethics committee of Paris-Ile-de-France IV, and will be carried out according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Good Clinical Practice guidelines. The results of this study will be disseminated through presentation at scientific conferences and publication in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03147807.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Garnier
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Department, APHP—Tenon University Hospital, Paris, France
- Medico-surgical Intensive Care Unit, APHP—Tenon University Hospital, Paris, France
- Paris 6 School of Medicine, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Salah Gallah
- APHP—GHUEP—Microbiology Department, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Vimont
- Paris 6 School of Medicine, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- APHP—GHUEP—Microbiology Department, Paris, France
| | | | - Vincent Labbe
- Medico-surgical Intensive Care Unit, APHP—Tenon University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Constant
- Cardio-thoracic Surgical Intensive Care Unit, APHP—European Georges Pompidou University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Shidasp Siami
- Polyvalent Intensive Care Unit, Sud Essonne Hospital, Etampes, France
| | - Emmanuel Guerot
- APHP—European Georges Pompidou University Hospital, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Compain
- Microbiology Department, APHP—European Georges Pompidou University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Mainardi
- Microbiology Department, APHP—European Georges Pompidou University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Mélissa Montil
- APHP—Clinical Research Platform (URCEst-CRCEst-CRB), St Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Quesnel
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Department, APHP—Tenon University Hospital, Paris, France
- Paris 6 School of Medicine, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
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Luan H, Wang X, Cai Z. Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics: Targeting the crosstalk between gut microbiota and brain in neurodegenerative disorders. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2019; 38:22-33. [PMID: 29130504 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics seeks to take a "snapshot" in a time of the levels, activities, regulation and interactions of all small molecule metabolites in response to a biological system with genetic or environmental changes. The emerging development in mass spectrometry technologies has shown promise in the discovery and quantitation of neuroactive small molecule metabolites associated with gut microbiota and brain. Significant progress has been made recently in the characterization of intermediate role of small molecule metabolites linked to neural development and neurodegenerative disorder, showing its potential in understanding the crosstalk between gut microbiota and the host brain. More evidence reveals that small molecule metabolites may play a critical role in mediating microbial effects on neurotransmission and disease development. Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics is uniquely suitable for obtaining the metabolic signals in bidirectional communication between gut microbiota and brain. In this review, we summarized major mass spectrometry technologies including liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and imaging mass spectrometry for metabolomics studies of neurodegenerative disorders. We also reviewed the recent advances in the identification of new metabolites by mass spectrometry and metabolic pathways involved in the connection of intestinal microbiota and brain. These metabolic pathways allowed the microbiota to impact the regular function of the brain, which can in turn affect the composition of microbiota via the neurotransmitter substances. The dysfunctional interaction of this crosstalk connects neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease. The mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analysis provides information for targeting dysfunctional pathways of small molecule metabolites in the development of the neurodegenerative diseases, which may be valuable for the investigation of underlying mechanism of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemi Luan
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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67
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Enright EF, Govindarajan K, Darrer R, MacSharry J, Joyce SA, Gahan CGM. Gut Microbiota-Mediated Bile Acid Transformations Alter the Cellular Response to Multidrug Resistant Transporter Substrates in Vitro: Focus on P-glycoprotein. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:5711-5727. [PMID: 30388019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic research at the host-microbe interface has been primarily directed toward effects on drug metabolism, with fewer investigations considering the absorption process. We previously demonstrated that the transcriptional expression of genes encoding intestinal transporters involved in lipid translocation are altered in germ-free and conventionalized mice possessing distinct bile acid signatures. It was consequently hypothesized that microbial bile acid metabolism, which is the deconjugation and dehydroxylation of the bile acid steroid nucleus by gut bacteria, may impact upon drug transporter expression and/or activity and potentially alter drug disposition. Using a panel of three human intestinal cell lines (Caco-2, T84, and HT-29) that differ in basal transporter expression level, bile acid conjugation-, and hydroxylation-status was shown to influence the transcription of genes encoding several major influx and efflux transporter proteins. We further investigated if these effects on transporter mRNA would translate to altered drug disposition and activity. The results demonstrated that the conjugation and hydroxylation status of the bile acid steroid nucleus can influence the cellular response to multidrug resistance (MDR) substrates, a finding that did not directly correlate with directionality of gene or protein expression. In particular, we noted that the cytotoxicity of cyclosporine A was significantly augmented in the presence of the unconjugated bile acids deoxycholic acid (DCA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) in P-gp positive cell lines, as compared to their taurine/glycine-conjugated counterparts, implicating P-gp in the molecular response. Overall this work identifies a novel mechanism by which gut microbial metabolites may influence drug accumulation and suggests a potential role for the microbial bile acid-deconjugating enzyme bile salt hydrolase (BSH) in ameliorating multidrug resistance through the generation of bile acid species with the capacity to access and inhibit P-gp ATPase. The physicochemical property of nonionization is suggested to underpin the preferential ability of unconjugated bile acids to attenuate the efflux of P-gp substrates and to sensitize tumorigenic cells to cytotoxic therapeutics in vitro. This work provides new impetus to investigate whether perturbation of the gut microbiota, and thereby the bile acid component of the intestinal metabolome, could alter drug pharmacokinetics in vivo. These findings may additionally contribute to the development of less toxic P-gp modulators, which could overcome MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine F Enright
- School of Pharmacy , ‡APC Microbiome Ireland , §School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology , ∥School of Microbiology , ⊥School of Medicine , University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | - Cormac G M Gahan
- School of Pharmacy , ‡APC Microbiome Ireland , §School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology , ∥School of Microbiology , ⊥School of Medicine , University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
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68
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Kennedy EA, King KY, Baldridge MT. Mouse Microbiota Models: Comparing Germ-Free Mice and Antibiotics Treatment as Tools for Modifying Gut Bacteria. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1534. [PMID: 30429801 PMCID: PMC6220354 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As the intestinal microbiota has become better appreciated as necessary for maintenance of physiologic homeostasis and also as a modulator of disease processes, there has been a corresponding increase in manipulation of the microbiota in mouse models. While germ-free mouse models are generally considered to be the gold standard for studies of the microbiota, many investigators turn to antibiotics treatment models as a rapid, inexpensive, and accessible alternative. Here we describe and compare these two approaches, detailing advantages and disadvantages to both. Further, we detail what is known about the effects of antibiotics treatment on cell populations, cytokines, and organs, and clarify how this compares to germ-free models. Finally, we briefly describe recent findings regarding microbiota regulation of infectious diseases and other immunologic challenges by the microbiota, and highlight important future directions and considerations for the use of antibiotics treatment in manipulation of the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Kennedy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Katherine Y. King
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Megan T. Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Nelson CA, Wilen CB, Dai YN, Orchard RC, Kim AS, Stegeman RA, Hsieh LL, Smith TJ, Virgin HW, Fremont DH. Structural basis for murine norovirus engagement of bile acids and the CD300lf receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E9201-E9210. [PMID: 30194229 PMCID: PMC6166816 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805797115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine norovirus (MNoV) is closely related to human norovirus (HNoV), an infectious agent responsible for acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Here we report the X-ray crystal structure of the dimeric MNoV VP1 protruding (P) domain in complex with its cellular receptor CD300lf. CD300lf binds the P domain with a 2:2 stoichiometry, engaging a cleft between the AB and DE loops of the P2 subdomain at a site that overlaps the epitopes of neutralizing antibodies. We also identify that bile acids are cofactors enhancing MNoV cell-binding and infectivity. Structures of CD300lf-P domain in complex with glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA) reveal two bile acid binding sites at the P domain dimer interface distant from receptor binding sites. The structural determinants for receptor and bile acid binding are supported by numerous biophysical assays utilizing interface residue mutations. We find that the monomeric affinity of CD300lf for the P domain is low and is divalent cation dependent. We have also determined the crystal structure of CD300lf in complex with phosphocholine, revealing that MNoV engages its receptor in a manner mimicking host ligands including similar metal coordination. Docking of the cocomplex structures onto a cryo-EM-derived model of MNoV suggests that each virion can make multiple CD300lf engagements, and thus, infection may be driven by the avidity of cell surface clustered CD300lf. These studies identify multiple potential modulators of norovirus infection that may act to regulate the interaction between the viral capsid P domain and its cognate cellular receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Ya-Nan Dai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Robert C Orchard
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Arthur S Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Roderick A Stegeman
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Leon L Hsieh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Thomas J Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110;
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110;
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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Antibiotic treatment of rat dams affects bacterial colonization and causes decreased weight gain in pups. Commun Biol 2018; 1:145. [PMID: 30272021 PMCID: PMC6137057 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intergenerational transmission of bacteria during birth initiates the natural successional development of the intestinal microbiota in mammals. This process can be disrupted by antibiotic exposure, potentially affecting early-life microbiota-dependent metabolic programming. In the present study, we specifically investigate the metabolic consequences of exposing neonate Wistar rats to an antibiotic-perturbed low-diversity microbiota from birth until weaning, without exposing the pups directly to antibiotics. Here, we show that pups born from both amoxicillin and vancomycin-treated dams gain less weight than controls. This was concordant with lower feed intake as well as increased colonic expression of the PYY satiety hormone gene at weaning. The weight difference persists into adulthood even though the initial differences in gut microbiota subsided. Our results demonstrate that early-life exposure to an antibiotic-perturbed low-diversity microbiota is sufficient to cause changes in body weight persisting into adulthood.
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Antimicrobial promotion of pig growth is associated with tissue-specific remodeling of bile acid signature and signaling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13671. [PMID: 30209339 PMCID: PMC6135865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of bacterial resistance to antimicrobials (AMA) have intensified efforts to discontinue the non-therapeutic use of AMA in animal production. Finding alternatives to AMA, however, is currently encumbered by the obscure mechanism that underlies their growth-promoting action. In this report, we demonstrate that combinations of antibiotics and zinc oxide at doses commonly used for stimulating growth or preventing post-weaning enteritis in pigs converge in promoting microbial production of bile acids (BA) in the intestine. This leads to tissue-specific modifications in the proportion of BA, thereby amplifying BA signaling in intestine, liver, and white adipose tissue (WAT). Activation of BA-regulated pathways ultimately reinforces the intestinal protection against bacterial infection and pathological secretion of fluids and electrolytes, attenuates inflammation in colon and WAT, alters protein and lipid metabolism in liver, and increases the circulating levels of the hormone FGF19. Conceivably, these alterations could spare nutrients for growth and improve the metabolic efficiency of AMA-treated animals. This work provides evidence that BA act as signaling molecules that mediate host physiological, metabolic, and immune responses to the AMA-induced alterations in gut microbial metabolism, eventually permitting the growth-promoting action of AMA. Consequently, BA emerge as a promising target for developing efficacious alternatives to AMA.
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Trudeau MP, Zhou Y, Leite FL, Gomez A, Urriola PE, Shurson GC, Chen C, Isaacson RE. Fecal Hyodeoxycholic Acid Is Correlated With Tylosin-Induced Microbiome Changes in Growing Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:196. [PMID: 30211174 PMCID: PMC6121748 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The changes in the gut microbiome play an important role in the promoting effects of antibiotics, such as tylosin, to the health, and productivity of farm animals. Microbial metabolites are expected to be key mediators between antibiotics-induced microbiome changes and growth-promoting effects. The objective of this study was to extend the identification of tylosin-responsive microbes to the identification of tylosin-responsive metabolites in growing pigs. The feeding trial was conducted on a commercial farm using two pens of pigs fed diets with and without tylosin (40 mg/kg of diet). Fecal samples were collected from 10 pigs per pen at weeks 10, 13, 16, 19, and 22 of age, and subsequently analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. The multivariate model of LC-MS data showed that time-dependent changes occurred in the fecal metabolome of both control and tylosin-treated pigs. More importantly, the metabolomic profiles were similar between the tylosin treatment and control groups in weeks 10 and 22, but diverged during weeks 13–19. Subsequent analyses of the fecal metabolites contributing to the separation of two groups of pigs showed that hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), together with tylosin and its metabolites in feces, was greatly increased during weeks 13–19 (P < 0.05) in the group of pigs fed tylosin. The integration of current metabolomics data and the microbiome data from a previous study revealed the consistency between HDCA and a specific genus of microbes in the Clostridia family. Further studies are required to determine the causative relations between tylosin-elicited changes in HDCA and the microbiome as well as the role of HDCA in the growth promoting effects of tylosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela P Trudeau
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Yuyin Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Fernando L Leite
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Andres Gomez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Pedro E Urriola
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Gerald C Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Chi Chen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Richard E Isaacson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
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Abstract
Bile acids facilitate intestinal nutrient absorption and biliary cholesterol secretion to maintain bile acid homeostasis, which is essential for protecting liver and other tissues and cells from cholesterol and bile acid toxicity. Bile acid metabolism is tightly regulated by bile acid synthesis in the liver and bile acid biotransformation in the intestine. Bile acids are endogenous ligands that activate a complex network of nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor and membrane G protein-coupled bile acid receptor-1 to regulate hepatic lipid and glucose metabolic homeostasis and energy metabolism. The gut-to-liver axis plays a critical role in the regulation of enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, bile acid pool size, and bile acid composition. Bile acids control gut bacteria overgrowth, and gut bacteria metabolize bile acids to regulate host metabolism. Alteration of bile acid metabolism by high-fat diets, sleep disruption, alcohol, and drugs reshapes gut microbiome and causes dysbiosis, obesity, and metabolic disorders. Gender differences in bile acid metabolism, FXR signaling, and gut microbiota have been linked to higher prevalence of fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in males. Alteration of bile acid homeostasis contributes to cholestatic liver diseases, inflammatory diseases in the digestive system, obesity, and diabetes. Bile acid-activated receptors are potential therapeutic targets for developing drugs to treat metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Y. L. Chiang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Jessica M. Ferrell
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
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Abstract
Each year in the United States, billions of dollars are spent combating almost half a million Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs) and trying to reduce the ∼29,000 patient deaths in which C. difficile has an attributed role. In Europe, disease prevalence varies by country and level of surveillance, though yearly costs are estimated at €3 billion. One factor contributing to the significant health care burden of C. difficile is the relatively high frequency of recurrent CDIs. Recurrent CDI, i.e., a second episode of symptomatic CDI occurring within 8 weeks of successful initial CDI treatment, occurs in ∼25% of patients, with 35 to 65% of these patients experiencing multiple episodes of recurrent disease. Using microbial communities to treat recurrent CDI, either as whole fecal transplants or as defined consortia of bacterial isolates, has shown great success (in the case of fecal transplants) or potential promise (in the case of defined consortia of isolates). This review will briefly summarize the epidemiology and physiology of C. difficile infection, describe our current understanding of how fecal microbiota transplants treat recurrent CDI, and outline potential ways that knowledge can be used to rationally design and test alternative microbe-based therapeutics.
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Zeineldin M, Aldridge B, Blair B, Kancer K, Lowe J. Impact of parenteral antimicrobial administration on the structure and diversity of the fecal microbiota of growing pigs. Microb Pathog 2018; 118:220-229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Liver Disease: The Role of the Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9090987. [PMID: 28880224 PMCID: PMC5622747 DOI: 10.3390/nu9090987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parenteral nutrition (PN) provides life-saving nutritional support in situations where caloric supply via the enteral route cannot cover the necessary needs of the organism. However, it does have serious adverse effects, including parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD). The development of liver injury associated with PN is multifactorial, including non-specific intestine inflammation, compromised intestinal permeability, and barrier function associated with increased bacterial translocation, primary and secondary cholangitis, cholelithiasis, short bowel syndrome, disturbance of hepatobiliary circulation, lack of enteral nutrition, shortage of some nutrients (proteins, essential fatty acids, choline, glycine, taurine, carnitine, etc.), and toxicity of components within the nutrition mixture itself (glucose, phytosterols, manganese, aluminium, etc.). Recently, an increasing number of studies have provided evidence that some of these factors are directly or indirectly associated with microbial dysbiosis in the intestine. In this review, we focus on PN-induced changes in the taxonomic and functional composition of the microbiome. We also discuss immune cell and microbial crosstalk during parenteral nutrition, and the implications for the onset and progression of PNALD. Finally, we provide an overview of recent advances in the therapeutic utilisation of pro- and prebiotics for the mitigation of PN-associated liver complications.
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77
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Bai L, Zhou P, Li D, Ju X. Changes in the gastrointestinal microbiota of children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and its association with antibiotics in the short term. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:1297-1307. [PMID: 28855025 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To detect the alteration of gut bacteria in children with ALL and analyse the impact of short-term-use of antibiotics on the changes caused by ALL.Methodology. We collected faecal samples from both children with ALL and healthy children. According to their medication history with antibiotics, we classified the samples into ALL+ATBx, ALL, CON+ATBx and CON groups. Next-generation sequencing was performed to identify the gut bacteria according to the MiSeq platform. The Shannon index, Simpson index, Chao index and Ace index were used to represent the alpha diversity of gut bacteria. The beta diversity was estimated using the principles of co-ordinate analysis and non-metric multi-dimensional scaling. The taxon composition and presence of biomarkers were then determined through bioinformatics.Results. With regard to alpha diversity, the Shannon index and Simpson index differed significantly between the ALL and CON groups, as well as the CON+ATBx and CON groups, but not the ALL+ATBx and CON+ATBx groups. With regard to beta diversity, the ALL and CON separated clearly into clusters, as did ALL+ATBx and CON+ATBx. There were differences in composition among the four groups at different taxonomy hierarchies. More bacteria showed an obvious difference between the paired groups ALL and CON than did for the paired groups ALL+ATBx and CON+ATBx. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves for Bacteroidales and Enterococcaceae used to predict ALL were 0.735 and 0.724, respectively.Conclusion. ALL induced structural changes of the gut microbiota, with the alpha diversity being significantly weakened by antibiotics, but not beta diversity. Bacteroidales and Enterococcaceae can be referred to as biomarkers for ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Bai
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Panpan Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Dong Li
- Cryomedicine Lab, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Xiuli Ju
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
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78
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Kathrani A, Fascetti AJ, Larsen JA, Maunder C, Hall EJ. Whole-Blood Taurine Concentrations in Cats With Intestinal Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2017. [PMID: 28626960 PMCID: PMC5508316 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased delivery of taurine‐conjugated bile acids to the distal bowel can lead to dysbiosis resulting in colitis in mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease. A similar situation also could occur in cats with intestinal disease and might therefore result in decreased whole‐body taurine concentration. Hypothesis/Objectives To determine whether whole‐blood taurine concentrations are decreased at the time of diagnosis in cats with intestinal disease and to correlate concentrations with clinical and laboratory variables. Animals Twenty‐one cats with chronic inflammatory enteropathy and 7 cats with intestinal neoplasia from the University of Bristol. Methods Cats that had undergone a thorough investigation consisting of a CBC, serum biochemistry, serum cobalamin and folate concentrations, transabdominal ultrasound examination and histopathology of intestinal biopsy specimens, as well as additional testing if indicated, were included. Whole‐blood from these cats collected at the time of histologic diagnosis and stored in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was retrospectively analyzed for taurine with an automated high‐performance liquid chromatography amino acid analyzer. Results Although whole‐blood taurine concentrations remained within the reference range, those cats with predominantly large intestinal clinical signs had significantly lower concentrations than did cats with small intestinal and mixed bowel clinical signs (P = 0.033) and this difference also was significant when assessed only in cats with chronic inflammatory enteropathy (P = 0.019). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Additional studies are needed to determine whether large intestinal signs in cats with chronic inflammatory enteropathy are caused by alterations in the microbiota arising as a consequence of increased delivery of taurine‐conjugated bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kathrani
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - A J Fascetti
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - J A Larsen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - C Maunder
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - E J Hall
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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79
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Janssen AWF, Houben T, Katiraei S, Dijk W, Boutens L, van der Bolt N, Wang Z, Brown JM, Hazen SL, Mandard S, Shiri-Sverdlov R, Kuipers F, Willems van Dijk K, Vervoort J, Stienstra R, Hooiveld GJEJ, Kersten S. Modulation of the gut microbiota impacts nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a potential role for bile acids. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1399-1416. [PMID: 28533304 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m075713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide, yet the pathogenesis of NAFLD is only partially understood. Here, we investigated the role of the gut bacteria in NAFLD by stimulating the gut bacteria via feeding mice the fermentable dietary fiber, guar gum (GG), and suppressing the gut bacteria via chronic oral administration of antibiotics. GG feeding profoundly altered the gut microbiota composition, in parallel with reduced diet-induced obesity and improved glucose tolerance. Strikingly, despite reducing adipose tissue mass and inflammation, GG enhanced hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, concurrent with markedly elevated plasma and hepatic bile acid levels. Consistent with a role of elevated bile acids in the liver phenotype, treatment of mice with taurocholic acid stimulated hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. In contrast to GG, chronic oral administration of antibiotics effectively suppressed the gut bacteria, decreased portal secondary bile acid levels, and attenuated hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Neither GG nor antibiotics influenced plasma lipopolysaccharide levels. In conclusion, our data indicate a causal link between changes in gut microbiota and hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in a mouse model of NAFLD, possibly via alterations in bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aafke W F Janssen
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Houben
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Saeed Katiraei
- Departments of Human Genetics Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wieneke Dijk
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lily Boutens
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nieke van der Bolt
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Stéphane Mandard
- Lipness Team-INSERM Research Center UMR1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, 21079 Dijon CEDEX, France
| | - Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Departments of Human Genetics Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rinke Stienstra
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Guido J E J Hooiveld
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Huang G, Wei Y, Zhao G, Xia J, Wang S, Wu J, Chen F, Chen J, Shi J. Microarray‑based screening of differentially expressed genes in glucocorticoid‑induced avascular necrosis. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:3583-3590. [PMID: 28393228 PMCID: PMC5436162 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms of glucocorticoid (GC)-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) have yet to be fully understood, in particular the mechanisms associated with the change of gene expression pattern. The present study aimed to identify key genes with a differential expression pattern in GC-induced ANFH. E-MEXP-2751 microarray data were downloaded from the ArrayExpress database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in 5 femoral head samples of steroid-induced ANFH rats compared with 5 placebo-treated rat samples. Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses were performed upon these DEGs. A total 93 DEGs (46 upregulated and 47 downregulated genes) were identified in GC-induced ANFH samples. These DEGs were enriched in different GO terms and pathways, including chondrocyte differentiation and detection of chemical stimuli. The enrichment map revealed that skeletal system development was interconnected with several other GO terms by gene overlap. The literature mined network analysis revealed that 5 upregulated genes were associated with femoral necrosis, including parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTHR1), vitamin D (1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor (VDR), collagen, type II, α1, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 6 and zinc finger protein 354C (ZFP354C). In addition, ZFP354C and VDR were identified to transcription factors. Furthermore, PTHR1 was revealed to interact with VDR, and α-2-macroglobulin (A2M) interacted with fibronectin 1 (FN1) in the PPI network. PTHR1 may be involved in GC-induced ANFH via interacting with VDR. A2M may also be involved in the development of GC-induced ANFH through interacting with FN1. An improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying GC-induced ANFH may provide novel targets for diagnostics and therapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangyong Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Yibing Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Guanglei Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jun Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Siqun Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Feiyan Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jingshen Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
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Behr C, Kamp H, Fabian E, Krennrich G, Mellert W, Peter E, Strauss V, Walk T, Rietjens IMCM, van Ravenzwaay B. Gut microbiome-related metabolic changes in plasma of antibiotic-treated rats. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3439-3454. [PMID: 28337503 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1949-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota contributes to the metabolism of its host. Adequate identification of the microbiota's impact on the host plasma metabolites is lacking. As antibiotics have a profound effect on the microbial composition and hence on the mammalian-microbiota co-metabolism, we studied the effects of antibiotics on the "functionality of the microbiome"-defined as the production of metabolites absorbed by the host. This metabolomics study presents insights into the mammalian-microbiome co-metabolism of endogenous metabolites. To identify plasma metabolites related to microbiome changes due to antibiotic treatment, we have applied broad-spectrum antibiotics belonging to the class of aminoglycosides (neomycin, gentamicin), fluoroquinolones (moxifloxacin, levofloxacin) and tetracyclines (doxycycline, tetracycline). These were administered orally for 28 days to male rats including blood sampling for metabolic profiling after 7, 14 and 28 days. Fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines can be absorbed from the gut; whereas, aminoglycosides are poorly absorbed. Hippuric acid, indole-3-acetic acid and glycerol were identified as key metabolites affected by antibiotic treatment, beside changes mainly concerning amino acids and carbohydrates. Inter alia, effects on indole-3-propionic acid were found to be unique for aminoglycosides, and on 3-indoxylsulfate for tetracyclines. For each class of antibiotics, specific metabolome patterns could be established in the MetaMap®Tox data base, which contains metabolome data for more than 550 reference compounds. The results suggest that plasma-based metabolic profiling (metabolomics) could be a suitable tool to investigate the effect of antibiotics on the functionality of the microbiome and to obtain insight into the mammalian-microbiome co-metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Behr
- BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - H Kamp
- BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - E Fabian
- BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - W Mellert
- BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - E Peter
- Metanomics GmbH, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - V Strauss
- BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - T Walk
- Metanomics GmbH, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - I M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, 6700 EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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He Y, Mao C, Wen H, Chen Z, Lai T, Li L, Lu W, Wu H. Influence of ad Libitum Feeding of Piglets With Bacillus Subtilis Fermented Liquid Feed on Gut Flora, Luminal Contents and Health. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44553. [PMID: 28291252 PMCID: PMC5349548 DOI: 10.1038/srep44553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Some scholars caution that long-term ad libitum feeding with probiotic fermented food poses potential health risks to baby animals. We conducted a feeding experiment to investigate the influence of ad libitum feeding of pre-and post-weaned piglets with a Bacillus subtilis fermented diet on the gut microbiome, gut metabolomic profiles, bile acid metabolism, proinflammatory cytokines and faecal consistency. Compared with piglets fed a Bacillus subtilis-supplemented pellet diet, piglets fed the Bacillus subtilis fermented liquid diet had lower intestinal bacterial diversity (P > 0.05), higher intestinal fungal diversity (P > 0.05), more Firmicutes (P > 0.05), fewer Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria (P > 0.05), higher concentrations of 3-hydroxypropionic acid (P < 0.05), orotic acid (P < 0.05), interleukin-6 (P < 0.01), lactic acid (P < 0.01), deoxycholic acid (P > 0.05) and lithocholic acid (P < 0.01) and a higher incidence of diarrhoea (P > 0.05). The data show that ad libitum feeding of piglets with a Bacillus subtilis fermented liquid diet during the suckling and early post-weaning periods promotes the growth of lactic acid bacteria, bile salt hydrolase-active bacteria and 7a-dehydroxylase-active bacteria in the intestinal lumen; disturbs the normal production of lactic acid, orotic acid and unconjugated bile acids; and increases circulating interleukin-6 levels and diarrhoea incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyong He
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Chunxia Mao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Hong Wen
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Veterinary Drugs and Feed Control, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Zhiyu Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Tao Lai
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Lingyu Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Huadong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
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Yu Z, Sun G, Liu Y, Yin D, Zhang J. Trans-generational influences of sulfamethoxazole on lifespan, reproduction and population growth of Caenorhabditis elegans. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 135:312-318. [PMID: 27770646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Trans-generational effects are increasingly used to indicate long-term influences of environmental pollutants. However, such studies can be complex and yield inconclusive results. In this study, the trans-generational effects of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) on Caenorhabditis elegans on lifespan, reproduction and population growth were tested for 7 consecutive generations, which included gestating generation (F0), embryo-exposed generation (F1), germline-exposed generation (F2), the first non-exposed generation (F3) and the three following generations (F4-F6). Results showed that lifespan was significantly affected by embryo exposure (F1) at 400µm SMX with a value as low as 47% of the control. The reproduction (a total brood size as 49% of the control) and population growth (81% of the control) were significantly affected in germline exposure (F2). Lifespan and reproduction were severely inhibited in non-exposed generations, confirming the real trans-generational effects. Notably, initial reproduction and reproduction duration showed opposite generation-related changes, indicating their interplay in the overall brood size. The population growth rate was well correlated with median lethal time, brood size and initial reproduction, which indicated that the population would increase when the nematodes lived longer and reproduced more offspring within shorter duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Guohua Sun
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, PR China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Ulsan, Nam Gu, Ulsan 680-748, South Korea
| | - Yanjun Liu
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, PR China; School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science at Collage of Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Daqiang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Ecological Technique and Engineering College, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, PR China.
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84
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Vétizou M, Daillère R, Zitvogel L. [The role of intestinal microbiota in the response to anti-tumor therapies]. Med Sci (Paris) 2016; 32:974-982. [PMID: 28008838 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20163211013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is involved in a lot of crucial physiological functions and maintains a symbiotic relationship with the host. Lately, in light of new evidences, an unexpected role of commensals has been depicted. Several studies addressing the role of gut microbiota in the immunomodulatory properties of anti-cancer regimens, such as immunotherapy and chemotherapy, reveal that commensals are required to mount complete and efficient antitumor immune responses. Therefore, exploration of microbiota-derived compounds in the future could represent a therapeutic option in the armamentarium of cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Vétizou
- Gustave Roussy cancer campus, 114, rue Édouard Vaillant, 94800 Villejuif, France - Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France - Unité Inserm U1015, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Romain Daillère
- Gustave Roussy cancer campus, 114, rue Édouard Vaillant, 94800 Villejuif, France - Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France - Unité Inserm U1015, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy cancer campus, 114, rue Édouard Vaillant, 94800 Villejuif, France - Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France - Unité Inserm U1015, 94800 Villejuif, France
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85
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Metabolism of bile acids in the post-prandial state. Essays Biochem 2016; 60:409-418. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20160052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The modulation of energy expenditure by dietary administration of cholic acid in mice promoted interest in studying bile acid(s) (BA) as adjuvants in the treatment of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Bile acids can modulate intermediary metabolism by acting directly on nuclear as well as G-protein-coupled receptors or indirectly through changes in gut microbiota. Despite the potential of BA to affect intermediary metabolism, plasma kinetics and changes in individual BA in blood in the post-prandial state have been neglected for a long time. Minutes after ingestion of a meal (or a glucose challenge), the plasma BA concentration increases as a result of the secretion of bile into the duodenum, followed by intestinal absorption and a systemic circulation spillover. A large inter-individual variability of post-prandial kinetics of plasma BA is documented. Factors such as gender, diet composition, circadian oscillations, and individual capacities for the synthesis and transport of BA play important roles in determining this variability and are discussed in the present short review in light of new findings.
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86
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Wahlström A, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Ståhlman M, Khan MT, Bäckhed F, Marschall HU. Induction of farnesoid X receptor signaling in germ-free mice colonized with a human microbiota. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:412-419. [PMID: 27956475 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m072819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota influences the development and progression of metabolic diseases partly by metabolism of bile acids (BAs) and modified signaling through the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). In this study, we aimed to determine how the human gut microbiota metabolizes murine BAs and affects FXR signaling in colonized mice. We colonized germ-free mice with cecal content from a mouse donor or feces from a human donor and euthanized the mice after short-term (2 weeks) or long-term (15 weeks) colonization. We analyzed the gut microbiota and BA composition and expression of FXR target genes in ileum and liver. We found that cecal microbiota composition differed between mice colonized with mouse and human microbiota and was stable over time. Human and mouse microbiota reduced total BA levels similarly, but the humanized mice produced less secondary BAs. The human microbiota was able to reduce the levels of tauro-β-muricholic acid and induce expression of FXR target genes Fgf15 and Shp in ileum after long-term colonization. We show that a human microbiota can change BA composition and induce FXR signaling in colonized mice, but the levels of secondary BAs produced are lower than in mice colonized with a mouse microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Wahlström
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petia Kovatcheva-Datchary
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Ståhlman
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Muhammad-Tanweer Khan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden .,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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87
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Hoban A, Moloney R, Golubeva A, McVey Neufeld K, O’Sullivan O, Patterson E, Stanton C, Dinan T, Clarke G, Cryan J. Behavioural and neurochemical consequences of chronic gut microbiota depletion during adulthood in the rat. Neuroscience 2016; 339:463-477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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88
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Kiraly DD, Walker DM, Calipari ES, Labonte B, Issler O, Pena CJ, Ribeiro EA, Russo SJ, Nestler EJ. Alterations of the Host Microbiome Affect Behavioral Responses to Cocaine. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35455. [PMID: 27752130 PMCID: PMC5067576 DOI: 10.1038/srep35455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Addiction to cocaine and other psychostimulants represents a major public health crisis. The development and persistence of addictive behaviors comes from a complex interaction of genes and environment - the precise mechanisms of which remain elusive. In recent years a surge of evidence has suggested that the gut microbiome can have tremendous impact on behavioral via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. In this study we characterized the influence of the gut microbiota on cocaine-mediated behaviors. Groups of mice were treated with a prolonged course of non-absorbable antibiotics via the drinking water, which resulted in a substantial reduction of gut bacteria. Animals with reduced gut bacteria showed an enhanced sensitivity to cocaine reward and enhanced sensitivity to the locomotor-sensitizing effects of repeated cocaine administration. These behavioral changes were correlated with adaptations in multiple transcripts encoding important synaptic proteins in the brain’s reward circuitry. This study represents the first evidence that alterations in the gut microbiota affect behavioral response to drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew D Kiraly
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Deena M Walker
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Erin S Calipari
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Benoit Labonte
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Orna Issler
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Catherine J Pena
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Efrain A Ribeiro
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Scott J Russo
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Eric J Nestler
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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89
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Guo Y, Zhang Y, Huang W, Selwyn FP, Klaassen CD. Dose-response effect of berberine on bile acid profile and gut microbiota in mice. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:394. [PMID: 27756364 PMCID: PMC5070223 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1367-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Berberine (BBR) is a traditional antimicrobial herbal medicine. Recently, BBR has gained popularity as a supplement to lower blood lipids, cholesterol and glucose. Bile acids (BAs) are known to regulate blood levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose and energy homeostasis, and gut flora play an important role in BA metabolism. However, whether BBR alters BAs metabolism or dose-response effect of BBR on gut flora is unknown. Methods In this study, the effects of various doses of BBR on the concentrations of BAs in liver and serum of male C57BL/6 mice were determined by UPLC-MS/MS, and the expression of BA-related genes, as well as the amount of 32 of the most abundant gut bacterial species in the terminal ileum and large intestine of male C57BL/6 mice were quantified by RT-PCR and Quantigene 2.0 Reagent System, respectively. Results Unconjugated BAs and total BAs were significantly altered by BBR in serum but not in liver. Increased primary BAs (βMCA, TβMCA and TUDCA) and decreased secondary BAs (DCA, LCA and the T-conjugates) were observed in livers and serum of mice fed BBR. The expression of BA-synthetic enzymes (Cyp7a1 and 8b1) and uptake transporter (Ntcp) increased 39-400 % in liver of mice fed the higher doses of BBR, whereas nuclear receptors and efflux transporters were not markedly altered. In addition, Bacteroides were enriched in the terminal ileum and large bowel of mice treated with BBR. Conclusion The present study indicated that various doses of BBR have effects on BA metabolism and related genes as well as intestinal flora, which provides insight into many pathways of BBR effects. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1367-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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90
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Baothman OA, Zamzami MA, Taher I, Abubaker J, Abu-Farha M. The role of Gut Microbiota in the development of obesity and Diabetes. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:108. [PMID: 27317359 PMCID: PMC4912704 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0278-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its associated complications like type 2 diabetes (T2D) are reaching epidemic stages. Increased food intake and lack of exercise are two main contributing factors. Recent work has been highlighting an increasingly more important role of gut microbiota in metabolic disorders. It’s well known that gut microbiota plays a major role in the development of food absorption and low grade inflammation, two key processes in obesity and diabetes. This review summarizes key discoveries during the past decade that established the role of gut microbiota in the development of obesity and diabetes. It will look at the role of key metabolites mainly the short chain fatty acids (SCFA) that are produced by gut microbiota and how they impact key metabolic pathways such as insulin signalling, incretin production as well as inflammation. It will further look at the possible ways to harness the beneficial aspects of the gut microbiota to combat these metabolic disorders and reduce their impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othman A Baothman
- Department of Biochemistry, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazin A Zamzami
- Department of Biochemistry, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Taher
- Faculty of Medicine, Aljouf University, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jehad Abubaker
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, P.O. Box 1180, 15462, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
| | - Mohamed Abu-Farha
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, P.O. Box 1180, 15462, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
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91
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Impact of microbial derived secondary bile acids on colonization resistance against Clostridium difficile in the gastrointestinal tract. Anaerobe 2016; 41:44-50. [PMID: 27163871 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, Gram positive, spore-forming bacillus that is the leading cause of nosocomial gastroenteritis. Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is associated with increasing morbidity and mortality, consequently posing an urgent threat to public health. Recurrence of CDI after successful treatment with antibiotics is high, thus necessitating discovery of novel therapeutics against this pathogen. Susceptibility to CDI is associated with alterations in the gut microbiota composition and bile acid metabolome, specifically a loss of microbial derived secondary bile acids. This review aims to summarize in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies done by our group and others that demonstrate how secondary bile acids affect the different stages of the C. difficile life cycle. Understanding the dynamic interplay of C. difficile and microbial derived secondary bile acids within the gastrointestinal tract will shed light on how bile acids play a role in colonization resistance against C. difficile. Rational manipulation of secondary bile acids may prove beneficial as a treatment for patients with CDI.
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92
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Impact of 4-epi-oxytetracycline on the gut microbiota and blood metabolomics of Wistar rats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23141. [PMID: 26976662 PMCID: PMC4791543 DOI: 10.1038/srep23141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of 4-epi-oxytetracycline (4-EOTC), one of the main oxytetracycline (OTC) metabolites, on the gut microbiota and physiological metabolism of Wistar rats was analyzed to explore the dynamic alterations apparent after repeated oral exposure (0.5, 5.0 or 50.0 mg/kg bw) for 15 days as shown by 16S rRNA pyrosequencing and UPLC-Q-TOF/MS analysis. Both principal component analysis and cluster analysis showed consistently altered patterns with distinct differences in the treated groups versus the control groups. 4-EOTC treatment at 5.0 or 50.0 mg/kg increased the relative abundance of the Actinobacteria, specifically Bifidobacteriaceae, and improved the synthesis of lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC), as shown by the lipid biomarkers LysoPC(16:0), LysoPC(18:3), LysoPC(20:3), and LysoPC(20:4). The metabolomic analysis of urine samples also identified four other decreased metabolites: diacylglycerol, sphingomyelin, triacylglycerol, and phosphatidylglycerol. Notably, the significant changes observed in these biomarkers demonstrated the ongoing disorder induced by 4-EOTC. Blood and urine analysis revealed that residual 4-EOTC accumulated in the rats, even two weeks after oral 4-EOTC administration, ceased. Thus, through thorough analysis, it can be concluded that the alteration of the gut microbiota and disorders in blood metabolomics are correlated with 4-EOTC treatment.
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93
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Nie YF, Hu J, Yan XH. Cross-talk between bile acids and intestinal microbiota in host metabolism and health. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2016; 16:436-46. [PMID: 26055905 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1400327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bile acid (BA) is de novo synthesized exclusively in the liver and has direct or indirect antimicrobial effects. On the other hand, the composition and size of the BA pool can be altered by intestinal microbiota via the biotransformation of primary BAs to secondary BAs, and subsequently regulate the nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR; NR1H4). The BA-activated FXR plays important roles in BA synthesis and metabolism, glucose and lipid metabolism, and even hepatic autophagy. BAs can also play a role in the interplays among intestinal microbes. In this review, we mainly discuss the interactions between BAs and intestinal microbiota and their roles in regulating host metabolism, and probably the autophagic signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-fan Nie
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
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94
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Antibiotic-Induced Alterations of the Gut Microbiota Alter Secondary Bile Acid Production and Allow for Clostridium difficile Spore Germination and Outgrowth in the Large Intestine. mSphere 2016; 1:mSphere00045-15. [PMID: 27239562 PMCID: PMC4863611 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00045-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is hypothesized that the depletion of microbial members responsible for converting primary bile acids into secondary bile acids reduces resistance to Clostridium difficile colonization. To date, inhibition of C. difficile growth by secondary bile acids has only been shown in vitro. Using targeted bile acid metabolomics, we sought to define the physiologically relevant concentrations of primary and secondary bile acids present in the murine small and large intestinal tracts and how these impact C. difficile dynamics. We treated mice with a variety of antibiotics to create distinct microbial and metabolic (bile acid) environments and directly tested their ability to support or inhibit C. difficile spore germination and outgrowth ex vivo. Susceptibility to C. difficile in the large intestine was observed only after specific broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment (cefoperazone, clindamycin, and vancomycin) and was accompanied by a significant loss of secondary bile acids (deoxycholate, lithocholate, ursodeoxycholate, hyodeoxycholate, and ω-muricholate). These changes were correlated to the loss of specific microbiota community members, the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families. Additionally, physiological concentrations of secondary bile acids present during C. difficile resistance were able to inhibit spore germination and outgrowth in vitro. Interestingly, we observed that C. difficile spore germination and outgrowth were supported constantly in murine small intestinal content regardless of antibiotic perturbation, suggesting that targeting growth of C. difficile will prove most important for future therapeutics and that antibiotic-related changes are organ specific. Understanding how the gut microbiota regulates bile acids throughout the intestine will aid the development of future therapies for C. difficile infection and other metabolically relevant disorders such as obesity and diabetes. IMPORTANCE Antibiotics alter the gastrointestinal microbiota, allowing for Clostridium difficile infection, which is a significant public health problem. Changes in the structure of the gut microbiota alter the metabolome, specifically the production of secondary bile acids. Specific bile acids are able to initiate C. difficile spore germination and also inhibit C. difficile growth in vitro, although no study to date has defined physiologically relevant bile acids in the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we define the bile acids C. difficile spores encounter in the small and large intestines before and after various antibiotic treatments. Antibiotics that alter the gut microbiota and deplete secondary bile acid production allow C. difficile colonization, representing a mechanism of colonization resistance. Multiple secondary bile acids in the large intestine were able to inhibit C. difficile spore germination and growth at physiological concentrations and represent new targets to combat C. difficile in the large intestine.
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95
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Tulstrup MVL, Christensen EG, Carvalho V, Linninge C, Ahrné S, Højberg O, Licht TR, Bahl MI. Antibiotic Treatment Affects Intestinal Permeability and Gut Microbial Composition in Wistar Rats Dependent on Antibiotic Class. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144854. [PMID: 26691591 PMCID: PMC4686753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are frequently administered orally to treat bacterial infections not necessarily related to the gastrointestinal system. This has adverse effects on the commensal gut microbial community, as it disrupts the intricate balance between specific bacterial groups within this ecosystem, potentially leading to dysbiosis. We hypothesized that modulation of community composition and function induced by antibiotics affects intestinal integrity depending on the antibiotic administered. To address this a total of 60 Wistar rats (housed in pairs with 6 cages per group) were dosed by oral gavage with either amoxicillin (AMX), cefotaxime (CTX), vancomycin (VAN), metronidazole (MTZ), or water (CON) daily for 10-11 days. Bacterial composition, alpha diversity and caecum short chain fatty acid levels were significantly affected by AMX, CTX and VAN, and varied among antibiotic treatments. A general decrease in diversity and an increase in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria was observed for all three antibiotics. Additionally, the relative abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae was increased in the CTX group and both Lactobacillaceae and Verrucomicrobiaceae were increased in the VAN group compared to the CON group. No changes in microbiota composition or function were observed following MTZ treatment. Intestinal permeability to 4 kDa FITC-dextran decreased after CTX and VAN treatment and increased following MTZ treatment. Plasma haptoglobin levels were increased by both AMX and CTX but no changes in expression of host tight junction genes were found in any treatment group. A strong correlation between the level of caecal succinate, the relative abundance of Clostridiaceae 1 family in the caecum, and the level of acute phase protein haptoglobin in blood plasma was observed. In conclusion, antibiotic-induced changes in microbiota may be linked to alterations in intestinal permeability, although the specific interactions remain to be elucidated as changes in permeability did not always result from major changes in microbiota and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Vera-Lise Tulstrup
- Division of Diet, Disease prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Ellen Gerd Christensen
- Division of Diet, Disease prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Vera Carvalho
- Division of Diet, Disease prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Caroline Linninge
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Siv Ahrné
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ole Højberg
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Tine Rask Licht
- Division of Diet, Disease prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Martin Iain Bahl
- Division of Diet, Disease prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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96
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Klaassen CD, Cui JY. Review: Mechanisms of How the Intestinal Microbiota Alters the Effects of Drugs and Bile Acids. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1505-21. [PMID: 26261286 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.065698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Information on the intestinal microbiota has increased exponentially this century because of technical advancements in genomics and metabolomics. Although information on the synthesis of bile acids by the liver and their transformation to secondary bile acids by the intestinal microbiota was the first example of the importance of the intestinal microbiota in biotransforming chemicals, this review will discuss numerous examples of the mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiota alters the pharmacology and toxicology of drugs and other chemicals. More specifically, the altered pharmacology and toxicology of salicylazosulfapridine, digoxin, l-dopa, acetaminophen, caffeic acid, phosphatidyl choline, carnitine, sorivudine, irinotecan, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, heterocyclic amines, melamine, nitrazepam, and lovastatin will be reviewed. In addition, recent data that the intestinal microbiota alters drug metabolism of the host, especially Cyp3a, as well as the significance and potential mechanisms of this phenomenon are summarized. The review will conclude with an update of bile acid research, emphasizing the bile acid receptors (FXR and TGR5) that regulate not only bile acid synthesis and transport but also energy metabolism. Recent data indicate that by altering the intestinal microbiota, either by diet or drugs, one may be able to minimize the adverse effects of the Western diet by altering the composition of bile acids in the intestine that are agonists or antagonists of FXR and TGR5. Therefore, it may be possible to consider the intestinal microbiota as another drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis D Klaassen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Desbonnet L, Clarke G, Traplin A, O'Sullivan O, Crispie F, Moloney RD, Cotter PD, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Gut microbiota depletion from early adolescence in mice: Implications for brain and behaviour. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 48:165-73. [PMID: 25866195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing appreciation for the importance of bacteria in shaping brain development and behaviour. Adolescence and early adulthood are crucial developmental periods during which exposure to harmful environmental factors can have a permanent impact on brain function. Such environmental factors include perturbations of the gut bacteria that may affect gut-brain communication, altering the trajectory of brain development, and increasing vulnerability to psychiatric disorders. Here we assess the effects of gut bacterial depletion from weaning onwards on adult cognitive, social and emotional behaviours and markers of gut-brain axis dysfunction in mice. METHODS Mice were treated with a combination of antibiotics from weaning onwards and effects on behaviours and potential gut-brain axis neuromodulators (tryptophan, monoamines, and neuropeptides) and BDNF expression were assessed in adulthood. RESULTS Antibiotic-treatment depleted and restructured gut microbiota composition of caecal contents and decreased spleen weights in adulthood. Depletion of the gut microbiota from weaning onwards reduced anxiety, induced cognitive deficits, altered dynamics of the tryptophan metabolic pathway, and significantly reduced BDNF, oxytocin and vasopressin expression in the adult brain. CONCLUSIONS Microbiota depletion from weaning onwards by means of chronic treatment with antibiotics in mice impacts on anxiety and cognitive behaviours as well as key neuromodulators of gut-brain communication in a manner that is similar to that reported in germ-free mice. This model may represent a more amenable alternative for germ-free mice in the assessment of microbiota modulation of behaviour. Finally, these data suggest that despite the presence of a normal gut microbiome in early postnatal life, reduced abundance and diversity of the gut microbiota from weaning influences adult behaviours and key neuromodulators of the microbiota-gut-brain axis suggesting that dysregulation of this axis in the post-weaning period may contribute to the pathogenesis of disorders associated with altered anxiety and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieve Desbonnet
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Orla O'Sullivan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fiona Crispie
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rachel D Moloney
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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98
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Selwyn FP, Csanaky IL, Zhang Y, Klaassen CD. Importance of Large Intestine in Regulating Bile Acids and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 in Germ-Free Mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2015. [PMID: 26199423 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.065276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that 1) elevated serum bile acids (BAs) are associated with decreased body weight, 2) elevated glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels can decrease body weight, and 3) germ-free (GF) mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that a lack of intestinal microbiota results in more BAs in the body, resulting in increased BA-mediated transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) signaling and increased serum GLP-1 as a mechanism of resistance of GF mice to diet-induced obesity. GF mice had 2- to 4-fold increased total BAs in the serum, liver, bile, and ileum. Fecal excretion of BAs was 63% less in GF mice. GF mice had decreased secondary BAs and increased taurine-conjugated BAs, as anticipated. Surprisingly, there was an increase in non-12α-OH BAs, namely, β-muricholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), and their taurine conjugates, in GF mice. Further, in vitro experiments confirmed that UDCA is a primary BA in mice. There were minimal changes in the mRNA of farnesoid X receptor target genes in the ileum (Fibroblast growth factor 15, small heterodimer protein, and ileal bile acid-binding protein), in the liver (small heterodimer protein, liver receptor homolog-1, and cytochrome P450 7a1), and BA transporters (apical sodium dependent bile acid transporter, organic solute transporter α, and organic solute transporter β) in the ileum of GF mice. Surprisingly, there were marked increases in BA transporters in the large intestine. Increased GLP-1 levels and gallbladder size were observed in GF mice, suggesting activation of TGR5 signaling. In summary, the GF condition results in increased expression of BA transporters in the colon, resulting in 1) an increase in total BA concentrations in tissues, 2) a change in BA composition to favor an increase in non-12α-OH BAs, and 3) activation of TGR5 signaling with increased gallbladder size and GLP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felcy Pavithra Selwyn
- Departments of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (F.P.S., Y.Z.) and Internal Medicine (I.L.C., C.D.K.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Iván L Csanaky
- Departments of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (F.P.S., Y.Z.) and Internal Medicine (I.L.C., C.D.K.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Youcai Zhang
- Departments of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (F.P.S., Y.Z.) and Internal Medicine (I.L.C., C.D.K.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Curtis D Klaassen
- Departments of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (F.P.S., Y.Z.) and Internal Medicine (I.L.C., C.D.K.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
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99
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Jin Y, Guo X, Yuan B, Yu W, Suo H, Li Z, Xu H. Disposition of Astragaloside IV via Enterohepatic Circulation Is Affected by the Activity of the Intestinal Microbiome. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:6084-6093. [PMID: 26066785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Astragaloside IV (ASIV) is a typical bioactive constituent of Radix Astragali. The study aimed to investigate the enterohepatic circulation of ASIV and evaluate the impact of activity of intestinal microbiota on the deposition of ASIV. The amounts of ASIV and its metabolites were quantified by an LC-MS/MS method. ASIV was metabolized by intestinal bacteria to form brachyoside B (Bra B), cyclogaleginoside B (Cyc B), cycloastragenol (CA), iso-cycloastragenol (iso-CA), and dehydrogenated metabolite of CA (CA-2H). CA and iso-CA circulated in blood besides ASIV when rats received ASIV intragastrically or intravenously. After rats were intragastrically administered 10 mg/kg ASIV, the AUC0-t values of ASIV, CA, and iso-CA were 109 ± 55, 26.8 ± 17.9, and 77.9 ± 35.1 nM·h, respectively. The plasma distribution of ASIV was significantly affected by bile duct drainage when ASIV was administered through the duodenum. ASIV, Bra B, and Cyc B were secreted from bile after duodenal administration of ASIV. Antibiotics markedly inhibited the metabolism of ASIV in intestinal microbiota. After rats were pretreated with antibiotics, the AUC0-t of iso-CA was 4.8 times less than that in control rats and the concentration of CA became undetectable. Variations in intestinal microbiota may change the disposition of ASIV and subsequently influence its potential health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xingjie Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wenhong Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hao Suo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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100
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Bajaj JS. Microbiome and complications of liver disease. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2015; 5:96-99. [PMID: 31040960 PMCID: PMC6490507 DOI: 10.1002/cld.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmohan S. Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionVirginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical CenterRichmondVA
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