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Phase synchrony in slow cortical potentials is decreased in both expert and trained novice meditators. Neurosci Lett 2019; 701:142-145. [PMID: 30802464 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal interactions coupled by phase synchronization have been studied in a wide range of frequency bands, but fluctuations below the delta frequency have often been neglected. In the present study, phase synchrony in slow cortical potentials (SCPs, 0.01-0.1 Hz) was examined during two different mental states; a resting state and a breath-focused mindfulness meditation. SCP phase synchrony in 9 long-term expert meditators (on average 22 years of experience) were compared with the data obtained from 11 novices. Additionally, after the novices attended an 8-week mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program, SCP phase synchrony was measured again. While expert meditators and novices exhibited the same amount of SCP phase synchrony in the resting state, decreased synchronization was found during meditation among expert meditators as well as novices who had participated in the MBSR program (but not prior to the program). These findings suggest that phase synchrony in slow cortical activity is context-dependent and could provide crucial information in the study of the human mind.
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52
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Xu H, Guo C, Li H, Gao L, Zhang M, Wang Y. Structural and Functional Amygdala Abnormalities in Hemifacial Spasm. Front Neurol 2019; 10:393. [PMID: 31114534 PMCID: PMC6503044 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a rare neuromuscular disorder characterized by unilateral, involuntary, and paroxysmal contractions of orofacial muscles. To elucidate the central neural mechanisms of HFS, we investigated brain gray matter and resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in HFS patients. Methods: Thirty patients with HFS and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy participants consented to the study. T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and resting-state BOLD images were collected in all participants. Cortical gray matter thickness was assessed, and subcortical volumetric analysis was performed. Seed-based rsFC analysis was performed on structurally abnormal regions in HFS patients. Post hoc correlations with HFS severity and measures of mood (i.e., depression and anxiety) were performed to characterize rsFC alterations. Results: There were no significant differences in cortical thickness in HFS patients compared to healthy controls. Patients with HFS presented smaller right amygdala volume in contrast to healthy controls (q < 0.05, false-discovery rate corrected). We found that the right amygdala had increased rsFC with bilateral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), bilateral orbital frontal cortex (OFC), and left posterior insula (L postIns; voxel-wise p < 0.05, family-wise error corrected). Moreover, the connections of amygdala-postIns and amygdala-mPFC were positively related to HFS severity and anxiety, respectively. Conclusions: This is the first study to show structural and functional brain abnormalities in HFS. The volumetric and rsFC amygdala abnormalities were potentially driven by HFS, providing novel insights into HFS pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chenguang Guo
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haining Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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53
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Tang YY, Tang R, Rothbart MK, Posner MI. Frontal theta activity and white matter plasticity following mindfulness meditation. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 28:294-297. [PMID: 31082635 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Both brain alpha and theta power have been examined in the mindfulness meditation literature and suggested as key biological signatures that potentially facilitate a successful meditative state. However, the exact role of how alpha and theta waves contribute to the initiation and maintenance of a meditative state remains elusive. In this perspective paper, we discuss the role of frontal midline theta (FMθ) activity in brain white matter plasticity following mindfulness meditation. In accordance with the previous studies in humans, we propose that FMθ activity indexes the control needed to maintain the meditation state; whereas alpha activity is related to the preparation needed to achieve the meditative state. Without enough mental preparation, one often struggles with and has difficulty achieving a meditative state. Animal work provides further evidence supporting the hypothesis that mindfulness meditation induces white matter changes through increasing FMθ activity. These studies shed light on how to effectively enhance brain plasticity through mindfulness meditation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yuan Tang
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Rongxiang Tang
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mary K Rothbart
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
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de la Cruz F, Schumann A, Köhler S, Reichenbach JR, Wagner G, Bär KJ. The relationship between heart rate and functional connectivity of brain regions involved in autonomic control. Neuroimage 2019; 196:318-328. [PMID: 30981856 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral autonomic nervous system (ANS) adjusts the heart rate (HR) to intrinsic and extrinsic demands. It is controlled by a group of functionally connected brain regions assembling the so-called central autonomic network (CAN). More specifically, forebrain cortical regions, limbic and brainstem structures within the CAN have been identified as important components of circuits involved in HR regulation. The present study aimed to investigate whether functional connectivity (FC) between these regions varies in subjects with different heart rates. Thus, 84 healthy subjects were separated according to their HR in slow, medium and fast. We observed a direct association between HR and FC in CAN regions, where stronger FC was related to slower HR. This relationship, however, is non-linear, follows an exponential course and is not restricted to CAN areas only. The network-based analysis (NBS) using time series from 262 independent anatomical ROIs revealed significantly increased functional connectivity in subjects with slow HR compared to subjects with fast HR mainly in regions being part of the salience network, but also of the default-mode network. We additionally simulated the effect of aliasing on the functional connectivity using several TRs and heart rates to exclude the possibility that FC differences might be due to different aliasing effects in the data. The result of the simulation indicated that aliasing cannot explain our findings. Thus, present results imply a functionally meaningful coupling between FC and HR that need to be accounted for in future studies. Moreover, given the established link between HR and emotional, cognitive and social processes, present findings may also be considered to explain individual differences in brain activation or connectivity when using corresponding paradigms in the MR scanner to investigate such processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feliberto de la Cruz
- Psychiatric Brain and Body Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Andy Schumann
- Psychiatric Brain and Body Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Köhler
- Psychiatric Brain and Body Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen R Reichenbach
- Medical Physics Group, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Michael Stifel Center for Data-driven and Simulation Science Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerd Wagner
- Psychiatric Brain and Body Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Karl-Jürgen Bär
- Psychiatric Brain and Body Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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55
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Deng Y, Zhang B, Zheng X, Liu Y, Wang X, Zhou C. The role of mindfulness and self-control in the relationship between mind-wandering and metacognition. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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56
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Shetkar RM, Hankey A, Nagendra HR, Pradhan B. Association between Cyclic Meditation and Creative Cognition: Optimizing Connectivity between the Frontal and Parietal Lobes. Int J Yoga 2019; 12:29-36. [PMID: 30692781 PMCID: PMC6329224 DOI: 10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_26_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Important stages of creativity include preparation, incubation, illumination, and verification. Earlier studies have reported that some techniques of meditation promote creativity but have not specified which stage is enhanced. Here, we report the influence of cyclic meditation (CM) on creative cognition measured by a divergent thinking task. Our aim was to determine the degree of association between the two. Methods Twenty-four university students were randomly assigned to an experimental group (CM) and controls (Supine Rest), 35 min/day for 7 days. Creativity performance was assessed pre and post using Abbreviated Torrance Test for Adults (ATTA), while 64-channel electroencephalography (EEG) was used to measure brain activity during both CM/SH and the creativity test. Results Results indicated that CM training improved creativity performance, producing a shift to predominant gamma activity during creativity compared controls who showed delta activity. Furthermore, the experimental group showed more activation of frontal and parietal regions (EEG leads F3, F4 and P3, P4) than controls, i.e., the regions of the executive network responsible for creative cognition, our particular regions of interest where specialized knowledge is being stored. Conclusion Improvement on creativity test performance indicates that CM increases association and strengthens the connectivity between frontal and parietal lobes, the major nodes of default mode network and executive attention network, enhancing the important stages of creativity such as preparation, incubation, and illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Hankey
- Yoga and Physical Sciences, S-vyasa University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - H R Nagendra
- Chancellor, S-vyasa University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Balaram Pradhan
- Division of Yoga and Humanities, S-vyasa University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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57
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Brandmeyer T, Delorme A, Wahbeh H. The neuroscience of meditation: classification, phenomenology, correlates, and mechanisms. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 244:1-29. [PMID: 30732832 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rising from its contemplative and spiritual traditions, the science of meditation has seen huge growth over the last 30 years. This chapter reviews the classifications, phenomenology, neural correlates, and mechanisms of meditation. Meditation classification types are still varied and largely subjective. Broader models to describe meditation practice along multidimensional parameters may improve classification in the future. Phenomenological studies are few but growing, highlighting the subjective experience and correlations to neurophysiology. Oscillatory EEG studies are not conclusive likely due to the heterogeneous nature of the meditation styles and practitioners being assessed. Neuroimaging studies find common patterns during meditation and in long-term meditators reflecting the basic similarities of meditation in general; however, mostly the patterns differ across unique meditation traditions. Research on the mechanisms of meditation, specifically attention and emotion regulation is also discussed. There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating positive benefits from meditation in some clinical populations especially for stress reduction, anxiety, depression, and pain improvement, although future research would benefit by addressing the remaining methodological and conceptual issues. Meditation research continues to grow allowing us to understand greater nuances of how meditation works and its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Brandmeyer
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition (CerCo), Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; CNRS, UMR 5549, Toulouse, France.
| | - Arnaud Delorme
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition (CerCo), Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; CNRS, UMR 5549, Toulouse, France; Institute of Noetic Sciences (IONS), Petaluma, CA, United States; Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute of Neural Computation (INC), University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Helané Wahbeh
- Institute of Noetic Sciences (IONS), Petaluma, CA, United States; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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58
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Manno FA. Monk on fire: The meditative mind of a burning monk. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2019.1678556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francis A.M. Manno
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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59
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Behman PJ, Rash JA, Bagshawe M, Giesbrecht GF. Short-term autonomic nervous system and experiential responses during a labyrinth walk. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2018.1495036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philip James Behman
- Spiritual Care Services, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Joshua A. Rash
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Mercedes Bagshawe
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gerald F. Giesbrecht
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics & Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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60
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Kokkinos V, Vulliémoz S, Koupparis AM, Koutroumanidis M, Kostopoulos GK, Lemieux L, Garganis K. A hemodynamic network involving the insula, the cingulate, and the basal forebrain correlates with EEG synchronization phases of sleep instability. Sleep 2018; 42:5253667. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Kokkinos
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
- Epilepsy Center of Thessaloniki, St. Luke’s Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Serge Vulliémoz
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St. Peter, UK
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, Neurology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andreas M Koupparis
- Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Greece
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michalis Koutroumanidis
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and Epilepsies, Guy’s, St. Thomas’ and Evelina Hospital for Children, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, UK
| | - George K Kostopoulos
- Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Louis Lemieux
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St. Peter, UK
| | - Kyriakos Garganis
- Epilepsy Center of Thessaloniki, St. Luke’s Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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61
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Bay E, Chan RR. Mindfulness-Based Versus Health Promotion Group Therapy After Traumatic Brain Injury. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2018; 57:26-33. [PMID: 30272810 DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20180924-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The current pre- and posttest intervention study is designed for individuals with chronic symptoms and stress associated with mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI). The researchers' intent was to evaluate whether an 8-week mindfulness-based group therapy compared to health promotion active control group therapy reduces chronic stress, TBI symptoms, and depressive symptoms. Significant mean reductions in chronic stress and TBI depressive and general symptoms for individuals in the mindfulness group compared to the active control group were present, according to paired t test analyses. Further, while controlling for baseline scores, the mindfulness-based intervention group change score was greater compared to the control group using regression analyses. Results suggest that mindfulness-based group intervention for individuals with chronic difficulties after TBI is feasible and effective. Further study of this cost-effective and self-management approach to stress and symptom management is warranted and has the potential to be a broad-based intervention for early therapy after injury. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 57(1), 26-33.].
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62
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Bruya B, Tang YY. Is Attention Really Effort? Revisiting Daniel Kahneman's Influential 1973 Book Attention and Effort. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1133. [PMID: 30237773 PMCID: PMC6136270 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Daniel Kahneman was not the first to suggest that attention and effort are closely associated, but his 1973 book Attention and Effort, which claimed that attention can be identified with effort, cemented the association as a research paradigm in the cognitive sciences. Since then, the paradigm has rarely been questioned and appears to have set the research agenda so that it is self-reinforcing. In this article, we retrace Kahneman’s argument to understand its strengths and weaknesses. The central notion of effort is not clearly defined in the book, so we proceed by constructing the most secure inferences we can from Kahneman’s argument regarding effort: it is cognitive, objective, metabolic expenditure, and it is attention. Continuing, we find from Kahneman’s argument that effort-attention must be a special case of sympathetic dominance of the autonomic nervous system that is also an increase in metabolic activity in the brain that has crossed a threshold of magnitude. We then weigh this conception of effort against evidence in Kahneman’s book and against more recent evidence, finding that it does not warrant the conclusion that effort can be equated with attention. In support of an alternative perspective, we briefly review diverse studies of behavior, physiology, and neuroscience on attention and effort, including meditation and studies of the LC-NE system, where we find evidence for the following: (1) Attention seems to be associated not with the utilization of metabolic resources per se but with the readying of metabolic resources in the form of adaptive gain modulation. This occurs under sympathetic dominance and can be experienced as effortful. (2) Attention can also occur under parasympathetic dominance, in which case it is likely to be experienced as effortless.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bruya
- Department of History and Philosophy, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, United States
| | - Yi-Yuan Tang
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States.,Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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63
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Ross JA, Gliebus G, Van Bockstaele EJ. Stress induced neural reorganization: A conceptual framework linking depression and Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 85:136-151. [PMID: 28803923 PMCID: PMC5809232 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress is a risk factor for a number of physiological disorders including cardiovascular disease, obesity and gastrointestinal disorders, as well as psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. There are a number of underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms altered in the course of chronic stress, which may increase the vulnerability of individuals to develop psychiatric disorders such as depression, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD). This is evident in the influence of stress on large-scale brain networks, including the resting state Default Mode Network (DMN), the effects of stress on neuronal circuitry and architecture, and the cellular and molecular adaptations to stress, which may render individuals with stress related psychiatric disorders more vulnerable to neurodegenerative disease later in life. These alterations include decreased negative feedback inhibition of the hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) axis, decreased dendritic arborization and spine density in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus, and the release of proinflammatory cytokines, which may suppress neurogenesis and promote neuronal cell death. Each of these factors are thought to play a role in stress-related psychiatric disease as well as AD, and have been observed in clinical and post-mortem studies of individuals with depression and AD. The goal of the current review is to summarize clinical and preclinical evidence supporting a role for chronic stress as a putative link between neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disease. Moreover, we provide a rationale for the importance of taking a medical history of stress-related psychiatric diseases into consideration during clinical trial design, as they may play an important role in the etiology of AD in stratified patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Ross
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Gediminas Gliebus
- Department of Neurology, Drexel Neuroscience Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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Abstract
Real world problem-solving (RWPS) is what we do every day. It requires flexibility, resilience, resourcefulness, and a certain degree of creativity. A crucial feature of RWPS is that it involves continuous interaction with the environment during the problem-solving process. In this process, the environment can be seen as not only a source of inspiration for new ideas but also as a tool to facilitate creative thinking. The cognitive neuroscience literature in creativity and problem-solving is extensive, but it has largely focused on neural networks that are active when subjects are not focused on the outside world, i.e., not using their environment. In this paper, I attempt to combine the relevant literature on creativity and problem-solving with the scattered and nascent work in perceptually-driven learning from the environment. I present my synthesis as a potential new theory for real world problem-solving and map out its hypothesized neural basis. I outline some testable predictions made by the model and provide some considerations and ideas for experimental paradigms that could be used to evaluate the model more thoroughly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanth Sarathy
- Human-Robot Interaction Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
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65
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Dissociating meditation proficiency and experience dependent EEG changes during traditional Vipassana meditation practice. Biol Psychol 2018. [PMID: 29526764 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Meditation, as taught by most schools of practice, consists of a set of heterogeneous techniques. We wanted to assess if EEG profiles varied across different meditation techniques, proficiency levels and experience of the practitioners. We examined EEG dynamics in Vipassana meditators (Novice, Senior meditators and Teachers) while they engaged in their traditional meditation practice (concentration, mindfulness and loving kindness in a structured manner) as taught by S.N. Goenka. Seniors and Teachers (vs Novices) showed trait increases in delta (1-4 Hz), theta-alpha (6-10 Hz) and low-gamma power (30-40 Hz) at baseline rest; state-trait increases in low-alpha (8-10 Hz) and low-gamma power during concentrative and mindfulness meditation; and theta-alpha and low-gamma power during loving-kindness meditation. Permutation entropy and Higuchi fractal dimension measures further dissociated high proficiency from duration of experience as only Teachers showed consistent increase in network complexity from baseline rest and state transitions between the different meditation states.
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66
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Mahone MC, Travis F, Gevirtz R, Hubbard D. fMRI during Transcendental Meditation practice. Brain Cogn 2018; 123:30-33. [PMID: 29505943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study used a within group design to investigate blood flow patterns (fMRI) in 16 long-term practitioners of Transcendental Meditation (mean practice: 34.3 years with each having over 36,000 h of meditation practice). During Transcendental Meditation practice, blood flow patterns were significantly higher in executive and attention areas (anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices) and significantly lower in arousal areas (pons and cerebellum). This pattern supports the understanding that Transcendental Meditation practice requires minimal effort. During Transcendental Meditation, the attentional system was active (heightened blood flow in anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices) in an automatic manner-decreased blood flow in the pons and cerebellum. This pattern of heightened blood flow in attentional areas and decreased blood flow in arousal areas has not been reported during other meditation practices. Future research should investigate blood flow patterns in different meditation practices in the same study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Mahone
- California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego, CA 91932, USA
| | - Fred Travis
- Center for Brain, Consciousness and Cognition, Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, IA, USA.
| | - Richard Gevirtz
- California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego, CA 91932, USA
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67
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Saxe GN, Calderone D, Morales LJ. Brain entropy and human intelligence: A resting-state fMRI study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191582. [PMID: 29432427 PMCID: PMC5809019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human intelligence comprises comprehension of and reasoning about an infinitely variable external environment. A brain capable of large variability in neural configurations, or states, will more easily understand and predict variable external events. Entropy measures the variety of configurations possible within a system, and recently the concept of brain entropy has been defined as the number of neural states a given brain can access. This study investigates the relationship between human intelligence and brain entropy, to determine whether neural variability as reflected in neuroimaging signals carries information about intellectual ability. We hypothesize that intelligence will be positively associated with entropy in a sample of 892 healthy adults, using resting-state fMRI. Intelligence is measured with the Shipley Vocabulary and WASI Matrix Reasoning tests. Brain entropy was positively associated with intelligence. This relation was most strongly observed in the prefrontal cortex, inferior temporal lobes, and cerebellum. This relationship between high brain entropy and high intelligence indicates an essential role for entropy in brain functioning. It demonstrates that access to variable neural states predicts complex behavioral performance, and specifically shows that entropy derived from neuroimaging signals at rest carries information about intellectual capacity. Future work in this area may elucidate the links between brain entropy in both resting and active states and various forms of intelligence. This insight has the potential to provide predictive information about adaptive behavior and to delineate the subdivisions and nature of intelligence based on entropic patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn N. Saxe
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel Calderone
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Leah J. Morales
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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68
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Gu S, Cieslak M, Baird B, Muldoon SF, Grafton ST, Pasqualetti F, Bassett DS. The Energy Landscape of Neurophysiological Activity Implicit in Brain Network Structure. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2507. [PMID: 29410486 PMCID: PMC5802783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A critical mystery in neuroscience lies in determining how anatomical structure impacts the complex functional dynamics of the brain. How does large-scale brain circuitry constrain states of neuronal activity and transitions between those states? We address these questions using a maximum entropy model of brain dynamics informed by white matter tractography. We demonstrate that the most probable brain states - characterized by minimal energy - display common activation profiles across brain areas: local spatially-contiguous sets of brain regions reminiscent of cognitive systems are co-activated frequently. The predicted activation rate of these systems is highly correlated with the observed activation rate measured in a separate resting state fMRI data set, validating the utility of the maximum entropy model in describing neurophysiological dynamics. This approach also offers a formal notion of the energy of activity within a system, and the energy of activity shared between systems. We observe that within- and between-system energies cleanly separate cognitive systems into distinct categories, optimized for differential contributions to integrated versus segregated function. These results support the notion that energetic and structural constraints circumscribe brain dynamics, offering insights into the roles that cognitive systems play in driving whole-brain activation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Gu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Matthew Cieslak
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Benjamin Baird
- Center for Sleep and Consciousness, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Sarah F Muldoon
- Department of Mathematics and CDSE Program, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Scott T Grafton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Fabio Pasqualetti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Danielle S Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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69
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Tailby C, Kowalczyk MA, Jackson GD. Cognitive impairment in epilepsy: the role of reduced network flexibility. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2017; 5:29-40. [PMID: 29376090 PMCID: PMC5771327 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The dominant model of cognitive impairment in focal epilepsy has emphasised structural bases for cognitive deficits. Current theories of cognition in the healthy brain emphasise the importance of the reweighting of brain network interactions in support of task performance. Here, we explore the hypothesis that cognitive deficits in epilepsy arise through abnormalities of dynamic functional network interactions. Method We studied 19 healthy controls and 37 temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients, using a behavioural measure of verbal fluency (the Controlled Oral Word Association Test) and an fMRI verbal fluency paradigm (Orthographic Lexical Retrieval). Results Behaviourally, verbal fluency was significantly impaired in TLE. Psychophysiological interaction analyses of the fMRI data, which capture state-dependent changes in network connectivity, revealed reduced task-dependent modulations of connectivity from left superior medial frontal cortex to left middle frontal gyrus in TLE patients. Individual differences in verbal fluency among TLE cases was correlated with task-dependent changes in connectivity from left posterior cingulate to left superior medial frontal cortex, and from left superior medial frontal cortex to a range of right predominant brain areas. Interpretation These data reveal that the typical pattern of task-driven shifts in network connectivity is not observed in TLE. Our observations go beyond simple structure-function associations and suggest that failure of network flexibility can be an important contributor to cognitive impairment in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Tailby
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Heidelberg Victoria Australia.,Institute for Social Neuroscience Heidelberg Victoria Australia.,Austin Health Heidelberg Victoria Australia
| | | | - Graeme D Jackson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Heidelberg Victoria Australia.,Austin Health Heidelberg Victoria Australia.,The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
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70
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Just a minute meditation: Rapid voluntary conscious state shifts in long term meditators. Conscious Cogn 2017; 53:176-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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71
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Tang YY, Bruya B. Mechanisms of Mind-Body Interaction and Optimal Performance. Front Psychol 2017; 8:647. [PMID: 28536540 PMCID: PMC5422480 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yuan Tang
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech UniversityLubbock, TX, USA
| | - Brian Bruya
- History and Philosophy Department, Eastern Michigan UniversityYpsilanti, MI, USA
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72
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Isbel B, Summers MJ. Distinguishing the cognitive processes of mindfulness: Developing a standardised mindfulness technique for use in longitudinal randomised control trials. Conscious Cogn 2017; 52:75-92. [PMID: 28499257 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A capacity model of mindfulness is adopted to differentiate the cognitive faculty of mindfulness from the metacognitive processes required to cultivate this faculty in mindfulness training. The model provides an explanatory framework incorporating both the developmental progression from focussed attention to open monitoring styles of mindfulness practice, along with the development of equanimity and insight. A standardised technique for activating these processes without the addition of secondary components is then introduced. Mindfulness-based interventions currently available for use in randomised control trials introduce components ancillary to the cognitive processes of mindfulness, limiting their ability to draw clear causative inferences. The standardised technique presented here does not introduce such ancillary factors, rendering it a valuable tool with which to investigate the processes activated in mindfulness practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Isbel
- Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience - Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4 (ML59), Maroochydore DC, QLD 4558, Australia.
| | - Mathew J Summers
- Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience - Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4 (ML59), Maroochydore DC, QLD 4558, Australia.
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73
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Asanowicz D, Marzecová A. Differential effects of phasic and tonic alerting on the efficiency of executive attention. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2017; 176:58-70. [PMID: 28376344 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The study examined how alerting and executive attention interact in a task involving conflict resolution. We proposed a tentative scenario in which an initial exogenous phasic alerting phase is followed by an endogenous tonic alerting phase, and hypothesized that these two processes may have distinct effects on conflict resolution. Phasic alerting was expected to increase the conflict, whereas tonic alerting was expected to decrease the conflict. Three experiments were conducted using different variants of the flanker task with visual alerting cues and varied cue-target intervals (SOA), to differentiate between effects of phasic alerting (short SOA) and tonic alerting (long SOA). The results showed that phasic alerting consistently decreased the efficiency of conflict resolution indexed by response time and accuracy, whereas tonic alerting increased the accuracy of conflict resolution, but at a cost in the speed of processing the conflict. The third experiment additionally showed that the effects of phasic alerting may be modulated by the psychophysical strength of alerting cues. Discussed are possible mechanisms that could account for the observed interactions between alerting and conflict resolution, as well as some discrepancies between the current and previous studies.
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74
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Fortenbaugh FC, DeGutis J, Esterman M. Recent theoretical, neural, and clinical advances in sustained attention research. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1396:70-91. [PMID: 28260249 PMCID: PMC5522184 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Models of attention often distinguish among attention subtypes, with classic models separating orienting, switching, and sustaining functions. Compared with other forms of attention, the neurophysiological basis of sustaining attention has received far less notice, yet it is known that momentary failures of sustained attention can have far-ranging negative effects in healthy individuals, and lasting sustained attention deficits are pervasive in clinical populations. In recent years, however, there has been increased interest in characterizing moment-to-moment fluctuations in sustained attention, in addition to the overall vigilance decrement, and understanding how these neurocognitive systems change over the life span and across various clinical populations. The use of novel neuroimaging paradigms and statistical approaches has allowed for better characterization of the neural networks supporting sustained attention and has highlighted dynamic interactions within and across multiple distributed networks that predict behavioral performance. These advances have also provided potential biomarkers to identify individuals with sustained attention deficits. These findings have led to new theoretical models explaining why sustaining focused attention is a challenge for individuals and form the basis for the next generation of sustained attention research, which seeks to accurately diagnose and develop theoretically driven treatments for sustained attention deficits that affect a variety of clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca C. Fortenbaugh
- Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center, VA Boston Healthcare System
- Boston Attention & Learning Laboratory, VA Boston Healthcare System
- Geriatric Research, Education, & Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
| | - Joseph DeGutis
- Boston Attention & Learning Laboratory, VA Boston Healthcare System
- Geriatric Research, Education, & Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
| | - Michael Esterman
- Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center, VA Boston Healthcare System
- Boston Attention & Learning Laboratory, VA Boston Healthcare System
- Geriatric Research, Education, & Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine
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75
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Meditation and Cognitive Ageing: the Role of Mindfulness Meditation in Building Cognitive Reserve. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-017-0022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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76
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Tang YY, Tang Y, Tang R, Lewis-Peacock JA. Brief Mental Training Reorganizes Large-Scale Brain Networks. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:6. [PMID: 28293180 PMCID: PMC5328965 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidences have shown that one form of mental training—mindfulness meditation, can improve attention, emotion regulation and cognitive performance through changing brain activity and structural connectivity. However, whether and how the short-term mindfulness meditation alters large-scale brain networks are not well understood. Here, we applied a novel data-driven technique, the multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) to resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI) data to identify changes in brain activity patterns and assess the neural mechanisms induced by a brief mindfulness training—integrative body–mind training (IBMT), which was previously reported in our series of randomized studies. Whole brain rsfMRI was performed on an undergraduate group who received 2 weeks of IBMT with 30 min per session (5 h training in total). Classifiers were trained on measures of functional connectivity in this fMRI data, and they were able to reliably differentiate (with 72% accuracy) patterns of connectivity from before vs. after the IBMT training. After training, an increase in positive functional connections (60 connections) were detected, primarily involving bilateral superior/middle occipital gyrus, bilateral frontale operculum, bilateral superior temporal gyrus, right superior temporal pole, bilateral insula, caudate and cerebellum. These results suggest that brief mental training alters the functional connectivity of large-scale brain networks at rest that may involve a portion of the neural circuitry supporting attention, cognitive and affective processing, awareness and sensory integration and reward processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yuan Tang
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Yan Tang
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Rongxiang Tang
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis, MO, USA
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77
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Barbeau EJ, Chauvel P, Moulin CJ, Regis J, Liégeois‐Chauvel C. Hippocampus duality: Memory and novelty detection are subserved by distinct mechanisms. Hippocampus 2017; 27:405-416. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel J. Barbeau
- Centre de recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université de Toulouse, CNRS CERCO UMR 5549Toulouse Cedex France
| | - Patrick Chauvel
- Faculté de MédecineInstitut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Inserm UMR1106Marseille France
- Faculté de médecineAix‐Marseille UniversitéMarseille France
- Hôpital de la Timone, Service de Neurophysiologie cliniqueAssistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de MarseilleMarseille France
| | - Christopher J.A. Moulin
- Laboratoire de Psychologie & Neurocognition, CNRS LPNC UMR 5105. Université Grenoble AlpesGrenoble France
| | - Jean Regis
- Faculté de MédecineInstitut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Inserm UMR1106Marseille France
- Faculté de médecineAix‐Marseille UniversitéMarseille France
- Hôpital de la Timone, Service de Neurophysiologie cliniqueAssistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de MarseilleMarseille France
| | - Catherine Liégeois‐Chauvel
- Faculté de MédecineInstitut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Inserm UMR1106Marseille France
- Faculté de médecineAix‐Marseille UniversitéMarseille France
- Hôpital de la Timone, Service de Neurophysiologie cliniqueAssistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de MarseilleMarseille France
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78
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Chou YH, Sundman M, Whitson HE, Gaur P, Chu ML, Weingarten CP, Madden DJ, Wang L, Kirste I, Joliot M, Diaz MT, Li YJ, Song AW, Chen NK. Maintenance and Representation of Mind Wandering during Resting-State fMRI. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40722. [PMID: 28079189 PMCID: PMC5227708 DOI: 10.1038/srep40722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Major advances in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques in the last two decades have provided a tool to better understand the functional organization of the brain both in health and illness. Despite such developments, characterizing regulation and cerebral representation of mind wandering, which occurs unavoidably during resting-state fMRI scans and may induce variability of the acquired data, remains a work in progress. Here, we demonstrate that a decrease or decoupling in functional connectivity involving the caudate nucleus, insula, medial prefrontal cortex and other domain-specific regions was associated with more sustained mind wandering in particular thought domains during resting-state fMRI. Importantly, our findings suggest that temporal and between-subject variations in functional connectivity of above-mentioned regions might be linked with the continuity of mind wandering. Our study not only provides a preliminary framework for characterizing the maintenance and cerebral representation of different types of mind wandering, but also highlights the importance of taking mind wandering into consideration when studying brain organization with resting-state fMRI in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hui Chou
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Cognitive Science Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mark Sundman
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Heather E Whitson
- Department of Medicine and Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Durham Veterans Administration Hospital, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Pooja Gaur
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mei-Lan Chu
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Carol P Weingarten
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David J Madden
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lihong Wang
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Imke Kirste
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marc Joliot
- Neuroimaging Group (GIN), UMR5293, CEA CNRS Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, CEDEX, France
| | - Michele T Diaz
- Department of Psychology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yi-Ju Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Allen W Song
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nan-Kuei Chen
- Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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79
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Hull JV, Dokovna LB, Jacokes ZJ, Torgerson CM, Irimia A, Van Horn JD. Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review. Front Psychiatry 2017; 7:205. [PMID: 28101064 PMCID: PMC5209637 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ongoing debate exists within the resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) literature over how intrinsic connectivity is altered in the autistic brain, with reports of general over-connectivity, under-connectivity, and/or a combination of both. Classifying autism using brain connectivity is complicated by the heterogeneous nature of the condition, allowing for the possibility of widely variable connectivity patterns among individuals with the disorder. Further differences in reported results may be attributable to the age and sex of participants included, designs of the resting-state scan, and to the analysis technique used to evaluate the data. This review systematically examines the resting-state fMRI autism literature to date and compares studies in an attempt to draw overall conclusions that are presently challenging. We also propose future direction for rs-fMRI use to categorize individuals with autism spectrum disorder, serve as a possible diagnostic tool, and best utilize data-sharing initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn V. Hull
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), The Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics (INI), Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lisa B. Dokovna
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), The Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics (INI), Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zachary J. Jacokes
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), The Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics (INI), Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carinna M. Torgerson
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), The Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics (INI), Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - John Darrell Van Horn
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), The Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics (INI), Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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80
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de Barbaro K, Clackson K, Wass SV. Infant Attention Is Dynamically Modulated With Changing Arousal Levels. Child Dev 2016; 88:629-639. [PMID: 27910994 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Traditional accounts of developing attention and cognition emphasize static individual differences in information encoding; however, work from Aston-Jones et al. suggests that looking behavior may be dynamically influenced by autonomic arousal. To test this model, a 20-min testing battery constituting mixed photos and cartoon clips was shown to 53 typical 12-month-olds. Look duration was recorded to index attention, and continuous changes in arousal were tracked by measuring heart rate, electrodermal activity, and movement levels. Across three analyses, we found that continuous changes in arousal tracked simultaneous changes in attention measures, as predicted by the Aston-Jones model. It was also found that changes in arousal tended to precede (occur before) subsequent changes in attention. Implications of these findings are discussed.
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81
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Leng Y, Shi Y, Yu Q, Van Horn JD, Tang H, Li J, Xu W, Ge X, Tang Y, Han Y, Zhang D, Xiao M, Zhang H, Pang Z, Toga AW, Liu S. Phenotypic and Genetic Correlations Between the Lobar Segments of the Inferior Fronto-occipital Fasciculus and Attention. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33015. [PMID: 27597294 PMCID: PMC5011720 DOI: 10.1038/srep33015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention deficits may present dysfunctions in any one or two components of attention (alerting, orienting, and executive control (EC)). However, these various forms of attention deficits generally have abnormal microstructure integrity of inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF). In this work, we aim to deeply explore: (1) associations between microstructure integrities of IFOF (including frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insular segments) and attention by means of structural equation models and multiple regression analyses; (2) genetic/environmental effects on IFOF, attention, and their correlations using bivariate genetic analysis. EC function was attributed to the fractional anisotropy (FA) of left (correlation was driven by genetic and environmental factors) and right IFOF (correlation was driven by environmental factors), especially to left frontal part and right occipital part (correlation was driven by genetic factors). Alerting was associated with FA in parietal and insular parts of left IFOF. No significant correlation was found between orienting and IFOF. This study revealed the advantages of lobar-segmental analysis in structure-function correlation study and provided the anatomical basis for kinds of attention deficits. The common genetic/environmental factors implicated in the certain correlations suggested the common physiological mechanisms for two traits, which should promote the discovery of single-nucleotide polymorphisms affecting IFOF and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Leng
- Research Center for Sectional Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wen-hua Xi Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, China
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yonggang Shi
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Qiaowen Yu
- Research Center for Sectional Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wen-hua Xi Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - John Darrell Van Horn
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Haiyan Tang
- Research Center for Sectional Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wen-hua Xi Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Junning Li
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Wenjian Xu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, 266003 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xinting Ge
- Research Center for Sectional Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wen-hua Xi Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuchun Tang
- Research Center for Sectional Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wen-hua Xi Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, 266003 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 266033 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Min Xiao
- Research Center for Sectional Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wen-hua Xi Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huaqiang Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 266033 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zengchang Pang
- Department of Epidemiology, Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 266033 Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Arthur W. Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Shuwei Liu
- Research Center for Sectional Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wen-hua Xi Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, China
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Berkovich-Ohana A, Harel M, Hahamy A, Arieli A, Malach R. Alterations in task-induced activity and resting-state fluctuations in visual and DMN areas revealed in long-term meditators. Neuroimage 2016; 135:125-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Mehta UM, Keshavan MS, Gangadhar BN. Bridging the schism of schizophrenia through yoga-Review of putative mechanisms. Int Rev Psychiatry 2016; 28:254-64. [PMID: 27187680 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2016.1176905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients experience a 'disconnect' at multiple levels-neuronal networks, mental processes, and interpersonal relationships. The resultant poor quality-of-life and functional disability are related to the persistent cognitive deficits and negative symptoms, which are rather resistant to conventional antipsychotic medications. Yoga has emerged as an important therapeutic intervention to improve quality-of-life in schizophrenia. Recent preliminary evidence suggests that effects of yoga on cognitive and negative symptoms may drive this benefit. This study attempts to integrate evidence from neuroscience-based research, which focuses on the neuroplasticity-harnessing effects of yoga to bridge the schizophrenia connectopathy. In an overarching model to study putative neurobiological mechanisms that drive therapeutic effects of yoga, it is proposed that (a) various styles of meditation may help in strengthening the lateral and medial prefrontal brain networks, thus improving neurocognition and mentalizing abilities, and (b) learning and performing co-ordinated physical postures with a teacher facilitates imitation and the process of being imitated, which can improve social cognition and empathy through reinforcement of the premotor and parietal mirror neuron system. Oxytocin may play a role in mediating these processes, leading to better social connectedness and social outcomes. Clinical and heuristic implications of this model are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvakhsh Meherwan Mehta
- a Department of Psychiatry , National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS) , Bengaluru , India
| | - Matcheri S Keshavan
- b Department of Psychiatry , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Bangalore N Gangadhar
- a Department of Psychiatry , National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS) , Bengaluru , India
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84
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Circuitry of self-control and its role in reducing addiction. Trends Cogn Sci 2016; 19:439-44. [PMID: 26235449 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the idea that addictions can be treated by changing the mechanisms involved in self-control with or without regard to intention. The core clinical symptoms of addiction include an enhanced incentive for drug taking (craving), impaired self-control (impulsivity and compulsivity), negative mood, and increased stress re-activity. Symptoms related to impaired self-control involve reduced activity in control networks including anterior cingulate (ACC), adjacent prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and striatum. Behavioral training such as mindfulness meditation can increase the function of control networks and may be a promising approach for the treatment of addiction, even among those without intention to quit.
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85
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The Association between Resting Functional Connectivity and Visual Creativity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25395. [PMID: 27138732 PMCID: PMC4853707 DOI: 10.1038/srep25395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC), the temporal correlation of intrinsic activation between different brain regions, has become one of the most fascinating field in the functional imaging studies. To better understand the association between RSFC and individual creativity, we used RSFC and the figure Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT-F) to investigate the relationship between creativity measured by TTCT and RSFC within two different brain networks, default mode network and the cognitive control network, in a large healthy sample (304). We took the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (DLPFC) to be the seed regions and investigated the association across subjects between the score of TTCT-F and the strength of RSFC between these seed regions and other voxels in the whole brain. Results revealed that the strength of RSFC with the MPFC was significantly and negatively correlated with the score of TTCT-F in the precuneus. Meanwhile, we also found that the strength of RSFC with the left DLPFC was significantly and positively correlated with the score of TTCT-F in the right DLPFC. It suggests that the decreased RSFC within DMN and the increased RSFC within CCN presents a potential interaction mechanism between different region for higher creativity.
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86
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Gschwind M, Picard F. Ecstatic Epileptic Seizures: A Glimpse into the Multiple Roles of the Insula. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:21. [PMID: 26924970 PMCID: PMC4756129 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecstatic epileptic seizures are a rare but compelling epileptic entity. During the first seconds of these seizures, ecstatic auras provoke feelings of well-being, intense serenity, bliss, and "enhanced self-awareness." They are associated with the impression of time dilation, and can be described as a mystic experience by some patients. The functional neuroanatomy of ecstatic seizures is still debated. During recent years several patients presenting with ecstatic auras have been reported by others and us (in total n = 52); a few of them in the setting of presurgical evaluation including electrical brain stimulation. According to the recently recognized functions of the insula, and the results of nuclear brain imaging and electrical stimulation, the ecstatic symptoms in these patients seem to localize to a functional network centered around the anterior insular cortex, where we thus propose to locate this rare ictal phenomenon. Here we summarize the role of the multiple sensory, autonomic, affective, and cognitive functions of the insular cortex, which are integrated into the creation of self-awareness, and we suggest how this system may become dysfunctional on several levels during ecstatic aura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Gschwind
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Medical School of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
- Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Biotech Campus, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Picard
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Medical School of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
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87
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Tomasino B, Campanella F, Fabbro F. Medial orbital gyrus modulation during spatial perspective changes: Pre- vs. post-8weeks mindfulness meditation. Conscious Cogn 2016; 40:147-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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88
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Manuello J, Vercelli U, Nani A, Costa T, Cauda F. Mindfulness meditation and consciousness: An integrative neuroscientific perspective. Conscious Cogn 2016; 40:67-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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89
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Laneri D, Schuster V, Dietsche B, Jansen A, Ott U, Sommer J. Effects of Long-Term Mindfulness Meditation on Brain's White Matter Microstructure and its Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 7:254. [PMID: 26834624 PMCID: PMC4712309 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although research on the effects of mindfulness meditation (MM) is increasing, still very little has been done to address its influence on the white matter (WM) of the brain. We hypothesized that the practice of MM might affect the WM microstructure adjacent to five brain regions of interest associated with mindfulness. Diffusion tensor imaging was employed on samples of meditators and non-meditators (n = 64) in order to investigate the effects of MM on group difference and aging. Tract-Based Spatial Statistics was used to estimate the fractional anisotrophy of the WM connected to the thalamus, insula, amygdala, hippocampus, and anterior cingulate cortex. The subsequent generalized linear model analysis revealed group differences and a group-by-age interaction in all five selected regions. These data provide preliminary indications that the practice of MM might result in WM connectivity change and might provide evidence on its ability to help diminish age-related WM degeneration in key regions which participate in processes of mindfulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Laneri
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg Marburg, Germany
| | - Verena Schuster
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg Marburg, Germany
| | - Bruno Dietsche
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Ott
- Department of Psychology, Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen Giessen, Germany
| | - Jens Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg Marburg, Germany
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90
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Bachmann K, Lam AP, Philipsen A. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and the Adult ADHD Brain: A Neuropsychotherapeutic Perspective. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:117. [PMID: 27445873 PMCID: PMC4921925 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a recognized serious mental disorder that often persists into adulthood. The symptoms and impairments associated with ADHD often cause significant mental suffering in affected individuals. ADHD has been associated with abnormal neuronal activity in various neuronal circuits, such as the dorsofrontostriatal, orbitofrontostriatal, and frontocerebellar circuits. Psychopharmacological treatment with methylphenidate hydrochloride is recommended as the first-line treatment for ADHD. It is assumed that medication ameliorates ADHD symptoms by improving the functioning of the brain areas affected in the condition. However, side effects, contraindications, or non-response can limit the effectiveness of a psychopharmacological treatment for ADHD. It is therefore necessary to develop non-pharmacological interventions that target neuronal mechanisms associated with the condition in the same way as pharmacological treatment. We think that mindfulness meditation employed as a neuropsychotherapeutic intervention could help patients with ADHD to regulate impaired brain functioning and thereby reduce ADHD symptoms. In this paper, we highlight the mechanisms of such mindfulness meditation, and thus provide a rationale for further research and treatment development from a neuropsychotherapeutic perspective. We conclude that mindfulness meditation employed as a neuropsychotherapeutic intervention in therapy is a promising treatment approach in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bachmann
- School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg , Oldenburg , Germany
| | - Alexandra P Lam
- School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Karl-Jaspers-Klinik, Bad Zwischenahn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Karl-Jaspers-Klinik, Bad Zwischenahn, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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91
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92
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Khadka S, Pearlson GD, Calhoun VD, Liu J, Gelernter J, Bessette KL, Stevens MC. Multivariate Imaging Genetics Study of MRI Gray Matter Volume and SNPs Reveals Biological Pathways Correlated with Brain Structural Differences in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:128. [PMID: 27504100 PMCID: PMC4959119 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder affecting children, adolescents, and adults. Its etiology is not well understood, but it is increasingly believed to result from diverse pathophysiologies that affect the structure and function of specific brain circuits. Although one of the best-studied neurobiological abnormalities in ADHD is reduced fronto-striatal-cerebellar gray matter (GM) volume, its specific genetic correlates are largely unknown. METHODS In this study, T1-weighted MR images of brain structure were collected from 198 adolescents (63 ADHD-diagnosed). A multivariate parallel independent component analysis (Para-ICA) technique-identified imaging genetic relationships between regional GM volume and single nucleotide polymorphism data. RESULTS Para-ICA analyses extracted 14 components from genetic data and 9 from MR data. An iterative cross-validation using randomly chosen subsamples indicated acceptable stability of these ICA solutions. A series of partial correlation analyses controlling for age, sex, and ethnicity revealed two genotype-phenotype component pairs significantly differed between ADHD and non-ADHD groups, after a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. The brain phenotype component not only included structures frequently found to have abnormally low volume in previous ADHD studies but was also significantly associated with ADHD differences in symptom severity and performance on cognitive tests frequently found to be impaired in patients diagnosed with the disorder. Pathway analysis of the genotype component identified several different biological pathways linked to these structural abnormalities in ADHD. CONCLUSION Some of these pathways implicate well-known dopaminergic neurotransmission and neurodevelopment hypothesized to be abnormal in ADHD. Other more recently implicated pathways included glutamatergic and GABA-eric physiological systems; others might reflect sources of shared liability to disturbances commonly found in ADHD, such as sleep abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabin Khadka
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford HealthCare , Hartford, CT , USA
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford HealthCare, Hartford, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jingyu Liu
- The Mind Research Network , Albuquerque, NM , USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA
| | - Katie L Bessette
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford HealthCare , Hartford, CT , USA
| | - Michael C Stevens
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford HealthCare, Hartford, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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93
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Tomasino B, Fabbro F. Increases in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and decreases the rostral prefrontal cortex activation after-8 weeks of focused attention based mindfulness meditation. Brain Cogn 2015; 102:46-54. [PMID: 26720411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mindfulness meditation is a form of attention control training. The training exercises the ability to repeatedly focus attention. We addressed the activation changes related to an 8-weeks mindfulness-oriented focused attention meditation training on an initially naïve subject cohort. Before and after training participants underwent an fMRI experiment, thus, although not strictly a cross over design, they served as their internal own control. During fMRI they exercised focused attention on breathing and body scan as compared to resting. We found increased and decreased activation in different parts of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) by comparing pre- vs. post-mindfulness training (MT) during breathing and body scan meditation exercises that were compared against their own resting state. In the post-MT (vs. pre-MT) meditation increased activation in the right dorsolateral PFC and in the left caudate/anterior insula and decreased activation in the rostral PFC and right parietal area 3b. Thus a brief mindfulness training caused increased activation in areas involved in sustaining and monitoring the focus of attention (dorsolateral PFC), consistent with the aim of mindfulness that is exercising focused attention mechanisms, and in the left caudate/anterior insula involved in attention and corporeal awareness and decreased activation in areas part of the "default mode" network and is involved in mentalizing (rostral PFC), consistent with the ability trained by mindfulness of reducing spontaneous mind wandering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franco Fabbro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Biologiche, Università di Udine, Italy; Perceptual Robotics Laboratory (PERCRO), Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
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94
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95
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McConnell PA, Froeliger B. Mindfulness, Mechanisms and Meaning: Perspectives from the Cognitive Neuroscience of Addiction. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2015; 26:349-357. [PMID: 26924915 DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2015.1076701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P A McConnell
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - B Froeliger
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina
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96
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Geyfman M, Plikus MV, Treffeisen E, Andersen B, Paus R. Resting no more: re-defining telogen, the maintenance stage of the hair growth cycle. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 90:1179-96. [PMID: 25410793 PMCID: PMC4437968 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hair follicle (HF) represents a prototypic ectodermal-mesodermal interaction system in which central questions of modern biology can be studied. A unique feature of these stem-cell-rich mini-organs is that they undergo life-long, cyclic transformations between stages of active regeneration (anagen), apoptotic involution (catagen), and relative proliferative quiescence (telogen). Due to the low proliferation rate and small size of the HF during telogen, this stage was conventionally thought of as a stage of dormancy. However, multiple lines of newly emerging evidence show that HFs during telogen are anything but dormant. Here, we emphasize that telogen is a highly energy-efficient default state of the mammalian coat, whose function centres around maintenance of the hair fibre and prompt responses to its loss. While actively retaining hair fibres with minimal energy expenditure, telogen HFs can launch a new regeneration cycle in response to a variety of stimuli originating in their autonomous micro-environment (including its stem cell niche) as well as in their external tissue macro-environment. Regenerative responses of telogen HFs change as a function of time and can be divided into two sub-stages: early 'refractory' and late 'competent' telogen. These changing activities are reflected in hundreds of dynamically regulated genes in telogen skin, possibly aimed at establishing a fast response-signalling environment to trauma and other disturbances of skin homeostasis. Furthermore, telogen is an interpreter of circadian output in the timing of anagen initiation and the key stage during which the subsequent organ regeneration (anagen) is actively prepared by suppressing molecular brakes on hair growth while activating pro-regenerative signals. Thus, telogen may serve as an excellent model system for dissecting signalling and cellular interactions that precede the active 'regenerative mode' of tissue remodeling. This revised understanding of telogen biology also points to intriguing new therapeutic avenues in the management of common human hair growth disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Geyfman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Maksim V. Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Elsa Treffeisen
- Department of Dermatology, Kligman Labouratories, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bogi Andersen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ralf Paus
- Department of Dermatology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, and Dermatology Centre, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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97
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98
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Bærentsen KB. Patanjali and neuroscientific research on meditation. Front Psychol 2015; 6:915. [PMID: 26191024 PMCID: PMC4490208 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus B Bærentsen
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, University of Aarhus Aarhus, Denmark
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99
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Fan Y, Tang YY, Tang R, Posner MI. Time course of conflict processing modulated by brief meditation training. Front Psychol 2015; 6:911. [PMID: 26191022 PMCID: PMC4490222 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Resolving conflict is a pivotal self-control ability for human adaptation and survival. Although some studies reported meditation may affect conflict resolution, the neural mechanisms are poorly understood. We conducted a fully randomized 5 h trial of one form of mindfulness meditation—integrative body-mind training (IBMT) in comparison to a relaxation training control. During the Stroop word-color task, IBMT group produced faster resolution of conflict, a smaller N2 and an earlier and larger P3 component of the event-related brain potentials. These results indicate that brief meditation training induces a brain state that improves the resolution of conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi-Yuan Tang
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, TX, USA ; Department of Psychology, University of Oregon , Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Rongxiang Tang
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael I Posner
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon , Eugene, OR, USA
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Lebois LAM, Papies EK, Gopinath K, Cabanban R, Quigley KS, Krishnamurthy V, Barrett LF, Barsalou LW. A shift in perspective: Decentering through mindful attention to imagined stressful events. Neuropsychologia 2015; 75:505-24. [PMID: 26111487 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ruminative thoughts about a stressful event can seem subjectively real, as if the imagined event were happening in the moment. One possibility is that this subjective realism results from simulating the self as engaged in the stressful event (immersion). If so, then the process of decentering--disengaging the self from the event--should reduce the subjective realism associated with immersion, and therefore perceived stressfulness. To assess this account of decentering, we taught non-meditators a strategy for disengaging from imagined events, simply viewing these events as transient mental states (mindful attention). In a subsequent neuroimaging session, participants imagined stressful and non-stressful events, while either immersing themselves or adopting mindful attention. In conjunction analyses, mindful attention down-regulated the processing of stressful events relative to baseline, whereas immersion up-regulated their processing. In direct contrasts between mindful attention and immersion, mindful attention showed greater activity in brain areas associated with perspective shifting and effortful attention, whereas immersion showed greater activity in areas associated with self-processing and visceral states. These results suggest that mindful attention produces decentering by disengaging embodied senses of self from imagined situations so that affect does not develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A M Lebois
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, United States; McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, MA, United States.
| | - Esther K Papies
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Kaundinya Gopinath
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, United States; Center for Systems Imaging, Emory School of Medicine, United States
| | - Romeo Cabanban
- Center for Systems Imaging, Emory School of Medicine, United States
| | - Karen S Quigley
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, United States; Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial (Bedford) VA Hospital, United States
| | - Venkatagiri Krishnamurthy
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, United States; Center for Systems Imaging, Emory School of Medicine, United States
| | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, United States; Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, United States
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