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Zhang Y, Zhou M, Li Y, Luo Z, Chen H, Cui M, Fu ZF, Zhao L. Recombinant rabies virus with the glycoprotein fused with a DC-binding peptide is an efficacious rabies vaccine. Oncotarget 2018; 9:831-841. [PMID: 29416659 PMCID: PMC5787516 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that recruiting and/or activating dendritic cells (DCs) enhanced the immunogenicity of recombinant rabies viruses (rRABV). In this study, rRABV LBNSE with a small DC-binding peptide (designated as rLBNSE-DCBp) or a negative control peptide (designated as rLBNSE-DCCp) fused to the glycoprotein (G) was constructed and rescued. As expected, significantly more activated DCs were detected in rLBNSE-DCBp-immunized mice than those immunized with rLBNSE or rLBNSE-DCCp. Subsequently, significantly more generation of TFH and GC B cells were observed in rLBNSE-DCBp immunized mice than those in rLBNSE or rLBNSE-DCCp-immunized mice. In addition, significantly higher levels of virus neutralizing antibodies (VNAs) were observed in mice immunized with rLBNSE-DCBp than those immunized with rLBNSE or rLBNSE-DCCp, resulting in a better protection of rLBNSE-DCBp immunized mice against the lethal challenge. Taken together, our results suggest that rRABV with G fused with DCBp is a promising rabies vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhaochen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhen F. Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Fooks AR, Cliquet F, Finke S, Freuling C, Hemachudha T, Mani RS, Müller T, Nadin-Davis S, Picard-Meyer E, Wilde H, Banyard AC. Rabies. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2017; 3:17091. [PMID: 29188797 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a life-threatening neglected tropical disease: tens of thousands of cases are reported annually in endemic countries (mainly in Africa and Asia), although the actual numbers are most likely underestimated. Rabies is a zoonotic disease that is caused by infection with viruses of the Lyssavirus genus, which are transmitted via the saliva of an infected animal. Dogs are the most important reservoir for rabies viruses, and dog bites account for >99% of human cases. The virus first infects peripheral motor neurons, and symptoms occur after the virus reaches the central nervous system. Once clinical disease develops, it is almost certainly fatal. Primary prevention involves dog vaccination campaigns to reduce the virus reservoir. If exposure occurs, timely post-exposure prophylaxis can prevent the progression to clinical disease and involves appropriate wound care, the administration of rabies immunoglobulin and vaccination. A multifaceted approach for human rabies eradication that involves government support, disease awareness, vaccination of at-risk human populations and, most importantly, dog rabies control is necessary to achieve the WHO goal of reducing the number of cases of dog-mediated human rabies to zero by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Fooks
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Diseases Research Group, (WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.,Institute of Infection &Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK
| | - Florence Cliquet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health &Safety (ANSES)-Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife (European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Institute for Rabies Serology), Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology (WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Conrad Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology (WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thiravat Hemachudha
- Department of Medicine (Neurology) and (WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Disease-Health Science Centre, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Reeta S Mani
- Department of Neurovirology (WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research in Rabies), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology (WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Susan Nadin-Davis
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (WHO Collaborating Centre for Control, Pathogenesis and Epidemiology of Rabies in Carnivores), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evelyne Picard-Meyer
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health &Safety (ANSES)-Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife (European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Institute for Rabies Serology), Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Henry Wilde
- Department of Medicine (Neurology) and (WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Diseases Research Group, (WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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Galvez-Romero G, Salas-Rojas M, Pompa-Mera EN, Chávez-Rueda K, Aguilar-Setién Á. Addition of C3d-P28 adjuvant to a rabies DNA vaccine encoding the G5 linear epitope enhances the humoral immune response and confers protection. Vaccine 2017; 36:292-298. [PMID: 29191739 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Rabies DNA vaccines based on full-length glycoprotein (G) induce virus neutralizing antibody (VNA) responses and protect against the virus challenge. Although conformational epitopes of G are the main target of VNAs, some studies have shown that a polypeptide linear epitope G5 is also able to induce VNAs. However, a G5 DNA vaccine has not been explored. While multiple doses of DNA vaccines are required in order to confer a protective immune response, this could be overcome by the inclusion of C3d-P28, a molecular adjuvant is know to improve the antibody response in several anti-viral vaccine models. To induce and enhance the immune response against rabies in mice, we evaluated two DNA vaccines based on the linear epitope G5 of Rabies Virus (RABV) glycoprotein (pVaxG5 vaccine) and another vaccine consisting of G5 fused to the molecular adjuvant C3d-P28 (pVaxF1 vaccine). VNA responses were measured in mice immunized with both vaccines. The VNA levels from the group immunized with pVaxG5 decreased gradually, while those from the group vaccinated with pVaxF1 remained high throughout the experimental study. After challenge with 22 LD50 of the Challenge Virus Strain (CVS), the survival rate of mice immunized with pVaxG5 and pVaxF1 was increased by 27% and 50% respectively, in comparison to the PBS group. Furthermore, the in vitro proliferation of anti-rabies specific spleen CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from mice immunized with pVaxF1 was observed. Collectively, these results suggest that the linear G5 epitope is a potential candidate vaccine. Furthermore, the addition of a C3d-P28 adjuvant contributed to enhanced protection, the sustained production of VNAs, and a specific T-cell proliferative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Galvez-Romero
- Unidad de de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mónica Salas-Rojas
- Unidad de de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ericka N Pompa-Mera
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Karina Chávez-Rueda
- Unidad de de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Álvaro Aguilar-Setién
- Unidad de de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Gai W, Zheng W, Wang C, Wong G, Song Y, Zheng X. Immunization with recombinant rabies virus expressing Interleukin-18 exhibits enhanced immunogenicity and protection in mice. Oncotarget 2017; 8:91505-91515. [PMID: 29207661 PMCID: PMC5710941 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that interleukin-18 (IL-18) plays an important role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. In this study, we investigated the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of recombinant rabies virus expressing IL-18 (rHEP-IL18). Experimental results showed that Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice that received a single intramuscular immunization with rHEP-IL18 elicited the highest titers of serum neutralizing antibodies and the strongest cell-mediated immune responses to prevent the development of rabies disease, compared with immunization with the parent virus HEP-Flury. Mice inoculated with rHEP-IL18 developed significantly higher IFN-γ responses, increased percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes compared to HEP-Flury. Flow cytometry results show that rHEP-IL18 recruited more activated T- and B-cells in lymph nodes or peripheral blood, which is beneficial for virus clearance in the early stages of infection. A higher percentage of mice immunized with rHEP-IL18 survived wild-type rabies virus (RABV) challenge, compared to HEP-Flury mice. Our results show that rHEP-IL18 is promising as a novel vaccine for RABV prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Gai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenwen Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Gary Wong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Harvey AM, Watson JL, Brault SA, Edman JM, Moore SM, Kass PH, Wilson WD. Duration of serum antibody response to rabies vaccination in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 249:411-8. [PMID: 27479286 DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.4.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of age and inferred prior vaccination history on the persistence of vaccine-induced antibody against rabies in horses. DESIGN Serologic response evaluation. ANIMALS 48 horses with an undocumented vaccination history. PROCEDURES Horses were vaccinated against rabies once. Blood samples were collected prior to vaccination, 3 to 7 weeks after vaccination, and at 6-month intervals for 2 to 3 years. Serum rabies virus-neutralizing antibody (RVNA) values were measured. An RVNA value of ≥ 0.5 U/mL was used to define a predicted protective immune response on the basis of World Health Organization recommendations for humans. Values were compared between horses < 20 and ≥ 20 years of age and between horses inferred to have been previously vaccinated and those inferred to be immunologically naïve. RESULTS A protective RVNA value (≥ 0.5 U/mL) was maintained for 2 to 3 years in horses inferred to have been previously vaccinated on the basis of prevaccination RVNA values. No significant difference was evident in response to rabies vaccination or duration of protective RVNA values between horses < 20 and ≥ 20 years of age. Seven horses were poor responders to vaccination. Significant differences were identified between horses inferred to have been previously vaccinated and horses inferred to be naïve prior to the study. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A rabies vaccination interval > 1 year may be appropriate for previously vaccinated horses but not for horses vaccinated only once. Additional research is required to confirm this finding and characterize the optimal primary dose series for rabies vaccination.
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Chapat L, Hilaire F, Bouvet J, Pialot D, Philippe-Reversat C, Guiot AL, Remolue L, Lechenet J, Andreoni C, Poulet H, Day MJ, De Luca K, Cariou C, Cupillard L. Multivariate analysis of the immune response to a vaccine as an alternative to the repetition of animal challenge studies for vaccines with demonstrated efficacy. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 189:58-65. [PMID: 28669388 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of vaccine combinations, or the evaluation of the impact of minor modifications of one component in well-established vaccines, requires animal challenges in the absence of previously validated correlates of protection. As an alternative, we propose conducting a multivariate analysis of the specific immune response to the vaccine. This approach is consistent with the principles of the 3Rs (Refinement, Reduction and Replacement) and avoids repeating efficacy studies based on infectious challenges in vivo. To validate this approach, a set of nine immunological parameters was selected in order to characterize B and T lymphocyte responses against canine rabies virus and to evaluate the compatibility between two canine vaccines, an inactivated rabies vaccine (RABISIN®) and a combined vaccine (EURICAN® DAPPi-Lmulti) injected at two different sites in the same animals. The analysis was focused on the magnitude and quality of the immune response. The multi-dimensional picture given by this 'immune fingerprint' was used to assess the impact of the concomitant injection of the combined vaccine on the immunogenicity of the rabies vaccine. A principal component analysis fully discriminated the control group from the groups vaccinated with RABISIN® alone or RABISIN®+EURICAN® DAPPi-Lmulti and confirmed the compatibility between the rabies vaccines. This study suggests that determining the immune fingerprint, combined with a multivariate statistical analysis, is a promising approach to characterizing the immunogenicity of a vaccine with an established record of efficacy. It may also avoid the need to repeat efficacy studies involving challenge infection in case of minor modifications of the vaccine or for compatibility studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Chapat
- MERIAL S.A.S., R&D, 254 rue Marcel Mérieux, 69007 Lyon, France (1)
| | - Florence Hilaire
- MERIAL S.A.S., R&D, 254 rue Marcel Mérieux, 69007 Lyon, France (1)
| | - Jérome Bouvet
- MERIAL S.A.S., R&D, 254 rue Marcel Mérieux, 69007 Lyon, France (1)
| | - Daniel Pialot
- MERIAL S.A.S., R&D, 254 rue Marcel Mérieux, 69007 Lyon, France (1)
| | | | - Anne-Laure Guiot
- CPB, 2 Place des Quatre vierges, 69110 Sainte Foy Les Lyon, France
| | - Lydie Remolue
- MERIAL S.A.S., R&D, 254 rue Marcel Mérieux, 69007 Lyon, France (1)
| | - Jacques Lechenet
- MERIAL S.A.S., R&D, 254 rue Marcel Mérieux, 69007 Lyon, France (1)
| | | | - Hervé Poulet
- MERIAL S.A.S., R&D, 254 rue Marcel Mérieux, 69007 Lyon, France (1)
| | - Michael J Day
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Karelle De Luca
- MERIAL S.A.S., R&D, 254 rue Marcel Mérieux, 69007 Lyon, France (1).
| | - Carine Cariou
- MERIAL S.A.S., R&D, 254 rue Marcel Mérieux, 69007 Lyon, France (1)
| | - Lionel Cupillard
- MERIAL S.A.S., R&D, 254 rue Marcel Mérieux, 69007 Lyon, France (1)
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The ectodomain of rabies virus glycoprotein determines dendritic cell activation. Antiviral Res 2017; 141:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Targeting Vaccine-Induced Extrafollicular Pathway of B Cell Differentiation Improves Rabies Postexposure Prophylaxis. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02435-16. [PMID: 28148792 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02435-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-induced B cells differentiate along two pathways. The follicular pathway gives rise to germinal centers (GCs) that can take weeks to fully develop. The extrafollicular pathway gives rise to short-lived plasma cells (PCs) that can rapidly secrete protective antibodies within days of vaccination. Rabies virus (RABV) postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) requires rapid vaccine-induced humoral immunity for protection. Therefore, we hypothesized that targeting extrafollicular B cell responses for activation would improve the speed and magnitude of RABV PEP. To test this hypothesis, we constructed, recovered, and characterized a recombinant RABV-based vaccine expressing murine B cell activating factor (BAFF) (rRABV-mBAFF). BAFF is an ideal molecule to improve early pathways of B cell activation, as it links innate and adaptive immunity, promoting potent B cell responses. Indeed, rRABV-mBAFF induced a faster, higher antibody response in mice and enhanced survivorship in PEP settings compared to rRABV. Interestingly, rRABV-mBAFF and rRABV induced equivalent numbers of GC B cells, suggesting that rRABV-mBAFF augmented the extrafollicular B cell pathway. To confirm that rRABV-mBAFF modulated the extrafollicular pathway, we used a signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP)-deficient mouse model. In response to antigen, SAP-deficient mice form extrafollicular B cell responses but do not generate GCs. rRABV-mBAFF induced similar anti-RABV antibody responses in SAP-deficient and wild-type mice, demonstrating that BAFF modulated immunity through the extrafollicular and not the GC B cell pathway. Collectively, strategies that manipulate pathways of B cell activation may facilitate the development of a single-dose RABV vaccine that replaces current complicated and costly RABV PEP.IMPORTANCE Effective RABV PEP is currently resource- and cost-prohibitive in regions of the world where RABV is most prevalent. In order to diminish the requirements for rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) and multiple vaccinations for effective prevention of clinical rabies, a more rapidly protective vaccine is needed. This work presents a successful approach to rapidly generate antibody-secreting PCs in response to vaccination by targeting the extrafollicular B cell pathway. We demonstrate that the improved early antibody responses induced by rRABV-mBAFF confer improved protection against RABV in a PEP model. Significantly, activation of the early extrafollicular B cell pathway, such as that demonstrated here, could improve the efficacy of vaccines targeting other pathogens against which rapid protection would decrease morbidity and mortality.
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Coertse J, Markotter W, le Roux K, Stewart D, Sabeta CT, Nel LH. New isolations of the rabies-related Mokola virus from South Africa. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:37. [PMID: 28143485 PMCID: PMC5282659 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-0948-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mokola virus (MOKV) is a rabies-related lyssavirus and appears to be exclusive to the African continent. Only 24 cases of MOKV, which includes two human cases, have been reported since its identification in 1968. MOKV has an unknown reservoir host and current commercial vaccines do not confer protection against MOKV. RESULTS We describe three new isolations of MOKV from domestic cats in South Africa. Two cases were retrospectively identified from 2012 and an additional one in 2014. CONCLUSIONS These cases emphasize the generally poor surveillance for rabies-related lyssaviruses and our inadequate comprehension of the epidemiology and ecology of Mokola lyssavirus per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Coertse
- Center for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Center for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Kevin le Roux
- Allerton Provincial Veterinary Laboratory, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, 3200, South Africa
| | - Daniel Stewart
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs, KwaZulu-Natal Rabies Project, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Claude T Sabeta
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (ARC-OVI), Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - Louis H Nel
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
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Wijaya L, Tham CYL, Chan YFZ, Wong AWL, Li LT, Wang LF, Bertoletti A, Low JG. An accelerated rabies vaccine schedule based on toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) agonist PIKA adjuvant augments rabies virus specific antibody and T cell response in healthy adult volunteers. Vaccine 2017; 35:1175-1183. [PMID: 28118938 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is a fatal disease where post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is crucial in preventing infection. However, deaths even after appropriate PEP, have been reported. The PIKA Rabies vaccine adjuvant is a TLR3 agonist that activates B and T cells leading to a robust immune response. METHODS We conducted a phase I, open label, randomized study in healthy adults to assess the safety and immunogenicity of the PIKA Rabies vaccine and an accelerated vaccine regimen. Thirty-seven subjects were randomized into 3 groups: control vaccine classic regimen, PIKA vaccine classic regimen and PIKA vaccine accelerated regimen. Subjects were followed up for safety, rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (RVNA) and T cell responses. RESULTS Both the control and PIKA Rabies vaccine were well tolerated. All adverse events (AEs) were mild and self-limiting. Seventy-five percent of subjects in the PIKA accelerated regimen achieved a RVNA titer ⩾0.5IU/mL on day 7, compared to 53.9% in the PIKA classic regimen (p=0.411) and 16.7% in control vaccine classic regimen (p=0.012). The PIKA rabies vaccine elicited multi-specific rabies CD4 mediated T cell response already detectable ex vivo at day 7 after vaccination and that was maintained at day 42. CONCLUSION The investigational PIKA rabies vaccine was well tolerated and more immunogenic than the commercially available vaccine in healthy adults. Clinical trial registry: The study was registered with clinicaltrials.gov NCT02657161.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wijaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856, Singapore.
| | - Christine Y L Tham
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Medical Drive, Singapore 117609, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore.
| | - Yvonne F Z Chan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856, Singapore.
| | - Abigail W L Wong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856, Singapore.
| | - L T Li
- Yisheng Biopharma (Singapore) Pte. Ltd., 20 Maxwell Road, Maxwell House 07-15A, Singapore 069113, Singapore.
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, DUKE-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, DUKE-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Medical Drive, Singapore 117609, Singapore.
| | - Jenny G Low
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856, Singapore.
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Altinoz MA, Guloksuz S, Elmaci İ. Rabies virus vaccine as an immune adjuvant against cancers and glioblastoma: new studies may resurrect a neglected potential. Clin Transl Oncol 2017; 19:785-792. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-017-1613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Mansfield KL, Andrews N, Goharriz H, Goddard T, McElhinney LM, Brown KE, Fooks AR. Rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis elicits long-lasting immunity in humans. Vaccine 2016; 34:5959-5967. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Moore SM, Pralle S, Engelman L, Hartschuh H, Smith M. Rabies vaccine response measurement is assay dependent. Biologicals 2016; 44:481-486. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Rabies vaccine development by expression of recombinant viral glycoprotein. Arch Virol 2016; 162:323-332. [PMID: 27796547 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The rabies virus envelope glycoprotein (RVGP) is the main antigen of rabies virus and is the only viral component present in all new rabies vaccines being proposed. Many approaches have been taken since DNA recombinant technology became available to express an immunogenic recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (rRVGP). These attempts are reviewed here, and the relevant results are discussed with respect to the general characteristics of the rRVGP, the expression system used, the expression levels achieved, the similarity of the rRVGP to the native glycoprotein, and the immunogenicity of the vaccine preparation. The most recent studies of rabies vaccine development have concentrated on in vivo expression of rRVGP by viral vector transduction, serving as the biotechnological basis for a new generation of rabies vaccines.
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Scott TP, Nel LH. Subversion of the Immune Response by Rabies Virus. Viruses 2016; 8:v8080231. [PMID: 27548204 PMCID: PMC4997593 DOI: 10.3390/v8080231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies has affected mankind for several centuries and is one of the oldest known zoonoses. It is peculiar how little is known regarding the means by which rabies virus (RABV) evades the immune response and kills its host. This review investigates the complex interplay between RABV and the immune system, including the various means by which RABV evades, or advantageously utilizes, the host immune response in order to ensure successful replication and spread to another host. Different factors that influence immune responses—including age, sex, cerebral lateralization and temperature—are discussed, with specific reference to RABV and the effects on host morbidity and mortality. We also investigate the role of apoptosis and discuss whether it is a detrimental or beneficial mechanism of the host’s response to infection. The various RABV proteins and their roles in immune evasion are examined in depth with reference to important domains and the downstream effects of these interactions. Lastly, an overview of the means by which RABV evades important immune responses is provided. The research discussed in this review will be important in determining the roles of the immune response during RABV infections as well as to highlight important therapeutic target regions and potential strategies for rabies treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence P Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
| | - Louis H Nel
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
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Liu R, Wang J, Yang Y, Khan I, Zhu N. Rabies virus lipopeptide conjugated to a TLR7 agonist improves the magnitude and quality of the Th1-biased humoral immune response in mice. Virology 2016; 497:102-110. [PMID: 27449478 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we conjugated the rabies-derived lipopeptide CE536 to a TLR7 agonist, imiquimod, and evaluated its adjuvanticity. The synthetic construct (Lipo-I) targeted to TLR7, induced dendritic cell phenotypic maturation and production of both type I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokines more efficiently than unconjugated TLR7 ligands or lipopeptide alone. The immunostimulatory effects of the conjugate were apparently the result of IκBα degradation and sustained p38 and JNK phosphorylation. The analysis of IgG isotypes and T cell differentiation showed that IgG2a dominant Th1-biased humoral and CD8(+) IFN-γ T cell responses were induced by Lipo-I. Lipo-I could facilitate the rabies vaccine to induce the production of an earlier and more vigorous rabies virus neutralizing antibody. In the post-exposure test, the Lipo-I adjuvanted vaccine provided a 73.3% survival rate, while the traditional vaccine bestowed only a 26.7% survival. Therefore, Lipo-I is a promising adjuvant for the development of more effective rabies vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Jingbo Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Inamullah Khan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Naishuo Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Two potential recombinant rabies vaccines expressing canine parvovirus virion protein 2 induce immunogenicity to canine parvovirus and rabies virus. Vaccine 2016; 34:4392-8. [PMID: 27449079 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Both rabies virus (RABV) and canine parvovirus (CPV) cause lethal diseases in dogs. In this study, both high egg passage Flury (HEP-Flury) strains of RABV and recombinant RABV carrying double RABV glycoprotein (G) gene were used to express the CPV virion protein 2 (VP2) gene, and were designated rHEP-VP2 and, rHEP-dG-VP2 respectively. The two recombinant RABVs maintained optimal virus titration according to their viral growth kinetics assay compared with the parental strain HEP-Flury. Western blotting indicated that G protein and VP2 were expressed in vitro. The expression of VP2 in Crandell feline kidney cells post-infection by rHEP-VP2 and rHEP-dG-VP2 was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assay with antibody against VP2. Immunogenicity of recombinant rabies viruses was tested in Kunming mice. Both rHEP-VP2 and rHEP-dG-VP2 induced high levels of rabies antibody compared with HEP-Flury. Mice immunized with rHEP-VP2 and rHEP-dG-VP2 both had a high level of antibodies against VP2, which can protect against CPV infection. A challenge experiment indicated that more than 80% mice immunized with recombinant RABVs survived after infection of challenge virus standard 24 (CVS-24). Together, this study showed that recombinant RABVs expressing VP2 induced protective immune responses to RABV and CPV. Therefore, rHEP-VP2 and rHEP-dG-VP2 might be potential combined vaccines for RABV and CPV.
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Weyer J, Msimang-Dermaux V, Paweska JT, le Roux K, Govender P, Coertse J, Markotter W, Nel LH, Blumberg LH. A case of human survival of rabies, South Africa. S Afr J Infect Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23120053.2016.1128151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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69
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Current Developments and Future Prospects for Plant-Made Biopharmaceuticals Against Rabies. Mol Biotechnol 2016; 57:869-79. [PMID: 26163274 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-015-9880-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a prevalent health problem in developing countries. Although vaccines and immunoglobulin treatments are available, their cost and multiple-dose treatments restrict availability. During the last two decades, plants have served as a low-cost platform for biopharmaceuticals production and have been applied to fight against rabies during the last two decades. Herein, I provide a description of the state of the art in the development of plant-made pharmaceuticals against rabies and identify key prospects for the field in terms of novel strategies, immunogen design, and therapeutic antibodies production.
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70
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Bedeković T, Šimić I, Krešić N, Lojkić I, Mihaljević Ž, Sučec I, Janković IL, Hostnik P. Evaluation of ELISA for the detection of rabies virus antibodies from the thoracic liquid and muscle extract samples in the monitoring of fox oral vaccination campaigns. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:76. [PMID: 27164987 PMCID: PMC4862130 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main goal of oral vaccination of foxes is eradication of rabies in the red fox population as rabies reservoirs. To evaluate the success of vaccination a serological testing is conducted as a part of monitoring program. Two different methods are used regarding rabies serology: virus neutralisation test and ELISA. METHODS In this study the reliability of BioPro ELISA was evaluated for testing haemolytic thoracic liquids and muscle extracts originated from 147 foxes in comparison to mFAVN. Also, the influence of heat treatment of samples on test results was investigated. RESULTS The specificity of the test for not-heat treated samples was 92.98% and sensitivity 79.20%. Diagnostic validity of the ELISA compared to the mFAVN test when not-heat treated samples were used was 89.16%. The specificity of the test for heat treated samples was 79.10% and sensitivity 96.36%. Diagnostic validity of the BioPro ELISA compared to the mFAVN test for heat treated samples was 94.30%. CONCLUSION According to this study, the BioPro ELISA is reliable tool for detection of rabies specific antibodies in the context of evaluation of oral vaccination of foxes from poor quality samples as a substitution for virus neutralisation tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Bedeković
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Šimić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nina Krešić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Lojkić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željko Mihaljević
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivica Sučec
- Veterinary Directorate, Planinska 2a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Peter Hostnik
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Gerbičeva 60, 1115, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Duong V, Tarantola A, Ong S, Mey C, Choeung R, Ly S, Bourhy H, Dussart P, Buchy P. Laboratory diagnostics in dog-mediated rabies: an overview of performance and a proposed strategy for various settings. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 46:107-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Zhang W, Zheng X, Cheng N, Gai W, Xue X, Wang Y, Gao Y, Shan J, Yang S, Xia X. Isatis indigotica root polysaccharides as adjuvants for an inactivated rabies virus vaccine. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 87:7-15. [PMID: 26875535 PMCID: PMC7112441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants can enhance vaccine immunogenicity and induce long-term enhancement of immune responses. Thus, adjuvants are important for vaccine research. Polysaccharides isolated from select Chinese herbs have been demonstrated to possess various beneficial functions and excellent adjuvant abilities. In the present study, the polysaccharides IIP-A-1 and IIP-2 were isolated from Isatis indigotica root and compared with the common vaccine adjuvant aluminum hydroxide via intramuscular co-administration of inactivated rabies virus rCVS-11-G into mice. Blood was collected to determine virus neutralizing antibody (VNA) titers and B and T lymphocyte activation status. Inguinal lymph node samples were collected and used to measure B lymphocyte proliferation. Splenocytes were isolated, from which antigen-specific cellular immune responses were detected via ELISpot, ELISA and intracellular cytokine staining. The results revealed that both types of polysaccharides induce more rapid changes and higher VNA titers than aluminum hydroxide. Flow cytometry assays revealed that the polysaccharides activated more B lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and more B and T lymphocytes in the blood than aluminum hydroxide. Antigen-specific cellular immune responses showed that IIP-2 strongly induced T lymphocyte proliferation in the spleen and high levels of cytokine secretion from splenocytes, whereas aluminum hydroxide induced proliferation in only a small number of lymphocytes and the secretion of only small quantities of cytokines. Collectively, these data suggest that the polysaccharide IIP-2 exhibits excellent adjuvant activity and can enhance both cellular and humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijiao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Cheng
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Weiwei Gai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Xianghong Xue
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Yuxia Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Junjie Shan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Songtao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
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Gozdas HT. Immune response following postexposure rabies prophylaxis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:1878. [DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1026525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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74
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Venkataswamy MM, Madhusudana SN, Sanyal SS, Taj S, Belludi AY, Mani RS, Hazra N. Cellular immune response following pre-exposure and postexposure rabies vaccination by intradermal and intramuscular routes. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2015; 4:68-74. [PMID: 25649188 PMCID: PMC4313111 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2015.4.1.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Immunization against rabies in humans induces protective neutralizing antibodies; however, the induction of type 1 or type 2 cytokine mediated cellular immune responses following rabies vaccination is not understood. Hence, the present study investigated cellular cytokine responses in vaccinated individuals. Materials and Methods The study groups included healthy rabies antigen naive controls (n=10), individuals who received intradermal primary (n=10) or booster pre-exposure vaccination (n=20) and subjects who received postexposure rabies vaccination either by intradermal (n=18) or intramuscular (n=20) routes. The antigen specific cellular responses were analyzed by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells with a rabies vaccine antigen in the interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay. These responses were compared to the rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNA) titers that were measured by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. Results We observed that cellular and humoral immune responses to primary intradermal rabies vaccination could be greatly enhanced by a booster vaccine; and both type 1 and type 2 cytokine responses were significantly elevated. The magnitude of type 1 and type 2 cytokine responses did not differ significantly among the intramuscular and intradermal routes of postexposure vaccination. The number of cells producing IFN-γ and IL-4 correlated significantly with the levels of RVNA. Conclusion Both type 1 and type 2 cellular cytokine responses are strongly induced after rabies vaccination and directly correlate with levels of RVNA titers. The neutralizing antibody as well as the type 1 and type 2 cytokine responses may be important for vaccine induced protective responses against rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sampada Sudarshan Sanyal
- Deptartment of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Shaheen Taj
- Deptartment of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Ashwin Yajaman Belludi
- Deptartment of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Reeta Subramaniam Mani
- Deptartment of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Nandita Hazra
- Deptartment of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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Fooks AR, Johnson N. Jet set pets: examining the zoonosis risk in animal import and travel across the European Union. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2014; 6:17-25. [PMID: 30101093 PMCID: PMC6067792 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s62059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ownership of companion animals or pets is popular throughout the world. Unfortunately, such animals are susceptible to and potential reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens. Close proximity to and contact with pets can lead to human infections. The distribution of zoonotic diseases associated with companion animals such as dogs and cats is not uniform around the world, and moving animals between regions, countries, and continents carries with it the risk of relocating the pathogens they might harbor. Critical among these zoonotic diseases are rabies, echinococcosis, and leishmania. In addition, the protozoan parasites, Toxoplasma gondii and Giardia duodenalis, are also significant agents for human disease of pet origin. Considerable effort is applied to controlling movements of companion animals, particularly dogs, into the European Union. However, free movement of people and their pets within the European Union is a risk factor for the translocation of diseases and their vectors. This review considers the current distribution of some of these diseases, the risks associated with pet travel, and the controls implemented within Europe to prevent the free movement of zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey,
- Department of Clinical Infection, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey,
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The inability of wild-type rabies virus to activate dendritic cells is dependent on the glycoprotein and correlates with its low level of the de novo-synthesized leader RNA. J Virol 2014; 89:2157-69. [PMID: 25473057 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02092-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most efficient antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in the adaptive immune responses to viral infections. Our studies demonstrate that wild-type (wt) rabies virus (RABV) does not activate DCs. Adoptive transfer of DCs primed with wt RABV did not activate DCs, stimulate virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA), or protect recipients against challenge. However, adoptive transfer of DCs primed with laboratory-attenuated RABV resulted in DC activation, production of VNA, and protection against challenge. In vitro studies with recombinant RABV (laboratory-attenuated RABV expressing the glycoprotein or the phosphoprotein from wt RABV) demonstrate that DC activation is dependent on the glycoprotein and involves the IPS-1 pathway. Furthermore, binding to and entry into DCs by wt RABV is severely blocked, and the copy number of de novo-synthesized leader RNA was two logs lower in DCs infected with the wt than in DCs treated with laboratory-attenuated RABV. However, transient transfection of DCs with synthesized leader RNA from either wt or attenuated RABV is capable of activating DCs in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, the inability of wt RABV to activate DCs correlates with its low level of the de novo-synthesized leader RNA. IMPORTANCE Rabies remains a public health threat, with more than 55,000 fatalities each year around the world. Since DCs play a key role in the adaptive immune responses to viral infections, we investigated the ability of rabies virus (RABV) to activate DCs. It was found that the adoptive transfer of DCs primed with wt RABV did not activate DCs, stimulate VNA, or protect mice against lethal challenge. However, laboratory-attenuated RABV mediates the activation of DCs via the IPS-1 pathway and is glycoprotein dependent. We further show that wt RABV evades DC-mediated immune activation by inefficient binding/entry into DCs and as a result of a reduced level of de novo-synthesized leader RNA. These findings may have important implications in the development of efficient rabies vaccines.
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Morters MK, McKinley TJ, Horton DL, Cleaveland S, Schoeman JP, Restif O, Whay HR, Goddard A, Fooks AR, Damriyasa IM, Wood JLN. Achieving population-level immunity to rabies in free-roaming dogs in Africa and Asia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3160. [PMID: 25393023 PMCID: PMC4230884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine rabies can be effectively controlled by vaccination with readily available, high-quality vaccines. These vaccines should provide protection from challenge in healthy dogs, for the claimed period, for duration of immunity, which is often two or three years. It has been suggested that, in free-roaming dog populations where rabies is endemic, vaccine-induced protection may be compromised by immuno-suppression through malnutrition, infection and other stressors. This may reduce the proportion of dogs that seroconvert to the vaccine during vaccination campaigns and the duration of immunity of those dogs that seroconvert. Vaccination coverage may also be limited through insufficient vaccine delivery during vaccination campaigns and the loss of vaccinated individuals from populations through demographic processes. This is the first longitudinal study to evaluate temporal variations in rabies vaccine-induced serological responses, and factors associated with these variations, at the individual level in previously unvaccinated free-roaming dog populations. Individual-level serological and health-based data were collected from three cohorts of dogs in regions where rabies is endemic, one in South Africa and two in Indonesia. We found that the vast majority of dogs seroconverted to the vaccine; however, there was considerable variation in titres, partly attributable to illness and lactation at the time of vaccination. Furthermore, >70% of the dogs were vaccinated through community engagement and door-to-door vaccine delivery, even in Indonesia where the majority of the dogs needed to be caught by net on successive occasions for repeat blood sampling and vaccination. This demonstrates the feasibility of achieving population-level immunity in free-roaming dog populations in rabies-endemic regions. However, attrition of immune individuals through demographic processes and waning immunity necessitates repeat vaccination of populations within at least two years to ensure communities are protected from rabies. These findings support annual mass vaccination campaigns as the most effective means to control canine rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K. Morters
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Trevelyan J. McKinley
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel L. Horton
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Johan P. Schoeman
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Olivier Restif
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Helen R. Whay
- Faculty of Medical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia Goddard
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - James L. N. Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Rabies is one of the most deadly infectious diseases, with a case-fatality rate approaching 100%. The disease is established on all continents apart from Antarctica; most cases are reported in Africa and Asia, with thousands of deaths recorded annually. However, the estimated annual figure of almost 60,000 human rabies fatalities is probably an underestimate. Almost all cases of human rabies result from bites from infected dogs. Therefore, the most cost-effective approach to elimination of the global burden of human rabies is to control canine rabies rather than expansion of the availability of human prophylaxis. Mass vaccination campaigns with parenteral vaccines, and advances in oral vaccines for wildlife, have allowed the elimination of rabies in terrestrial carnivores in several countries worldwide. The subsequent reduction in cases of human rabies in such regions advocates the multidisciplinary One Health approach to rabies control through the mass vaccination of dogs and control of canine populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Fooks
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA, Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, UK; WHO Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-related Viruses, Addlestone, Weybridge, UK; Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; National Consortium for Zoonosis Research, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, UK.
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA, Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, UK; WHO Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-related Viruses, Addlestone, Weybridge, UK
| | - Daniel L Horton
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA, Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, UK; WHO Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-related Viruses, Addlestone, Weybridge, UK
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA, Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, UK; WHO Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-related Viruses, Addlestone, Weybridge, UK
| | - Lorraine M McElhinney
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA, Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, UK; WHO Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-related Viruses, Addlestone, Weybridge, UK; National Consortium for Zoonosis Research, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, UK
| | - Alan C Jackson
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Neurology) and of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Wu Q, Yu F, Xu J, Li Y, Chen H, Xiao S, Fu ZF, Fang L. Rabies-virus-glycoprotein-pseudotyped recombinant baculovirus vaccine confers complete protection against lethal rabies virus challenge in a mouse model. Vet Microbiol 2014; 171:93-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liang HR, Hu GQ, Li L, Gao YW, Yang ST, Xia XZ. Aptamers targeting rabies virus-infected cells inhibit street rabies virus in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 21:432-8. [PMID: 24735817 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a viral infection of the CNS that is almost always fatal once symptoms occur. No effective treatment of the disease is available and novel antiviral strategies are urgently required. Street rabies viruses are field isolates known to be highly neurotropic. Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides that bind their targets with high affinity and specificity and thus have potential for use in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this study, we demonstrate that the aptamers FO24 and FO21, which target RABV-infected cells, can significantly protect mice from a lethal dose of the street rabies virus FJ strain in vivo. Groups receiving preexposure prophylaxis had higher survival rates than the groups receiving postexposure prophylaxis. When mice were inoculated with aptamers (4 nmol) for 24h by intracranial or intramuscular injection prior to intramuscular inoculation with the FJ strain, approximately 60% of the mice survived. These results indicate that the FO21 and FO24 aptamers may be used to develop preventative antiviral therapy against rabies disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ru Liang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Gui-Qiu Hu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ling Li
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yu-Wei Gao
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Song-Tao Yang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Xian-Zhu Xia
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun 130062, China.
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81
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Li N, Liu Y, Hao Z, Zhang S, Hu R, Li J. Early diagnosis of Irkut virus infection using magnetic bead-based serum peptide profiling by MALDI-TOF MS in a mouse model. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:5193-8. [PMID: 24670473 PMCID: PMC4013557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15045193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis is important for the prompt post-exposure prophylaxis of lyssavirus infections. To diagnose Irkut virus (IRKV) infection during incubation in mice, a novel method using magnetic bead-based serum peptide profiling by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has been established. For this test, serum peptides were concentrated by adsorption to and elution from the magnetic bead-based weak cation ion exchanger. Mass spectrograms obtained by MALDI-TOF MS were analyzed using ClinProTools bioinformatics software. Construction of the diagnostic model was performed using serum samples from mice infected with IRKV and rabies virus (RABV) BD06, Flury-LEP, and SRV9 (as controls). The method accurately diagnosed sera 2, 4 and 8 days after IRKV and RABV infections. The sensitivity, specificity, and total accuracy of diagnosis were 86.7%, 95.2%, and 92.9%, respectively. However, IRKV could not be differentiated from RABV 1 day after infection. The results of the present study indicate that serum peptide profiling by MALDI-TOF MS is a promising technique for the early clinical diagnosis of lyssavirus infections and needs to be further tested in humans and farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Jingyue Economic Development Zone, Changchun 130122, China.
| | - Ye Liu
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Jingyue Economic Development Zone, Changchun 130122, China.
| | - Zhuo Hao
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Jingyue Economic Development Zone, Changchun 130122, China.
| | - Shoufeng Zhang
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Jingyue Economic Development Zone, Changchun 130122, China.
| | - Rongliang Hu
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Jingyue Economic Development Zone, Changchun 130122, China.
| | - Jiping Li
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Jingyue Economic Development Zone, Changchun 130122, China.
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82
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Abstract
Rabies is an infectious viral disease with a mortality rate close to 100%. Currently, there is a need to generate cheaper and more immunogenic vaccines for the effective prevention of rabies, mostly in developing countries. Virus-like particles have been widely used in viral vaccine production due to their high immunogenicity and safety during the production process. Rabies virus glycoprotein is the major antigen to trigger a protective immune response and the only protein capable of generating virus neutralizing antibodies. In this study we describe the development of a recombinant stable cell line for the production of rabies virus-like particles (RV-VLPs) expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein by lentivirus-based transduction of HEK293 cells. Protein expression was analyzed by flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, western blot and ELISA. Particles were purified from culture supernatant and their size and morphology were studied. Furthermore, mice were immunized with RV-VLPs, formulated with adjuvant, and these particles were able to produce a specific antibody response, demonstrating that these virus-like particles present a promising rabies vaccine candidate.
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83
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Survival from rabies encephalitis. J Neurol Sci 2014; 339:8-14. [PMID: 24582283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a major public health problem in Asia and Africa, with nearly 60,000 deaths every year, and represents a substantial economic burden. Neurologists frequently encounter atypical cases, and need to make informed decisions regarding diagnosis and management. No therapy has been shown to unequivocally improve survival in rabies till date. Despite the overwhelmingly fatal nature of this disease, a small number of patients have been reported to survive acute rabies encephalitis with varying degrees of neurological sequelae. This paper presents the eleventh documented case of survival from rabies, which developed after being bitten by a stray dog, albeit with severe neurological residua. Similar to patients in previous reports, this man demonstrated a robust immune response as indicated by peripheral viral clearance and very high serum and cerebrospinal fluid antibody titres. Immunologically-mediated virus clearance therefore appears to be a prerequisite for survival. A detailed review of previously reported survivors, as well as descriptions of the host response and viral clearance in human rabies, current therapy for this disease and future directions in improving the currently dismal prognosis are provided.
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84
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Carty M, Reinert L, Paludan SR, Bowie AG. Innate antiviral signalling in the central nervous system. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:79-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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85
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Xiang ZQ, Greenberg L, Ertl HC, Rupprecht CE. Protection of non-human primates against rabies with an adenovirus recombinant vaccine. Virology 2014; 450-451:243-9. [PMID: 24503087 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rabies remains a major neglected global zoonosis. New vaccine strategies are needed for human rabies prophylaxis. A single intramuscular immunization with a moderate dose of an experimental chimpanzee adenovirus (Ad) vector serotype SAd-V24, also termed AdC68, expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein, resulted in sustained titers of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies and protection against a lethal rabies virus challenge infection in a non-human primate model. Taken together, these data demonstrate the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the recombinant Ad-rabies vector for further consideration in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Q Xiang
- The Wistar Institute of Anatomy & Biology, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - L Greenberg
- Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - H C Ertl
- The Wistar Institute of Anatomy & Biology, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | - C E Rupprecht
- The Global Alliance for Rabies Control, Manhattan, KS, United States; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
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86
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Edible Rabies Vaccines. COMMERCIAL PLANT-PRODUCED RECOMBINANT PROTEIN PRODUCTS 2014. [PMCID: PMC7120656 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-43836-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Rabies has been one of the most feared diseases throughout history. Human rabies remains an important public health problem in many developing countries. The WHO reports that more than 55,000 people die of this disease every year. Most of these cases occur in developing countries. In most Latin American countries, the major reservoirs of rabies are the dog and the hematophagous bat (Desmodus rotundus), which is present in the tropical and subtropical areas from Northern Mexico to Northern Argentina and Chile and transmits the disease to cattle. One of the better options for controlling rabies is vaccination. The expression of rabies virus G protein in different plant systems for developing an oral rabies vaccine could reduce costs of production and distribution and would be convenient for developing countries where the disease is endemic.
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87
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Enhancement of antibody production against rabies virus by uridine 5'-triphosphate in mice. Microbes Infect 2013; 16:196-202. [PMID: 24309427 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides such as adenosine 5'-triphospate (ATP) and uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP) interact with P2 purinergic receptors on the surface of phagocytic cells and induce various physiological reactions. In this study, the production of antibody in mice immunized with an inactivated rabies vaccine containing these nucleotides was investigated. Injection of inactivated rabies vaccine with UTP, but not with ATP, induced significantly higher serum antibody production in mice. The enhancement of antibody production by UTP was inhibited by an anti-P2Y4 receptor antibody. In an air pouch experiment, UTP treatment increased the number of monocytes and macrophages infiltrating the pouch and up-regulated the gene expression of IL-4 and IL-13 in the regional lymph nodes. These results suggested that UTP admixed with rabies vaccine activates Th2 cells and induces a humoral immune response. Furthermore, the survival rate of mice immunized with a rabies vaccine admixed with UTP before rabies virus challenge was slightly higher than that of control mice. In conclusion, UTP can act as a vaccine adjuvant to enhance antibody production against the rabies virus in mice.
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88
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Wasniewski M, Labbe A, Tribout L, Rieder J, Labadie A, Schereffer JL, Cliquet F. Evaluation of a rabies ELISA as an alternative method to seroneutralisation tests in the context of international trade of domestic carnivores. J Virol Methods 2013; 195:211-20. [PMID: 24161815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
For several years, international movements with pets have greatly increased. Most countries have relaxed their quarantine measures and adopted a scheme combining vaccination of pets against rabies followed by a serological test to check the efficacy of vaccination. This new scheme has been strongly supported by the OIE, WHO and the European Commission to facilitate the free movement of people and pets around the world. Currently, only two reference methods are recognised and prescribed (the FAVN test and the RFFIT) to measure rabies antibody levels in serum samples for international trade. They are reliable and valuable methods of assessing the efficacy of rabies vaccination but they are time-consuming and require well-trained people and specialised laboratory facilities. A few years ago, an ELISA (Platelia™ Rabies II kit ad usum Veterinarium) was developed for domestic carnivores and wildlife. To our knowledge, this ELISA is the only one certified and prescribed by the OIE. Following its marketing, one task of the EURL for rabies serology was to evaluate the performance of laboratories using this new kit. The results revealed that 26% of the participants, which were already approved laboratories for rabies serology, failed the inter-laboratory trial. Such unsatisfactory results have never been observed during any of the previous proficiency tests organised annually since 2000 by the EURL for rabies serology using reference methods. More investigations were undertaken through internal and collaborative studies to assess the performance of this newly marketed ELISA kit. The results of the internal study revealed that even with a specificity of 100%, the sensitivity evaluated on 593 samples of domestic carnivores came to 78.2%. An issue regarding the underestimation of serum titres was also revealed during the study. The results of a collaborative study involving 23 international laboratories reinforced the preliminary conclusions regarding lack of sensitivity. Indeed, only 5 laboratories out of the 23 obtained satisfactory results. We therefore suggest adopting a threshold of 0.3 EU/mL instead of 0.5 EU/mL to increase the sensitivity of the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wasniewski
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, WHO Collaborating centre for Research & Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire, BP 40 009, 54 220 Malzéville Cedex, France
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89
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Monoclonal antibodies for prophylactic and therapeutic use against viral infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 88:T15-T23. [PMID: 32287402 PMCID: PMC7111719 DOI: 10.1016/j.pepo.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies play an essential part in antiviral immunity and are instrumental in preventing or modulating viral diseases. Polyclonal antibody preparations are increasingly being replaced by highly potent monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Cocktails of mAbs and bispecific constructs can be used to simultaneously target multiple viral epitopes and to overcome issues of neutralization escape. Advances in antibody engineering have led to a large array of novel mAb formats, while deeper insight into the biology of several viruses and increasing knowledge of their neutralizing epitopes has extended the list of potential targets. In addition, progress in developing inexpensive production platforms will make antiviral mAbs more widely available and affordable.
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90
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DiStefano D, Antonello JM, Bett AJ, Medi MB, Casimiro DR, ter Meulen J. Immunogenicity of a reduced-dose whole killed rabies vaccine is significantly enhanced by ISCOMATRIX™ adjuvant, Merck amorphous aluminum hydroxylphosphate sulfate (MAA) or a synthetic TLR9 agonist in rhesus macaques. Vaccine 2013; 31:4888-93. [PMID: 23941913 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for novel rabies vaccines suitable for short course, pre- and post-exposure prophylactic regimens which require reduced doses of antigen to address the current worldwide supply issue. We evaluated in rhesus macaques the immunogenicity of a quarter-dose of a standard rabies vaccine formulated with Merck's amorphous aluminum hydroxylphosphate sulfate adjuvant, the saponin-based ISCOMATRIX™ adjuvant, or a synthetic TLR9 agonist. All adjuvants significantly increased the magnitude and durability of the humoral immune response as measured by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT). Several three-dose vaccine regimens resulted in adequate neutralizing antibody of ≥ 0.5 IU/ml earlier than the critical day seven post the first dose. Rabies vaccine with ISCOMATRIX™ adjuvant given at days 0 and 3 resulted in neutralizing antibody titers which developed faster and were up to one log10 higher compared to WHO-recommended intramuscular and intradermal regimens and furthermore, passive administration of human rabies immunoglobulin did not interfere with immunogenicity of this reduced dose, short course vaccine regimen. Adjuvantation of whole-killed rabies vaccine for intramuscular injection may therefore be a viable alternative to intradermal application of non-adjuvanted vaccine for both pre- and post-exposure regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel DiStefano
- Department of Vaccine Basic Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
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91
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Davis AD, Jarvis JA, Pouliott C, Rudd RJ. Rabies virus infection in Eptesicus fuscus bats born in captivity (naïve bats). PLoS One 2013; 8:e64808. [PMID: 23741396 PMCID: PMC3669413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of rabies virus infection in bats can be challenging due to quarantine requirements, husbandry concerns, genetic differences among animals, and lack of medical history. To date, all rabies virus (RABV) studies in bats have been performed in wild caught animals. Determining the RABV exposure history of a wild caught bat based on the presence or absence of viral neutralizing antibodies (VNA) may be misleading. Previous studies have demonstrated that the presence of VNA following natural or experimental inoculation is often ephemeral. With this knowledge, it is difficult to determine if a seronegative, wild caught bat has been previously exposed to RABV. The influence of prior rabies exposure in healthy, wild caught bats is unknown. To investigate the pathogenesis of RABV infection in bats born in captivity (naïve bats), naïve bats were inoculated intramuscularly with one of two Eptesicus fuscus rabies virus variants, EfV1 or EfV2. To determine the host response to a heterologous RABV, a separate group of naïve bats were inoculated with a Lasionycteris noctivagans RABV (LnV1). Six months following the first inoculation, all bats were challenged with EfV2. Our results indicate that naïve bats may have some level of innate resistance to intramuscular RABV inoculation. Additionally, naïve bats inoculated with the LnV demonstrated the lowest clinical infection rate of all groups. However, primary inoculation with EfV1 or LnV did not appear to be protective against a challenge with the more pathogenic EfV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- April D Davis
- Rabies Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, United States of America.
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92
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Liu X, Feng X, Tang Q, Wang Z, Qiu Z, Li Y, Wang C, Feng Z, Zhu J, Guan X. Characterization and potential diagnostic application of monoclonal antibodies specific to rabies virus. J Biomed Res 2013; 24:395-403. [PMID: 23554655 PMCID: PMC3596686 DOI: 10.1016/s1674-8301(10)60053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Rabies is invariably a fatal encephalomyelitis that is considered to be a serious public health problem. It is necessary to develop standard rabies virus diagnostic tools, especially for diagnosing the strains prevalent in China. Methods Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific to rabies virus were produced and characterized by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), isotyping, affinity assay, immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and immunocytochemistry. The MAb, whose affinity was higher for antigen, was used to establish an antigen capture-ELISA (AC-ELISA) detection system and test the efficiency by using clinical samples. Results The heavy chain subclasses of two MAbs were all determined to be IgG2a. The 3C7 MAb showed stronger reactivity with rabies virus protein than the 2C5 MAb in an ELISA analysis, whereas the 3C7 MAb showed the highest affinity for antigen. IFA and immunocytochemistry results also indicated that the two MAbs could recognize rabies virus protein in its native form in cell samples. Data obtained using clinical samples showed that rabies virus could be detected by AC-ELISA detection system using the 3C7 MAb. Conclusion It was potentially useful for the further development of highly sensitive, easily handled, and relatively rapid detection kits/tools for rabies surveillance in those areas where rabies is endemic, especially in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaomin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhongcan Wang
- Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhenning Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Changjun Wang
- Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhenqing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
- Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
- * Corresponding authors E-mail address: Xiaohong Guan: ; Jin Zhu:
| | - Xiaohong Guan
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
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93
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Dorfmeier CL, Tzvetkov EP, Gatt A, McGettigan JP. Investigating the role for IL-21 in rabies virus vaccine-induced immunity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2129. [PMID: 23516660 PMCID: PMC3597479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over two-thirds of the world's population lives in regions where rabies is endemic, resulting in over 15 million people receiving multi-dose post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and over 55,000 deaths per year globally. A major goal in rabies virus (RABV) research is to develop a single-dose PEP that would simplify vaccination protocols, reduce costs associated with RABV prevention, and save lives. Protection against RABV infections requires virus neutralizing antibodies; however, factors influencing the development of protective RABV-specific B cell responses remain to be elucidated. Here we used a mouse model of IL-21 receptor-deficiency (IL-21R-/-) to characterize the role for IL-21 in RABV vaccine-induced immunity. IL-21R-/- mice immunized with a low dose of a live recombinant RABV-based vaccine (rRABV) produced only low levels of primary or secondary anti-RABV antibody response while wild-type mice developed potent anti-RABV antibodies. Furthermore, IL-21R-/- mice immunized with low-dose rRABV were only minimally protected against pathogenic RABV challenge, while all wild-type mice survived challenge, indicating that IL-21R signaling is required for antibody production in response to low-dose RABV-based vaccination. IL-21R-/- mice immunized with a higher dose of vaccine produced suboptimal anti-RABV primary antibody responses, but showed potent secondary antibodies and protection similar to wild-type mice upon challenge with pathogenic RABV, indicating that IL-21 is dispensable for secondary antibody responses to live RABV-based vaccines when a primary response develops. Furthermore, we show that IL-21 is dispensable for the generation of Tfh cells and memory B cells in the draining lymph nodes of immunized mice but is required for the detection of optimal GC B cells or plasma cells in the lymph node or bone marrow, respectively, in a vaccine dose-dependent manner. Collectively, our preliminary data show that IL-21 is critical for the development of optimal vaccine-induced primary but not secondary antibody responses against RABV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corin L. Dorfmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Evgeni P. Tzvetkov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anthony Gatt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James P. McGettigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Jefferson Vaccine Center, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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94
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Abstract
Rabies is a devastating encephalitis caused by RNA viruses that use mammals as reservoirs. In the United States, most naturally acquired human cases have come from bats. The use of appropriate preexposure and postexposure prophylaxis can be nearly 100% effective. If prophylaxis is not used, or is implemented incorrectly, the patient may develop clinical rabies, which is almost universally fatal. All health care practitioners should be familiar with the appropriate evaluation of patients presenting with a possible rabies exposure and ensure that expeditious and appropriate prophylaxis is provided to help prevent the development of this lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Weant
- North Carolina Public Health Preparedness and Response, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh, NC 27699-1900, USA.
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95
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Phares TW, Stohlman SA, Bergmann CC. Intrathecal humoral immunity to encephalitic RNA viruses. Viruses 2013; 5:732-52. [PMID: 23435240 PMCID: PMC3640523 DOI: 10.3390/v5020732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system is the target for acute encephalitic viral infections, as well as a reservoir for persisting viruses. Intrathecal antibody (Ab) synthesis is well documented in humans afflicted by infections associated with neurological complications, as well as the demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis. This review focuses on the origin, recruitment, maintenance, and biological relevance of Ab-secreting cells (ASC) found in the central nervous system (CNS) following experimental neurotropic RNA virus infections. We will summarize evidence for a highly dynamic, evolving humoral response characterized by temporal alterations in B cell subsets, proliferation, and differentiation. Overall local Ab plays a beneficial role via complement-independent control of virus replication, although cross or self-reactive Ab to CNS antigens may contribute to immune-mediated pathogenesis during some infections. Importantly, protective Ab exert anti-viral activity not only by direct neutralization, but also by binding to cell surface-expressed viral glycoproteins. Ab engagement of viral glycoproteins blocks budding and mediates intracellular signaling leading to restored homeostatic and innate functions. The sustained Ab production by local ASC, as well as chemokines and cytokines associated with ASC recruitment and retention, are highlighted as critical components of immune control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Phares
- Departments of Neurosciences NC30, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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96
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Both L, Banyard AC, van Dolleweerd C, Wright E, Ma JKC, Fooks AR. Monoclonal antibodies for prophylactic and therapeutic use against viral infections. Vaccine 2013; 31:1553-9. [PMID: 23370150 PMCID: PMC7115371 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies play an essential part in antiviral immunity and are instrumental in preventing or modulating viral diseases. Polyclonal antibody preparations are increasingly being replaced by highly potent monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Cocktails of mAbs and bispecific constructs can be used to simultaneously target multiple viral epitopes and to overcome issues of neutralization escape. Advances in antibody engineering have led to a large array of novel mAb formats, while deeper insight into the biology of several viruses and increasing knowledge of their neutralizing epitopes has extended the list of potential targets. In addition, progress in developing inexpensive production platforms will make antiviral mAbs more widely available and affordable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Both
- The Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, London, UK
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Department of Virology, Weybridge, Surrey, UK
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Department of Virology, Weybridge, Surrey, UK
| | - Craig van Dolleweerd
- The Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Edward Wright
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Julian K.-C. Ma
- The Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Department of Virology, Weybridge, Surrey, UK
- National Consortium for Zoonosis Research, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
- Corresponding author at: Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Department of Virology, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK. Tel.: +44 01932 357840; fax: +44 01932 357239.
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97
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Liang HR, Liu Q, Zheng XX, Gai WW, Xue XH, Hu GQ, Wu HX, Wang HL, Yang ST, Xia XZ. Aptamers targeting rabies virus-infected cells inhibit viral replication both in vitro and in vivo. Virus Res 2013; 173:398-403. [PMID: 23333291 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is an acute fatal encephalitis disease that affects many warm-blooded mammals. The causative agent of the disease is Rabies virus (RABV). Currently, no approved therapy is available once the clinical signs have appeared. Aptamers, oligonucleotide ligands capable of binding a variety of molecular targets with high affinity and specificity, have recently emerged as promising therapeutic agents. In this study, sixteen high-affinity single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) aptamers were generated by cell-SELEX. Viral titer assays revealed aptamers could specifically inhibit the replication of RABV in cells but did not inhibit the replication of canine distemper virus or canine parvovirus. In addition, the FO21 and FO24 aptamers, with and without PEGylation, were found to effectively protect mice against lethal RABV challenge. When mice were inoculated with aptamers for 24h prior to inoculation with CVS-11, approximately 87.5% of the mice survived. Here, we report aptamers that could significantly protect the mice from a lethal dose of RABV in vitro and in vivo, as demonstrated by the results for survival rate, weight loss and viral titers. These results indicate that FO21 and FO24 aptamers are a promising agent for specific antiviral against RABV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ru Liang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun 130062, China
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98
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99
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Lee H, Sunden Y, Sakai Y, Ochiai K, Umemura T. CXCL12 improves immune responses to neurotropic virus propagation in the CNS by attracting antibody secreting cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 150:19-26. [PMID: 22939585 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A previous study showed that increases in chemokine expression and recruitment of antibody secreting cells (ASCs) in the CNS after intracerebral immunization contributed to the suppression of a neurotropic virus. In this study, intracerebral chemokine injection was used to investigate the usefulness of chemokines for controlling neurotropic viruses. Both CXCL12 and a cocktail chemokine (a mixture of CXCL9, 10, 12 and 13) attracted antigen-specific ASCs more strongly than CXCL9, 10 and 13 in an in vitro chemotaxis assay and in vivo intracerebral chemokine injection experiments. Mice pre-treated intracerebrally with CXCL12 and the cocktail chemokine showed an increased survival rate after intracerebral infection with rabies virus. These results suggest that intracerebral CXCL12 injection induces the migration of ASCs and suppresses the neuropathogenicity of rabies virus in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunkyoung Lee
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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100
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Nazé F, Suin V, Lamoral S, Francart A, Brochier B, Roels S, Mast J, Kalai M, Van Gucht S. Infectivity of rabies virus-exposed macrophages. Microbes Infect 2012; 15:115-25. [PMID: 23159243 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rabies virus distributes widely in infected mice, including lymphoid tissues and spleen macrophages. The infection characteristics in murine macrophages and the infectivity of virus-exposed macrophages were examined upon inoculation in mice. In vitro, Mf4/4 spleen macrophages supported mild virus production (10(4)-fold less than neuroblastoma), with formation of typical virions. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) were most efficient to capture virus, but new virus production was not detected. Virus-induced cell death was significantly stronger in BMM, which might have eliminated BMM with productive infection. Still, viral RNA remained detectable in the remaining BMM for at least 4 weeks. Injection of in vitro-infected Mf4/4 in the nose or brain proved efficient to propagate infection in mice, even when cells were pre-incubated with neutralizing antibodies. Surprisingly, injection of ex-vivo-infected BMM in the brain also led to lethal infection in 8 out of 12 mice. Injection of infected Mf4/4 in the muscle mostly favoured a protective antibody response. Despite that macrophages are less fit to support virus production, they can still act as a source of infectious virus upon transfer in mice. This may be relevant for screening donor organs/cells, for which RT-PCR should be preferred over the traditional antigen or virus isolation assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Nazé
- National Reference Laboratory of Rabies, Viral Diseases, Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Engeland St. 642, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
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