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Bala D, Hossain MS, Hossain MA, Abdullah MI, Rahman MM, Manavalan B, Gu N, Islam MS, Huang Z. MonkeyNet: A robust deep convolutional neural network for monkeypox disease detection and classification. Neural Netw 2023; 161:757-775. [PMID: 36848828 PMCID: PMC9943560 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2023.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The monkeypox virus poses a new pandemic threat while we are still recovering from COVID-19. Despite the fact that monkeypox is not as lethal and contagious as COVID-19, new patient cases are recorded every day. If preparations are not made, a global pandemic is likely. Deep learning (DL) techniques are now showing promise in medical imaging for figuring out what diseases a person has. The monkeypox virus-infected human skin and the region of the skin can be used to diagnose the monkeypox early because an image has been used to learn more about the disease. But there is still no reliable Monkeypox database that is available to the public that can be used to train and test DL models. As a result, it is essential to collect images of monkeypox patients. The "MSID" dataset, short form of "Monkeypox Skin Images Dataset", which was developed for this research, is free to use and can be downloaded from the Mendeley Data database by anyone who wants to use it. DL models can be built and used with more confidence using the images in this dataset. These images come from a variety of open-source and online sources and can be used for research purposes without any restrictions. Furthermore, we proposed and evaluated a modified DenseNet-201 deep learning-based CNN model named MonkeyNet. Using the original and augmented datasets, this study suggested a deep convolutional neural network that was able to correctly identify monkeypox disease with an accuracy of 93.19% and 98.91% respectively. This implementation also shows the Grad-CAM which indicates the level of the model's effectiveness and identifies the infected regions in each class image, which will help the clinicians. The proposed model will also help doctors make accurate early diagnoses of monkeypox disease and protect against the spread of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diponkor Bala
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh; Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Md Shamim Hossain
- School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
| | | | - Md Ibrahim Abdullah
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Mizanur Rahman
- School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Balachandran Manavalan
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Naijie Gu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
| | - Mohammad S Islam
- School of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Zhangjin Huang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China; USTC-Deqing Alpha Innovation Institute, Huzhou, 313299, China.
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Forni D, Molteni C, Cagliani R, Sironi M. Geographic Structuring and Divergence Time Frame of Monkeypox Virus in the Endemic Region. J Infect Dis 2023; 227:742-751. [PMID: 35831941 PMCID: PMC10044091 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monkeypox is an emerging zoonosis endemic to Central and West Africa. Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is genetically structured in 2 major clades (clades 1 and 2/3), but its evolution is poorly explored. METHODS We retrieved MPXV genomes from public repositories and we analyzed geographic patterns using STRUCTURE. Molecular dating was performed using a using a Bayesian approach. RESULTS We show that the population transmitted in West Africa (clades 2/3) experienced limited drift. Conversely, clade 1 (transmitted in the Congo Basin) possibly underwent a bottleneck or founder effect. Depending on the model used, we estimated that the 2 clades separated ∼560-860 (highest posterior density: 450-960) years ago, a period characterized by expansions and contractions of rainforest areas, possibly creating the ecological conditions for the MPXV reservoir(s) to migrate. In the Congo Basin, MPXV diversity is characterized by 4 subpopulations that show no geographic structuring. Conversely, clades 2/3 are spatially structured with 2 populations located West and East of the Dahomey Gap. CONCLUSIONS The distinct histories of the 2 clades may derive from differences in MPXV ecology in West and Central Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Forni
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Cristian Molteni
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bosisio Parini, Italy
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53
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Kataria R, Kaur S, Kaundal R. Deciphering the complete human-monkeypox virus interactome: Identifying immune responses and potential drug targets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1116988. [PMID: 37051239 PMCID: PMC10083500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1116988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a dsDNA virus, belonging to Poxviridae family. The outbreak of monkeypox disease in humans is critical in European and Western countries, owing to its origin in African regions. The highest number of cases of the disease were found in the United States, followed by Spain and Brazil. Understanding the complete infection mechanism of diverse MPXV strains and their interaction with humans is important for therapeutic drug development, and to avoid any future epidemics. Using computational systems biology, we deciphered the genome-wide protein-protein interactions (PPIs) between 22 MPXV strains and human proteome. Based on phylogenomics and disease severity, 3 different strains of MPXV: Zaire-96-I-16, MPXV-UK_P2, and MPXV_USA_2022_MA001 were selected for comparative functional analysis of the proteins involved in the interactions. On an average, we predicted around 92,880 non-redundant PPIs between human and MPXV proteomes, involving 8014 host and 116 pathogen proteins from the 3 strains. The gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed 10,624 common GO terms in which the host proteins of 3 strains were highly enriched. These include significant GO terms such as platelet activation (GO:0030168), GABA-A receptor complex (GO:1902711), and metalloendopeptidase activity (GO:0004222). The host proteins were also significantly enriched in calcium signaling pathway (hsa04020), MAPK signaling pathway (hsa04010), and inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels (hsa04750). These significantly enriched GO terms and KEGG pathways are known to be implicated in immunomodulatory and therapeutic role in humans during viral infection. The protein hubs analysis revealed that most of the MPXV proteins form hubs with the protein kinases and AGC kinase C-terminal domains. Furthermore, subcellular localization revealed that most of the human proteins were localized in cytoplasm (29.22%) and nucleus (26.79%). A few drugs including Fostamatinib, Tamoxifen and others were identified as potential drug candidates against the monkeypox virus disease. This study reports the genome-scale PPIs elucidation in human-monkeypox virus pathosystem, thus facilitating the research community with functional insights into the monkeypox disease infection mechanism and augment the drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Kataria
- Department of Plants, Soils, and Climate, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Logan, United States
| | - Simardeep Kaur
- Department of Plants, Soils, and Climate, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Logan, United States
- Bioinformatics Facility, Center for Integrated BioSystems, Logan, United States
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Kaundal
- Department of Plants, Soils, and Climate, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Logan, United States
- Bioinformatics Facility, Center for Integrated BioSystems, Logan, United States
- Department of Computer Science, College of Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
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54
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Hatami H, Jamshidi P, Arbabi M, Safavi-Naini SAA, Farokh P, Izadi-Jorshari G, Mohammadzadeh B, Nasiri MJ, Zandi M, Nayebzade A, Sechi LA. Demographic, Epidemiologic, and Clinical Characteristics of Human Monkeypox Disease Pre- and Post-2022 Outbreaks: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:957. [PMID: 36979936 PMCID: PMC10045775 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: In early May 2022, an increasing number of human monkeypox (mpox) cases were reported in non-endemic disparate regions of the world, which raised concerns. Here, we provide a systematic review and meta-analysis of mpox-confirmed patients presented in peer-reviewed publications over the 10 years before and during the 2022 outbreak from demographic, epidemiological, and clinical perspectives. (2) Methods: A systematic search was performed for relevant studies published in Pubmed/Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar from 1 January 2012 up to 15 February 2023. Pooled frequencies with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were assessed using the random or fixed effect model due to the estimated heterogeneity of the true effect sizes. (3) Results: Out of 10,163 articles, 67 met the inclusion criteria, and 31 cross-sectional studies were included for meta-analysis. Animal-to-human transmission was dominant in pre-2022 cases (61.64%), but almost all post-2022 reported cases had a history of human contact, especially sexual contact. The pooled frequency of MSM individuals was 93.5% (95% CI 91.0-95.4, I2: 86.60%) and was reported only in post-2022 included studies. The male gender was predominant in both pre- and post-2022 outbreaks, and the mean age of confirmed cases was 29.92 years (5.77-41, SD: 9.38). The most common clinical manifestations were rash, fever, lymphadenopathy, and malaise/fatigue. Proctalgia/proctitis (16.6%, 95% CI 10.3-25.6, I2: 97.76) and anal/perianal lesions (39.8%, 95% CI 30.4-49.9, I2: 98.10) were the unprecedented clinical manifestations during the 2022 outbreak, which were not described before. Genitalia involvement was more common in post-2022 mpox patients (55.6%, 95% CI 51.7-59.4, I2: 88.11). (4) Conclusions: There are speculations about the possibility of changes in the pathogenic properties of the virus. It seems that post-2022 mpox cases experience a milder disease with fewer rashes and lower mortality rates. Moreover, the vast majority of post-2022 cases are managed on an outpatient basis. Our study could serve as a basis for ongoing investigations to identify the different aspects of previous mpox outbreaks and compare them with the current ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Hatami
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health and Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran;
| | - Parnian Jamshidi
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health and Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran;
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran; (M.A.); (P.F.); (B.M.); (M.J.N.)
| | - Mahta Arbabi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran; (M.A.); (P.F.); (B.M.); (M.J.N.)
| | - Seyed Amir Ahmad Safavi-Naini
- Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran;
| | - Parisa Farokh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran; (M.A.); (P.F.); (B.M.); (M.J.N.)
| | - Ghazal Izadi-Jorshari
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran;
| | - Benyamin Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran; (M.A.); (P.F.); (B.M.); (M.J.N.)
| | - Mohammad Javad Nasiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran; (M.A.); (P.F.); (B.M.); (M.J.N.)
| | - Milad Zandi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran;
| | - Amirhossein Nayebzade
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran;
| | - Leonardo A. Sechi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- SC Microbiologia e Virologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Barboza JJ, León-Figueroa DA, Saldaña-Cumpa HM, Valladares-Garrido MJ, Moreno-Ramos E, Sah R, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Virus Identification for Monkeypox in Human Seminal Fluid Samples: A Systematic Review. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8030173. [PMID: 36977174 PMCID: PMC10057446 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8030173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Public health officials around the world are extremely concerned about the global outbreak of monkeypox (MPX), which has been claimed to have originated in Africa. As a result, studies into the origins and reasons behind the outbreak’s rapid spread have been sped up. The goal of the current investigation is to determine whether the monkeypox virus (MPXV) is present in seminal fluid samples from MPX cases that have been verified. Up until 6 January 2023, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and ScienceDirect databases were used to conduct a thorough evaluation of the literature. The search technique returned a total of 308 items. Fourteen studies reporting the presence of MPXV in the seminal fluid of MPX-confirmed cases were included after the duplicates (n = 158) and searches by title, abstract, and full text were eliminated. In 84 out of the 643 confirmed MPX cases (13.06% or n = 643), MPXV was discovered in seminal fluid. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to identify MPXV, and samples taken from skin lesions (96.27%), pharynx or oropharynx (30.48%), and blood all had higher positivity rates than other samples (12.44%). Additionally, 99.85% of respondents were male with a mean age of 36, 98.45% engaged in MSM (men who have sex with men) sexual conduct, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) accounted for 56.9% of all STD cases. This study offers proof that MPXV can be found in the seminal fluid of MPX sufferers. Our data imply that MPXV transmission is a possibility in these samples and that MSM are more vulnerable to it. The creation of hygienic standards is essential for the early identification of MPX cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshuan J. Barboza
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Cesar Vallejo, Trujillo 13007, Peru
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +51-99-2108-520
| | - Darwin A. León-Figueroa
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Chiclayo 15011, Peru
- Centro de Investigación en Atención Primaria en Salud, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
| | - Hortencia M. Saldaña-Cumpa
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Chiclayo 15011, Peru
- Centro de Investigación en Atención Primaria en Salud, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
| | - Mario J. Valladares-Garrido
- South American Center for Education and Research in Public Health, Universidad Norbert Wiener, Lima 15108, Peru
- Oficina de Epidemiología, Hospital Regional Lambayeque, Chiclayo 14012, Peru
| | - Emilly Moreno-Ramos
- División de Revisiones Sistemáticas y Meta-Análisis, Tau-Relaped Group, Trujillo 13007, Peru
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411018, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas-Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira 660003, Colombia
- Master of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima 15067, Peru
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102, Lebanon
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56
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Tang H, Zhang A. Human mpox: Biology, epidemiology, therapeutic options, and development of small molecule inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2023. [PMID: 36891882 DOI: 10.1002/med.21943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Although monkeypox (mpox) has been endemic in Western and Central Africa for 50 years, it has not received sufficient prophylactic and therapeutical attention to avoid evolving into an epidemic. From January 2022 to January 2023, more than 84,000 of mpox cases were reported from 110 countries worldwide. Case numbers appear to be rising every day, making mpox an increasing global public health threat for the foreseeable future. In this perspective, we review the known biology and epidemiology of mpox virus, together with the latest therapeutic options available for mpox treatment. Further, small molecule inhibitors against mpox virus and the future directions in this field are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Tang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, and the Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, and the Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, China
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57
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The recent re-emergence of human monkeypox: Would it become endemic beyond Africa? J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:332-340. [PMID: 36680848 PMCID: PMC9846899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral outbreaks still become global health challenges, for instance, influenza A viruses, Japanese encephalitis, Ebola virus, Yellow fever, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since 7 May 2022, another outbreak of monkeypox also has been reported in European countries and the United States. Meanwhile, the monkeypox virus is previously endemic only in the western and central parts of Africa. Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease, although the primary animal reservoir remains unknown. This article concisely reviews the monkeypox virus, its transmission, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestation, its changing global epidemiology before and during the current outbreak, and possible driving factors of the recent outbreak. Furthermore, we also discuss whether the monkeypox virus would become endemic beyond Africa. Even though the available data suggests that human-to-human transmission is currently happening and unconnected clusters exist, many efforts have been made to tackle this outbreak, such as active case detection, contact tracing, isolation, and postexposure vaccination.
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Paparizos V, Nicolaidou E, Tryfinopoulou K, Papa A, Rigopoulos D, Tsiodras S, Stratigos A. Monkeypox virus infection: First reported case in Greece in a patient with a genital rash. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2023; 37:e350-e351. [PMID: 35964288 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vassilios Paparizos
- 1st Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, "Andreas Sygros" Hospital for Skin and Venereal Diseases, Athens, Greece
| | - Electra Nicolaidou
- 1st Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, "Andreas Sygros" Hospital for Skin and Venereal Diseases, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriakh Tryfinopoulou
- Central Public Health Laboratory, National Public Health Organization, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Papa
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitris Rigopoulos
- 1st Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, "Andreas Sygros" Hospital for Skin and Venereal Diseases, Athens, Greece
| | - Sotirios Tsiodras
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander Stratigos
- 1st Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, "Andreas Sygros" Hospital for Skin and Venereal Diseases, Athens, Greece
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this paper is to analyze the current status of monkeypox worldwide. In the face of this public health threat, our purpose is to elucidate the clinical characteristics and epidemiology of monkeypox, the developmental progress of monkeypox-related drugs and the vaccines available. DATA SOURCES The literature review was performed in databases including PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar up to July 2022. RESULTS Since May 2022, the World Health Organization has reported more than 45,000 confirmed cases from 92 nonendemic countries, including nine deaths. Although some women and children have been infected so far, most cases have occurred among men who have sex with other men, especially those with multiple sexual partners or anonymous sex. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric monkeypox infection has been associated with a higher likelihood of severe illness and mortality than in adults. Severe monkeypox illness in pediatrics often requires adjunctive antiviral therapy. It is crucial for all countries to establish sound monitoring and testing systems and be prepared with emergency preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Mei Dou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, ChangPing District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hang Yuan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, ChangPing District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hou-Wen Tian
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, ChangPing District, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Long B, Liang SY, Carius BM, Chavez S, Gottlieb M, Koyfman A, Brady WJ. Mimics of Monkeypox: Considerations for the emergency medicine clinician. Am J Emerg Med 2023; 65:172-178. [PMID: 36640626 PMCID: PMC9812851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is a public health emergency most commonly presenting with a painful rash and several systemic findings. However, there are several conditions that may mimic its presentation. OBJECTIVE This narrative review provides a focused overview of mpox mimics for emergency clinicians. DISCUSSION Mpox is a global health emergency. The disease is primarily spread through contact, followed by the development of a centrifugally-spread rash that evolves from macules to papules to vesicles to pustules. This is often associated with lymphadenopathy and fever. As the rash is one of the most common presenting signs of the infection, patients mpox may present to the emergency department (ED) for further evaluation. There are a variety of mimics of mpox, including smallpox, varicella, primary and secondary syphilis, acute retroviral syndrome, and genital herpes simplex virus. CONCLUSION Knowledge of mpox and its mimics is vital for emergency clinicians to differentiate these conditions and ensure appropriate diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brit Long
- SAUSHEC, Emergency Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, United States.
| | - Stephen Y Liang
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America.
| | - Brandon M Carius
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, WA 98431, United States
| | - Summer Chavez
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health Sciences, Tilman J Fertitta Family College of Medicine, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Michael Gottlieb
- Ultrasound Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Alex Koyfman
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - William J Brady
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America.
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Letafati A, Sakhavarz T. Monkeypox virus: A review. Microb Pathog 2023; 176:106027. [PMID: 36758824 PMCID: PMC9907786 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
While monkeypox was previously found in Africa, the bulk of occurrences in the present outbreak are being reported in many countries. It is not yet known how this outbreak began, and as the COVID-19 crisis begins to abate, numerous nations throughout the world are now contending with a novel outbreak. Monkeypox is a transmissible virus between animals and humans, belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family. In the 1970s, cases of monkeypox began increasing due to the cessation of vaccination against smallpox, which drew international attention. The virus was named monkeypox because it was first observed in macaque monkeys. It is thought to be transmitted by several different rodents and small mammals, though the origin of the virus is not known. Monkeypox, while occasionally transmitted from one human to another, can be disseminated through the inhalation of droplets or through contact with the skin lesions of an infected individual. Unfortunately, there is no definitive cure for monkeypox; however, supportive care can be offered to ameliorate its symptoms. In severe cases, medications like tecovirimat may be administered. However, there are no established guidelines for symptom management in monkeypox cases. In this article we have discussed about different aspects of monkeypox including viral structure, transmission, replication, clinical manifestations, vaccination, treatment and current prevalence in the world to understand it better and give insight to the future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Letafati
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Tannaz Sakhavarz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
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Americo JL, Earl PL, Moss B. Virulence differences of mpox (monkeypox) virus clades I, IIa, and IIb.1 in a small animal model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220415120. [PMID: 36787354 PMCID: PMC9974501 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220415120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mpox (monkeypox), a disease with similarities to smallpox, is endemic in Africa where it has persisted as a zoonosis with limited human-to-human spread. Unexpectedly, the disease expanded globally in 2022 driven by human-to-human transmission outside of Africa. It is not yet known whether the latter is due solely to behavioral and environmental factors or whether the mpox virus is adapting to a new host. Genome sequencing has revealed differences between the current outbreak strains, classified as clade IIb, and the prior clade IIa and clade I viruses, but whether these differences contribute to virulence or transmission has not been determined. We demonstrate that the wild-derived inbred castaneous mouse provides an exceptional animal model for investigating clade differences in mpox virus virulence and show that the order is clade I > clade IIa > clade IIb.1. The greatly reduced replication of the clade IIb.1 major outbreak strain in mice and absence of lethality at 100 times the lethal dose of a closely related clade IIa virus, despite similar multiplication in cell culture, suggest that clade IIb is evolving diminished virulence or adapting to other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L. Americo
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20814
| | - Patricia L. Earl
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20814
| | - Bernard Moss
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20814
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Orthopoxvirus Zoonoses—Do We Still Remember and Are Ready to Fight? Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030363. [PMID: 36986285 PMCID: PMC10052541 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The eradication of smallpox was an enormous achievement due to the global vaccination program launched by World Health Organization. The cessation of the vaccination program led to steadily declining herd immunity against smallpox, causing a health emergency of global concern. The smallpox vaccines induced strong, humoral, and cell-mediated immune responses, protecting for decades after immunization, not only against smallpox but also against other zoonotic orthopoxviruses that now represent a significant threat to public health. Here we review the major aspects regarding orthopoxviruses’ zoonotic infections, factors responsible for viral transmissions, as well as the emerging problem of the increased number of monkeypox cases recently reported. The development of prophylactic measures against poxvirus infections, especially the current threat caused by the monkeypox virus, requires a profound understanding of poxvirus immunobiology. The utilization of animal and cell line models has provided good insight into host antiviral defenses as well as orthopoxvirus evasion mechanisms. To survive within a host, orthopoxviruses encode a large number of proteins that subvert inflammatory and immune pathways. The circumvention of viral evasion strategies and the enhancement of major host defenses are key in designing novel, safer vaccines, and should become the targets of antiviral therapies in treating poxvirus infections.
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64
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Clinical Manifestation, Transmission, Pathogenesis, and Diagnosis of Monkeypox Virus: A Comprehensive Review. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020522. [PMID: 36836879 PMCID: PMC9962527 DOI: 10.3390/life13020522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus is a double-stranded DNA virus species that causes disease in humans and mammals. It is a zoonotic virus belongs the genus Orthopoxviral, the family of Poxviridae, associated with the smallpox virus in many aspects. The first human case of monkeypox was reported throughout the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1970. In April 2022, several cases were recorded in widespread regions of Africa, the Northern and western hemispheres. The current review spotlights taxonomic classification, clinical presentations during infection, and the pathogenicity of the monkeypox virus in humans. Furthermore, the current review also highlights different diagnostics used for virus detection.
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Singh S, Rao A, Kumar K, Mishra A, Prajapati VK. Translational vaccinomics and structural filtration algorithm to device multiepitope vaccine for catastrophic monkeypox virus. Comput Biol Med 2023; 153:106497. [PMID: 36599210 PMCID: PMC9800352 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent outbreak of monkeypox disease commenced in April 2022, and on May 7, the first confirmed case was reported. The world health organization then designated monkeypox disease as a public health emergency of international outrage on July 23, after it spread to 70 non-endemic nations in less than 15 days. This catastrophic viral infection encourages the development of antiviral therapeutics due to the lack of specific treatments with negligible adverse effects. This analysis developed a highly immunogenic multiepitope subunit vaccine against the monkeypox virus using an in silico translational vaccinomics technique. Highly antigenic B cell and T cell (HTL and CTL) epitopes were predicted and conjugated with the help of unique linkers. An adjuvant (β-defensin) and a pan-HLA DR sequence were attached at the vaccine construct's N-terminal to invoke a robust immunological response. Additionally, physiochemical, allergic, toxic, and antigenic properties were anticipated. Interactions between the vaccine candidate and the TLR3 demonstrated that the vaccine candidate triggers a robust immunological response. Finally, the stability is confirmed by the molecular dynamics study. In contrast, the modified vaccine candidate's ability to produce a protective immune response were verified by an immune dynamics simulation study conducted via C-ImmSim server. This study validates the generation of B cell, Th cell, and Tc cell populations as well as the production of IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyendra Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Abhishek Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ketan Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342037, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, 305817, Rajasthan, India; Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bhatinda, Punjab, India.
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66
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Joy BK, Donovan AL, McCracken GR, Pettipas J, Grudeski E, Majer A, Mandes R, Booth TF, Hatchette TF, Patriquin G, LeBlanc JJ. Hunting for mpox (monkeypox) mimickers: Use of the Biofire meningitis/encephalitis panel on lesion swabs to support alternative viral diagnoses. J Clin Virol 2023; 159:105356. [PMID: 36608619 PMCID: PMC9789924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mpox (formerly monkeypox) is an emerging zoonotic disease of public health concern that presents as a rash mimicking other common viral exanthems. Unlike traditional testing algorithms relying on several assays, the BioFire FilmArray meningitis/encephalitis (ME) panel simultaneously detects common viruses causing rashes; however, Biofire ME is only licensed for testing on cerebral spinal fluid. OBJECTIVES This study evaluated use of the Biofire ME panel for detection and discrimination of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), varicella zoster virus (VZV), human herpesviruses type 6 (HHV-6), enteroviruses (EVs), and human paraechoviruses (HPeVs) from a dermal or mucocutaneous swabs collected in universal transport media (UTM). STUDY DESIGN Results of the BioFire ME panel were compared against methods used during clinical testing. Ten-fold serial dilutions in UTM of cultured viruses were used to compare analytical sensitivity, and analytical specificity was assessed using panels of microorganisms in UTM. Clinical sensitivity and specificity were assessed using 20 positive specimens each for HHV-1, HHV-2, HHV-6, VZV, EVs, and HPeV, as well as 35 known negative specimens that included 15 mpox-positive specimens. RESULTS Biofire ME was as sensitive as comparator methods, and correctly discriminated all HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, HHV-6, EVs, and HPeVs from mpox and mpox-mimickers. Cross-reaction between EV and rhinoviruses A, B, and C were noted in the specificity panel. CONCLUSIONS Swabs in UTM collected for mpox testing are suitable for use on the Biofire ME panel, allowing more streamlined diagnostic testing for viral exanthems in patients under investigation for mpox infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn K. Joy
- Medical Sciences Program, Faculty of Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Alexis L. Donovan
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RSCI) University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gregory R. McCracken
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Janice Pettipas
- Nova Scotia Provincial Public Health Laboratory Network (PPHLN), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Elsie Grudeski
- Enteroviruses and Enteric Viruses Laboratory, National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Anna Majer
- Enteroviruses and Enteric Viruses Laboratory, National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Russell Mandes
- Enteroviruses and Enteric Viruses Laboratory, National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tim F. Booth
- Enteroviruses and Enteric Viruses Laboratory, National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Todd F. Hatchette
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada,Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada,Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Glenn Patriquin
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada,Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jason J. LeBlanc
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada,Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada,Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Corresponding author at: Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health (NSH), Room 404B, MacKenzie Building, 5788 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 1V8, Canada
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67
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Betsy J, George S, George N, Kv B, Sukumaran A. Perceptions of Indian Healthcare Practitioners Regarding the 2022 Outbreak of Monkeypox Disease. Cureus 2023; 15:e35157. [PMID: 36950001 PMCID: PMC10027578 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although only a few cases of monkeypox have been reported in India so far, it is vital for healthcare practitioners to have sufficient knowledge about its epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the perception of Indian healthcare practitioners regarding the 2022 outbreak of monkeypox disease. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 500 medical and dental practitioners from various regions of Kerala, India. The Chi-squared test for proportion was used to determine the significant difference in the knowledge levels of the participants. Binary logistic regression (multivariate) was used to understand the knowledge of healthcare professionals regarding the 2022 outbreak of monkeypox disease. Results A total of 424 healthcare professionals completed this survey. Overall, the level of knowledge was good in 64.9% and poor in 35.1% of the participants (p<0.01). Binary logistic regression analysis did not show any statistical significance (p > 0.05) in terms of demographic characteristics. However, in this sample, participants with 6-10 years of work experience were more likely to have improved knowledge scores (odd's ratio OR 1.764). Similarly, participants between the age of 30-40 years were also likely to have improved knowledge scores (OR: 1.065). Conclusions Indian healthcare professionals had an overall good level of knowledge regarding the 2022 outbreak of monkeypox. However, a low level of knowledge was found related to the clinical presentation and immunization of monkeypox. This may be due to the low prevalence of monkeypox in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Betsy
- Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
- Dentistry, Pushpagiri Research Centre, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Thiruvalla, IND
| | - Sherin George
- Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Pushpagiri College of Dental Sciences, Thiruvalla, India, Thiruvalla, IND
| | - Nebu George
- Periodontics, Pushpagiri College of Dental Sciences, Thiruvalla, IND
| | - Baiju Kv
- Statistics, Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram, IND
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Colavita F, Mazzotta V, Rozera G, Abbate I, Carletti F, Pinnetti C, Matusali G, Meschi S, Mondi A, Lapa D, Vita S, Minosse C, Aguglia C, Gagliardini R, Specchiarello E, Bettini A, Nicastri E, Girardi E, Vaia F, Antinori A, Maggi F. Kinetics of viral DNA in body fluids and antibody response in patients with acute Monkeypox virus infection. iScience 2023; 26:106102. [PMID: 36748085 PMCID: PMC9893533 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the follow-up laboratory investigation of three MPXV cases infected in May-June 2022 from diagnosis to disease resolution, monitoring viral shedding in different body fluids and antibody kinetics. Out of 138 non-lesion samples, viral DNA was found in 92.3% saliva, 85.7% semen, 86.2% oropharyngeal swabs, 51.7% plasma, 46.1% stool, and 9.5% urine samples. Viral load quantified by digital PCR widely varied, but tend to be higher in oropharyngeal swabs, saliva, and stool. Replication competent virus was recovered from four out of seventeen samples, including 1 saliva, 1 oropharyngeal swabs, 1 semen, and 1 stool. The analysis of the antibody kinetics revealed that IgM, IgA, and IgG antibodies were detected within two weeks post-symptoms onset for all three patients, with IgG detected early on at day 4-8 and IgM and IgA showing lower titers along the time frame of the study. Antibody levels increased during the second week of illness with IgG reaching high titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Colavita
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Valentina Mazzotta
- Clinical and Research Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Gabriella Rozera
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Isabella Abbate
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Carletti
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Carmela Pinnetti
- Clinical and Research Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Giulia Matusali
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy,Corresponding author
| | - Silvia Meschi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Annalisa Mondi
- Clinical and Research Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Daniele Lapa
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Serena Vita
- Clinical and Research Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Claudia Minosse
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Camilla Aguglia
- Clinical and Research Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Roberta Gagliardini
- Clinical and Research Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Eliana Specchiarello
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Aurora Bettini
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Emanuele Nicastri
- Clinical and Research Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Enrico Girardi
- Scientific Direction, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Francesco Vaia
- General Direction, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Andrea Antinori
- Clinical and Research Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy,Corresponding author
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Kamal A, Suppah M, Saadoun R, Yassin M. A Comprehensive Review of the Current Monkeypox Outbreak. Cureus 2023; 15:e34807. [PMID: 36915842 PMCID: PMC10008051 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by an orthopoxvirus named monkeypox virus. The virus was identified in 1958, while the first human monkeypox case was discovered in 1970. Monkeypox caused a wide outbreak that was considered a global health emergency in July 2022. Monkeypox is transmitted through direct or indirect contact with the lesions and respiratory droplets. Animals can also transmit the disease if contacted without protection or if their products are consumed without proper processing. The disease presents as a prodromal period followed by the appearance of a rash filled with exudate. The rash appears initially on the face and then spreads to involve the genital area and the anus. Typically, the disease is mild and resolves spontaneously, but antiviral therapy with tecovirimat might be required. Monkeypox can be controlled by avoiding contact with the cases and vaccinating those at high risk for acquiring the infection and those at high risk for developing severe illness (immune deficient individuals, pregnant women, and children). Our review aims to comprehensively review the current literature regarding Monkeypox, including modes of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, preventive measures, and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Kamal
- Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA
| | | | - Rakan Saadoun
- Otolaryngology, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, DEU
| | - Mohamed Yassin
- Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA
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Hoarau G, Vauloup Fellous C, Haigh O, Labetoulle M, Rousseau A. [Monkeypox: Important facts for the ophthalmologist]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2023; 46:185-193. [PMID: 36639339 PMCID: PMC9832348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The current monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak, raging since May 2022, is the largest ever observed on a world-wide scale. Despite previously being endemic in west and central Africa with a mortality rate of up to 10%, it remained a neglected tropical disease. Along with other recent pandemics gaining much attention, this MPXV outbreak has provided an opportunity to improve our understanding of its physiopathology and better define management strategies, particularly in patients with more serious disease. From the ophthalmologist's perspective, eyelid involvement and conjunctivitis or keratoconjunctivitis are frequently observed and may precede systemic signs or even remain the major site of involvement. While the course of MPXV keratoconjunctivitis is most often favorable, severe cases pose a functional threat, in particular for immunocompromised patients. This review provides an overview of MPXV pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment, as well as considerations for prevention of transmission. During such an epidemic, the ophthalmologist can be the first to diagnose MPXV, treat the ocular involvement, and set up adequate preventative measures in collaboration with infectious disease specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Hoarau
- Service d’ophtalmologie, réseau OPHTARA, CHU Bicêtre Paris-Saclay, université Paris Saclay, AP–HP, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - C. Vauloup Fellous
- Service de virologie, HU Paul Brousse Paris Saclay, université Paris Saclay, AP–HP, Villejuif, France,Département d’immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes, UMR1184, CEA Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - O. Haigh
- Département d’immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes, UMR1184, CEA Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - M. Labetoulle
- Service d’ophtalmologie, réseau OPHTARA, CHU Bicêtre Paris-Saclay, université Paris Saclay, AP–HP, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France,Département d’immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes, UMR1184, CEA Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - A. Rousseau
- Service d’ophtalmologie, réseau OPHTARA, CHU Bicêtre Paris-Saclay, université Paris Saclay, AP–HP, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France,Département d’immunologie des maladies virales, auto-immunes, hématologiques et bactériennes, UMR1184, CEA Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France,Auteur correspondant. Service d’ophtalmologie, CHU Bicêtre, 78, rue du Général Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Grothe JH, Cornely OA, Salmanton-García J. Monkeypox in children and adult women in Europe: Results from a flash VACCELERATE pilot survey. ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS Y MICROBIOLOGIA CLINICA (ENGLISH ED.) 2023; 41:309-311. [PMID: 36710162 PMCID: PMC9882968 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hendrik Grothe
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany,University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD) and Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver A. Cornely
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany,University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD) and Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Cologne, Germany,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany,University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Clinical Trials Centre Cologne (ZKS Köln), Cologne, Germany
| | - Jon Salmanton-García
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany,University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD) and Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Cologne, Germany,Corresponding author
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Gao J, Zhou C, Liang H, Jiao R, Wheelock ÅM, Jiao K, Ma J, Zhang C, Guo Y, Luo S, Liang W, Xu L. Monkeypox outbreaks in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: Network and clustering analyses of global risks and modified SEIR prediction of epidemic trends. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1052946. [PMID: 36761122 PMCID: PMC9902715 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1052946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ninety-eight percent of documented cases of the zoonotic disease human monkeypox (MPX) were reported after 2001, with especially dramatic global spread in 2022. This longitudinal study aimed to assess spatiotemporal risk factors of MPX infection and predict global epidemiological trends. Method Twenty-one potential risk factors were evaluated by correlation-based network analysis and multivariate regression. Country-level risk was assessed using a modified Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Removed (SEIR) model and a risk-factor-driven k-means clustering analysis. Results Between historical cases and the 2022 outbreak, MPX infection risk factors changed from relatively simple [human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and population density] to multiple [human mobility, population of men who have sex with men, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, and socioeconomic factors], with human mobility in the context of COVID-19 being especially key. The 141 included countries classified into three risk clusters: 24 high-risk countries mainly in West Europe and Northern America, 70 medium-risk countries mainly in Latin America and Asia, and 47 low-risk countries mainly in Africa and South Asia. The modified SEIR model predicted declining transmission rates, with basic reproduction numbers ranging 1.61-7.84 in the early stage and 0.70-4.13 in the current stage. The estimated cumulative cases in Northern and Latin America may overtake the number in Europe in autumn 2022. Conclusions In the current outbreak, risk factors for MPX infection have changed and expanded. Forecasts of epidemiological trends from our modified SEIR models suggest that Northern America and Latin America are at greater risk of MPX infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,Institute for Healthy China, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,Respiratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden,Heart and Lung Centre, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cui Zhou
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,Institute for Healthy China, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hanwei Liang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,Institute for Healthy China, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Rao Jiao
- Department of Mathematical Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Åsa M. Wheelock
- Heart and Lung Centre, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kedi Jiao
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,Institute for Healthy China, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,Institute for Healthy China, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chutian Zhang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,Institute for Healthy China, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongman Guo
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,Institute for Healthy China, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Sitong Luo
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,Institute for Healthy China, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,Sitong Luo ✉
| | - Wannian Liang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,Institute for Healthy China, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,Wannian Liang ✉
| | - Lei Xu
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,Institute for Healthy China, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Lei Xu ✉
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The reemergence of the human monkeypox: strengthening Africa's epidemic preparedness and response system. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:24-27. [PMID: 36742119 PMCID: PMC9893425 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The reemergence of the monkeypox (MPX) virus poses a serious threat to global health security. While the first human case was reported in Democratic Republic of Congo in 1970, a recent outbreak of this disease in May 2022 has gone 'viral,' spreading to most continents and occurring in nonendemic countries. Outside Africa, there have been reports of cases of MPX in countries such as Singapore in May 2019, Israel in September 2018, UK in September 2018, among others which have been traced back to importation of infected wild rodents from Africa. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that the standard laboratory facility to carry out MPX tests is Biosafety Containment Level (BSL)-2 working standards if the laboratory staff has taken smallpox vaccine within the last 3 years and BSL-3 working standards if the laboratory staff has not taken the smallpox vaccine. However, African countries have a shortage of BSL laboratories. Hence, there is a need to improve the integrated surveillance of the MPX virus, strengthen diagnostic capacity, capacity building of health workforce, public education programs, fund research, and development, among others. Leveraging a 'One Health' approach will offer fresh insight into the human-animal-environment interface and boost the understanding on the possibility and mechanisms of spillback and reverse zoonosis as well as disease severity and risk factors for severe disease as well as its epidemiology in various subpopulations. Not leaving Africa behind in the prevention, diagnosis, and management of MPX is important to stopping the spread and reemergence of this virus.
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74
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Islam MR, Nowshin DT, Khan MR, Shahriar M, Bhuiyan MA. Monkeypox and sex: Sexual orientations and encounters are key factors to consider. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1069. [PMID: 36698709 PMCID: PMC9850259 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims The monkeypox (mpox) virus was endemic to some African countries that have recently spread worldwide creating multicountry outbreaks outside of Africa. This most current mpox outbreak is caused by a variety of factors. However, there are some conflicting ideas and pejorative claims about this. Therefore, we conducted this narrative review to highlight the associations of mpox infection with sexual orientations and encounters and to break the misconception about mpox. Methods To find pertinent information and data, we searched Google, Google Scholar, and PubMed. The results of the study were supported by a large number of studies that demonstrated a connection between the mpox and sexual orientation. To gather information, we read the pertinent articles. Results According to the available documents, we have seen that there are normally two ways of monkeypox transmission. However, the LGBTQ and MSM communities are disproportionately affected by mpox infection. Numerous research have only focused on the sexual orientation of victims. According to a study, there were 54,709 laboratory-confirmed cases of mpox where the majority of these cases were in men who had sex with men and reported recent sexual activity with one or more partners. According to a study from Italy, the mpoxvirus was recently discovered in a sample of human semen from cases of confirmed mpox. However, this finding has not yet been confirmed because there is a chance that the specimen was contaminated by another means. Conclusion The present study suggests that there might have a prominent association between epidemiology of mpox infection and sexual orientations patients. Therefore, the general public should be made aware of mpox infections by healthcare authorities. They should let the people know about the facts about mpox. Only comprehensive planning and preventive measures will be able to halt this epidemic infection's pandemic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Md. Robin Khan
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Asia PacificDhakaBangladesh
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Zhan XY, Zha GF, He Y. Evolutionary dissection of monkeypox virus: Positive Darwinian selection drives the adaptation of virus-host interaction proteins. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1083234. [PMID: 36710983 PMCID: PMC9880225 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1083234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging and ongoing outbreak of human monkeypox (hMPX) in 2022 is a serious global threat. An understanding of the evolution of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) at the single-gene level may provide clues for exploring the unique aspects of the current outbreak: rapidly expanding and sustained human-to-human transmission. For the current investigation, alleles of 156 MPXV coding genes (which account for >95% of the genomic sequence) have been gathered from roughly 1,500 isolates, including those responsible for the previous outbreaks. Using a range of molecular evolution approaches, we demonstrated that intra-species homologous recombination has a negligible effect on MPXV evolution. Despite the fact that the majority of the MPXV genes (64.10%) were subjected to negative selection at the whole gene level, 10 MPXV coding genes (MPXVgp004, 010, 012, 014, 044, 098, 138, 178, 188, and 191) were found to have a total of 15 codons or amino acid sites that are known to evolve under positive Darwinian selection. Except for MPXVgp138, almost all of these genes encode proteins that interact with the host. Of these, five ankyrin proteins (MPXVgp004, 010, 012, 178, and 188) and one Bcl-2-like protein (MPXVgp014) are involved in poxviruses' host range determination. We discovered that the majority (80%) of positive amino acid substitutions emerged several decades ago, indicating that these sites have been under constant selection pressure and that more adaptable alleles have been circulating in the natural reservoir. This finding was also supported by the minimum spanning networks of the gene alleles. The three positive amino acid substitutions (T/A426V in MPXVgp010, A423D in MPXVgp012, and S105L in MPXVgp191) appeared in 2019 or 2022, indicating that they would be crucial for the virus' eventual adaptation to humans. Protein modeling suggests that positive amino acid substitutions may affect protein functions in a variety of ways. Further study should focus on revealing the biological effects of positive amino acid substitutions in the genes for viral adaptation to humans, virulence, transmission, and so on. Our study advances knowledge of MPXV's adaptive mechanism and provides insights for exploring factors that are responsible for the unique aspects of the current outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yong Zhan
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Yong Zhan, ; Gao-Feng Zha, ; Yulong He,
| | - Gao-Feng Zha
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Yong Zhan, ; Gao-Feng Zha, ; Yulong He,
| | - Yulong He
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Yong Zhan, ; Gao-Feng Zha, ; Yulong He,
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Abu-Farha RK, Alzoubi KH, Mukattash TL, Alkhawaldeh R, Barakat M, Thiab S. Public Knowledge and Perceptions about the Emerging Human Mpox in Jordan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8010041. [PMID: 36668948 PMCID: PMC9861141 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of human mpox cases are spreading outside of Western and Central Africa, which could be considered a significant world health problem. In this study, we sought to assess public knowledge and perceptions of human mpox. The study was a cross-sectional survey conducted in Jordan in September-October 2022. All participants were approached through social media portals. A total of 1195 participants agreed to participate in this study. The participants showed a low median knowledge score about human mpox (4.0 out of 15.0, IQR = 5.0), with only 27.9% of the participants (n = 334) correctly identifying that human mpox is not a bacterial disease, and around half of them (n = 589, 49.3%) knowing that this disease affects both genders. Higher monthly income (≥400 JD/month) was significantly associated with better knowledge about the disease. Social media was the most comprehensive source of information about mpox (n = 1018, 85.2%). Finally, 57.3% of the participants (n = 685) believed that mpox would affect social and economic life, like the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings highlight the urgent need for systematic strategies that should be promoted to increase public knowledge of mpox, which will be critical in improving the capacity to respond to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana K. Abu-Farha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
- Correspondence:
| | - Karem H. Alzoubi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Tareq L. Mukattash
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Rama Alkhawaldeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
| | - Muna Barakat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
| | - Samar Thiab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
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Molteni C, Forni D, Cagliani R, Mozzi A, Clerici M, Sironi M. Evolution of the orthopoxvirus core genome. Virus Res 2023; 323:198975. [PMID: 36280003 PMCID: PMC9586335 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Orthopoxviruses comprise several relevant pathogens, including the causative agent of smallpox and monkeypox virus. Analysis of orthopoxvirus genome evolution mainly focused on gene gains/losses. We instead analyzed core genes, which are conserved in all orthopoxviruses. We show that, despite their strong constraint, some genes involved in viral morphogenesis and transcription/replication were targets of pervasive positive selection, which was relatively uncommon in immunomodulatory genes. However at least three of the positively selected genes, E3L, A24R, and H3L, might have evolved in response to immune selection. Episodic positive selection was particularly common on the internal branches of the orthopox phylogeny and on the monkeypox virus lineage. The latter showed evidence of episodic positive selection at the D14L gene, which encodes a modulator of complement activation (MOPICE). Notably, two genes (B1R and A33R) targeted by episodic selection on more than one branch are involved in forms of intra-genomic conflict. Finally, we found that, in orthopoxvirus proteomes, intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) tend to be less constrained and are common targets of positive selection. Extension of our analysis to all poxviruses showed no evidence that the IDR fraction differs with host range. Conversely, we found a strong effect of base composition, which was however not sufficient to explain IDR fraction. We thus suggest that, in poxviruses, the IDR fraction is maintained by modulating GC content to accommodate disorder-promoting codons. Overall, our data provide novel insight in orthopoxvirus evolution and provide a list of genes and sites that are expected to modulate viral phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Molteni
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy.
| | - Diego Forni
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mozzi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
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Diagnosis and Management of Monkeypox: A Review for the Emergency Clinician. Ann Emerg Med 2023; 81:20-30. [PMID: 36117012 PMCID: PMC9533988 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of monkeypox in May and June 2022 is the largest outside of central and western Africa since the 2003 outbreak in the United States. Monkeypox, like smallpox, is caused by an orthopoxvirus, though its clinical manifestations tend to be less severe. It is characterized by a prodromal flu-like illness with lymphadenopathy followed by a centrifugally spreading rash, sometimes involving the face, palms, soles, and oral mucosa. Although the vast majority of cases resolve with symptomatic management, a small number of patients can suffer severe outcomes including, but not limited to, secondary bacterial skin infections, pneumonitis, ocular sequelae, encephalitis, hypovolemia, and death. Local, state, and federal health authorities should be involved in the care of people under investigation for this illness. With confirmed cases worldwide and the possibility of community spread, emergency clinicians need to be aware of the manifestations and management of this disease, both to treat those with the disease as well as to provide education to those exposed and at risk of infection.
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79
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Mpox and pregnancy: A neglected disease and its impact on perinatal health. Rev Clin Esp 2023; 223:32-39. [PMID: 36341988 PMCID: PMC9620439 DOI: 10.1016/j.rceng.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections during pregnancy have been one of the leading causes associated with significant perinatal problems, such as congenital defects, fetal neurological syndromes, stillbirths, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The mpox virus infection, caused by an Orthopoxvirus related to the human smallpox virus, was declared a global health emergency by the World Health Organization in July 2022 due to the large number of cases emerging outside the usual endemic area in Africa. There is little information on the impact of mpox virus infection during pregnancy, although the limited evidence available shows a high rate of fetal harm. This review addresses the problem of mpox virus infection in pregnant women and provides indications for its prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
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80
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Chaaithanya IK, Aranha C. Human monkeypox: A threat to dread in pregnancy? J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28170. [PMID: 36151576 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Itta K Chaaithanya
- Department of Molecular Immunology & Microbiology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (ICMR-NIRRCH), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Clara Aranha
- Department of Molecular Immunology & Microbiology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (ICMR-NIRRCH), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Harrison LB, Bergeron G, Cadieux G, Charest H, Fafard J, Levade I, Blais AC, Huchet E, Trottier B, Vlad D, Szabo J, Thomas R, Poulin S, Greenaway C, Zaharatos GJ, Oughton M, Chakravarti A, Pilarski R, Bui-Nguyen A, Benomar K, Libman MD, Vinh DC, Duggan AT, Graham M, Klein MB, Barkati S. Monkeypox in Montréal: Epidemiology, Phylogenomics, and Public Health Response to a Large North American Outbreak. Ann Intern Med 2023; 176:67-76. [PMID: 36508736 DOI: 10.7326/m22-2699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monkeypox, a viral zoonotic disease, is causing a global outbreak outside of endemic areas. OBJECTIVE To characterize the outbreak of monkeypox in Montréal, the first large outbreak in North America. DESIGN Epidemiologic and laboratory surveillance data and a phylogenomic analysis were used to describe and place the outbreak in a global context. SETTING Montréal, Canada. PATIENTS Probable or confirmed cases of monkeypox. MEASUREMENTS Epidemiologic, clinical, and demographic data were aggregated. Whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed for a set of outbreak sequences. The public health response and its evolution are described. RESULTS Up to 18 October 2022, a total of 402 cases of monkeypox were reported mostly among men who have sex with men (MSM), most of which were suspected to be acquired through sexual contact. All monkeypox genomes nested within the B.1 lineage. Montréal Public Health worked closely with the affected communities to control the outbreak, becoming the first jurisdiction to offer 1 dose of the Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic vaccine as preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to those at risk in early June 2022. Two peaks of cases were seen in early June and July (43 and 44 cases per week, respectively) followed by a decline toward near resolution of the outbreak in October. Reasons for the biphasic peak are not fully elucidated but may represent the tempo of vaccination and/or several factors related to transmission dynamics and case ascertainment. LIMITATIONS Clinical data are self-reported. Limited divergence among sequences limited genomic epidemiologic conclusions. CONCLUSION A large outbreak of monkeypox occurred in Montréal, primarily among MSM. Successful control of the outbreak rested on early and sustained engagement with the affected communities and rapid offer of PrEP vaccination to at-risk persons. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke B Harrison
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada (L.B.H.)
| | - Geneviève Bergeron
- Direction régionale de santé publique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (G.B.)
| | - Geneviève Cadieux
- Direction régionale de santé publique de Montréal and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (G.C.)
| | - Hugues Charest
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, INSPQ, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, and Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (H.C., J.F.)
| | - Judith Fafard
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, INSPQ, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, and Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (H.C., J.F.)
| | - Inès Levade
- Laboratoire de Santé publique du Québec, INSPQ, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada (I.L.)
| | | | | | - Benoît Trottier
- Clinique Médicale du Quartier Latin, Montréal, Québec, Canada (B.T., D.V.)
| | - Dragos Vlad
- Clinique Médicale du Quartier Latin, Montréal, Québec, Canada (B.T., D.V.)
| | - Jason Szabo
- Clinique Médicale l'Actuel, Montréal, Québec, Canada (J.S., R.T.)
| | - Réjean Thomas
- Clinique Médicale l'Actuel, Montréal, Québec, Canada (J.S., R.T.)
| | | | - Christina Greenaway
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Jewish General Hospital, and J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases at McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (C.G.)
| | - Gerasimos J Zaharatos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada (G.J.Z., M.O.)
| | - Matthew Oughton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada (G.J.Z., M.O.)
| | - Arpita Chakravarti
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.C.)
| | - Robert Pilarski
- Clinique Médicale La Licorne, Montréal, Québec, Canada (R.P.)
| | | | | | - Michael D Libman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, McGill University Health Centre, J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases at McGill University, and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.D.L., S.B.)
| | - Donald C Vinh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, McGill University Health Centre, and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.C.V.)
| | - Ana T Duggan
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (A.T.D.)
| | - Morag Graham
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, and Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (M.G.)
| | - Marina B Klein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.B.K.)
| | - Sapha Barkati
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, McGill University Health Centre, J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases at McGill University, and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.D.L., S.B.)
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Byareddy SN, Sharma K, Sachdev S, Reddy AS, Acharya A, Klaustermeier KM, Lorson CL, Singh K. Potential therapeutic targets for Mpox: the evidence to date. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:419-431. [PMID: 37368464 PMCID: PMC10722886 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2230361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The global Mpox (MPX) disease outbreak caused by the Mpox virus (MPXV) in 2022 alarmed the World Health Organization (WHO) and health regulation agencies of individual countries leading to the declaration of MPX as a Public Health Emergency. Owing to the genetic similarities between smallpox-causing poxvirus and MPXV, vaccine JYNNEOS, and anti-smallpox drugs Brincidofovir and Tecovirimat were granted emergency use authorization by the United States Food and Drug Administration. The WHO also included cidofovir, NIOCH-14, and other vaccines as treatment options. AREAS COVERED This article covers the historical development of EUA-granted antivirals, resistance to these antivirals, and the projected impact of signature mutations on the potency of antivirals against currently circulating MPXV. Since a high prevalence of MPXV infections in individuals coinfected with HIV and MPXV, the treatment results among these individuals have been included. EXPERT OPINION All EUA-granted drugs have been approved for smallpox treatment. These antivirals show good potency against Mpox. However, conserved resistance mutation positions in MPXV and related poxviruses, and the signature mutations in the 2022 MPXV can potentially compromise the efficacy of the EUA-granted treatments. Therefore, MPXV-specific medications are required not only for the current but also for possible future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddappa N Byareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | | | - Shrikesh Sachdev
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Athreya S. Reddy
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Arpan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | | | - Christian L Lorson
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kamal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, DPSRU, New Delhi-110017
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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83
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Moschese D, Farinacci D, Pozza G, Ciccullo A, Cossu MV, Giacomelli A, Borgonovo F, Mileto D, Santangelo R, Tamburrini E, Rizzardini G, Antinori S, Giambenedetto SD. Is smallpox vaccination protective against human monkeypox? J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28077. [PMID: 35993271 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Moschese
- I Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Damiano Farinacci
- Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Pozza
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Arturo Ciccullo
- Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.,UOC of Infectious Diseases, St. Salvatore Hospital, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Cossu
- I Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Giacomelli
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Borgonovo
- I Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Mileto
- Clinical Microbiology, Virology and Bioemergency Diagnostics, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosaria Santangelo
- Department of Basic Biotechnological, Clinical Intensivological and Perioperative Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.,Department of Infectology and Laboratory Sciences, Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrica Tamburrini
- Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliano Rizzardini
- I Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Spinello Antinori
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Di Giambenedetto
- Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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84
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Velázquez-Cervantes MA, Ulloa-Aguilar JM, León-Juárez M. [Mpox and pregnancy: A neglected disease and its impact on perinatal health]. Rev Clin Esp 2023; 223:32-39. [PMID: 36277866 PMCID: PMC9576805 DOI: 10.1016/j.rce.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections during pregnancy have been one of the leading causes associated with significant perinatal problems, such as congenital defects, fetal neurological syndromes, stillbirths, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The mpox virus infection, caused by an Orthopoxvirus related to the human smallpox virus, was declared a global health emergency by the World Health Organization in July 2022 due to the large number of cases emerging outside the usual endemic area in Africa. There is little information on the impact of mpox virus infection during pregnancy, although the limited evidence available shows a high rate of fetal harm. This review addresses the problem of mpox virus infection in pregnant women and provides indications for its prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Velázquez-Cervantes
- Departamento de Inmuno-bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México, México
| | - J M Ulloa-Aguilar
- Departamento de Inmuno-bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México, México
| | - M León-Juárez
- Departamento de Inmuno-bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México, México
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85
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Bruno G, Fabrizio C, Rodano L, Buccoliero GB. Monkeypox in a 71-year-old woman. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e27993. [PMID: 35831136 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bruno
- Infectious Diseases Unit, San Giuseppe Moscati Hospital, Taranto, Italy
| | - Claudia Fabrizio
- Infectious Diseases Unit, San Giuseppe Moscati Hospital, Taranto, Italy
| | - Leonardo Rodano
- Infectious Diseases Unit, San Giuseppe Moscati Hospital, Taranto, Italy
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86
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Forni D, Molteni C, Cagliani R, Clerici M, Sironi M. Analysis of variola virus molecular evolution suggests an old origin of the virus consistent with historical records. Microb Genom 2023; 9:mgen000932. [PMID: 36748699 PMCID: PMC9973844 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Archaeovirology efforts provided a rich portrait of the evolutionary history of variola virus (VARV, the cause of smallpox), which was characterized by lineage extinctions and a relatively recent origin of the virus as a human pathogen (~1700 years ago, ya). This contrasts with historical records suggesting the presence of smallpox as early as 3500 ya. By performing an analysis of ancestry components in modern, historic, and ancient genomes, we unveil the progressive drifting of VARV lineages from a common ancestral population and we show that a small proportion of Viking Age ancestry persisted until the 18th century. After the split of the P-I and P-II lineages, the former experienced a severe bottleneck. With respect to the emergence of VARV as a human pathogen, we revise time estimates by accounting for the time-dependent rate phenomenon. We thus estimate that VARV emerged earlier than 3800 ya, supporting its presence in ancient societies, as pockmarked Egyptian mummies suggest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Forni
- IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | | | | | - Mario Clerici
- University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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87
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Kumar S, Subramaniam G, Karuppanan K. Human monkeypox outbreak in 2022. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e27894. [PMID: 35637363 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar
- Department of Diagnostic & Allied Health Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Management and Science University, ShahAlam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Kalimuthu Karuppanan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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88
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Woolley SD, Dermont M, Adam M, Pallet SJC, Reece N, Hoysal N, Holden G, Attridge KK, Fletcher TE, O'Shea MK, Hutley EJ, Nicol ED, Lamb LE. The 2022 monkeypox outbreak: A UK military perspective. Travel Med Infect Dis 2022; 52:102540. [PMID: 36587754 PMCID: PMC9800014 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and now monkeypox, the UK Defence Medical Services have been required to provide rapid advice in the management of patients with airborne high consequence infectious diseases (A-HCID). The Defence Public Health Network (DPHN) cadre, consisting of closely aligned uniformed and civilian public health specialists have worked at pace to provide evidence-based recommendations on the clinical management, public health response and policy for monkeypox, with military medicine and pathology clinicians (primarily infectious disease physicians and medical microbiologists). Military environments can be complicated and nuanced requiring specialist input and advice to non-specialists as well as unit commanders both in the UK and overseas. DPHN and military infection clinicians have close links with the UK National Health Service (NHS) and the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), allowing for a dynamic two-way relationship that encompasses patient management, public health response, research and development of both UK military and national guidelines. This is further demonstrated with the Royal Air Force (RAF) Air Transport Isolator (ATI) capability, provided by Defence to support the UK Government and UKHSA. Military infectious disease clinicians are also embedded within NHS A-HCID units. In this manuscript we provide examples of the close interdisciplinary working of the DPHN and Defence clinicians in managing military monkeypox patients, co-ordinating the public health response, advising the Command and developing monkeypox policy for Defence through cross-government partnership. We also highlight the co-operation between civilian and military medical authorities in managing the current outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Woolley
- Centre of Defence Pathology, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK; Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK; Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Royal Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, UK.
| | - M Dermont
- Defence Public Health Unit, DMS Whittington, Lichfield, UK
| | - M Adam
- Regional Infectious Diseases Unit, Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK; Tactical Medical Wing, RAF Brize Norton, Carterton, UK
| | - S J C Pallet
- Centre of Defence Pathology, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK; Infection and Immunity Clinical Academic Group, St George's Hospital, London, UK
| | - N Reece
- Centre of Defence Pathology, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK; Department of Microbiology, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK
| | - N Hoysal
- Defence Public Health Unit, DMS Whittington, Lichfield, UK
| | - G Holden
- Defence Public Health Unit, DMS Whittington, Lichfield, UK
| | - K K Attridge
- RAF Health Directorate, RAF High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - T E Fletcher
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK; Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Royal Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, UK; Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - M K O'Shea
- Centre of Defence Pathology, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK; Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK; Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - E J Hutley
- Centre of Defence Pathology, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK; Department of Microbiology, Frimley Park Hospital, Camberley, UK
| | - E D Nicol
- RAF Health Directorate, RAF High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, UK; Department of Cardiology, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - L E Lamb
- Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK; Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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89
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Yu C, Zuo L, Miao J, Mao L, Selekon B, Gonofio E, Nakoune E, Berthet N, Wong G. Development of a Novel Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for the Rapid Detection of Monkeypox Virus Infections. Viruses 2022; 15:84. [PMID: 36680124 PMCID: PMC9864920 DOI: 10.3390/v15010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent outbreak of monkeypox virus (mpox) has prompted researchers to explore diagnostics as a means of impeding transmission and further spread. Rapid, sensitive, and specific methods are crucial for accurately diagnosing mpox infections. Here, we developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the specific detection of mpox. The primer sets were designed to target regions in and around the N4R gene, and results showed a detection limit of 2 × 100 DNA copies, which is comparable to the gold-standard qPCR method currently used to detect mpox. Particularly, the assay provides results visible to the naked eye within 30 min. This test specifically detects mpox DNA with no cross-reactivity to related DNA viruses including Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Vaccinia virus (VACV), Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), Human papillomavirus-16 (HPV-16) and Human papillomavirus-18 (HPV-18). Furthermore, the LAMP assay has been evaluated using clinical samples from laboratory-confirmed mpox patients and found to be consistent with the qPCR results. Our results show that this single-tube LAMP method can contribute to diagnosis of suspected mpox infections in the field and clinic, especially in regions with limited laboratory resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yu
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lulu Zuo
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Miao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Centre for Microbes, Development, and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Unit of Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lingjing Mao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Centre for Microbes, Development, and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Unit of Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Benjamin Selekon
- Laboratory of Arboviruses, Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, Emerging viruses and Zoonoses, Institut Pasteur of Bangui, Bangui P.O. Box 923, Central African Republic
| | - Ella Gonofio
- Laboratory of Arboviruses, Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, Emerging viruses and Zoonoses, Institut Pasteur of Bangui, Bangui P.O. Box 923, Central African Republic
| | - Emmanuel Nakoune
- Laboratory of Arboviruses, Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, Emerging viruses and Zoonoses, Institut Pasteur of Bangui, Bangui P.O. Box 923, Central African Republic
| | - Nicolas Berthet
- Centre for Microbes, Development, and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Unit of Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, Shanghai 200031, China
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Environnement et Risque Infectieux, Cellule d’Intervention Biologique d’Urgence, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Gary Wong
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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90
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Ferdous J, Barek MA, Hossen MS, Bhowmik KK, Islam MS. A review on monkeypox virus outbreak: New challenge for world. Health Sci Rep 2022; 6:e1007. [PMID: 36582623 PMCID: PMC9791242 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, a double-stranded DNA-enveloped virus that can be transmitted from animal to human or human to human. Consequently, it emerged as the most important orthopoxvirus for public health. Based on available online literature, this study reviewed the majority of the data representing the outbreak, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of monkeypox. Methods The literature search was conducted between July 5 and September 15, 2022. In addition to reviewing the databases of World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Africa CDC, and United Kingdom Health Security Agency monkey pox advice, 43 papers were studied in depth. Results and Discussion Human monkeypox was first identified in 1970 in a child in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Until May 6, 2022, it was endemic in West and Central African countries and infrequently occurred outside of Africa. However, many cases have been identified in several nonendemic countries since May 13, 2022, with no prior human or animal travel from endemic areas; that was the first time to document the cases and long-term transmission in countries with no epidemiological ties to endemic African countries. Seven travel-related human monkeypox cases were recorded outside of Africa from September 2018 to November 2021: one in Israel, one in Singapore, and two in the US Youth are most affected. Monkeypox's unanticipated development in places with no known epidemiological linkages raises concerns about the virus's evolution, which permits undetected transmission for a long period. Conclusion Monkeypox is no longer a rare, self-limiting disease limited to endemic countries. Its ever-changing epidemiology and transmission dynamics have increased the possibility of its evolving into a much deadlier pathogen. Therefore, improved surveillance and detailed case and contact investigation are required to comprehend the ever-changing epidemiology of monkeypox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannatul Ferdous
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of ScienceNoakhali Science and Technology UniversitySonapurNoakhaliBangladesh
| | - Md. Abdul Barek
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of ScienceNoakhali Science and Technology UniversitySonapurNoakhaliBangladesh
| | - Md. Shafiul Hossen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of ScienceNoakhali Science and Technology UniversitySonapurNoakhaliBangladesh
| | - Khokon Kanti Bhowmik
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of ScienceNoakhali Science and Technology UniversitySonapurNoakhaliBangladesh
| | - Mohammad Safiqul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of ScienceNoakhali Science and Technology UniversitySonapurNoakhaliBangladesh
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91
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Abstract
Human monkeypox is a viral zoonosis endemic to West and Central Africa that has recently generated increased interest and concern on a global scale as an emerging infectious disease threat in the midst of the slowly relenting COVID-2019 disease pandemic. The hallmark of infection is the development of a flu-like prodrome followed by the appearance of a smallpox-like exanthem. Precipitous person-to-person transmission of the virus among residents of 100 countries where it is nonendemic has motivated the immediate and widespread implementation of public health countermeasures. In this review, we discuss the origins and virology of monkeypox virus, its link with smallpox eradication, its record of causing outbreaks of human disease in regions where it is endemic in wildlife, its association with outbreaks in areas where it is nonendemic, the clinical manifestations of disease, laboratory diagnostic methods, case management, public health interventions, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Elsayed
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lise Bondy
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - William P. Hanage
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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92
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Recent advances on human mpox. New Microbes New Infect 2022; 51:101066. [PMID: 36573212 PMCID: PMC9754762 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2022.101066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mpox has been a concern of public health and travel caution. Using databases of WHO, CDC, google scholar, and PubMed, we searched recent literatures and reviewed the history, genomic mutation/evolution, host cell response pathways, regulation policy, vaccine and therapy development. Recent studies showed that current mpox has many genomic mutations related to regulation by APOBEC3. Current mpox has also been suggested to be associated with sexual transmission. Vaccination should be applied and anti-mpox drug should be urgently developed. More investigations are needed to ensure outbreak prevention.
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93
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Movahedi Nia Z, Bragazzi N, Asgary A, Orbinski J, Wu J, Kong J. Mpox panic, infodemic, and stigmatization of the 2SLGBTQIAP+ community: geospatial analysis, topic modeling, and sentiment analysis of a large, multilingual social media database (Preprint). J Med Internet Res 2022; 25:e45108. [PMID: 37126377 DOI: 10.2196/45108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global Mpox (formerly, Monkeypox) outbreak is disproportionately affecting the gay and bisexual men having sex with men community. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to use social media to study country-level variations in topics and sentiments toward Mpox and Two-Spirit, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer or Questioning, Intersex, Asexual (2SLGBTQIAP+)-related topics. Previous infectious outbreaks have shown that stigma intensifies an outbreak. This work helps health officials control fear and stop discrimination. METHODS In total, 125,424 Twitter and Facebook posts related to Mpox and the 2SLGBTQIAP+ community were extracted from May 1 to December 25, 2022, using Twitter application programming interface academic accounts and Facebook-scraper tools. The tweets' main topics were discovered using Latent Dirichlet Allocation in the sklearn library. The pysentimiento package was used to find the sentiments of English and Spanish posts, and the CamemBERT package was used to recognize the sentiments of French posts. The tweets' and Facebook posts' languages were understood using the Twitter application programming interface platform and pycld3 library, respectively. Using ArcGis Online, the hot spots of the geotagged tweets were identified. Mann-Whitney U, ANOVA, and Dunn tests were used to compare the sentiment polarity of different topics and countries. RESULTS The number of Mpox posts and the number of posts with Mpox and 2SLGBTQIAP+ keywords were 85% correlated (P<.001). Interestingly, the number of posts with Mpox and 2SLGBTQIAP+ keywords had a higher correlation with the number of Mpox cases (correlation=0.36, P<.001) than the number of posts on Mpox (correlation=0.24, P<.001). Of the 10 topics, 8 were aimed at stigmatizing the 2SLGBTQIAP+ community, 3 of which had a significantly lower sentiment score than other topics (ANOVA P<.001). The Mann-Whitney U test shows that negative sentiments have a lower intensity than neutral and positive sentiments (P<.001) and neutral sentiments have a lower intensity than positive sentiments (P<.001). In addition, English sentiments have a higher negative and lower neutral and positive intensities than Spanish and French sentiments (P<.001), and Spanish sentiments have a higher negative and lower positive intensities than French sentiments (P<.001). The hot spots of the tweets with Mpox and 2SLGBTQIAP+ keywords were recognized as the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Spain, Portugal, India, Ireland, and Italy. Canada was identified as having more tweets with negative polarity and a lower sentiment score (P<.04). CONCLUSIONS The 2SLGBTQIAP+ community is being widely stigmatized for spreading the Mpox virus on social media. This turns the community into a highly vulnerable population, widens the disparities, increases discrimination, and accelerates the spread of the virus. By identifying the hot spots and key topics of the related tweets, this work helps decision makers and health officials inform more targeted policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Movahedi Nia
- Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium, York University, North York, ON, Canada
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, York University, North York, ON, Canada
| | - Nicola Bragazzi
- Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium, York University, North York, ON, Canada
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, York University, North York, ON, Canada
| | - Ali Asgary
- Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium, York University, North York, ON, Canada
- Advanced Disaster, Emergency and Rapid-response Simulation, York University, North York, ON, Canada
| | - James Orbinski
- Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium, York University, North York, ON, Canada
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, North York, ON, Canada
| | - Jianhong Wu
- Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium, York University, North York, ON, Canada
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, York University, North York, ON, Canada
| | - Jude Kong
- Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium, York University, North York, ON, Canada
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, York University, North York, ON, Canada
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94
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Zardi EM, Chello C. Human Monkeypox-A Global Public Health Emergency. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192416781. [PMID: 36554659 PMCID: PMC9779584 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox, a viral zoonosis caused by an Orthopoxvirus, is clinically characterized by fever, headache, lymphadenopathy, myalgia, rash and burdened by some complications that can be severe and life threatening. Monkeypox, endemic in some central and west African countries, in tropical areas near equator, rose to the headlines following its recent outbreak in non-endemic countries of Europe and the USA. Thus, the World Health Organization, worried about the growing dimension of the problem, declared monkeypox a global public health emergency. Now, after months of careful observation, the western scientific research is drawing conclusion that African endemic countries represent a reserve pool able to feed, through travelers and sexual networks, the outbreak in non-endemic countries in which high-risk communities such as gay and bisexual men are the most affected. Prevention through vaccination and early diagnosis are the core to breaking the chain of diffusion of this epidemic. Particular attention should be paid to avoid the spread from endemic countries, also implementing the economic investments in their public health system. Information campaigns and assistance to high-risk classes in non-endemic countries are important priorities, however, assuming that specific treatments for this disease are still tentative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Maria Zardi
- Internistic Ultrasound Service, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Chello
- PhD Course, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
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95
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Saied AA, Dhawan M, Metwally AA, Fahrni ML, Choudhary P, Choudhary OP. Disease History, Pathogenesis, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics for Human Monkeypox Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:2091. [PMID: 36560502 PMCID: PMC9784156 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The monkeypox disease is a zoonotic-infectious disease that transmits between animals and humans. It is caused by a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus that is closely related to the variola virus -the causative agent of smallpox. Although monkeypox infections were endemic to Western and Central Africa, the newly emerging monkeypox outbreak spread to more than 90 non-African countries. With the exception of the PCR-confirmed case of a return from Nigeria to the United Kingdom, the ongoing outbreak is largely unrelated to travel. In the most recent wave, cases are characteristically males in their thirties. Risk factors include close and particularly sexual contact with an infected person, and contact with fomites, infected animals or aerosolized-infectious material. Clinical diagnosis of monkeypox is confirmed with nucleic-acid amplification testing of samples originating from vesicles or genital lesions and using real-time or conventional PCR. Other methods, such as electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and virus culture are costly and time-consuming. In addition to timely diagnosis and contact tracing, restrictive measures to limit spread, such as isolation of infected patients, preventing contact with wild animals, and isolation of animals suspected to be viral reservoirs have shown promise. Although there are no specific treatments for monkeypox disease, the experience with smallpox suggests that the vaccinia vaccine, cidofovir, tecovirimat, and vaccinia immune globulin (IVG) may be beneficial for monkeypox treatment. In this review, we provide an update on the human-monkeypox disease with a special emphasis on its pathogenesis, prevention, diagnostics, and therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdulRahman A. Saied
- National Food Safety Authority (NFSA), Aswan Branch, Aswan 81511, Egypt
- Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Aswan-office, Aswan 81511, Egypt
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
- The Trafford Group of Colleges, Manchester WA14 5PQ, UK
| | - Asmaa A. Metwally
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt
| | - Mathumalar Loganathan Fahrni
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam 42300, Malaysia
| | - Priyanka Choudhary
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Rampura Phul 151103, India
| | - Om Prakash Choudhary
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl 796014, India
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96
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Monkeypox Disease (MPOX) Perceptions among Healthcare Workers versus General Population during the First Month of the WHO Alert: Cross-Sectional Survey in Saudi Arabia. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122071. [PMID: 36560481 PMCID: PMC9785604 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Monkeypox disease (MPOX) recently re-emerged in May 2022, causing international outbreaks in multiple non-endemic countries. This study demonstrates a novel comparison between the knowledge and perceptions of Saudi healthcare workers (HCWs) and the general public regarding MPOX. Methods: An online survey, conducted from 27 May to 5 June 2022, assessing participants' MPOX and monkeypox virus (MPV) knowledge in terms of transmission, vaccination, isolation precautions, and their attitudes toward seeking more information. Results: A total of 1546 members of the public and 1130 HCWs completed the survey. Briefly, 61.3% of the public and 74.2% of HCWs showed interest in seeking more information about MPOX. Both groups had average overall mean MPOX knowledge scores. Members of the public holding university degrees and those showing high levels of worry regarding MPOX had significantly higher knowledge scores. However, HCWs showed a poor vaccination knowledge score, while only 57% recognized that MPOX can present similarly to COVID-19 in the early stages. Female HCWs and those with high self-rated MPOX awareness had significantly high knowledge scores. HCWs in secondary and tertiary centers had significantly higher knowledge scores. Conclusion: Both groups showed a decent attitude in terms of seeking more MPOX knowledge, which correlated positively with their worry about and awareness of the disease. These observations are mostly as a consequence of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which encouraged the public and HCW to acquire more information about any novel emerging disease. Policymakers should make the most of this attitude in their awareness campaigns to prevent the spread of the disease and encourage vaccination in cases where it is needed. The knowledge gaps among HCWs were most evident in terms of clinical presentation and vaccinations; this problem needs addressing if we are to avoid further emerging MPOX cases.
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97
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Nagarajan P, Howlader A, Louis LRP, Rangarajalu K. Outbreaks of human monkeypox during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review for healthcare professionals. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 14:778-791. [PMID: 36721435 PMCID: PMC9867619 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v14i6.11252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing 2022 multicountry monkeypox epidemic has drawn worldwide attention. Human monkeypox is a virus that spreads from animals to humans. It is an endemic disease in the rain forests of Central and West Africa. However, the disease recently emerged in India, and also in United States through imported wild rodents from Africa, even though the world is still struggling to escape from the clutches of the COVID-19 pandemic. Monkeypox is one of the contagious zoonotic diseases caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), transmitted to humans by direct contact with an infected person or animal or contact with virus-contaminated material. Its lesions are similar to smallpox in humans with various medical complications including flu-like symptoms, fever, malaise, back pain, headache, and a characteristic rash. Public health experts around the world are very concerned about the rapid spread of the infection, which has intensified efforts to find the source and cause of this phenomenon. Several viral infections with epidemic potential threaten global health security. Early recognition of cases and timely intervention of potential transmission chains are necessary to contain further outbreaks. At this early stage of monkeypox outbreaks, the current review provides updated information on the current worldwide monkeypox outbreak status, disease aetiology, clinical presentation, therapy, and preventive measures worldwide. Our review will also provide useful information to health professionals and the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithiviraj Nagarajan
- Multi-Disciplinary Centre for Biomedical Research, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College & Hospital, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Kirumampakkam, Puducherry, India,Corresponding author: Prithiviraj Nagarajan, Ph.D, Multi-Disciplinary Centre for Biomedical Research, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College & Hospital, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Kirumampakkam, Puducherry, India. Tel: +91-6380400036 Fax: +91-4272477903
| | - Anusheela Howlader
- Department of Microbiology, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College & Hospital, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, India
| | - Leena Rajathy Port Louis
- Department of Pharmacology, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College & Hospital, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Kirumampakkam, Puducherry, India
| | - Kumar Rangarajalu
- Department of Biochemistry, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College & Hospital, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Kirumampakkam, Puducherry, India
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98
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Monkeypox virus vaccine evolution and global preparedness for vaccination. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109346. [PMID: 36274490 PMCID: PMC9582788 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The recent emergence of monkeypox (MPX) has created a global threat. The number of infected and suspected cases of MPX is increasing in different parts of the world, especially in non-African countries. However, vaccines are available to fight against this disease. It has been observed that smallpox vaccines can be used to protect against MPX. The present article highlights the significant points and various issues for vaccines and vaccinations that should be considered related to MPX. This paper illustrates current vaccines for smallpox that can be utilized to protect against MPX infection. The article also describes the different significant research on MPXV, especially smallpox vaccines, and its outcome in MPX infection. We have also tried to depict the smallpox vaccination eradication model through the statistical interface using smallpox eradication data from Central and West Africa between 1967 and 1972. We suggest that these models might be helpful for the eradication of MPX in the middle to low-economic countries. Simultaneously, we have also discussed vaccination preparedness in different countries like the USA, UK, Canada, Denmark, Germany, etc. Our report might be helpful to scientists and policymakers in understanding the vaccines and vaccination against MPX and formulating effective strategies to fight against the disease.
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99
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Chaix E, Boni M, Guillier L, Bertagnoli S, Mailles A, Collignon C, Kooh P, Ferraris O, Martin-Latil S, Manuguerra JC, Haddad N. Risk of Monkeypox virus (MPXV) transmission through the handling and consumption of food. MICROBIAL RISK ANALYSIS 2022; 22:100237. [PMID: 36320929 PMCID: PMC9595349 DOI: 10.1016/j.mran.2022.100237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox (MPX) is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by Monkeypox virus (MPXV), an enveloped DNA virus belonging to the Poxviridae family and the Orthopoxvirus genus. Since early May 2022, a growing number of human cases of Monkeypox have been reported in non-endemic countries, with no history of contact with animals imported from endemic and enzootic areas, or travel to an area where the virus usually circulated before May 2022. This qualitative risk assessment aimed to investigate the probability that MPXV transmission occurs through food during its handling and consumption. The risk assessment used "top-down" (based on epidemiological data) and "bottom-up" (following the agent through the food chain to assess the risk of foodborne transmission to human) approaches, which were combined. The "top-down" approach first concluded that bushmeat was the only food suspected as a source of contamination in recorded cases of MPXV, by contact or ingestion. The "bottom-up" approach then evaluated the chain of events required for a human to become ill after handling or consuming food. This approach involves several conditions: (i) the food must be contaminated with MPXV (naturally, by an infected handler or after contact with a contaminated surface); (ii) the food must contain viable virus when it reaches the handler or consumer; (iii) the person must be exposed to the virus and; (iv) the person must be infected after exposure. Throughout the risk assessment, some data gaps were identified and highlighted. The conclusions of the top-down and bottom-up approaches are consistent and suggest that the risk of transmission of MPXV through food is hypothetical and that such an occurrence was never reported. In case of contamination, cooking (e.g., 12 min at 70°C) could be considered effective in inactivating Poxviridae in foods. Recommendations for risk management are proposed. To our knowledge, this is the first risk assessment performed on foodborne transmission of MPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Chaix
- Risk Assessment Department, ANSES, National Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Île-de-France, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mickaël Boni
- Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Laurent Guillier
- Risk Assessment Department, ANSES, National Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Île-de-France, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphane Bertagnoli
- École nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, Toulouse F-31076, France
| | - Alexandra Mailles
- Santé publique France, French national public health agency, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Catherine Collignon
- Risk Assessment Department, ANSES, National Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Île-de-France, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pauline Kooh
- Risk Assessment Department, ANSES, National Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Île-de-France, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Olivier Ferraris
- Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Sandra Martin-Latil
- Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, University of Paris-EST, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jean-Claude Manuguerra
- Environment and Infectious Risks Unit, Laboratory for Urgent Response to Biological Threats (CIBU), Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, France
| | - Nadia Haddad
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, INRAE, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France
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100
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The evolving epidemiology of monkeypox virus. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 68:1-12. [PMID: 36244878 PMCID: PMC9547435 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox, caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), is a zoonotic disease endemic mainly in West and Central Africa. As of 27 September 2022, human monkeypox has occurred in more than 100 countries (mostly in non-endemic regions) and caused over 66,000 confirmed cases, which differs from previous epidemics that mainly affected African countries. Due to the increasing number of confirmed cases worldwide, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the monkeypox outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on July 23, 2022. The international outbreak of human monkeypox represents a novel route of transmission for MPXV, with genital lesions as the primary infection, and the emergence of monkeypox in the current outbreak is also new, as novel variants emerge. Clinical physicians and scientists should be aware of this emerging situation, which presents a different scenario from previous outbreaks. In this review, we will discuss the molecular virology, evasion of antiviral immunity, epidemiology, evolution, and detection of MPXV, as well as prophylaxis and treatment strategies for monkeypox. This review also emphasizes the integration of relevant epidemiological data with genomic surveillance data to obtain real-time data, which could formulate prevention and control measures to curb this outbreak.
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