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Neuroinflammation microenvironment sharpens seizure circuit. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 178:106027. [PMID: 36736598 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A large set of inflammatory molecules and their receptors are induced in epileptogenic foci of patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsies of structural etiologies or with refractory status epilepticus. Studies in animal models mimicking these clinical conditions have shown that the activation of specific inflammatory signallings in forebrain neurons or glial cells may modify seizure thresholds, thus contributing to both ictogenesis and epileptogenesis. The search for mechanisms underlying these effects has highlighted that inflammatory mediators have CNS-specific neuromodulatory functions, in addition to their canonical activation of immune responses for pathogen recognition and clearance. This review reports the neuromodulatory effects of inflammatory mediators and how they contribute to alter the inhibitory/excitatory balance in neural networks that underlie seizures. In particular, we describe key findings related to the ictogenic role of prototypical inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF) and danger signals (HMGB1), their modulatory effects of neuronal excitability, and the mechanisms underlying these effects. It will be discussed how harnessing these neuromodulatory properties of immune mediators may lead to novel therapies to control drug-resistant seizures.
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Maternal Immune Activation Induced by Prenatal Lipopolysaccharide Exposure Leads to Long-Lasting Autistic-like Social, Cognitive and Immune Alterations in Male Wistar Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043920. [PMID: 36835329 PMCID: PMC9968168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have supported the association between maternal immune activation (MIA) caused by exposure to pathogens or inflammation during critical periods of gestation and an increased susceptibility to the development of various psychiatric and neurological disorders, including autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), in the offspring. In the present work, we aimed to provide extensive characterization of the short- and long-term consequences of MIA in the offspring, both at the behavioral and immunological level. To this end, we exposed Wistar rat dams to Lipopolysaccharide and tested the infant, adolescent and adult offspring across several behavioral domains relevant to human psychopathological traits. Furthermore, we also measured plasmatic inflammatory markers both at adolescence and adulthood. Our results support the hypothesis of a deleterious impact of MIA on the neurobehavioral development of the offspring: we found deficits in the communicative, social and cognitive domains, together with stereotypic-like behaviors and an altered inflammatory profile at the systemic level. Although the precise mechanisms underlying the role of neuroinflammatory states in neurodevelopment need to be clarified, this study contributes to a better understanding of the impact of MIA on the risk of developing behavioral deficits and psychiatric illness in the offspring.
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Chen Y, Nagib MM, Yasmen N, Sluter MN, Littlejohn TL, Yu Y, Jiang J. Neuroinflammatory mediators in acquired epilepsy: an update. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:683-701. [PMID: 36745211 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a group of chronic neurological disorders that have diverse etiologies but are commonly characterized by spontaneous seizures and behavioral comorbidities. Although the mechanisms underlying the epileptic seizures mostly remain poorly understood and the causes often can be idiopathic, a considerable portion of cases are known as acquired epilepsy. This form of epilepsy is typically associated with prior neurological insults, which lead to the initiation and progression of epileptogenesis, eventually resulting in unprovoked seizures. A convergence of evidence in the past two decades suggests that inflammation within the brain may be a major contributing factor to acquired epileptogenesis. As evidenced in mounting preclinical and human studies, neuroinflammatory processes, such as activation and proliferation of microglia and astrocytes, elevated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, blood-brain barrier breakdown, and upregulation of inflammatory signaling pathways, are commonly observed after seizure-precipitating events. An increased knowledge of these neuroinflammatory processes in the epileptic brain has led to a growing list of inflammatory mediators that can be leveraged as potential targets for new therapies of epilepsy and/or biomarkers that may provide valued information for the diagnosis and prognosis of the otherwise unpredictable seizures. In this review, we mainly focus on the most recent progress in understanding the roles of these inflammatory molecules in acquired epilepsy and highlight the emerging evidence supporting their candidacy as novel molecular targets for new pharmacotherapies of acquired epilepsy and the associated behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Marwa M Nagib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nelufar Yasmen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Madison N Sluter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Taylor L Littlejohn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Han JY, Han SB. Pathogenetic and etiologic considerations of febrile seizures. Clin Exp Pediatr 2023; 66:46-53. [PMID: 36635899 PMCID: PMC9899550 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2021.01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Febrile seizure (FS), which occurs in febrile children without underlying health problems, is the most common type of seizure disorder in children. The suggested pathogenesis of FS derived from several animal and human studies is multifactorial and debatable. Neuronal hyperexcitability, which develops during inflammatory responses that accompany fever, provokes seizures. However, the exact role of each inflammatory mediator (e.g., cytokines) is undefined in terms of the connection between systemic or local inflammation and the central nervous system, and the mechanisms by which cytokines increase neuronal excitability remain unclear. In contrast, the cause of fever in most children with FS is usually mild respiratory virus infection (e.g., rhinovirus, influenza virus, adenovirus, and enterovirus) rather than severe bacterial infections. In temperate regions, the major causative respiratory viruses seem to mirror seasonally prevalent respiratory viruses in the community. Therefore, vigorous efforts to identify the causative pathogen of fever may not be necessary in children with FS. Genetic factors seem to play a role in neuronal hyperexcitability, and some types of genetic variation have been identified in several genes encoding ion channels of neurons that participate in neuronal excitation. Although most children with FS have benign outcomes, some characteristics such as complex FS, febrile status epilepticus, consecutive afebrile seizures, and the presence of neurodevelopmental disabilities may require further genetic and neurologic evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yoon Han
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seung Beom Han
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Korea
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Bora E, Erdogan M, Karaali R, Cakir A, Erbas O. Nasal Oxytocin’s Anticonvulsant Effects on Pentylenetetrazol- induced Convulsions in Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2023. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2023.178.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Versace V, Ortelli P, Dezi S, Ferrazzoli D, Alibardi A, Bonini I, Engl M, Maestri R, Assogna M, Ajello V, Pucks-Faes E, Saltuari L, Sebastianelli L, Kofler M, Koch G. Co-ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide/luteolin normalizes GABA B-ergic activity and cortical plasticity in long COVID-19 syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 145:81-88. [PMID: 36455453 PMCID: PMC9650483 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies showed that patients with cognitive dysfunction and fatigue after COVID-19 exhibit impaired cortical GABAB-ergic activity, as revealed by reduced long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI). Aim of this study was to test the effects of co-ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide/luteolin (PEA-LUT), an endocannabinoid-like mediator able to enhance GABA-ergic transmission and to reduce neuroinflammation, on LICI. METHODS Thirty-nine patients (26 females, mean age 49.9 ± 11.4 years, mean time from infection 296.7 ± 112.3 days) suffering from persistent cognitive difficulties and fatigue after mild COVID-19 were randomly assigned to receive either PEA-LUT 700 mg + 70 mg or PLACEBO, administered orally bid for eight weeks. The day before (PRE) and at the end of the treatment (POST), they underwent TMS protocols to assess LICI. We further evaluate short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) and long-term potentiation (LTP)-like cortical plasticity. RESULTS Patients treated with PEA-LUT but not with PLACEBO showed a significant increase of LICI and LTP-like cortical plasticity. SAI remained unaffected. CONCLUSIONS Eight weeks of treatment with PEA-LUT restore GABAB activity and cortical plasticity in long Covid patients. SIGNIFICANCE This study confirms altered physiology of the motor cortex in long COVID-19 syndrome and indicates PEA-LUT as a candidate for the treatment of this post-viral condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Versace
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Lehrkrankenhaus der Paracelsus Medizinischen Privatuniversität, Italy.
| | - Paola Ortelli
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Lehrkrankenhaus der Paracelsus Medizinischen Privatuniversität, Italy
| | - Sabrina Dezi
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Lehrkrankenhaus der Paracelsus Medizinischen Privatuniversität, Italy
| | - Davide Ferrazzoli
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Lehrkrankenhaus der Paracelsus Medizinischen Privatuniversität, Italy
| | - Alessia Alibardi
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Lehrkrankenhaus der Paracelsus Medizinischen Privatuniversität, Italy
| | - Ilenia Bonini
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Lehrkrankenhaus der Paracelsus Medizinischen Privatuniversität, Italy
| | - Michael Engl
- Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Lehrkrankenhaus der Paracelsus Medizinischen Privatuniversität, Italy
| | - Roberto Maestri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Scientific Institute of Montescano - IRCCS, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Pavia, Italy
| | - Martina Assogna
- Experimental Neuropsychophysiology Lab, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Ajello
- Department of Cardiac Anesthesia, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Leopold Saltuari
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Lehrkrankenhaus der Paracelsus Medizinischen Privatuniversität, Italy
| | - Luca Sebastianelli
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Lehrkrankenhaus der Paracelsus Medizinischen Privatuniversität, Italy
| | - Markus Kofler
- Department of Neurology, Hochzirl Hospital, Zirl, Austria
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Experimental Neuropsychophysiology Lab, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy,Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Kagitani-Shimono K, Kato H, Soeda F, Iwatani Y, Mukai M, Ogawa K, Tominaga K, Nabatame S, Taniike M. Extension of microglial activation is associated with epilepsy and cognitive dysfunction in Tuberous sclerosis complex: A TSPO-PET study. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 37:103288. [PMID: 36521371 PMCID: PMC9758490 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Neuroinflammation contributes to the severity of various neurological disorders, including epilepsy. Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a condition that results in the overactivation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which has been linked to the activation of microglia responsible for neuroinflammation. To clarify the involvement of neuroinflammation in the neuropathophysiology of TSC, we performed a positron emission tomography (PET) study using the translocator protein (TSPO) radioligand, [11C] DPA713, and investigated microglial activation in relation to neurological manifestations, especially epilepsy and cognitive function. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 18 patients with TSC (6 in the no-seizure group, 6 in the refractory seizure group, and 6 in the mTOR-inhibitor [mTOR-i] group). All participants underwent [11C] DPA713-PET. PET results were superimposed with a 3D T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR) and T1-weighted image (T1WI) to evaluate the location of cortical tubers. Microglial activation was assessed using the standardized uptake value ratio (SUVr) of DPA713 binding. The volume ratio of the DPA713-positive area to the intracranial volume (volume ratio of DPA713/ICV) was calculated to evaluate the extent of microglial activation. A correlation analysis was performed to examine the relationship between volume ratio of DPA713/ICV and severity of epilepsy and cognitive function. RESULTS Most cortical tubers with hyperintensity on FLAIR and hypo- or isointensity on T1WI showed microglial activation. The extent of microglial activation was significantly greater in the refractory seizure group than in the no-seizure or mTOR-i groups (p < 0.001). The extent of microglial activation in subjects without mTOR-i treatment correlated positively with epilepsy severity (r = 0.822, P = 0.001) and negatively with cognitive function (r = -0.846, p = 0.001), but these correlations were not present in the mTOR-i group (r = 0.232, P = 0.658, r = 0.371, P = 0.469, respectively). CONCLUSION Neuroinflammation is associated with the severity of epilepsy and cognitive dysfunction in brains with TSC. mTOR-i may suppress the extent of neuroinflammation in TSC. Investigating the spread of microglial activation using TSPO-PET in these patients may help to predict the progression of neuropathy by assessing the degree of neuroinflammation and therefore be useful for determining how aggressive the treatment should be and in assessing the effectiveness of such treatment in patients with TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuriko Kagitani-Shimono
- Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Tracer Kinetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Soeda
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Tracer Kinetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Iwatani
- Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masashi Mukai
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Ogawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Tominaga
- Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin Nabatame
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masako Taniike
- Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Yahfoufi N, Kadamani AK, Aly S, Al Sharani S, Liang J, Butcher J, Stintzi A, Matar C, Ismail N. Pubertal consumption of R. badensis subspecies acadiensis modulates LPS-induced immune responses and gut microbiome dysbiosis in a sex-specific manner. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 107:62-75. [PMID: 36174885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Puberty is a critical period of development characterized by significant brain remodeling and increased vulnerability to immune challenges. Exposure to an immune challenge such as LPS during puberty can result in inflammation and gut dysbiosis which may lead to altered brain functioning and psychiatric illnesses later in life. However, treatment with probiotics during puberty has been found to mitigate LPS-induced peripheral and central inflammation, prevent LPS-induced changes to the gut microbiota and protect against enduring behavioural disorders in a sex-specific manner. Recent findings from our laboratory revealed that pubertal R. badensis subspecies acadiensis (R. badensis subsp. acadiensis) treatment prevents LPS-induced depression-like behavior and alterations in 5HT1A receptor expression in a sex-specific manner. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to gain mechanistic insights and to investigate the ability of R. badensis subsp. acadiensis consumption during puberty to mitigate the effects of LPS treatment on the immune system and the gut microbiome. Our results revealed that pubertal treatment with R. badensis subsp. acadiensis reduced sickness behaviors in females more than males in a time-specific manner. It also mitigated LPS-induced increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines in the blood and in TNFα mRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus of female mice. There were sex-dependent differences in microbiome composition that persisted after LPS injection or R. badensis subsp. acadiensis consumption. R. badensis subsp. acadiensis had greater impact on the microbiota of male mice but female microbiota's were more responsive to LPS treatment. This suggested that female mice microbiota's may be more prone to modulation by this probiotic. These findings emphasize the sex-specific effects of probiotic use during puberty on the structure of the gut microbiome and the immune system and highlight the critical role of gut colonization with probiotics during adolescence on immunomodulation and prevention of the enduring effects of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Yahfoufi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; NISE Laboratory, School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony K Kadamani
- NISE Laboratory, School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Aly
- NISE Laboratory, School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Al Sharani
- NISE Laboratory, School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacky Liang
- NISE Laboratory, School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Butcher
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Alain Stintzi
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Chantal Matar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; School of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nafissa Ismail
- NISE Laboratory, School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Fukushi I, Ikeda K, Takeda K, Yoshizawa M, Kono Y, Hasebe Y, Pokorski M, Okada Y. Minocycline prevents hypoxia-induced seizures. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1006424. [PMID: 37035503 PMCID: PMC10073501 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1006424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe hypoxia induces seizures, which reduces ventilation and worsens the ictal state. It is a health threat to patients, particularly those with underlying hypoxic respiratory pathologies, which may be conducive to a sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Recent studies provide evidence that brain microglia are involved with both respiratory and ictal processes. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that microglia could interact with hypoxia-induced seizures. To this end, we recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) and acute ventilatory responses to hypoxia (5% O2 in N2) in conscious, spontaneously breathing adult mice. We compared control vehicle pre-treated animals with those pre-treated with minocycline, an inhibitory modulator of microglial activation. First, we histologically confirmed that hypoxia activates microglia and that pre-treatment with minocycline blocks hypoxia-induced microglial activation. Then, we analyzed the effects of minocycline pre-treatment on ventilatory responses to hypoxia by plethysmography. Minocycline alone failed to affect respiratory variables in room air or the initial respiratory augmentation in hypoxia. The comparative results showed that hypoxia caused seizures, which were accompanied by the late phase ventilatory suppression in all but one minocycline pre-treated mouse. Compared to the vehicle pre-treated, the minocycline pre-treated mice showed a delayed occurrence of seizures. Further, minocycline pre-treated mice tended to resist post-ictal respiratory arrest. These results suggest that microglia are conducive to seizure activity in severe hypoxia. Thus, inhibition of microglial activation may help suppress or prevent hypoxia-induced ictal episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isato Fukushi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Aomori University of Health and Welfare, Aomori, Japan
- Clinical Research Center, Murayama Medical Center, Musashimurayama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Isato Fukushi
| | - Keiko Ikeda
- Homeostatic Mechanism Research Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kotaro Takeda
- Clinical Research Center, Murayama Medical Center, Musashimurayama, Japan
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Masashi Yoshizawa
- Clinical Research Center, Murayama Medical Center, Musashimurayama, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kono
- Clinical Research Center, Murayama Medical Center, Musashimurayama, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Yohei Hasebe
- Clinical Research Center, Murayama Medical Center, Musashimurayama, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | | | - Yasumasa Okada
- Clinical Research Center, Murayama Medical Center, Musashimurayama, Japan
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Zozulya SA, Omelchenko MA, Otman IN, Sarmanova ZV, Migalina VV, Kaleda VG, Klyushnik TP. [Features of inflammatory reactions in patients with juvenile depression with a clinically high risk of psychosis]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2023; 123:55-61. [PMID: 38127701 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202312311255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, leukocyte elastase, α1-proteinase inhibitor, autoantibodies to neuroantigens in the blood of patients with adolescent depression with clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR-P) and to study the relation of these biological markers to the features of psychopathological symptomatology of the patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighty young adults, aged 16-24 years, with the first depressive episode (F32.1-2, F32.38, F32.8) were studied. Based on the presence of attenuated positive symptoms in the structure of depression, all patients were divided into two groups: with CHR-P (clinical group, n=58) and without CHR-P (comparative group, n=22). The HDRS-21, SOPS, and SANS were used for psychometric assessment of the patients. Serum levels of cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) were determined. Leukocyte elastase (LE) activity, α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-PI) activity, and plasma levels of autoantibodies to S100B protein and myelin basic protein (MBP) were assessed. RESULTS Both groups of patients were characterized by the high levels of inflammation as assessed by LE (250.5 (226.2-280.8) nmol/min·ml vs 248.3 (226.8-284.5) nmol/min·ml) and α1-PI activity (44.4 (37.5-50.1) IE/ml vs 45.2 (36.4-49.9) IE/ml). Higher levels (p<0.05) of IL-6 (1.22 (0.64-2.2) pg/ml), CRP (0.93 (0.18-3.18) mg/l), and TNF-α/IL-10 (0.34 (0.2-0.47)) were detected in the group with CHR-P. This group was also characterized by higher levels of antibodies to the S100B protein 0.78 (0.69-0.84 units of opt.density) compared with the group without CRH-P (p<0.05). In each clinical group, different correlations between clinical, psychometric and biological parameters were revealed. CONCLUSIONS The results confirm the involvement of inflammation in the development of depression in youth and indicate a different role of the inflammatory markers analyzed in the formation of CHR-P. The differences in the spectrum of inflammatory markers in depressed patients suggest a more pronounced pro-inflammatory potential in the group with CHR-P.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Zozulya
- Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - I N Otman
- Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - V G Kaleda
- Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia
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Kim KW, Lee YS, Yoon D, Kim GS, Lee DY. The ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa grown in Korea exhibits anti-neuroinflammatory effects by activating of nuclear transcription factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:343. [PMID: 36585647 PMCID: PMC9804997 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03825-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curcuma longa has been used as spices, food preservative, coloring material, and traditional medicine. This plant also has long been used for a variety of diseases including dyslipidemia, stomach disorders, arthritis, and hepatic diseases. The aim of the present investigation was to examine the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of the 50% ethanolic extract of C. longa in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 microglial cells. METHODS Griess reaction was employed to measure the production of nitric oxide (NO), and the levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were determined by using profit ELISA kits. Western blotting was used to determine the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). RESULTS Pre-treatment with CLE inhibited the overproduction and overexpression of pro-inflammatory mediators including NO, PGE2, iNOS, COX-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in LPS-induced BV2 cells. In addition, CLE suppressed the activation of the NF-κB and three MAPK signaling pathways. Treatment with CLE induced HO-1 protein expression by activating Nrf2 pathway, and inhibiting the HO-1 expression reversed the anti-inflammatory effect of CLE. CONCLUSION CLE showed anti-neuroinflammatory effects against LPS-induced microglial cells activation through the inhibition of production and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators by negative regulation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. These anti-neuroinflammatory effects of CLE were mediated by HO-1/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Taken together, the present study suggests a potent effect of CLE to prevent neuroinflammatory diseases. It is necessary to perform additional efficacy evaluation through in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan-Woo Kim
- grid.420186.90000 0004 0636 2782Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Sciences, Rural Development Administration, 27709 Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seob Lee
- grid.420186.90000 0004 0636 2782Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Sciences, Rural Development Administration, 27709 Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahye Yoon
- grid.420186.90000 0004 0636 2782Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Sciences, Rural Development Administration, 27709 Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Soog Kim
- grid.420186.90000 0004 0636 2782Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Sciences, Rural Development Administration, 27709 Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Lee
- grid.420186.90000 0004 0636 2782Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Sciences, Rural Development Administration, 27709 Eumseong, Republic of Korea
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Ethridge VT, Gargas NM, Sonner MJ, Moore RJ, Romer SH, Hatcher-Solis C, Rohan JG. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on brain cytokine levels in rats. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1069484. [PMID: 36620466 PMCID: PMC9822516 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1069484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has shown therapeutic potential to mitigate symptoms of various neurological disorders. Studies from our group and others used rodent models to demonstrate that tDCS modulates synaptic plasticity. We previously showed that 30 min of 0.25 mA tDCS administered to rats induced significant enhancement in the synaptic plasticity of hippocampal neurons. It has also been shown that tDCS induces expression of proteins known to mediate synaptic plasticity. This increase in synaptic plasticity may underly the observed therapeutic benefits of tDCS. However, the anti-inflammatory benefits of tDCS have not been thoroughly elucidated. Here we report that three sessions of tDCS spaced 1-3 weeks apart can significantly reduce levels of several inflammatory cytokines in brains of healthy rats. Rats receiving tDCS experienced enhanced synaptic plasticity without detectable improvement in behavioral tests or significant changes in astrocyte activation. The tDCS-mediated reduction in inflammatory cytokine levels supports the potential use of tDCS as a countermeasure against inflammation and offers additional support for the hypothesis that cytokines contribute to the modulation of synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria T. Ethridge
- Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton (NAMRU-D), Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, United States,Odyssey Systems Consulting Group, Wakefield, MA, United States,Leidos, Reston, VA, United States
| | - Nathan M. Gargas
- Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton (NAMRU-D), Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, United States,Odyssey Systems Consulting Group, Wakefield, MA, United States,Leidos, Reston, VA, United States
| | - Martha J. Sonner
- Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton (NAMRU-D), Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, United States,Leidos, Reston, VA, United States,ICON, Hinckley, OH, United States
| | - Raquel J. Moore
- Infoscitex, Dayton, OH, United States,711th HPW/RHBCN, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Shannon H. Romer
- Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton (NAMRU-D), Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, United States,Odyssey Systems Consulting Group, Wakefield, MA, United States,Leidos, Reston, VA, United States
| | | | - Joyce G. Rohan
- Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton (NAMRU-D), Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Joyce G. Rohan,
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Di Girolamo D, Tajbakhsh S. Pathological features of tissues and cell populations during cancer cachexia. CELL REGENERATION 2022; 11:15. [PMID: 35441960 PMCID: PMC9021355 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-022-00108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cancers remain among the most devastating diseases in the human population in spite of considerable advances in limiting their impact on lifespan and healthspan. The multifactorial nature of cancers, as well as the number of tissues and organs that are affected, have exposed a considerable diversity in mechanistic features that are reflected in the wide array of therapeutic strategies that have been adopted. Cachexia is manifested in a number of diseases ranging from cancers to diabetes and ageing. In the context of cancers, a majority of patients experience cachexia and succumb to death due to the indirect effects of tumorigenesis that drain the energy reserves of different organs. Considerable information is available on the pathophysiological features of cancer cachexia, however limited knowledge has been acquired on the resident stem cell populations, and their function in the context of these diseases. Here we review current knowledge on cancer cachexia and focus on how tissues and their resident stem and progenitor cell populations are individually affected.
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Zhang Z, Li Y, Jiang S, Shi F, Shi K, Jin W. Targeting CCL5 signaling attenuates neuroinflammation after seizure. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 29:317-330. [PMID: 36440924 PMCID: PMC9804050 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy is a neurological condition that causes unprovoked, recurrent seizures. Accumulating evidence from clinical and experimental studies indicates that neuroinflammation exacerbates seizure activity. METHODS We investigated the transcriptional changes occurring in specific brain domains of a seizure mouse model, using 10× Genomics spatial transcriptomics. Differential gene expression and pathway analysis were applied to investigate potential signaling targets for seizure, including CCL5/CCR5 pathway. Maraviroc, an FDA-approved C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) antagonist, was used to verify the impact of CCL5/CCR5 signaling in seizure mice. RESULTS We found distinguished regional transcriptome features in the hippocampus of seizure mice. The hippocampus exhibited unique inflammatory gene signatures, including glia activation, apoptosis, and immune response in seizure mice. Especially, we observed notable expression of C-C chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) throughout the entire seizure hippocampus. Blockade of CCL5/CCR5 signaling via maraviroc prevented microglia activation and neuron degeneration in seizure mice. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the potential of CCL5/CCR5 signaling for targeting neuroinflammation after seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Zhang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Department of NeurologyTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Yan Li
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shihe Jiang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Fu‐Dong Shi
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Department of NeurologyTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Kaibin Shi
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wei‐Na Jin
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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Cytokines as Potential Biomarkers of Clinical Characteristics of Schizophrenia. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12121972. [PMID: 36556337 PMCID: PMC9784438 DOI: 10.3390/life12121972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune activation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, as confirmed by many studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. The important role of neuroinflammation in the formation of the relation between impaired neurobiological processes and schizophrenia psychopathology is being actively discussed. We quantified serum concentrations of 22 cytokines in 236 patients with schizophrenia and 103 mentally and somatically healthy individuals by a multiplex assay. We found higher TGF-α (p = 0.014), IFN-γ (p = 0.036), IL-5 (p < 0.001), IL-6 (p = 0.047), IL-8 (p = 0.005), IL-10 (p <0.001), IL-15 (p = 0.007), IL-1RA (p = 0.007), and TNF-α (p < 0.001) levels in patients with schizophrenia than in healthy individuals. Subgroup analysis revealed a much greater number of statistically significant differences in cytokine levels among females than among males. Patients with a continuous course of schizophrenia showed statistically significantly higher levels of IL-12p70 (p = 0.019), IL-1α (p = 0.046), and IL-1β (p = 0.035) compared with patients with an episodic course. Most cytokines were positively correlated with positive, general, and total PANSS scores. In patients with a duration of schizophrenia of 10 years or more, the level of IL-10 was higher than that in patients with a disease duration of 5 years or less (p = 0.042). Thus, an imbalance in cytokines was revealed in patients with schizophrenia, depending on sex and clinical characteristics of the disease.
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66
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Stone TW, Clanchy FIL, Huang YS, Chiang NY, Darlington LG, Williams RO. An integrated cytokine and kynurenine network as the basis of neuroimmune communication. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1002004. [PMID: 36507331 PMCID: PMC9729788 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1002004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two of the molecular families closely associated with mediating communication between the brain and immune system are cytokines and the kynurenine metabolites of tryptophan. Both groups regulate neuron and glial activity in the central nervous system (CNS) and leukocyte function in the immune system, although neither group alone completely explains neuroimmune function, disease occurrence or severity. This essay suggests that the two families perform complementary functions generating an integrated network. The kynurenine pathway determines overall neuronal excitability and plasticity by modulating glutamate receptors and GPR35 activity across the CNS, and regulates general features of immune cell status, surveillance and tolerance which often involves the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR). Equally, cytokines and chemokines define and regulate specific populations of neurons, glia or immune system leukocytes, generating more specific responses within restricted CNS regions or leukocyte populations. In addition, as there is a much larger variety of these compounds, their homing properties enable the superimposition of dynamic variations of cell activity upon local, spatially limited, cell populations. This would in principle allow the targeting of potential treatments to restricted regions of the CNS. The proposed synergistic interface of 'tonic' kynurenine pathway affecting baseline activity and the superimposed 'phasic' cytokine system would constitute an integrated network explaining some features of neuroimmune communication. The concept would broaden the scope for the development of new treatments for disorders involving both the CNS and immune systems, with safer and more effective agents targeted to specific CNS regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W. Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Trevor W. Stone,
| | - Felix I. L. Clanchy
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yi-Shu Huang
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nien-Yi Chiang
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - L. Gail Darlington
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ashtead Hospital, Ashtead, United Kingdom
| | - Richard O. Williams
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Chatterjee D, Beaulieu JM. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 by lithium, a mechanism in search of specificity. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1028963. [PMID: 36504683 PMCID: PMC9731798 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1028963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a popular explanation for the effects of lithium ions on mood regulation in bipolar disorder and other mental illnesses, including major depression, cyclothymia, and schizophrenia. Contribution of GSK3 is supported by evidence obtained from animal and patient derived model systems. However, the two GSK3 enzymes, GSK3α and GSK3β, have more than 100 validated substrates. They are thus central hubs for major biological functions, such as dopamine-glutamate neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity (Hebbian and homeostatic), inflammation, circadian regulation, protein synthesis, metabolism, inflammation, and mitochondrial functions. The intricate contributions of GSK3 to several biological processes make it difficult to identify specific mechanisms of mood stabilization for therapeutic development. Identification of GSK3 substrates involved in lithium therapeutic action is thus critical. We provide an overview of GSK3 biological functions and substrates for which there is evidence for a contribution to lithium effects. A particular focus is given to four of these: the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), the RNA-binding protein FXR1, kinesin subunits, and the cytoskeletal regulator CRMP2. An overview of how co-regulation of these substrates may result in shared outcomes is also presented. Better understanding of how inhibition of GSK3 contributes to the therapeutic effects of lithium should allow for identification of more specific targets for future drug development. It may also provide a framework for the understanding of how lithium effects overlap with those of other drugs such as ketamine and antipsychotics, which also inhibit brain GSK3.
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Filippova YY, Devyatova EV, Alekseeva AS, Burmistrova AL. Cytokines and neurotrophic factors in the severity assessment of children autism. Klin Lab Diagn 2022; 67:647-651. [PMID: 36398773 DOI: 10.51620/0869-2084-2022-67-11-647-651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to the steady increase in the number of children with autism and the high heterogeneity of clinical groups, the diagnosis of these disorders and their severity is an urgent problem in modern medicine. In the course of the work, 126 children from 3 to 13 years old with typical neurodevelopment and with severe and mild autism spectrum disorders (ASD) were examined. Disease severity was determined according to the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). The levels of pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors (nerve growth factor beta and brain-derived neurotrophic factor) in blood plasma were assessed by enzyme immunoassay. Associations between indicators in each group of patients were assessed using the Spearman test and visualized as a heatmap of correlations. Statistical data processing was carried out in the R software. Significantly high levels of IL-4 in blood plasma and a decrease in the number of significant correlations within/between systems were revealed in children with mild autism compared with children with typical neurodevelopment. Such data can probably reflect the theory that some children with ASD are characterized by slow brain development, as a variant of the evolutionary norm. On the contrary, in children with severe ASD, high systemic levels of IL-6 and IFNg are shown against the background of low values of IL-10, IL-1β, TNFα and NGFβ, supported by the almost complete absence of intra/ and intersystem interactions. This may act as an indicator of maladaptation of the immune and nervous systems in severe autism, which contributes to the pathogenesis of the disease. Thus, a set of indicators: high levels of key pro-inflammatory cytokines - IL-6 and IFNg, low levels of IL-10, NGFβ and disintegration of the cytokine and nervous systems in the periphery can be proposed as an approach to indicate the severity of the condition in children with ASD.
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Zhou C, Gong S, Xiang S, Liang L, Hu X, Huang R, Liao Z, Ma Y, Xiao Z, Qiu J. Changes and significance of gut microbiota in children with focal epilepsy before and after treatment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:965471. [PMID: 36405958 PMCID: PMC9671114 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.965471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To better understand the alterations in gut microbiota and metabolic pathways in children with focal epilepsy, and to further investigate the changes in the related gut microbiota and metabolic pathways in these children before and after treatment. Methods Ten patients with newly diagnosed focal epilepsy in Hunan Children’s Hospital from April, 2020 to October, 2020 were recruited into the case group. The case group was further divided into a pre-treatment subgroup and a post-treatment subgroup. Additionally, 14 healthy children of the same age were recruited into a control group. The microbial communities were analyzed using 16s rDNA sequencing data. Metastas and LEfSe were used to identify different bacteria between and within groups. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database was used to KEGG enrichment analysis. Results There were significant differences in α diversity among the pre-treatment, post-treatment, and control groups. Besides, the differences in gut microbiota composition in 3 groups were identified by principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA), which showed a similar composition of the pre-treatment and post-treatment subgroups. At the phyla level, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria in the pre-treatment subgroup was significantly higher than that in the control group, which decreased significantly after 3 months of treatment and showed no significant difference between the control group. In terms of the genus level, Escherichia/Shigella, Streptococcus, Collinsella, and Megamonas were enriched in the pre-treatment subgroup, while Faecalibacterium and Anaerostipes were enriched in the control group. The relative abundance of Escherichia/Shigella, Streptococcus, Collinsella, and Megamonas was reduced significantly after a three-month treatment. Despite some genera remaining significantly different between the post-treatment subgroup and control group, the number of significantly different genera decreased from 9 to 4 through treatment. Notably, we found that the carbohydrate metabolism, especially succinate, was related to focal epilepsy. Conclusion Children with focal epilepsy compared with healthy controls were associated with the statistically significant differences in the gut microbiota and carbohydrate metabolism. The differences were reduced and the carbohydrate metabolism improved after effective treatment. Our research may provide new directions for understanding the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of focal epilepsy and better alternative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changci Zhou
- Academy of Pediatrics, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shuaizheng Gong
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Shiting Xiang
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Lijuan Liang
- Department of Emergency Center, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Hu
- Department of Emergency Center, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Ruiwen Huang
- Department of Neonatology, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenyu Liao
- Department of Neonatology, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Ye Ma
- Department of Neonatology, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenghui Xiao
- Department of Emergency Center, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenghui Xiao, ; Jun Qiu,
| | - Jun Qiu
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenghui Xiao, ; Jun Qiu,
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Li H, Yang Y, Hu M, Cao X, Ding C, Sun Q, Li R, Liu R, Xu X, Wang Y. The correlation of temporal changes of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio with seizure severity and the following seizure tendency in patients with epilepsy. Front Neurol 2022; 13:964923. [PMID: 36341114 PMCID: PMC9630561 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.964923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Changes in the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been reported to be associated with epilepsy. Here we aim to investigate the correlation of temporal changes of NLR level with seizure severity and the follow-up seizure attacks in patients with epilepsy (PWE). Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of the laboratory data including leukocyte count and NLR within 24 h of acute seizure and during the follow-up period of 5–14 days after acute seizure (NLR1, NLR2, respectively) in 115 PWE, and 98 healthy individuals were included as controls in this study. The correlation of laboratory data with seizure types, etiology of epilepsy, anti-seizure drugs (ASDs), seizure severity, and the follow-up seizure attacks in PWE was studied. Results Leukocyte count (P < 0.001) and NLR level (P < 0.001) were found significantly different between PWE and controls. On the other hand, a multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that NLR1 level (OR = 2.992, P = 0.001) and admission leukocyte (OR = 2.307, P = 0.002) were both independently associated with acute epileptic seizures. Especially, higher NLR1 level was significantly associated with status epileptics (P = 0.013) and recurrent seizures after admission (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that higher NLR1 was a predictor for the tendency of the following recurrent seizure attacks (OR = 1.144, P = 0.002). NLR2 was inversely correlated with ASDs taken (P = 0.011). Levels of NLR1 (r = 0.441, P < 0.001) and NLR2 (r = 0.241, P = 0.009) were both positively correlated with seizure severity. Conclusions Seizures were correlated with the alterations of systemic inflammation reflected by leukocyte and NLR. NLR1 and admission leukocyte were both independently associated with acute epileptic seizures. Higher NLR1 was associated with status epilepticus and independently predicted the tendency of the following epileptic seizures. NLR2 was significantly associated with ASDs taken. Besides, NLR may be used as a biomarker for seizure severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanli Li
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yujing Yang
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mingwei Hu
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cao
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chuhan Ding
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qibing Sun
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ruonan Liu
- Department of Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xihai Xu
- Department of Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Xihai Xu
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Yu Wang
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Cognitive dysfunction in SLE: An understudied clinical manifestation. J Autoimmun 2022; 132:102911. [PMID: 36127204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE) is a debilitating manifestation of SLE which occurs in a majority of SLE patients and has a variety of clinical manifestations. In the central nervous system, NPSLE may result from ischemia or penetration of inflammatory mediators and neurotoxic antibodies through the blood brain barrier (BBB). Here we focus on cognitive dysfunction (CD) as an NPSLE manifestation; it is common, underdiagnosed, and without specific therapy. For a very long time, clinicians ignored cognitive dysfunction and researchers who might be interested in the question struggled to find an approach to understanding mechanisms for this manifestation. Recent years, however, propelled by a more patient-centric approach to disease, have seen remarkable progress in our understanding of CD pathogenesis. This has been enabled through the use of novel imaging modalities and numerous mouse models. Overall, these studies point to a pivotal role of an impaired BBB and microglial activation in leading to neuronal injury. These insights suggest potential therapeutic modalities and make possible clinical trials for cognitive impairment.
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Microglial Dynamics Modulate Vestibular Compensation in a Rodent Model of Vestibulopathy and Condition the Expression of Plasticity Mechanisms in the Deafferented Vestibular Nuclei. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172693. [PMID: 36078101 PMCID: PMC9454928 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Unilateral vestibular loss (UVL) induces a vestibular syndrome composed of posturo-locomotor, oculomotor, vegetative, and perceptivo-cognitive symptoms. With time, these functional deficits progressively disappear due to a phenomenon called vestibular compensation, known to be supported by the expression in the deafferented vestibular nuclei (VNs) of various adaptative plasticity mechanisms. UVL is known to induce a neuroinflammatory response within the VNs, thought to be caused by the structural alteration of primary vestibular afferents. The acute inflammatory response, expressed in the deafferented VNs was recently proven to be crucial for the expression of the endogenous plasticity supporting functional recovery. Neuroinflammation is supported by reactive microglial cells, known to have various phenotypes with adverse effects on brain tissue. Here, we used markers of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory phenotypes of reactive microglia to study microglial dynamics following a unilateral vestibular neurectomy (UVN) in the adult rat. In addition, to highlight the role of acute inflammation in vestibular compensation and its underlying mechanisms, we enhanced the inflammatory state of the deafferented VNs using systemic injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) during the acute phase after a UVN. We observed that the UVN induced the expression of both M1 proinflammatory and M2 anti-inflammatory microglial phenotypes in the deafferented VNs. The acute LPS treatment exacerbated the inflammatory reaction and increased the M1 phenotype while decreasing M2 expression. These effects were associated with impaired postlesional plasticity in the deafferented VNs and exacerbated functional deficits. These results highlight the importance of a homeostatic inflammatory level in the expression of the adaptative plasticity mechanisms underlying vestibular compensation. Understanding the rules that govern neuroinflammation would provide therapeutic leads in neuropathologies associated with these processes.
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Xu Y, Fan Q. Relationship between chronic hypoxia and seizure susceptibility. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1689-1705. [PMID: 35983626 PMCID: PMC9532927 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hypobaric hypoxia in high‐altitude areas is closely related to the occurrence of many neurological diseases. Among these diseases, epilepsy is a common disease of the nervous system that is difficult to diagnose and treat, with a long treatment cycle. As of 2019, there were more than 70 million epilepsy patients worldwide, including 10 million in China. Studies have shown that chronic hypoxia promotes the occurrence and development of epilepsy, and elucidation of the relationship between chronic hypoxia and epilepsy is important for studying the pathogenesis of epilepsy and exploring the potential characteristics of epilepsy and new drug targets for epilepsy. In this article, we review the factors that may cause increased seizure susceptibility in chronic hypoxia and consider the potential relationship between chronic hypobaric hypoxia and seizure susceptibility in high‐altitude areas and prospects surrounding related research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuanHang Xu
- Qinghai University Graduate School, Xining, China.,Department of Neurology, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital Xining, Xining, China
| | - QingLi Fan
- Department of Neurology, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital Xining, Xining, China
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74
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Cell-type-specific epigenetic effects of early life stress on the brain. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:326. [PMID: 35948532 PMCID: PMC9365848 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) induces long-term phenotypic adaptations that contribute to increased vulnerability to a host of neuropsychiatric disorders. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNA, are a proposed link between environmental stressors, alterations in gene expression, and phenotypes. Epigenetic modifications play a primary role in shaping functional differences between cell types and can be modified by environmental perturbations, especially in early development. Together with contributions from genetic variation, epigenetic mechanisms orchestrate patterns of gene expression within specific cell types that contribute to phenotypic variation between individuals. To date, many studies have provided insights into epigenetic changes resulting from ELS. However, most of these studies have examined heterogenous brain tissue, despite evidence of cell-type-specific epigenetic modifications in phenotypes associated with ELS. In this review, we focus on rodent and human studies that have examined epigenetic modifications induced by ELS in select cell types isolated from the brain or associated with genes that have cell-type-restricted expression in neurons, microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Although significant challenges remain, future studies using these approaches can enable important mechanistic insight into the role of epigenetic variation in the effects of ELS on brain function.
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75
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Choline Supplementation Modifies the Effects of Developmental Alcohol Exposure on Immune Responses in Adult Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142868. [PMID: 35889826 PMCID: PMC9316525 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure can disrupt the development of numerous systems, including the immune system. Indeed, alterations in cytokine levels may contribute to the neuropathological, behavioral, and cognitive problems, and other adverse outcomes observed in individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Importantly, supplementation with the essential nutrient choline can improve performance in hippocampal-dependent behaviors; thus, the present study examined the effects of choline on plasma and hippocampal cytokines in adult rats exposed to ethanol in early development. From postnatal day (PD) 4–9 (third trimester equivalent), pups received ethanol (5.25 g/kg/day) or Sham intubations. Subjects were treated with choline chloride (100 mg/kg/day) or saline from PD10–30. On PD60, plasma and hippocampal tissue was collected before and after an immune challenge (lipopolysaccharide (LPS); 50 ug/kg). Prior to the immune challenge, ethanol-exposed subjects showed an overall increase in hippocampal pro-inflammatory cytokines, an effect mitigated by choline supplementation. In contrast, in the plasma, choline reduced LPS-related increases in pro-inflammatory markers, particularly in ethanol-exposed subjects. Thus, early choline supplementation may modify both brain and peripheral inflammation. These results suggest that early choline can mitigate some long-term effects of ethanol exposure on hippocampal inflammation, which may contribute to improved hippocampal function, and could also influence peripheral immune responses that may impact overall health.
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76
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Amraei R, Moreira JD, Wainford RD. Central Gαi 2 Protein Mediated Neuro-Hormonal Control of Blood Pressure and Salt Sensitivity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:895466. [PMID: 35837296 PMCID: PMC9275552 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.895466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension, a major public health issue, is estimated to contribute to 10% of all deaths worldwide. Further, the salt sensitivity of blood pressure is a critical risk factor for the development of hypertension. The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) coordinates neuro-hormonal responses to alterations in plasma sodium and osmolality and multiple G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are involved in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. In acute animal studies, our laboratory has shown that central Gαi/o subunit protein signal transduction mediates hypotensive and bradycardic responses and that Gz/q, proteins mediate the release of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and subsequent aquaretic responses to acute pharmacological stimuli. Extending these studies, our laboratory has shown that central Gαi2 proteins selectively mediate the hypotensive, sympathoinhibitory and natriuretic responses to acute pharmacological activation of GPCRs and in response to acute physiological challenges to fluid and electrolyte balance. In addition, following chronically elevated dietary sodium intake, salt resistant rats demonstrate site-specific and subunit-specific upregulation of Gαi2 proteins in the PVN, resulting in sympathoinhibition and normotension. In contrast, chronic dietary sodium intake in salt sensitive animals, which fail to upregulate PVN Gαi2 proteins, results in the absence of dietary sodium-evoked sympathoinhibition and salt sensitive hypertension. Using in situ hybridization, we observed that Gαi2 expressing neurons in parvocellular division of the PVN strongly (85%) colocalize with GABAergic neurons. Our data suggest that central Gαi2 protein-dependent responses to an acute isotonic volume expansion (VE) and elevated dietary sodium intake are mediated by the peripheral sensory afferent renal nerves and do not depend on the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) sodium sensitive region or the actions of central angiotensin II type 1 receptors. Our translational human genomic studies have identified three G protein subunit alpha I2 (GNAI2) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as potential biomarkers in individuals with salt sensitivity and essential hypertension. Collectively, PVN Gαi2 proteins-gated pathways appear to be highly conserved in salt resistance to counter the effects of acute and chronic challenges to fluid and electrolyte homeostasis on blood pressure via a renal sympathetic nerve-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razie Amraei
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jesse D. Moreira
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Richard D. Wainford
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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77
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Gupta S, Guleria RS. Involvement of Nuclear Factor-κB in Inflammation and Neuronal Plasticity Associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132034. [PMID: 35805118 PMCID: PMC9265339 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating psychiatric condition which develops either due to stress or witnessing a traumatic situation. PTSD is characterized by acute and chronic stress response exhibit anxiety, fear, and an increased inflammatory etiology. Inflammation contributes a critical role in several parts of the brain that control fear and flashback cognatic function. It is known that impairment of the neurological circuit leads to the development of PTSD. Evidence has suggested that dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and inflammatory responsiveness are pivotal and a greater risk in PTSD. NF-κB, a master regulator for inflammation, has been showed to modulate memory reconsolidation and synaptic plasticity; however, NF-κB’s association with PTSD remain elusive. In this review, we provide relevant findings regarding NF-κB activity in various components of brain and describe a potential mechanism linking PTSD using preclinical and clinical models. We envisage NF-κB signaling as a crucial mediator for inflammation, cognitive function, memory restoration and behavioral actions of stress and suggest that it could be used for therapeutic intervention in PTSD.
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78
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Tako LM, Strzelczyk A, Rosenow F, Pfeilschifter W, Steinmetz H, Golbach R, Schäfer JH, Zöllner JP, Kohlhase K. Predictive Factors of Acute Symptomatic Seizures in Patients With Ischemic Stroke Due to Large Vessel Occlusion. Front Neurol 2022; 13:894173. [PMID: 35711262 PMCID: PMC9196034 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.894173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acute symptomatic seizures (ASz) after ischemic stroke are associated with increased mortality; therefore, identifying predictors of ASz is important. The purpose of this study was to analyze predictors of ASz in a population of patients with ischemic stroke due to large arterial vessel occlusion (LVO). Materials and Methods This retrospective study examined patients with acute ischemic stroke caused by LVO between 2016 and 2020. Identification of predictive factors was performed using univariate and subsequent multiple logistic regression analysis. In addition, subgroup analysis regarding seizure semiology and time of seizure occurrence (≤ 24 h and > 24 h after stroke) was performed. Results The frequency of ASz among 979 patients was 3.9 % (n = 38). Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed an increased risk of ASz in patients with higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at admission or 24 h after admission, hypernatremia at admission ≥ 145 mmol/L, and pneumonia. Further multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that NIHSS 24 h after admission was the strongest predictor of ASz, particularly relating to ASz occurring later than 24 h after stroke. Patients who experienced a seizure within the first 24 h after stroke were more likely to have a generalized tonic-clonic (GTCS) and focal motor seizure; beyond 24 h, seizures with impaired awareness and non-convulsive status epilepticus were more frequent. Conclusion NIHSS score 24 h after admission is a strong predictive factor for the occurrence of ASz in patients with ischemic stroke caused by LVO. The semiology of ASz varied over time, with GTCS occurring more frequently in the first 24 h after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marie Tako
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Personalized and Translational Epilepsy Research, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Adam Strzelczyk
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Personalized and Translational Epilepsy Research, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Felix Rosenow
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Personalized and Translational Epilepsy Research, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Helmuth Steinmetz
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rejane Golbach
- Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modelling, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jan Hendrik Schäfer
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Johann Philipp Zöllner
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Personalized and Translational Epilepsy Research, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Konstantin Kohlhase
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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79
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Gan YL, Wang CY, He RH, Hsu PC, Yeh HH, Hsieh TH, Lin HC, Cheng MY, Jeng CJ, Huang MC, Lee YH. FKBP51 mediates resilience to inflammation-induced anxiety through regulation of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 expression in mouse hippocampus. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:152. [PMID: 35705957 PMCID: PMC9198626 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02517-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation is a potential risk factor of mental disturbance. FKBP5 that encodes FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51), a negative cochaperone of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), is a stress-inducible gene and has been linked to psychiatric disorders. Yet, the role of FKBP51 in the inflammatory stress-associated mental disturbance remained unclear. Methods Fkbp5-deficient (Fkbp5-KO) mice were used to study inflammatory stress by a single intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The anxiety-like behaviors, neuroimaging, immunofluorescence staining, immunohistochemistry, protein and mRNA expression analysis of inflammation- and neurotransmission-related mediators were evaluated. A dexamethasone drinking model was also applied to examine the effect of Fkbp5-KO in glucocorticoid-induced stress. Results LPS administration induced FKBP51 elevation in the liver and hippocampus accompanied with transient sickness. Notably, Fkbp5-KO but not wild-type (WT) mice showed anxiety-like behaviors 7 days after LPS injection (LPS-D7). LPS challenge rapidly increased peripheral and central immune responses and hippocampal microglial activation followed by a delayed GR upregulation on LPS-D7, and these effects were attenuated in Fkbp5-KO mice. Whole-brain [18F]-FEPPA neuroimaging, which target translocator protein (TSPO) to indicate neuroinflammation, showed that Fkbp5-KO reduced LPS-induced neuroinflammation in various brain regions including hippocampus. Interestingly, LPS elevated glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65), the membrane-associated GABA-synthesizing enzyme, in the hippocampus of WT but not Fkbp5-KO mice on LPS-D7. This FKBP51-dependent GAD65 upregulation was observed in the ventral hippocampal CA1 accompanied by the reduction of c-Fos-indicated neuronal activity, whereas both GAD65 and neuronal activity were reduced in dorsal CA1 in a FKBP51-independent manner. GC-induced anxiety was also examined, which was attenuated in Fkbp5-KO and hippocampal GAD65 expression was unaffected. Conclusions These results suggest that FKBP51/FKBP5 is involved in the systemic inflammation-induced neuroinflammation and hippocampal GR activation, which may contribute to the enhancement of GAD65 expression for GABA synthesis in the ventral hippocampus, thereby facilitating resilience to inflammation-induced anxiety. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02517-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Gan
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155 Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Wang
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155 Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155 Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Heng He
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155 Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chien Hsu
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155 Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155 Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hsien Yeh
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155 Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Hsieh
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155 Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ching Lin
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155 Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155 Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yen Cheng
- Department of Mathematics, Hong Kong Baptist University, 224 Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chung-Jiuan Jeng
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155 Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.,Department and Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155 Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chyi Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, 309 Song-De Street, Taipei, 110, Taiwan. .,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 110, Taiwan. .,Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 252 Wu-Xing Street,, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Hsuan Lee
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155 Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan. .,Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155 Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
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80
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Mehterov N, Minchev D, Gevezova M, Sarafian V, Maes M. Interactions Among Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Neuroimmune Pathways Are Key Components of the Major Psychiatric Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4926-4952. [PMID: 35657457 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02889-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the reciprocal associations between brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and immune-inflammatory pathways and how these links may explain the involvement of this neurotrophin in the immune pathophysiology of mood disorders and schizophrenia. Toward this end, we delineated the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network centered around BDNF and searched PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Science Direct for papers dealing with the involvement of BDNF in the major psychosis, neurodevelopment, neuronal functions, and immune-inflammatory and related pathways. The PPI network was built based on the significant interactions of BDNF with neurotrophic (NTRK2, NTF4, and NGFR), immune (cytokines, STAT3, TRAF6), and cell-cell junction (CTNNB, CDH1) DEPs (differentially expressed proteins). Enrichment analysis shows that the most significant terms associated with this PPI network are the tyrosine kinase receptor (TRKR) and Src homology region two domain-containing phosphatase-2 (SHP2) pathways, tyrosine kinase receptor signaling pathways, positive regulation of kinase and transferase activity, cytokine signaling, and negative regulation of the immune response. The participation of BDNF in the immune response and its interactions with neuroprotective and cell-cell adhesion DEPs is probably a conserved regulatory process which protects against the many detrimental effects of immune activation and hyperinflammation including neurotoxicity. Lowered BDNF levels in mood disorders and schizophrenia (a) are associated with disruptions in neurotrophic signaling and activated immune-inflammatory pathways leading to neurotoxicity and (b) may interact with the reduced expression of other DEPs (CTNNB1, CDH1, or DISC1) leading to multiple aberrations in synapse and axonal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Mehterov
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.,Research Institute at Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Danail Minchev
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.,Research Institute at Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Maria Gevezova
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.,Research Institute at Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Victoria Sarafian
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.,Research Institute at Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Michael Maes
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. .,Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. .,Department of Psychiatry, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
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81
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Li EC, Zheng Y, Cai MT, Lai QL, Fang GL, Du BQ, Shen CH, Zhang YX, Wu LJ, Ding MP. Seizures and epilepsy in multiple sclerosis, aquaporin 4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease. Epilepsia 2022; 63:2173-2191. [PMID: 35652436 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Seizure is one of the manifestations of central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory demyelinating diseases, which mainly include multiple sclerosis (MS), aquaporin 4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4-NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD). "Acute symptomatic seizures secondary to MS / AQP4-NMOSD / MOGAD" occur in the acute phase of the diseases, and are more frequent in MOGAD. In contrast, recurrent non-provoked seizures, mainly attributed to "autoimmune-associated epilepsy", occur in the non-acute phase of the diseases. Seizures in MS / AQP4-NMOSD / MOGAD mostly have a focal-onset. MS patients with concomitant systemic infections, an earlier onset and a higher disease activity are more likely to have seizures, whereas factors such as higher MS severity, the presence of status epilepticus and cortical damage indicate a greater risk of developing epilepsy. In MOGAD, cerebral cortical encephalitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)-like phenotypes (predominately ADEM and multiphasic disseminated encephalomyelitis) indicate a higher seizure risk. Multiple relapses with ADEM-like phenotypes predict epilepsy in pediatrics with MOGAD. Pathophysiologically, acute symptomatic seizures in MS are associated with neuronal hyperexcitability secondary to inflammation and demyelination. Chronic epilepsy in MS is largely due to gliosis, neuronal dysfunction and synaptic abnormalities. The mainstay of treatment for seizures secondary to MS / AQP4-NMOSD / MOGAD include immunotherapy along with antiseizure medications. This critical review discusses the most-updated evidence on epidemiology, clinical correlates, and inflammatory mechanisms underlying seizures and epilepsy in MS / AQP4-NMOSD / MOGAD. Treatment cautions including drug-drug interactions and the impact of treatments on the other are outlined. We also highlight pitfalls and challenges in managing such patients and future research perspectives to address unsolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er-Chuang Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Ting Cai
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Lun Lai
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gao-Li Fang
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Integrated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing-Qing Du
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Hong Shen
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin-Xi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Mei-Ping Ding
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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82
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Rayaprolu S, Bitarafan S, Santiago JV, Betarbet R, Sunna S, Cheng L, Xiao H, Nelson RS, Kumar P, Bagchi P, Duong DM, Goettemoeller AM, Oláh VJ, Rowan M, Levey AI, Wood LB, Seyfried NT, Rangaraju S. Cell type-specific biotin labeling in vivo resolves regional neuronal and astrocyte proteomic differences in mouse brain. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2927. [PMID: 35614064 PMCID: PMC9132937 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30623-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomic profiling of brain cell types using isolation-based strategies pose limitations in resolving cellular phenotypes representative of their native state. We describe a mouse line for cell type-specific expression of biotin ligase TurboID, for in vivo biotinylation of proteins. Using adenoviral and transgenic approaches to label neurons, we show robust protein biotinylation in neuronal soma and axons throughout the brain, allowing quantitation of over 2000 neuron-derived proteins spanning synaptic proteins, transporters, ion channels and disease-relevant druggable targets. Next, we contrast Camk2a-neuron and Aldh1l1-astrocyte proteomes and identify brain region-specific proteomic differences within both cell types, some of which might potentially underlie the selective vulnerability to neurological diseases. Leveraging the cellular specificity of proteomic labeling, we apply an antibody-based approach to uncover differences in neuron and astrocyte-derived signaling phospho-proteins and cytokines. This approach will facilitate the characterization of cell-type specific proteomes in a diverse number of tissues under both physiological and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruti Rayaprolu
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Sara Bitarafan
- Georgia W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, and Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Juliet V Santiago
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ranjita Betarbet
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Sydney Sunna
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Lihong Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hailian Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ruth S Nelson
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Prateek Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Pritha Bagchi
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Emory Integrated Proteomics Core, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Duc M Duong
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Emory Integrated Proteomics Core, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Viktor János Oláh
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Matt Rowan
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Levi B Wood
- Georgia W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, and Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Emory Integrated Proteomics Core, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Srikant Rangaraju
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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83
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Perner C, Krüger E. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Role in Homeostasis and Immunity of Central and Peripheral Neurons. Front Immunol 2022; 13:859703. [PMID: 35572517 PMCID: PMC9092946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.859703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cells are specialists for rapid transfer and translation of information. Their electrical properties relay on a precise regulation of ion levels while their communication via neurotransmitters and neuropeptides depends on a high protein and lipid turnover. The endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is fundamental to provide these necessary requirements for optimal neuronal function. Accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER lumen, reactive oxygen species and exogenous stimulants like infections, chemical irritants and mechanical harm can induce ER stress, often followed by an ER stress response to reinstate cellular homeostasis. Imbedded between glial-, endothelial-, stromal-, and immune cells neurons are constantly in communication and influenced by their local environment. In this review, we discuss concepts of tissue homeostasis and innate immunity in the central and peripheral nervous system with a focus on its influence on ER stress, the unfolded protein response, and implications for health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Perner
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elke Krüger
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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84
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Löscher W, Howe CL. Molecular Mechanisms in the Genesis of Seizures and Epilepsy Associated With Viral Infection. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:870868. [PMID: 35615063 PMCID: PMC9125338 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.870868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures are a common presenting symptom during viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) and can occur during the initial phase of infection ("early" or acute symptomatic seizures), after recovery ("late" or spontaneous seizures, indicating the development of acquired epilepsy), or both. The development of acute and delayed seizures may have shared as well as unique pathogenic mechanisms and prognostic implications. Based on an extensive review of the literature, we present an overview of viruses that are associated with early and late seizures in humans. We then describe potential pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying ictogenesis and epileptogenesis, including routes of neuroinvasion, viral control and clearance, systemic inflammation, alterations of the blood-brain barrier, neuroinflammation, and inflammation-induced molecular reorganization of synapses and neural circuits. We provide clinical and animal model findings to highlight commonalities and differences in these processes across various neurotropic or neuropathogenic viruses, including herpesviruses, SARS-CoV-2, flaviviruses, and picornaviruses. In addition, we extensively review the literature regarding Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). This picornavirus, although not pathogenic for humans, is possibly the best-characterized model for understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive seizures, epilepsy, and hippocampal damage during viral infection. An enhanced understanding of these mechanisms derived from the TMEV model may lead to novel therapeutic interventions that interfere with ictogenesis and epileptogenesis, even within non-infectious contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany,*Correspondence: Wolfgang Löscher,
| | - Charles L. Howe
- Division of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States,Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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85
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Razi O, Tartibian B, Laher I, Govindasamy K, Zamani N, Rocha-Rodrigues S, Suzuki K, Zouhal H. Multimodal Benefits of Exercise in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis and COVID-19. Front Physiol 2022; 13:783251. [PMID: 35492581 PMCID: PMC9048028 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.783251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease characterized by plaque formation and neuroinflammation. The plaques can present in various locations, causing a variety of clinical symptoms in patients with MS. Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is also associated with systemic inflammation and a cytokine storm which can cause plaque formation in several areas of the brain. These concurring events could exacerbate the disease burden of MS. We review the neuro-invasive properties of SARS-CoV-2 and the possible pathways for the entry of the virus into the central nervous system (CNS). Complications due to this viral infection are similar to those occurring in patients with MS. Conditions related to MS which make patients more susceptible to viral infection include inflammatory status, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, function of CNS cells, and plaque formation. There are also psychoneurological and mood disorders associated with both MS and COVID-19 infections. Finally, we discuss the effects of exercise on peripheral and central inflammation, BBB integrity, glia and neural cells, and remyelination. We conclude that moderate exercise training prior or after infection with SARS-CoV-2 can produce health benefits in patients with MS patients, including reduced mortality and improved physical and mental health of patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Razi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Bakhtyar Tartibian
- Department of Sports Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Karuppasamy Govindasamy
- Department of Physical Education & Sports Science, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Nastaran Zamani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Payame-Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Silvia Rocha-Rodrigues
- Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Quinta de Prados, Edifício Ciências de Desporto, Vila Real, Portugal
- Tumor & Microenvironment Interactions Group, i3S, Porto, Portugal
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
- *Correspondence: Katsuhiko Suzuki, ; Hassane Zouhal,
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2I2S), Irodouer, France
- *Correspondence: Katsuhiko Suzuki, ; Hassane Zouhal,
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86
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Yu J, Chen T, Guo X, Zafar MI, Li H, Wang Z, Zheng J. The Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in X-Link Adrenoleukodystrophy. Front Nutr 2022; 9:864358. [PMID: 35463999 PMCID: PMC9024313 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.864358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is an inherited disease caused by a mutation in the ABCD1 gene encoding a peroxisomal transmembrane protein. It is characterized by the accumulation of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in body fluids and tissues, leading to progressive demyelination and adrenal insufficiency. ALD has various phenotypes, among which the most common and severe is childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (CCALD). The pathophysiological mechanisms of ALD remain unclear, but some in vitro/in vivo research showed that VLCFA could induce oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to damage. In addition, the evidence that oxidative stress and inflammation are increased in patients with X-ALD also proves that it is a potential mechanism of brain and adrenal damage. Therefore, normalizing the redox balance becomes a critical therapeutic target. This study focuses on the possible predictors of the severity and progression of X-ALD, the potential mechanisms of pathogenesis, and the promising targeted drugs involved in oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mohammad Ishraq Zafar
- Institute of Reproductive Health/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiqing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Juan Zheng,
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87
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Jacotte-Simancas A, Middleton JW, Stielper ZF, Edwards S, Molina PE, Gilpin NW. Brain Injury Effects on Neuronal Activation and Synaptic Transmission in the Basolateral Amygdala of Adult Male and Female Wistar Rats. J Neurotrauma 2022; 39:544-559. [PMID: 35081744 PMCID: PMC8978566 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as brain damage produced by an external mechanical force that leads to behavioral, cognitive, and psychiatric sequelae. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is involved in emotional regulation, and its function and morphology are altered following TBI. Little is known about potential sex-specific effects of TBI on BLA neuronal function, but it is critical for the field to identify potential sex differences in TBI effects on brain and behavior. Here, we hypothesized that TBI would produce sex-specific acute (1 h) effects on BLA neuronal activation, excitability, and synaptic transmission in adult male and female rats. Forty-nine Wistar rats (n = 23 males and 26 females) were randomized to TBI (using lateral fluid percussion) or Sham groups in two separate studies. Study 1 used in situ hybridization (i.e., RNAscope) to measure BLA expression of c-fos (a marker of cell activation), vGlut, and vGat (markers of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons, respectively) messenger RNA (mRNA). Study 2 used slice electrophysiology to measure intrinsic excitability and excitatory/inhibitory synaptic transmission in putative pyramidal neurons in the BLA. Physiological measures of injury severity were collected from all animals. Our results show that females exhibit increased apnea duration and reduced respiratory rate post-TBI relative to males. In male and female rats, TBI increased c-fos expression in BLA glutamatergic cells but not in BLA GABAergic cells, and TBI increased firing rate in BLA pyramidal neurons. Further, TBI increased spontaneous excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic current (sEPSC and sIPSC) amplitude in BLA neurons of females relative to all other groups. TBI increased sEPSC frequency in BLA neurons of females relative to males but did not alter sIPSC frequency. In summary, lateral fluid percussion produced different physiological responses in male and female rats, as well as sex-specific alterations in BLA neuronal activation, excitability, and synaptic transmission 1 h after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Jacotte-Simancas
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Alcohol and Drug of Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jason W. Middleton
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Zachary F. Stielper
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Scott Edwards
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Alcohol and Drug of Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Patricia E. Molina
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Alcohol and Drug of Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nicholas W. Gilpin
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Alcohol and Drug of Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Southeast Louisiana VA Healthcare System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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88
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龚 帅, 仇 君, 吴 丽, 谭 李. Change in intestinal flora after treatment in children with focal epilepsy. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2022; 24:290-296. [PMID: 35351260 PMCID: PMC8974657 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2109134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the difference in intestinal flora between children with focal epilepsy and healthy children and the change in intestinal flora after treatment in children with epilepsy. METHODS A total of 10 children with newly diagnosed focal epilepsy were recruited as the case group and were all treated with oxcarbazepine alone. Their clinical data were recorded. Fecal specimens before treatment and after 3 months of treatment were collected. Fourteen aged-matched healthy children were recruited as the control group. Total bacterial DNA was extracted from the fecal specimens for 16S rDNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. RESULTS After 3 months of carbamazepine treatment, the seizure frequency was reduced by >50% in the case group. At the phylum level, the abundance of Actinobacteria in the case group before treatment was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05), and it was reduced after treatment (P<0.05). At the genus level, the abundances of Escherichia/Shigella, Streptococcus, Collinsella, and Megamonas in the case group before treatment were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05), and the abundances of these bacteria decreased significantly after treatment (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS There is a significant difference in intestinal flora between children with focal epilepsy and healthy children. Oxcarbazepine can significantly improve the symptoms and intestinal flora in children with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - 君 仇
- 湖南省儿童医院《临床小儿外科杂志》 编辑部,湖南长沙410007
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89
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Ramya V, Shyam KP, Kowsalya E, Balavigneswaran CK, Kadalmani B. Dual Roles of Coconut Oil and Its Major Component Lauric Acid on Redox Nexus: Focus on Cytoprotection and Cancer Cell Death. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:833630. [PMID: 35360165 PMCID: PMC8963114 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.833630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that coconut oil supplementation can reduce neuroinflammation. However, coconut oils are available as virgin coconut oil (VCO), crude coconut oil (ECO), and refined coconut oil (RCO). The impact of coconut oil extraction process (and its major fatty acid component lauric acid) at cellular antioxidant level, redox homeostasis and inflammation in neural cells is hitherto unexplained. Herein, we have shown the antioxidant levels and cellular effect of coconut oil extracted by various processes in human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) cultured in vitro. Results indicate VCO and ECO treated cells displayed better mitochondrial health when compared to RCO. Similar trend was observed for the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), key oxidative stress response genes (GCLC, HO-1, and Nqo1) and inflammatory genes (IL6, TNFα, and iNOS) in SH-SY5Y cells. Our results signified that both VCO and ECO offer better neural health primarily by maintaining the cellular redox balance. Further, RCO prepared by solvent extraction and chemical refining process lacks appreciable beneficial effect. Then, we extended our study to find out the reasons behind maintaining the cellular redox balance in neuroblastoma cells by VCO and ECO. Our GC-MS results showed that lauric acid (C14:0) (LA) content was the major difference in the fatty acid composition extracted by various processes. Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy of LA in SH-SY5Y cells. The LA showed dose-dependent effect. At IC50 concentration (11.8 μM), LA down regulated the oxidative stress response genes and inflammatory genes. The results clearly indicate that the LA inhibited the neuroinflammation and provided an efficient cellular antioxidant activity, which protects the cells. The efficiency was also evaluated in normal cell line such as fibroblasts (L929) to cross-validate that the results were not false positive. Different concentration of LA on L929 cells showed high compatibility. From our observation, we conclude that VCO and ECO offers better cellular protection owing to their powerful antioxidant system. Therefore, we advocate the inclusion of either VCO and/or ECO in the diet for a healthy lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesan Ramya
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | | | - Eshwaran Kowsalya
- Research and Development Division, V.V.D and Sons Private Limited, Thoothukudi, India
| | - Chelladurai Karthikeyan Balavigneswaran
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Balamuthu Kadalmani
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
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90
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Campos-Bedolla P, Feria-Romero I, Orozco-Suárez S. Factors not considered in the study of drug-resistant epilepsy: Drug-resistant epilepsy: assessment of neuroinflammation. Epilepsia Open 2022; 7 Suppl 1:S68-S80. [PMID: 35247028 PMCID: PMC9340302 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
More than one‐third of people with epilepsy develop drug‐resistant epilepsy (DRE). Different hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origin of DRE. Accumulating evidence suggests the contribution of neuroinflammation, modifications in the integrity of the blood‐brain barrier (BBB), and altered immune responses in the pathophysiology of DRE. The inflammatory response is mainly due to the increase of cytokines and related molecules; these molecules have neuromodulatory effects that contribute to hyperexcitability in neural networks that cause seizure generation. Some patients with DRE display the presence of autoantibodies in the serum and mainly cerebrospinal fluid. These patients are refractory to the different treatments with standard antiseizure medications (ASMs), and they could be responding well to immunomodulatory therapies. This observation emphasizes that the etiopathogenesis of DRE is involved with immunology responses and associated long‐term events and chronic inflammation processes. Furthermore, multiple studies have shown that functional polymorphisms as risk factors are involved in inflammation processes. Several relevant polymorphisms could be considered risk factors involved in inflammation‐related DRE such as receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and interleukin 1β (IL‐1β). All these evidences sustained the hypothesis that the chronic inflammation process is associated with the DRE. However, the effect of the chronic inflammation process should be investigated in further clinical studies to promote the development of novel therapeutics useful in treatment of DRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Campos-Bedolla
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, "Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda", Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Iris Feria-Romero
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, "Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda", Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sandra Orozco-Suárez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, "Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda", Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
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91
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Heim LR, Shoob S, de Marcas L, Zarhin D, Slutsky I. Measuring synaptic transmission and plasticity with fEPSP recordings in behaving mice. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101115. [PMID: 35118427 PMCID: PMC8792427 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.101115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous spiking activity depends on intrinsic excitability and synaptic input. Historically, synaptic activity has been mostly studied ex vivo. Here, we describe a versatile and robust protocol to record field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) in behaving rodents. The protocol allows estimating the input–output relationship of a specific pathway, short-term and long-term plasticity, and their modulation by pharmacological or pharmacogenetic interventions and behavioral states. However, experimenters must be aware of the protocol’s specificity and interpret results with care. For complete details on the use and execution of this profile, please refer to Styr et al. (2019). A protocol for recording and manipulating fEPSPs in behaving rodents Surgical and experimental procedures with tips on reducing noise and variability Pathway-specific fEPSP recordings following behavioral and chemogenetic manipulations Integration of pathway-specific fEPSP recordings and somatic Ca2+ imaging
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92
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Hayatdavoudi P, Hosseini M, Hajali V, Hosseini A, Rajabian A. The role of astrocytes in epileptic disorders. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15239. [PMID: 35343625 PMCID: PMC8958496 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy affects about 1% of the population and approximately 30% of epileptic patients are resistant to current antiepileptic drugs. As a hallmark in epileptic tissue, many of the epileptic patients show changes in glia morphology and function. There are characteristic changes in different types of glia in different epilepsy models. Some of these changes such as astrogliosis are enough to provoke epileptic seizures. Astrogliosis is well known in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE), the most common form of refractory epilepsy. A better understanding of astrocytes alterations could lead to novel and efficient pharmacological approaches for epilepsy. In this review, we present the alterations of astrocyte morphology and function and present some instances of targeting astrocytes in seizure and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parichehr Hayatdavoudi
- Applied Biomedical Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Vahid Hajali
- Department of NeuroscienceFaculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Azar Hosseini
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal PlantsMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Department of PharmacologyFaculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Arezoo Rajabian
- Department of Internal MedicineFaculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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93
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Olsen CM, Corrigan JD. Does Traumatic Brain Injury Cause Risky Substance Use or Substance Use Disorder? Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:421-437. [PMID: 34561027 PMCID: PMC8776913 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
There is a high co-occurrence of risky substance use among adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI), although it is unknown if the neurologic sequelae of TBI can promote this behavior. We propose that to conclude that TBI can cause risky substance use, it must be determined that TBI precedes risky substance use, that confounders with the potential to increase the likelihood of both TBI and risky substance use must be ruled out, and that there must be a plausible mechanism of action. In this review, we address these factors by providing an overview of key clinical and preclinical studies and list plausible mechanisms by which TBI could increase risky substance use. Human and animal studies have identified an association between TBI and risky substance use, although the strength of this association varies. Factors that may limit detection of this relationship include differential variability due to substance, sex, age of injury, and confounders that may influence the likelihood of both TBI and risky substance use. We propose possible mechanisms by which TBI could increase substance use that include damage-associated neuroplasticity, chronic changes in neuroimmune signaling, and TBI-associated alterations in brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Olsen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
| | - John D Corrigan
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Uyanga VA, Liu L, Zhao J, Wang X, Jiao H, Lin H. Central and peripheral effects of L-citrulline on thermal physiology and nitric oxide regeneration in broilers. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101669. [PMID: 35101686 PMCID: PMC8804195 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism that mediates L-citrulline (L-Cit) hypothermia is poorly understood, and the involvement of nitric oxide signaling has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to determine L-Cit's influence on body temperature and to ascertain the central and peripheral mechanisms associated with this response. Chicks responded to intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of L-Cit with high and low body temperatures (P < 0.05) depending on the dose tested, for both the surface and rectal temperatures. Peripheral (i.p.) L-Cit injection did not affect body temperature responses. Nitric oxide (NO) concentration and NO synthase (NOS) were influenced with varying doses of L-Cit. Hypothalamic NO was increased at 4 µg L-Cit whereas, plasma iNOS was elevated at 2µg L-Cit treatment. However, i.p. L-Cit did not change the NO content, rather it induced higher (P < 0.05) plasma tNOS and iNOS activity, and further upregulated iNOS and nNOS gene expression in the hypothalamus. In addition, ICV L-Cit potentiated a pro- versus anti-inflammatory milieu with the induction of IL-8, IL-10, and TGFβ (P < 0.05), which may be related to the changes in body temperature. Following ICV L-Cit administration, it was observed that L-Cit caused dose variable changes in the ultrastructure of hypothalamic neurons. The lowest dose was associated with a higher number of dead or degenerating neurons, whereas the highest L-Cit dose had fewer neuronal numbers with larger sizes. Therefore, this study shows that central and peripheral L-Cit administration imposes changes in body temperature, nitric oxide production, and inflammatory responses, in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Anthony Uyanga
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Jingpeng Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Hongchao Jiao
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China.
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Neurologic manifestations in children with COVID-19 from a tertiary center in Turkey and literature review. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2022; 37:139-154. [PMID: 35287009 PMCID: PMC8853984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic caused by highly transmissible severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although respiratory disease and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) are main clinical presentations in children, numerous neurological manifestations are being described increasingly. We aimed to investigate new onset neurological symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 in pediatric patients in order to establish a possible relationship as well as to understand the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms between SARS-CoV-2 infection and neurological findings. METHODS We analyzed retrospectively children who had neurologic manifestations temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection at Hacettepe University İhsan Doğramaci Children's Hospital. We performed a literature search between March 20, 2020 and March 30, 2021. Articles that report children with COVID-19 related neurological manifestations were included. RESULTS We have observed 15 consecutive cases with new onset neurological manifestations along with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Age at hospitalization ranged from three months to 17 years. Ten patients had central nervous system involvement, and most common manifestation was encephalopathy (5/10), which is also one of the most common manifestations of the patients mentioned in the relevant 39 articles we reviewed. CONCLUSION Children with COVID-19 can present with neurologic findings such as encephalopathy, seizures, cerebrovascular events as well as abnormal eye movements. Clinical suspicion and awareness are required to show the association between neurologic manifestations and COVID-19.
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96
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Effects of Exercise Training on the Autonomic Nervous System with a Focus on Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidants Effects. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020350. [PMID: 35204231 PMCID: PMC8868289 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies show that the autonomic nervous system (ANS) has an important impact on health in general. In response to environmental demands, homeostatic processes are often compromised, therefore determining an increase in the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)’s functions and a decrease in the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)’s functions. In modern societies, chronic stress associated with an unhealthy lifestyle contributes to ANS dysfunction. In this review, we provide a brief introduction to the ANS network, its connections to the HPA axis and its stress responses and give an overview of the critical implications of ANS in health and disease—focused specifically on the immune system, cardiovascular, oxidative stress and metabolic dysregulation. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA), the SNS and more recently the PNS have been identified as regulating the immune system. The HPA axis and PNS have anti-inflammatory effects and the SNS has been shown to have both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. The positive impact of physical exercise (PE) is well known and has been studied by many researchers, but its negative impact has been less studied. Depending on the type, duration and individual characteristics of the person doing the exercise (age, gender, disease status, etc.), PE can be considered a physiological stressor. The negative impact of PE seems to be connected with the oxidative stress induced by effort.
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97
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested that microglial activation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of depression. In fact, neuroinflammation is associated with a phenotypic change of microglia, consisting of morphological differences, increased release of cytokines and oxidative stress products, which may contribute to the development and maintenance of depression. Antidepressants, including selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, have been shown to act on the immune and oxidative stress mechanisms commonly found to be disrupted in depression. Thus, the inhibition of microglial activation may be one of the mechanisms through which they exert an antidepressant action. AIM This is the first review summarising in vitro and ex vivo studies investigating the effects of different classes of antidepressants on microglia activation, by examining cellular changes and/or via measuring the production of immune and/or oxidative stress signalling molecules, in microglia models of neuroinflammation with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or cytokines. A total of 23 studies were identified, 18 using LPS stimulation and 5 using cytokines stimulation. RESULTS Overall, the studies show that antidepressants, such as selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants prevented microglial activation, including reduced microglial reactivity and decreased immune and oxidative stress products, in both models. However, specific antidepressants, such as bupropion and agomelatine did not prevent interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-induced microglial activation; and for other antidepressants, including phenelzine, venlafaxine and sertraline, the results of different studies were inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS Overall, results summarised in this review support the hypothesis that the action of at least certain classes of antidepressants may involve regulation of microglial activation, especially when in presence of increased levels of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Mariani
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James Everson
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carmine M Pariante
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandra Borsini
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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98
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Gao L, Zhang Y, Sterling K, Song W. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in Alzheimer's disease and its pharmaceutical potential. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:4. [PMID: 35090576 PMCID: PMC8796548 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic abnormalities are a cardinal feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that are known to arise as the disease progresses. A growing body of evidence suggests that pathological alterations to neuronal circuits and synapses may provide a mechanistic link between amyloid β (Aβ) and tau pathology and thus may serve as an obligatory relay of the cognitive impairment in AD. Brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNFs) play an important role in maintaining synaptic plasticity in learning and memory. Considering AD as a synaptic disorder, BDNF has attracted increasing attention as a potential diagnostic biomarker and a therapeutical molecule for AD. Although depletion of BDNF has been linked with Aβ accumulation, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis, the exact mechanisms underlying the effect of impaired BDNF signaling on AD are still unknown. Here, we present an overview of how BDNF genomic structure is connected to factors that regulate BDNF signaling. We then discuss the role of BDNF in AD and the potential of BDNF-targeting therapeutics for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Gao
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, College of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Yun Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Keenan Sterling
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Weihong Song
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, College of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, China.
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, School of Mental Health and The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, 325001, Zhejiang, China.
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99
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Shukla P, Mandalla A, Elrick MJ, Venkatesan A. Clinical Manifestations and Pathogenesis of Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy: The Interface Between Systemic Infection and Neurologic Injury. Front Neurol 2022; 12:628811. [PMID: 35058867 PMCID: PMC8764155 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.628811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) is a devastating neurologic condition that can arise following a variety of systemic infections, including influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Affected individuals typically present with rapid changes in consciousness, focal neurological deficits, and seizures. Neuroimaging reveals symmetric, bilateral deep gray matter lesions, often involving the thalami, with evidence of necrosis and/or hemorrhage. The clinical and radiologic picture must be distinguished from direct infection of the central nervous system by some viruses, and from metabolic and mitochondrial disorders. Outcomes following ANE are poor overall and worse in those with brainstem involvement. Specific management is often directed toward modulating immune responses given the potential role of systemic inflammation and cytokine storm in potentiating neurologic injury in ANE, though benefits of such approaches remain unclear. The finding that many patients have mutations in the nucleoporin gene RANBP2, which encodes a multifunctional protein that plays a key role in nucleocytoplasmic transport, may allow for the development of disease models that provide insights into pathogenic mechanisms and novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Shukla
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Abby Mandalla
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Matthew J Elrick
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Arun Venkatesan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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100
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Skotte L, Fadista J, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Appadurai V, Hildebrand MS, Hansen TF, Banasik K, Grove J, Albiñana C, Geller F, Bjurström CF, Vilhjálmsson BJ, Coleman M, Damiano JA, Burgess R, Scheffer IE, Pedersen OBV, Erikstrup C, Westergaard D, Nielsen KR, Sørensen E, Bruun MT, Liu X, Hjalgrim H, Pers TH, Mortensen PB, Mors O, Nordentoft M, Dreier JW, Børglum AD, Christensen J, Hougaard DM, Buil A, Hviid A, Melbye M, Ullum H, Berkovic SF, Werge T, Feenstra B. Genome-wide association study of febrile seizures implicates fever response and neuronal excitability genes. Brain 2022; 145:555-568. [PMID: 35022648 PMCID: PMC9128543 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Febrile seizures represent the most common type of pathological brain activity in
young children and are influenced by genetic, environmental and developmental
factors. In a minority of cases, febrile seizures precede later development of
epilepsy. We conducted a genome-wide association study of febrile seizures in 7635 cases
and 83 966 controls identifying and replicating seven new loci, all with
P < 5 × 10−10. Variants at two loci were functionally related to altered expression of the fever
response genes PTGER3 and IL10, and four other
loci harboured genes (BSN, ERC2,
GABRG2, HERC1) influencing neuronal
excitability by regulating neurotransmitter release and binding, vesicular
transport or membrane trafficking at the synapse. Four previously reported loci
(SCN1A, SCN2A, ANO3 and
12q21.33) were all confirmed. Collectively, the seven novel and four previously
reported loci explained 2.8% of the variance in liability to febrile
seizures, and the single nucleotide polymorphism heritability based on all
common autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms was 10.8%.
GABRG2, SCN1A and SCN2A
are well-established epilepsy genes and, overall, we found positive genetic
correlations with epilepsies (rg = 0.39,
P = 1.68 × 10−4). Further,
we found that higher polygenic risk scores for febrile seizures were associated
with epilepsy and with history of hospital admission for febrile seizures.
Finally, we found that polygenic risk of febrile seizures was lower in febrile
seizure patients with neuropsychiatric disease compared to febrile seizure
patients in a general population sample. In conclusion, this largest genetic investigation of febrile seizures to date
implicates central fever response genes as well as genes affecting neuronal
excitability, including several known epilepsy genes. Further functional and
genetic studies based on these findings will provide important insights into the
complex pathophysiological processes of seizures with and without fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Skotte
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - João Fadista
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- Danish Centre for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vivek Appadurai
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Michael S Hildebrand
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne (Austin Health), Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas F Hansen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karina Banasik
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Grove
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine–Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Clara Albiñana
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carmen F Bjurström
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bjarni J Vilhjálmsson
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Matthew Coleman
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne (Austin Health), Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John A Damiano
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne (Austin Health), Victoria, Australia
| | - Rosemary Burgess
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne (Austin Health), Victoria, Australia
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne (Austin Health), Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Flemington, Victoria, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Christian Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David Westergaard
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kaspar René Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital North, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Erik Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mie Topholm Bruun
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Xueping Liu
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Hjalgrim
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Haematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tune H Pers
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie W Dreier
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine–Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jakob Christensen
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David M Hougaard
- Danish Centre for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alfonso Buil
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Anders Hviid
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Pharmacovigilance Research Center, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Henrik Ullum
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Samuel F Berkovic
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne (Austin Health), Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Werge
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services, Capital Region Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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