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Giatti S, Mastrangelo R, D'Antonio M, Pesaresi M, Romano S, Diviccaro S, Caruso D, Mitro N, Melcangi RC. Neuroactive steroids and diabetic complications in the nervous system. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 48:58-69. [PMID: 28739507 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Important complications of diabetes mellitus in the nervous system are represented by diabetic peripheral neuropathy and diabetic encephalopathy. In this context, an important link is represented by neuroactive steroids (i.e., steroids coming from peripheral glands and affecting nervous functionality as well as directly synthesized in the nervous system). Indeed, diabetes does not only affect the reproductive axis and consequently the levels of sex steroid hormones, but also those of neuroactive steroids. Indeed, as will be here summarized, the levels of these neuromodulators present in the central and peripheral nervous system are affected by the pathology in a sex-dimorphic way. In addition, some of these neuroactive steroids, such as the metabolites of progesterone or testosterone, as well as pharmacological tools able to increase their levels have been demonstrated, in experimental models, to be promising protective agents against diabetic peripheral neuropathy and diabetic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Giatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - R Mastrangelo
- Division of Genetic and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milano, Italy
| | - M D'Antonio
- Division of Genetic and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milano, Italy
| | - M Pesaresi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - S Romano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - S Diviccaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - D Caruso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - N Mitro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - R C Melcangi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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Orhan C, Şahin N, Tuzcu Z, Komorowski JR, Şahin K. Combined oral supplementation of chromium picolinate, docosahexaenoic acid, and boron enhances neuroprotection in rats fed a high-fat diet. Turk J Med Sci 2017; 47:1616-1625. [PMID: 29152944 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1701-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim: A novel complex of a nutritional supplement (CDB) contains chromium picolinate (CrPic), phosphatidylserine (PS), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and boron (B). The present study aimed to investigate the effects of CDB on the metabolic profile and memory acquisition in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Materials and methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into six groups and received either a regular diet or HFD supplemented with or without different levels of CDB (0, 11, or 22 mg/kg BW). Results: Rats fed the HFD had greater glucose, insulin, lipid profile, and serum malondialdehyde concentrations, but lower serotonin and tryptophan in the serum and brain and lower Cr concentrations in serum, kidney, brain, and liver (P < 0.0001). CDB complex supplementation reversed all the effects, and the reversal effect was more pronounced with HFD for some parameters. Latency was less (P < 0.05) but probe was greater (P < 0.0001) for rats fed a regular diet. Increasing CDB complex levels in the diets resulted in a linear decrease in latency (P < 0.0002) but a linear increase in probe (P < 0.0002). Conclusion: Findings of the present work indicate that the CDB complex could be considered as an alternative treatment for preventing certain metabolic diseases and improving neurological functions, such as learning and memory.
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Wu YJ, Lin CC, Yeh CM, Chien ME, Tsao MC, Tseng P, Huang CW, Hsu KS. Repeated transcranial direct current stimulation improves cognitive dysfunction and synaptic plasticity deficit in the prefrontal cortex of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Brain Stimul 2017; 10:1079-1087. [PMID: 28870510 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction is commonly observed in diabetic patients. We have previously reported that anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex can facilitate visuospatial working memory in diabetic patients with concomitant diabetic peripheral neuropathy and mild cognitive impairment, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. OBJECTIVE We investigated the cellular mechanisms underlying the effect of tDCS on cognitive decline in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. METHODS STZ-induced diabetic rats were subjected to either repeated anodal tDCS or sham stimulation over the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Spatial working memory performance in delayed nonmatch-to-place T maze task (DNMT), the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the mPFC, and dendritic morphology of Golgi-stained pyramidal neurons in the mPFC were assessed. RESULTS Repeated applications of prefrontal anodal tDCS improved spatial working memory performance in DNMT and restored the impaired mPFC LTP of diabetic rats. The mPFC of tDCS-treated diabetic rats exhibited higher levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein and N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunit mRNA and protein compared to sham stimulation group. Furthermore, anodal tDCS significantly increased dendritic spine density on the apical dendrites of mPFC layer V pyramidal cells in diabetic rats, whereas the complexity of basal and apical dendritic trees was unaltered. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that repeated anodal tDCS may improve spatial working memory performance in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats through augmentation of synaptic plasticity that requires BDNF secretion and transcription/translation of NMDARs in the mPFC, and support the therapeutic potential of tDCS for cognitive decline in diabetes mellitus patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jen Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chou-Ching Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Che-Ming Yeh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Miao-Er Chien
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chung Tsao
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Philip Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Humanities in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center for Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wei Huang
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Sen Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Tundo GR, Sbardella D, Ciaccio C, Grasso G, Gioia M, Coletta A, Polticelli F, Di Pierro D, Milardi D, Van Endert P, Marini S, Coletta M. Multiple functions of insulin-degrading enzyme: a metabolic crosslight? Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28635330 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2017.1337707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a ubiquitous zinc peptidase of the inverzincin family, which has been initially discovered as the enzyme responsible for insulin catabolism; therefore, its involvement in the onset of diabetes has been largely investigated. However, further studies on IDE unraveled its ability to degrade several other polypeptides, such as β-amyloid, amylin, and glucagon, envisaging the possible implication of IDE dys-regulation in the "aggregopathies" and, in particular, in neurodegenerative diseases. Over the last decade, a novel scenario on IDE biology has emerged, pointing out a multi-functional role of this enzyme in several basic cellular processes. In particular, latest advances indicate that IDE behaves as a heat shock protein and modulates the ubiquitin-proteasome system, suggesting a major implication in proteins turnover and cell homeostasis. In addition, recent observations have highlighted that the regulation of glucose metabolism by IDE is not merely based on its largely proposed role in the degradation of insulin in vivo. There is increasing evidence that improper IDE function, regulation, or trafficking might contribute to the etiology of metabolic diseases. In addition, the enzymatic activity of IDE is affected by metals levels, thus suggesting a role also in the metal homeostasis (metallostasis), which is thought to be tightly linked to the malfunction of the "quality control" machinery of the cell. Focusing on the physiological role of IDE, we will address a comprehensive vision of the very complex scenario in which IDE takes part, outlining its crucial role in interconnecting several relevant cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia R Tundo
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translation Medicine , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy.,b CIRCMSB , Bari , Italy
| | - Diego Sbardella
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translation Medicine , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy.,b CIRCMSB , Bari , Italy.,c Center for TeleInfrastructures, University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy
| | - Chiara Ciaccio
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translation Medicine , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy.,b CIRCMSB , Bari , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grasso
- d Department of Chemistry , University of Catania , Catania , Italy.,e CNR IBB , Catania , Italy
| | - Magda Gioia
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translation Medicine , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy.,b CIRCMSB , Bari , Italy
| | - Andrea Coletta
- f Department of Chemistry , University of Aarhus , Aarhus , Denmark
| | | | - Donato Di Pierro
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translation Medicine , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy.,b CIRCMSB , Bari , Italy
| | | | - Peter Van Endert
- h Université Paris Descartes, INSERM, U1151, CNRS , Paris , France
| | - Stefano Marini
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translation Medicine , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy.,b CIRCMSB , Bari , Italy.,c Center for TeleInfrastructures, University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy
| | - Massimo Coletta
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translation Medicine , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy.,b CIRCMSB , Bari , Italy.,c Center for TeleInfrastructures, University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy
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Faheem NM, El Askary A. Neuroprotective role of curcumin on the hippocampus against the structural and serological alterations of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in Sprague Dawely rats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 20:690-699. [PMID: 28868124 PMCID: PMC5569451 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2017.8839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diabetes mellitus causes impaired memory and cognitive functions. The hippocampus plays a key role in memory and learning. Curcumin attenuates diabetic nephropathy in vivo. Curcumin has shown a neurogenic effect and cognition-enhancing potential in aged rats. The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible protective role of curcumin on the histological and serological changes of the hippocampus in diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty albino rats were divided into four groups, ten rats each. Group 1 control rats, group 2 rats received curcumin orally (200 mg/kg/day for six weeks), group 3 rats were injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin (STZ) (100 mg/kg, single dose), group 4 received a single injection of STZ and received curcumin orally for six weeks. Paraffin sections of hippocampus were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain, and immnunohistochemical staining for GFAP and caspase-3. Morphometrical and statistical analyses were performed. Glycemic status and parameters of oxidative stress was measured. RESULTS Examination of hippocampus of diabetic rats showed disorganization of small pyramidal cells in CA1, many cellular losses in the pyramidal cells of CA3, many degenerated granule cells in the dentate gyrus. GFAP positive astrocyte and caspase-3 positive neuron counts were significantly increased. There were significant serum glucose elevation and significant lowered levels of oxidative stress parameters as compared to control rats. Curcumin administration improved the structural and serological alterations of the hippocampus with significant reduction in serum glucose level. CONCLUSION Curcumin ameliorates the deterious effect of diabetes on the hippocampus through its antioxidant, antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad El Askary
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine (New Damietta), Al Azhar University, Egypt
- Department of Clinical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, KSA
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van der Harg JM, Eggels L, Bangel FN, Ruigrok SR, Zwart R, Hoozemans JJM, la Fleur SE, Scheper W. Insulin deficiency results in reversible protein kinase A activation and tau phosphorylation. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 103:163-173. [PMID: 28400135 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a highly prevalent multifactorial disease for which Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a risk factor. Abnormal phosphorylation and aggregation of tau is a key hallmark of AD. In animal models, DM induces or exacerbates the phosphorylation of tau, suggesting that DM may influence the risk at AD by directly facilitating tau pathology. Previously we reported that tau phosphorylation induced in response to metabolic stress is reversible. Since identification and understanding of early players in tau pathology is pivotal for therapeutic intervention, we here investigated the mechanism underlying tau phosphorylation in the diabetic brain and its potential for reversibility. To model DM we used streptozotocin-treatment to induce insulin deficiency in rats. Insulin depletion leads to increased tau phosphorylation in the brain and we investigated the activation status of known tau kinases and phosphatases in this model. We identified protein kinase A (PKA) as a tau kinase activated by DM in the brain. The potential relevance of this signaling pathway to AD pathogenesis is indicated by the increased level of active PKA in temporal cortex of early stage AD patients. Our data indicate that activation of PKA and tau phosphorylation are associated with insulin deficiency per se, rather than the downstream energy deprivation. In vitro studies confirm that insulin deficiency results in PKA activation and tau phosphorylation. Strikingly, both active PKA and induced tau phosphorylation are reversed upon insulin treatment in the steptozotocin animal model. Our data identify insulin deficiency as a direct trigger that induces the activity of the tau kinase PKA and results in tau phosphorylation. The reversibility upon insulin treatment underscores the potential of insulin as an early disease-modifying intervention in AD and other tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M van der Harg
- Dept. of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Dept. of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Leslie Eggels
- Dept. Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Fabian N Bangel
- Dept. of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Dept. of Clinical Genetics and Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Silvie R Ruigrok
- Dept. of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rob Zwart
- Dept. of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Susanne E la Fleur
- Dept. Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Wiep Scheper
- Dept. of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Dept. of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Dept. of Clinical Genetics and Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Cermenati G, Giatti S, Audano M, Pesaresi M, Spezzano R, Caruso D, Mitro N, Melcangi RC. Diabetes alters myelin lipid profile in rat cerebral cortex: Protective effects of dihydroprogesterone. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 168:60-70. [PMID: 28167298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Due to the emerging association of diabetes with several psychiatric and neurodegenerative events, the evaluation of the effects of this pathology on the brain function has now a high priority in biomedical research. In particular, the effects of diabetes on myelin compartment have been poorly taken into consideration. To this purpose, we performed a deep lipidomic analysis of cortical myelin in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. In male rats three months of diabetes induced an extensive alterations in levels of phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines (the main species present in myelin membranes), plasmalogens as well as phosphatidylinositols and phosphatidylserines. In addition, the levels of cholesterol and myelin basic protein were also decreased. Because these lipids exert important functional and structural roles in the myelin compartment, our data indicate that cerebral cortex myelin is severely compromised in diabetic status. Treatment for one-month with a metabolite of progesterone, dihydroprogesterone, restored the lipid and protein myelin profiles to the levels observed in non-diabetic animals. These data suggest the potential of therapeutic efficacy of DHP to restore myelin in the diabetic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Cermenati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Giatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Audano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marzia Pesaresi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Spezzano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - Roberto Cosimo Melcangi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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Zhang Y, Song W. Islet amyloid polypeptide: Another key molecule in Alzheimer's pathogenesis? Prog Neurobiol 2017; 153:100-120. [PMID: 28274676 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological evidence reveals that patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often experience a significant decline in cognitive function, and approximately 70% of those cases eventually develop Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although several pathological processes are shared by AD and T2DM, the exact molecular mechanisms connecting these two diseases are poorly understood. Aggregation of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP), the pathological hallmark of T2DM, has also been detected in brain tissue and is associated with cognitive decline and AD development. In addition, hIAPP and amyloid β protein (Aβ) share many biophysical and physiological properties as well as exert similar cytotoxic mechanisms. Therefore, it is important to examine the possible role of hIAPP in the pathogenesis of AD. In this article, we introduce the basics on this amyloidogenic protein. More importantly, we discuss the potential mechanisms of hIAPP-induced AD development, which will be beneficial for proposing novel and feasible strategies to optimize AD prevention and/or treatment in diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Weihong Song
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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59
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Hamed SA. Brain injury with diabetes mellitus: evidence, mechanisms and treatment implications. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2017; 10:409-428. [PMID: 28276776 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2017.1293521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sherifa A. Hamed
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Assiut University Hospital , Assiut, Egypt
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Akhter F, Chen D, Yan SF, Yan SS. Mitochondrial Perturbation in Alzheimer's Disease and Diabetes. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 146:341-361. [PMID: 28253990 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are well-known cellular organelles that play a vital role in cellular bioenergetics, heme biosynthesis, thermogenesis, calcium homeostasis, lipid catabolism, and other metabolic activities. Given the extensive role of mitochondria in cell function, mitochondrial dysfunction plays a part in many diseases, including diabetes and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In most cases, there is overwhelming evidence that impaired mitochondrial function is a causative factor in these diseases. Studying mitochondrial function in diseased cells vs healthy cells may reveal the modified mechanisms and molecular components involved in specific disease states. In this chapter, we provide a concise overview of the major recent findings on mitochondrial abnormalities and their link to synaptic dysfunction relevant to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in AD and diabetes. Our increased understanding of the role of mitochondrial perturbation indicates that the development of specific small molecules targeting aberrant mitochondrial function could provide therapeutic benefits for the brain in combating aging-related dementia and neurodegenerative diseases by powering up brain energy and improving synaptic function and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Akhter
- School of Pharmacy, Higuchi Bioscience Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - D Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Higuchi Bioscience Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - S F Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Higuchi Bioscience Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - S S Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Higuchi Bioscience Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States.
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Bhandari R, Kuhad A. Resveratrol suppresses neuroinflammation in the experimental paradigm of autism spectrum disorders. Neurochem Int 2017; 103:8-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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62
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Noble EE, Hsu TM, Kanoski SE. Gut to Brain Dysbiosis: Mechanisms Linking Western Diet Consumption, the Microbiome, and Cognitive Impairment. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:9. [PMID: 28194099 PMCID: PMC5277010 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of a Western Diet (WD) that is high in saturated fat and added sugars negatively impacts cognitive function, particularly mnemonic processes that rely on the integrity of the hippocampus. Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiome influences cognitive function via the gut-brain axis, and that WD factors significantly alter the proportions of commensal bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. Here we review mechanisms through which consuming a WD negatively impacts neurocognitive function, with a particular focus on recent evidence linking the gut microbiome with dietary- and metabolic-associated hippocampal impairment. We highlight evidence linking gut bacteria to altered intestinal permeability and blood brain barrier integrity, thus making the brain more vulnerable to the influx of deleterious substances from the circulation. WD consumption also increases production of endotoxin by commensal bacteria, which may promote neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction. Recent findings also show that diet-induced alterations in gut microbiota impair peripheral insulin sensitivity, which is associated with hippocampal neuronal derrangements and associated mnemonic deficits. In some cases treatment with specific probiotics or prebiotics can prevent or reverse some of the deleterious impact of WD consumption on neuropsychological outcomes, indicating that targeting the microbiome may be a successful strategy for combating dietary- and metabolic-associated cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Noble
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ted M Hsu
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA
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Caughey S, Harris AP, Seckl JR, Holmes MC, Yau JLW. Forebrain-Specific Transgene Rescue of 11β-HSD1 Associates with Impaired Spatial Memory and Reduced Hippocampal Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor mRNA Levels in Aged 11β-HSD1 Deficient Mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2017; 29. [PMID: 27859809 PMCID: PMC5244685 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mice lacking the intracellular glucocorticoid-regenerating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) are protected from age-related spatial memory deficits. 11β-HSD1 is expressed predominantly in the brain, liver and adipose tissue. Reduced glucocorticoid levels in the brain in the absence of 11β-HSD1 may underlie the improved memory in aged 11β-HSD1 deficient mice. However, the improved glucose tolerance, insulin sensitisation and cardioprotective lipid profile associated with reduced peripheral glucocorticoid regeneration may potentially contribute to the cognitive phenotype of aged 11β-HSD1 deficient mice. In the present study, transgenic mice with forebrain-specific overexpression of 11β-HSD1 (Tg) were intercrossed with global 11β-HSD1 knockout mice (HSD1KO) to examine the influence of forebrain and peripheral 11β-HSD1 activity on spatial memory in aged mice. Transgene-mediated delivery of 11β-HSD1 to the hippocampus and cortex of aged HSD1KO mice reversed the improved spatial memory retention in the Y-maze but not spatial learning in the watermaze. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA levels in the hippocampus of aged HSD1KO mice were increased compared to aged wild-type mice. Rescue of forebrain 11β-HSD1 reduced BDNF mRNA in aged HSD1KO mice to levels comparable to aged wild-type mice. These findings indicate that 11β-HSD1 regenerated glucocorticoids in the forebrain and decreased levels of BDNF mRNA in the hippocampus play a role in spatial memory deficits in aged wild-type mice, although 11β-HSD1 activity in peripheral tissues may also contribute to spatial learning impairments in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Caughey
- UoE/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A P Harris
- UoE/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J R Seckl
- UoE/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M C Holmes
- UoE/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J L W Yau
- UoE/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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64
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de Senna PN, Bagatini PB, Galland F, Bobermin L, do Nascimento PS, Nardin P, Tramontina AC, Gonçalves CA, Achaval M, Xavier LL. Physical exercise reverses spatial memory deficit and induces hippocampal astrocyte plasticity in diabetic rats. Brain Res 2017; 1655:242-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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65
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Ribe EM, Lovestone S. Insulin signalling in Alzheimer's disease and diabetes: from epidemiology to molecular links. J Intern Med 2016; 280:430-442. [PMID: 27739227 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
As populations across the world both age and become more obese, the numbers of individuals with Alzheimer's disease and diabetes are increasing; posing enormous challenges for society and consequently becoming priorities for governments and global organizations. These issues, an ageing population at risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and an increasingly obese population at risk of metabolic alterations such as type 2 diabetes, are usually considered as independent conditions, but increasing evidence from both epidemiological and molecular studies link these disorders. The aim of this review was to highlight these multifactorial links. We will discuss the impact of direct links between insulin and IGF-1 signalling and the Alzheimer's disease-associated pathological events as well as the impact of other processes such as inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction either common to both conditions or perhaps responsible for a mechanistic link between metabolic and neurodegenerative disease. An understanding of such associations might be of importance not only in the understanding of disease mechanisms but also in the search for novel therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Ribe
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Lovestone
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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66
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Suliman NA, Mat Taib CN, Mohd Moklas MA, Adenan MI, Hidayat Baharuldin MT, Basir R. Establishing Natural Nootropics: Recent Molecular Enhancement Influenced by Natural Nootropic. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2016; 2016:4391375. [PMID: 27656235 PMCID: PMC5021479 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4391375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nootropics or smart drugs are well-known compounds or supplements that enhance the cognitive performance. They work by increasing the mental function such as memory, creativity, motivation, and attention. Recent researches were focused on establishing a new potential nootropic derived from synthetic and natural products. The influence of nootropic in the brain has been studied widely. The nootropic affects the brain performances through number of mechanisms or pathways, for example, dopaminergic pathway. Previous researches have reported the influence of nootropics on treating memory disorders, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. Those disorders are observed to impair the same pathways of the nootropics. Thus, recent established nootropics are designed sensitively and effectively towards the pathways. Natural nootropics such as Ginkgo biloba have been widely studied to support the beneficial effects of the compounds. Present review is concentrated on the main pathways, namely, dopaminergic and cholinergic system, and the involvement of amyloid precursor protein and secondary messenger in improving the cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Azuin Suliman
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Che Norma Mat Taib
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Aris Mohd Moklas
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ilham Adenan
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery, Aras 9 Bangunan FF3, UiTM Puncak Alam, Bandar Baru Puncak Alam, 42300 Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | | | - Rusliza Basir
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
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67
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Gainey SJ, Kwakwa KA, Bray JK, Pillote MM, Tir VL, Towers AE, Freund GG. Short-Term High-Fat Diet (HFD) Induced Anxiety-Like Behaviors and Cognitive Impairment Are Improved with Treatment by Glyburide. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:156. [PMID: 27563288 PMCID: PMC4980396 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity-associated comorbidities such as cognitive impairment and anxiety are increasing public health burdens that have gained prevalence in children. To better understand the impact of childhood obesity on brain function, mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) from weaning for 1, 3 or 6 weeks. When compared to low-fat diet (LFD)-fed mice (LFD-mice), HFD-fed mice (HFD-mice) had impaired novel object recognition (NOR) after 1 week. After 3 weeks, HFD-mice had impaired NOR and object location recognition (OLR). Additionally, these mice displayed anxiety-like behavior by measure of both the open-field and elevated zero maze (EZM) testing. At 6 weeks, HFD-mice were comparable to LFD-mice in NOR, open-field and EZM performance but they remained impaired during OLR testing. Glyburide, a second-generation sulfonylurea for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, was chosen as a countermeasure based on previous data exhibiting its potential as an anxiolytic. Interestingly, a single dose of glyburide corrected deficiencies in NOR and mitigated anxiety-like behaviors in mice fed with HFD-diet for 3-weeks. Taken together these results indicate that a HFD negatively impacts a subset of hippocampal-independent behaviors relatively rapidly, but such behaviors normalize with age. In contrast, impairment of hippocampal-sensitive memory takes longer to develop but persists. Since single-dose glyburide restores brain function in 3-week-old HFD-mice, drugs that block ATP-sensitive K(+) (KATP) channels may be of clinical relevance in the treatment of obesity-associated childhood cognitive issues and psychopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Gainey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA; Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois College of MedicineUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Kristin A Kwakwa
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois College of Medicine Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Julie K Bray
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois College of Medicine Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Melissa M Pillote
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois College of Medicine Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Vincent L Tir
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois College of Medicine Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Albert E Towers
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois College of MedicineUrbana, IL, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Gregory G Freund
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA; Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois College of MedicineUrbana, IL, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA
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68
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Abstract
Although an association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and cognitive dysfunction has been recognized for a century, it is often not considered as a complication of DM and remains under-recognized. Cognitive dysfunction, usually present as mild cognitive impairment, can occur with either type 1 or type 2 DM. Both forms of DM contribute to accelerated cerebral atrophy and to the presence of heightened white matter abnormalities. These effects are noted most at the two extremes of life, in childhood and in the advanced years. The cognitive spheres most affected include attention and executive function, processing speed, perception, and memory. Although DM is unlikely to lead to frank dementia, its ability to exacerbate existing neurodegenerative processes, such as Alzheimer disease, will impact tremendously upon our society in the upcoming decades as our population ages. This chapter describes the clinical impact of DM upon the brain, along with discussion of the potential therapeutic avenues to be discovered in the coming decades. We need to prepare for better preventative and therapeutic management of this cerebral neurodegenerative condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Toth
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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69
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Li L, Xu M, Shen B, Li M, Gao Q, Wei SG. Moderate exercise prevents neurodegeneration in D-galactose-induced aging mice. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:807-15. [PMID: 27335566 PMCID: PMC4904473 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.182709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
D-galactose has been widely used in aging research because of its efficacy in inducing senescence and accelerating aging in animal models. The present study investigated the benefits of exercise for preventing neurodegeneration, such as synaptic plasticity, spatial learning and memory abilities, in mouse models of aging. D-galactose-induced aging mice were administered daily subcutaneous injections of D-galactose at the base of the neck for 10 consecutive weeks. Then, the mice were subjected to exercise training by running on a treadmill for 6 days a week. Shortened escape latency in a Morris water maze test indicated that exercise improved learning and memory in aging mice. The ameliorative changes were likely induced by an upregulation of Bcl-2 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, the repression of apoptosis factors such as Fas and Bax, and an increase in the activity of glucose transporters-1 and 4. The data suggest moderate exercise may retard or inhibit neurodegeneration in D-galactose-induced aging mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Infectious Medicine, Beijing YouAn Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Infectious Medicine, Beijing YouAn Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Infectious Medicine, Beijing YouAn Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Children's and Women's Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Department of Children's and Women's Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shou-Gang Wei
- Department of Children's and Women's Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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70
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Halder S, Kar R, Mehta AK, Bhattacharya SK, Mediratta PK, Banerjee BD. Quercetin Modulates the Effects of Chromium Exposure on Learning, Memory and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in F1 Generation Mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 171:391-398. [PMID: 26521059 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0544-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated whether chromium (Cr) administered to the dams (F0) during lactation period could affect memory and oxidative stress in F1 generation mice in their adulthood and whether quercetin could modulate these effects. Morris water maze (MWM) was used to test for spatial memory. Passive avoidance task and elevated plus maze were used to test for acquisition and retention memory. Oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase activity and malonaldehyde (MDA) levels in the brain tissue. The results of MWM showed that the animals in the Cr-treated group compared to control have better spatial memory that was further enhanced when Cr was administered along with quercetin (50 mg/kg). The elevated plus maze test also showed the Cr-treated group to improve acquisition as well as retention memory compared to control. Co-treatment with quercetin (all doses) also exhibited enhanced acquisition and retention memory compared to control. The passive avoidance task demonstrated no significant improvement in memory in the Cr-treated mice but co-treatment with quercetin (100 mg/kg) showed improved acquisition memory compared to control which was significantly better than the animals treated with chromium alone. GST activity was significantly increased in the Cr-treated animals, and this was further increased in groups treated with Cr and quercetin (all doses). Chromium when administered alone and in combination with quercetin (all doses) significantly reduced MDA levels. However, Cr treatment did not show significant change in catalase activity. Nevertheless, co-treatment with quercetin (25 and 50 mg/kg) resulted in significant decrease in catalase activity. Thus, our study demonstrates that Cr exposure during lactation could be beneficial for pups with respect to augmentation of cognitive function and reduction of oxidative stress. Quercetin could probably enhance this effect to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Halder
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Medical Sciences and G. T. B. Hospital, New Delhi, 110095, India.
| | - Rajarshi Kar
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences and G. T. B. Hospital, New Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Ashish K Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Swapan K Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Medical Sciences and G. T. B. Hospital, New Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Pramod K Mediratta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201306, India
| | - Basu D Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences and G. T. B. Hospital, New Delhi, 110095, India
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71
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Ribarič S. The Rationale for Insulin Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21060689. [PMID: 27240327 PMCID: PMC6273626 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, with a prevalence that increases with age. By 2050, the worldwide number of patients with AD is projected to reach more than 140 million. The prominent signs of AD are progressive memory loss, accompanied by a gradual decline in cognitive function and premature death. AD is the clinical manifestation of altered proteostasis. The initiating step of altered proteostasis in most AD patients is not known. The progression of AD is accelerated by several chronic disorders, among which the contribution of diabetes to AD is well understood at the cell biology level. The pathological mechanisms of AD and diabetes interact and tend to reinforce each other, thus accelerating cognitive impairment. At present, only symptomatic interventions are available for treating AD. To optimise symptomatic treatment, a personalised therapy approach has been suggested. Intranasal insulin administration seems to open the possibility for a safe, and at least in the short term, effective symptomatic intervention that delays loss of cognition in AD patients. This review summarizes the interactions of AD and diabetes from the cell biology to the patient level and the clinical results of intranasal insulin treatment of cognitive decline in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samo Ribarič
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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72
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Zhao F, Li J, Mo L, Tan M, Zhang T, Tang Y, Zhao Y. Changes in Neurons and Synapses in Hippocampus of Streptozotocin-Induced Type 1 Diabetes Rats: A Stereological Investigation. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:1174-83. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy; North Sichuan Medical College; Nanchong 637007 People's Republic of China
- Department of Histology and Embryology; North Sichuan Medical College; Nanchong 637007 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy; North Sichuan Medical College; Nanchong 637007 People's Republic of China
- Department of Histology and Embryology; North Sichuan Medical College; Nanchong 637007 People's Republic of China
| | - Linlong Mo
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy; North Sichuan Medical College; Nanchong 637007 People's Republic of China
- Department of Histology and Embryology; North Sichuan Medical College; Nanchong 637007 People's Republic of China
| | - Min Tan
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy; North Sichuan Medical College; Nanchong 637007 People's Republic of China
- Department of Histology and Embryology; North Sichuan Medical College; Nanchong 637007 People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy; North Sichuan Medical College; Nanchong 637007 People's Republic of China
- Department of Histology and Embryology; North Sichuan Medical College; Nanchong 637007 People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing 400016 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyu Zhao
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy; North Sichuan Medical College; Nanchong 637007 People's Republic of China
- Department of Histology and Embryology; North Sichuan Medical College; Nanchong 637007 People's Republic of China
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73
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Sadeghi A, Hami J, Razavi S, Esfandiary E, Hejazi Z. The Effect of Diabetes Mellitus on Apoptosis in Hippocampus: Cellular and Molecular Aspects. Int J Prev Med 2016; 7:57. [PMID: 27076895 PMCID: PMC4809120 DOI: 10.4103/2008-7802.178531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetes mellitus is associated with cognitive deficits in humans and animals. These deficits are paralleled by neurophysiological and structural changes in brain. In diabetic animals, impairments of spatial learning, memory, and cognition occur in association with distinct changes in hippocampus, a key brain area for many forms of learning and memory and are particularly sensitive to changes in glucose homeostasis. However, the multifactorial pathogenesis of diabetic encephalopathy is not yet completely understood. Apoptosis plays a crucial role in diabetes-induce neuronal loss in hippocampus. Methods: The effects of diabetes on hippocampus and cognitive/behavioral dysfunctions in experimental models of diabetes are reviewed, with a focus on the negative impact on increased neuronal apoptosis and related cellular and molecular mechanisms. Results: Of all articles that were assessed, most of the experimental studies clearly showed that diabetes causes neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus through multiple mechanisms, including oxidative stress, inhibition of caspases, disturbance in expression of apoptosis regulator genes, as well as deficits in mitochondrial function. The balance between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signaling may determine the neuronal apoptotic outcome in vitro and in vivo models of experimental diabetes. Conclusions: Dissecting out the mechanisms responsible for diabetes-related changes in the hippocampal cell apoptosis helps improve treatment of impaired cognitive and memory functions in diabetic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Sadeghi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Javad Hami
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Shahnaz Razavi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Esfandiary
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Hejazi
- Department of Genetic Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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74
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Gaspar JM, Baptista FI, Macedo MP, Ambrósio AF. Inside the Diabetic Brain: Role of Different Players Involved in Cognitive Decline. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:131-42. [PMID: 26667832 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disease, and its prevalence is increasing. A growing body of evidence, both in animal models and epidemiological studies, has demonstrated that metabolic diseases like obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes are associated with alterations in the central nervous system (CNS), being linked with development of cognitive and memory impairments and presenting a higher risk for dementia and Alzheimer's disease. The rising prevalence of diabetes together with its increasing earlier onset suggests that diabetes-related cognitive dysfunction will increase in the near future, causing substantial socioeconomic impact. Decreased insulin secretion or action, dysregulation of glucose homeostasis, impairment in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, obesity, hyperleptinemia, and inflammation may act independently or synergistically to disrupt neuronal homeostasis and cause diabetes-associated cognitive decline. However, the crosstalk between those factors and the mechanisms underlying the diabetes-related CNS complications is still elusive. During the past few years, different strategies (neuroprotective and antioxidant drugs) have emerged as promising therapies for this complication, which still remains to be preventable or treatable. This Review summarizes fundamental past and ongoing research on diabetes-associated cognitive decline, highlighting potential contributors, mechanistic mediators, and new pharmacological approaches to prevent and/or delay this complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M. Gaspar
- CEDOC,
Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de
Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Edifício
CEDOC - IIRua Câmara Pestana no. 6, 6A e 6B, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
- Institute
for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Portuguese Diabetes Association (APDP), R. do Salitre 118-120, 1250-203 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipa I. Baptista
- Institute
for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI
Consortium, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. Paula Macedo
- CEDOC,
Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de
Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Edifício
CEDOC - IIRua Câmara Pestana no. 6, 6A e 6B, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
- Portuguese Diabetes Association (APDP), R. do Salitre 118-120, 1250-203 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António F. Ambrósio
- Institute
for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI
Consortium, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- AIBILI, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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75
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Gozes I, Sragovich S, Schirer Y, Idan-Feldman A. D-SAL and NAP: Two Peptides Sharing a SIP Domain. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 59:220-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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76
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Moriarty O, Lang Y, Idrees Z, McGuire BE, Finn DP. Impaired cued and spatial learning performance and altered cannabinoid CB₁ receptor functionality in the substantia nigra in a rat model of diabetic neuropathy. Behav Brain Res 2016; 303:61-70. [PMID: 26774979 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes, and associated diabetic neuropathic pain, impact negatively on cognitive function. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study investigated neuropathic pain-related behaviour and cognitive function in the rat streptozotocin (STZ) model of diabetes, and assessed cannabinoid1 (CB1) receptor functionality in discrete brain regions. Male Lister-Hooded rats received STZ (60 mg/kgs.c.) or vehicle. Sensory responses were assessed in von Frey and Hargreaves tests. Cognitive, motor and sensorimotor functions were assessed using novel object recognition and Morris water maze tasks. CB1 receptor functionality was assessed by [(35)S]GTPγS (guanosine 5'-O-[gamma-thio]triphosphate) autoradiography. STZ treatment was associated with mechanical allodynia and thermal hypoalgesia. Novel object recognition was unaltered in diabetic rats. STZ treatment was associated with impaired performance in the Morris water maze acquisition phase, but there were no differences in memory retrieval in the probe trial. Stimulus-response learning in the water maze cued trial was also disrupted in STZ-treated rats, possibly indicating sensorimotor deficits. CB1 receptor agonist-stimulated [(35)S]GTPγS binding was attenuated in the substantia nigra of STZ-treated rats but unaltered in the hippocampus. In conclusion, STZ treatment as a model of diabetic neuropathy was associated with specific functional deficits in the Morris water maze, effects which may be related to altered CB1 receptor functionality in the substantia nigra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla Moriarty
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Ireland; NCBES Neuroscience Centre, Ireland; Centre for Pain Research, Ireland
| | - Yvonne Lang
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Ireland; NCBES Neuroscience Centre, Ireland; Centre for Pain Research, Ireland
| | - Zubair Idrees
- Department of Opthalmology, Galway University Hospital, Ireland
| | - Brian E McGuire
- School of Psychology, Ireland; NCBES Neuroscience Centre, Ireland; Centre for Pain Research, Ireland; Galway Diabetes Research Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - David P Finn
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Ireland; NCBES Neuroscience Centre, Ireland; Centre for Pain Research, Ireland; Galway Diabetes Research Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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77
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Prabhakar V, Gupta D, Kanade P, Radhakrishnan M. Diabetes-associated depression: the serotonergic system as a novel multifunctional target. Indian J Pharmacol 2015; 47:4-10. [PMID: 25821303 PMCID: PMC4375817 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.150305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes associated depression is a largely understudied field which nonetheless carries a significant disease burden. The very low therapeutic efficacy of the existing conventional drugs with poor outcome may be, in part, due to uncertainty of the mechanism involved that clearly explains the existing comorbidity. The main purpose of this review was to address the sophisticated mechanisms of this comorbidity with a view of developing potential novel targets with higher efficacy and specificity. Data were collected from database searches including PubMed, references from relevant English language research/review articles and other official publications. Articles from 1990 to 2013 were included, and a broad search term criteria were followed for data mining so that relevant information was not missed out. Some of the search terms used included; diabetes-induced depression, diabetes and serotonin, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and diabetes and glucocorticoids in diabetes. Neuropathologically, depletion of brain monoaminergic activity specifically the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) system, due to chronically persisting diabetic state may lead to the mood and behavioral complications that further add on worsening the quality life years. The 5-HT system through multifunctional tasks regulates neurogenesis and plasticity and by complex receptor mechanism controls the emotional and behavioral activity. Persisting hyperglycemia leads to impaired neurogenesis, decreased synaptic plasticity, undesired neuro-anatomical alterations, neurochemical deficits, and reduced neurotransmitter activity. The neurotrophic factors and secondary messenger functions affected at molecular and genetic levels indicate the impact of diabetes-mediated dysregulation on neuronal circuits. HPA activity, glycogen synthase kinase 3, and insulin signaling controls were also found to be hampered, interlinked to 5-HT system following diabetic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visakh Prabhakar
- Department of Pharmacy and, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepali Gupta
- Department of Pharmacy and, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Prateek Kanade
- Department of Pharmacy and, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mahesh Radhakrishnan
- Department of Pharmacy and, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
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78
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Neuropsychopharmacotherapeutic efficacy of curcumin in experimental paradigm of autism spectrum disorders. Life Sci 2015; 141:156-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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79
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Grillo CA, Piroli GG, Lawrence RC, Wrighten SA, Green AJ, Wilson SP, Sakai RR, Kelly SJ, Wilson MA, Mott DD, Reagan LP. Hippocampal Insulin Resistance Impairs Spatial Learning and Synaptic Plasticity. Diabetes 2015; 64. [PMID: 26216852 PMCID: PMC4613975 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Insulin receptors (IRs) are expressed in discrete neuronal populations in the central nervous system, including the hippocampus. To elucidate the functional role of hippocampal IRs independent of metabolic function, we generated a model of hippocampal-specific insulin resistance using a lentiviral vector expressing an IR antisense sequence (LV-IRAS). LV-IRAS effectively downregulates IR expression in the rat hippocampus without affecting body weight, adiposity, or peripheral glucose homeostasis. Nevertheless, hippocampal neuroplasticity was impaired in LV-IRAS-treated rats. High-frequency stimulation, which evoked robust long-term potentiation (LTP) in brain slices from LV control rats, failed to evoke LTP in LV-IRAS-treated rats. GluN2B subunit levels, as well as the basal level of phosphorylation of GluA1, were reduced in the hippocampus of LV-IRAS rats. Moreover, these deficits in synaptic transmission were associated with impairments in spatial learning. We suggest that alterations in the expression and phosphorylation of glutamate receptor subunits underlie the alterations in LTP and that these changes are responsible for the impairment in hippocampal-dependent learning. Importantly, these learning deficits are strikingly similar to the impairments in complex task performance observed in patients with diabetes, which strengthens the hypothesis that hippocampal insulin resistance is a key mediator of cognitive deficits independent of glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Grillo
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC
| | - Gerardo G Piroli
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC
| | - Robert C Lawrence
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Shayna A Wrighten
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC
| | - Adrienne J Green
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC
| | - Steven P Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC
| | - Randall R Sakai
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Sandra J Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Marlene A Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC William Jennings Bryan Dorn Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, SC
| | - David D Mott
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC
| | - Lawrence P Reagan
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC William Jennings Bryan Dorn Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, SC
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80
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Duarte JMN. Metabolic Alterations Associated to Brain Dysfunction in Diabetes. Aging Dis 2015; 6:304-21. [PMID: 26425386 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2014.1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
From epidemiological studies it is known that diabetes patients display increased risk of developing dementia. Moreover, cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are also accompanied by impaired glucose homeostasis and insulin signalling. Although there is plenty of evidence for a connection between insulin-resistant diabetes and AD, definitive linking mechanisms remain elusive. Cerebrovascular complications of diabetes, alterations in glucose homeostasis and insulin signalling, as well as recurrent hypoglycaemia are the factors that most likely affect brain function and structure. While difficult to study in patients, the mechanisms by which diabetes leads to brain dysfunction have been investigated in experimental models that display phenotypes of the disease. The present article reviews the impact of diabetes and AD on brain structure and function, and discusses recent findings from translational studies in animal models that link insulin resistance to metabolic alterations that underlie brain dysfunction. Such modifications of brain metabolism are likely to occur at early stages of neurodegeneration and impact regional neurochemical profiles and constitute non-invasive biomarkers detectable by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS).
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Affiliation(s)
- João M N Duarte
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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81
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Function of insulin in snail brain in associative learning. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2015; 201:969-81. [PMID: 26233474 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-015-1032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is well known as a hormone regulating glucose homeostasis across phyla. Although there are insulin-independent mechanisms for glucose uptake in the mammalian brain, which had contributed to a perception of the brain as an insulin-insensitive organ for decades, the finding of insulin and its receptors in the brain revolutionized the concept of insulin signaling in the brain. However, insulin's role in brain functions, such as cognition, attention, and memory, remains unknown. Studies using invertebrates with their open blood-vascular system have the promise of promoting a better understanding of the role played by insulin in mediating/modulating cognitive functions. In this review, the relationship between insulin and its impact on long-term memory (LTM) is discussed particularly in snails. The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis has the ability to undergo conditioned taste aversion (CTA), that is, it associatively learns and forms LTM not to respond with a feeding response to a food that normally elicits a robust feeding response. We show that molluscan insulin-related peptides are up-regulated in snails exhibiting CTA-LTM and play a key role in the causal neural basis of CTA-LTM. We also survey the relevant literature of the roles played by insulin in learning and memory in other phyla.
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82
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Yin Z, Yu H, Chen S, Ma C, Ma X, Xu L, Ma Z, Qu R, Ma S. Asiaticoside attenuates diabetes-induced cognition deficits by regulating PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway. Behav Brain Res 2015; 292:288-99. [PMID: 26097002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction, referred as "diabetic encephalopathy", has been confirmed in a great deal of literature. Current evidence support that oxidative stress, inflammation, energy metabolism imbalance, and aberrant insulin signaling are associated with cognition deficits induced by diabetes. The present study explore the effect of asiaticoside on the cognition behaviors, synapses, and oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Asiaticoside could markedly ameliorate the performance in the Morris Water Maze (decreased latency time and path length, and increased time spent in the target quadrant), which was correlated with its capabilities of suppressing oxidative stress, restoring Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity and protecting hippocampal synapses. In vitro, asiaticoside could up-regulate synaptic proteins expression via modulating Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Protein Kinase B(AKT)/Nuclear Factor -kappa B (NF-κB)-mediated inflammatory pathway in SH-SY5Y cells incubated with high glucose chronically. In conclusion, asiaticoside had beneficial effects on the prevention and treatment of diabetes-associated cognitive deficits, which was involved in oxidative stress, PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway and synaptic function in the development of cognitive decline induced by diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhujun Yin
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - She Chen
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Chunhua Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Lixing Xu
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Zhanqiang Ma
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Rong Qu
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Shiping Ma
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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83
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Huang S, Wang Y, Gan X, Fang D, Zhong C, Wu L, Hu G, Sosunov AA, McKhann GM, Yu H, Yan SS. Drp1-mediated mitochondrial abnormalities link to synaptic injury in diabetes model. Diabetes 2015; 64:1728-42. [PMID: 25412623 PMCID: PMC4407851 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes has adverse effects on the brain, especially the hippocampus, which is particularly susceptible to synaptic injury and cognitive dysfunction. The underlying mechanisms and strategies to rescue such injury and dysfunction are not well understood. Using a mouse model of type 2 diabetes (db/db mice) and a human neuronal cell line treated with high concentration of glucose, we demonstrate aberrant mitochondrial morphology, reduced ATP production, and impaired activity of complex I. These mitochondrial abnormalities are induced by imbalanced mitochondrial fusion and fission via a glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β)/dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp1)-dependent mechanism. Modulation of the Drp1 pathway or inhibition of GSK3β activity restores hippocampal long-term potentiation that is impaired in db/db mice. Our results point to a novel role for mitochondria in diabetes-induced synaptic impairment. Exploration of the mechanisms behind diabetes-induced synaptic deficit may provide a novel treatment for mitochondrial and synaptic injury in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbin Huang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Higuchi Biosciences Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongfu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Higuchi Biosciences Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Xueqi Gan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Higuchi Biosciences Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Du Fang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Higuchi Biosciences Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Changjia Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Higuchi Biosciences Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Long Wu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Higuchi Biosciences Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Gang Hu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Higuchi Biosciences Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Alexander A Sosunov
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Guy M McKhann
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Haiyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shirley ShiDu Yan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Higuchi Biosciences Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
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84
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Models and mechanisms for hippocampal dysfunction in obesity and diabetes. Neuroscience 2015; 309:125-39. [PMID: 25934036 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Clinical studies suggest that obesity and Type 2 (insulin-resistant) diabetes impair the structural integrity of medial temporal lobe regions involved in memory and confer greater vulnerability to neurological insults. While eliminating obesity and its endocrine comorbidities would be the most straightforward way to minimize cognitive risk, structural barriers to physical activity and the widespread availability of calorically dense, highly palatable foods will likely necessitate additional strategies to maintain brain health over the lifespan. Research in rodents has identified numerous correlates of hippocampal functional impairment in obesity and diabetes, with several studies demonstrating causality in subsequent mechanistic studies. This review highlights recent work on pathways and cell-cell interactions underlying the synaptic consequences of obesity, diabetes, or in models with both pathological conditions. Although the mechanisms vary across different animal models, immune activation has emerged as a shared feature of obesity and diabetes, with synergistic exacerbation of neuroinflammation in model systems with both conditions. This review discusses these findings with reference to the benefits of incorporating existing models from the fields of obesity and metabolic disease. Many transgenic lines with basal metabolic alterations or differential susceptibility to diet-induced obesity have yet to be characterized with respect to their cognitive and synaptic phenotype. Adopting these models, and building on the extensive knowledge base used to generate them, is a promising avenue for understanding interactions between peripheral disease states and neurodegenerative disorders.
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85
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Lee SG, Yoo DY, Jung HY, Nam SM, Kim JW, Choi JH, Yi SS, Won MH, Yoon YS, Hwang IK, Moon SM. Neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region, but not the dentate gyrus, are susceptible to oxidative stress in rats with streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:451-6. [PMID: 25878595 PMCID: PMC4396109 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.153695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes on antioxidant-like protein-1 immunoreactivity, protein carbonyl levels, and malondialdehyde formation, a marker for lipid peroxidation, in the hippocampus. For this study, streptozotocin (75 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected into adult rats to induce type 1 diabetes. The three experimental parameters were determined at 2, 3, 4 weeks after streptozotocin treatment. Fasting blood glucose levels significantly increased by 20.7–21.9 mM after streptozotocin treatment. The number of antioxidant-like protein-1 immunoreactive neurons significantly decreased in the hippocampal CA1 region, but not the dentate gyrus, 3 weeks after streptozotocin treatment compared to the control group. Malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl levels, which are modified by oxidative stress, significantly increased with a peak at 3 weeks after malondialdehyde treatment, and then decreased 4 weeks after malondialdehyde treatment. These results suggest that neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region, but not the dentate gyrus, are susceptible to oxidative stress 3 weeks after malondialdehyde treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Gun Lee
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hwaseong 445-907, South Korea
| | - Dae Young Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Hyo Young Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Sung Min Nam
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Jong Whi Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Choi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Sun Shin Yi
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, South Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Yeo Sung Yoon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Seung Myung Moon
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hwaseong 445-907, South Korea
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86
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Taylor SL, Trudeau D, Arnold B, Wang J, Gerrow K, Summerfeldt K, Holmes A, Zamani A, Brocardo PS, Brown CE. VEGF can protect against blood brain barrier dysfunction, dendritic spine loss and spatial memory impairment in an experimental model of diabetes. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 78:1-11. [PMID: 25829228 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and experimental studies have shown a clear link between diabetes, vascular dysfunction and cognitive impairment. However, the molecular underpinnings of this association remain unclear. Since vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling is important for maintaining vascular integrity and function, we hypothesized that vascular and cognitive impairment in the diabetic brain could be related to a deficiency in VEGF signaling. Here we show that chronic hyperglycemia (~8weeks) in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes leads to a selective reduction in the expression of VEGF and its cognate receptor (VEGF-R2) in the hippocampus. Correlating with this, diabetic mice showed selective deficits in spatial memory in the Morris water maze, increased vessel area, width and permeability in the dentate gyrus/CA1 region of the hippocampus and reduced spine densities in CA1 neurons. Chronic low dose infusion of VEGF in diabetic mice was sufficient to restore VEGF signaling, protect them from memory deficits, as well as vascular and synaptic abnormalities in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that a hippocampal specific reduction in VEGF signaling and resultant vascular/neuronal defects may underlie early manifestations of cognitive impairment commonly associated with diabetes. Furthermore, restoring VEGF signaling may be a useful strategy for preserving hippocampal-related brain circuitry in degenerative vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Taylor
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Dustin Trudeau
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Brendan Arnold
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Joshua Wang
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Kim Gerrow
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Kieran Summerfeldt
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Andrew Holmes
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Akram Zamani
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Patricia S Brocardo
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Craig E Brown
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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87
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Viswaprakash N, Vaithianathan T, Viswaprakash A, Judd R, Parameshwaran K, Suppiramaniam V. Insulin treatment restores glutamate (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptor function in the hippocampus of diabetic rats. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:1442-50. [PMID: 25807926 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is associated with cognitive dysfunction. Cognitive processing, particularly memory acquisition, depends on the regulated enhancement of expression and function of glutamate receptor subtypes in the hippocampus. Impairment of memory was been detected in rodent models of type 1 diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ). This study examines the functional properties of synaptic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors and the expression of synaptic molecules that regulate glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the hippocampus of STZ-diabetic rats. The AMPA receptor-mediated miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) and single-channel properties of synaptosomal AMPA receptors were examined after 4 weeks of diabetes induction. Results show that amplitude and frequency of mEPSCs recorded from CA1 pyramidal neurons were decreased in diabetic rats. In addition, the single-channel properties of synaptic AMPA receptors from diabetic rat hippocampi were different from those of controls. These impairments in synaptic currents gated by AMPA receptors were accompanied by decreased protein levels of AMPA receptor subunit GluR1, the presynaptic protein synaptophysin, and the postsynaptic anchor protein postsynaptic density protein 95 in the hippocampus of diabetic rats. Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), an extracellular matrix molecule abundantly expressed in the brain, and the polysialic acid (PSA) attached to NCAM were also downregulated in the hippocampus of diabetic rats. Insulin treatment, when initiated at the onset of diabetes induction, reduced these effects. These findings suggest that STZ-induced diabetes may result in functional deteriorations in glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampus of rats and that these effects may be reduced by insulin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilmini Viswaprakash
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nursing and Allied Health, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama
| | - Thirumalini Vaithianathan
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York.,Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Ajitan Viswaprakash
- Biology Department and Spine Rehabilitation Center, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Robert Judd
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Kodeeswaran Parameshwaran
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, Texas
| | - Vishnu Suppiramaniam
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
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88
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Dangmann R. An insulin based model to explain changes and interactions in human breath-holding. Med Hypotheses 2015; 84:532-8. [PMID: 25801485 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Until now oxygen was thought to be the leading factor of hypoxic conditions. Whereas now it appears that insulin is the key regulator of hypoxic conditions. Insulin seems to regulate the redox state of the organism and to determine the breakpoint of human breath-holding. This new hypoxia-insulin hypotheses might have major clinical relevance. Besides the clinical relevance, this hypothesis could explain, for the first time, why the training of the diaphragm, among other factors, results in an increase in breath-holding performance. Elite freedivers/apnea divers are able to reach static breath-holding times to over 6 min. Untrained persons exhibit an unpleasant feeling after more or less a minute. Breath-holding is stopped at the breakpoint. The partial oxygen pressure as well as the carbon dioxide pressure failed to directly influence the breakpoint in earlier studies. The factors that contribute to the breakpoint are still under debate. Under hypoxic conditions the organism needs more glucose, because it changes from the oxygen consuming pentose phosphate (36 ATP/glucose molecule) to the anaerobic glycolytic pathway (2ATP/glucose molecule). Hence insulin, as it promotes the absorption of glucose, is set in the center of interest regarding hypoxic conditions. This paper provides an insulin based model that could explain the changes and interactions in human breath-holding. The correlation between hypoxia and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their influence on the sympathetic nerve system and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) is dealt with. It reviews as well the direct interrelation of HIF-1α and insulin. The depression of insulin secretion through the vagus nerve activation via inspiration is discussed. Furthermore the paper describes the action of insulin on the carotid bodies and the diaphragm and therefore a possible role in respiration pattern. Freedivers that go over the breakpoint of breath-holding could exhibit seizures and thus the effect of insulin, blood glucose levels and corticosteroids in hippocampal seizures is highlighted.
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89
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Yang J, Song Y, Wang H, Liu C, Li Z, Liu Y, Kong Y. Insulin treatment prevents the increase in D-serine in hippocampal CA1 area of diabetic rats. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2015; 30:201-8. [PMID: 25118332 PMCID: PMC10852815 DOI: 10.1177/1533317514545379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetes is a high risk factor for dementia. Employing a diabetic rat model, the present study was designed to determine whether the content of D-serine (D-Ser) in hippocampus is associated with the impairment of spatial learning and memory ability. METHODS Diabetes was induced by a single intravenous injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The insulin treatment began 3 days after STZ injection. RESULTS We found that both water maze learning and hippocampal CA1 long-term potentiation (LTP) were impaired in diabetic rats. The contents of glutamate, D-Ser, and serine racemase in the hippocampus of diabetic rats were significantly higher than those in the control group. Insulin treatment prevented the STZ-induced impairment in water maze learning and hippocampal CA1-LTP in diabetic rats and also maintained the contents of glutamate, D-Ser, and serine racemase at the normal range in hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that insulin treatment has a potent protection effect on CA1-LTP, spatial learning and memory ability of the diabetic rats in vivo. Furthermore, insulin may take effect by inhibiting the overactivation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, which play a critical role in neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Basic Research, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yang Song
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Basic Research, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Hongxin Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Basic Research, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Chunna Liu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Basic Research, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Zhongzhe Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Basic Research, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Basic Research, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yawei Kong
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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90
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Beneficial Effects of Teucrium polium and Metformin on Diabetes-Induced Memory Impairments and Brain Tissue Oxidative Damage in Rats. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 2015:493729. [PMID: 25810947 PMCID: PMC4354963 DOI: 10.1155/2015/493729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective. The effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Teucrium polium and metformin on diabetes-induced memory impairment and brain tissues oxidative damage were investigated. Methods. The rats were divided into: (1) Control, (2) Diabetic, (3) Diabetic-Extract 100 (Dia-Ext 100), (4) Diabetic-Extract 200 (Dia-Ext 200), (5) Diabetic-Extract 400 (Dia-Ext 400), and (6) Diabetic-Metformin (Dia-Met). Groups 3–6 were treated by 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of the extract or metformin, respectively, for 6 weeks (orally). Results. In passive avoidance test, the latency to enter the dark compartment in Diabetic group was lower than that of Control group (P < 0.01). In Dia-Ext 100, Dia-Ext 200, and Dia-Ext 400 and Metformin groups, the latencies were higher than those of Diabetic group (P < 0.01). Lipid peroxides levels (reported as malondialdehyde, MDA, concentration) in the brain of Diabetic group were higher than Control (P < 0.001). Treatment by all doses of the extract and metformin decreased the MDA concentration (P < 0.01). Conclusions. The results of present study showed that metformin and the hydroalcoholic extract of Teucrium polium prevent diabetes-induced memory deficits in rats. Protection against brain tissues oxidative damage might have a role in the beneficial effects of the extract and metformin.
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91
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Maimaiti S, Anderson KL, DeMoll C, Brewer LD, Rauh BA, Gant JC, Blalock EM, Porter NM, Thibault O. Intranasal Insulin Improves Age-Related Cognitive Deficits and Reverses Electrophysiological Correlates of Brain Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015; 71:30-9. [PMID: 25659889 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral insulin resistance is a key component of metabolic syndrome associated with obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. While the impact of insulin resistance is well recognized in the periphery, it is also becoming apparent in the brain. Recent studies suggest that insulin resistance may be a factor in brain aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) whereby intranasal insulin therapy, which delivers insulin to the brain, improves cognition and memory in AD patients. Here, we tested a clinically relevant delivery method to determine the impact of two forms of insulin, short-acting insulin lispro (Humalog) or long-acting insulin detemir (Levemir), on cognitive functions in aged F344 rats. We also explored insulin effects on the Ca(2+)-dependent hippocampal afterhyperpolarization (AHP), a well-characterized neurophysiological marker of aging which is increased in the aged, memory impaired animal. Low-dose intranasal insulin improved memory recall in aged animals such that their performance was similar to that seen in younger animals. Further, because ex vivo insulin also reduced the AHP, our results suggest that the AHP may be a novel cellular target of insulin in the brain, and improved cognitive performance following intranasal insulin therapy may be the result of insulin actions on the AHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaniya Maimaiti
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Katie L Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Chris DeMoll
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Lawrence D Brewer
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Benjamin A Rauh
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - John C Gant
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Eric M Blalock
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Nada M Porter
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Olivier Thibault
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky.
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92
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Ma L, Wang J, Li Y. Insulin resistance and cognitive dysfunction. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 444:18-23. [PMID: 25661087 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic and biologic studies support a link between type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease, but the precise mechanism linking the two remains unclear. Growing evidence supports the concept that insulin resistance is important in the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration. Insulin plays a profound role in cognitive function. Impaired insulin signaling in the advancement of cognitive dysfunction is relevant to the pathophysiologic mechanisms of cognitive impairment. In this paper we discuss the relationship between insulin resistance and cognitive impairment and review potential mechanisms of this disease process. Evidence, to date, suggests that brain insulin resistance is an independent risk factor for cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Jieyu Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.
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93
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Calvo-Ochoa E, Arias C. Cellular and metabolic alterations in the hippocampus caused by insulin signalling dysfunction and its association with cognitive impairment during aging and Alzheimer's disease: studies in animal models. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2015; 31:1-13. [PMID: 24464982 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of animal and epidemiological studies suggest that metabolic diseases such as obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus are associated with the development of cognitive impairment, dementia and Alzheimer's disease, particularly in aging. Several lines of evidence suggest that insulin signalling dysfunction produces these metabolic alterations and underlie the development of these neurodegenerative diseases. In this article, we address normal insulin function in the synapse; we review and discuss the physiopathological hallmarks of synaptic insulin signalling dysfunction associated with metabolic alterations. Additionally, we describe and review the major animal models of obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The comprehensive knowledge of the molecular mechanisms behind the association of metabolic alterations and cognitive impairment could facilitate the early detection of neurodegenerative diseases in patients with metabolic alterations, with treatment that focus on neuroprotection. It could also help in the development of metabolic-based therapies and drugs for using in dementia and Alzheimer's disease patients to alleviate their symptoms in a more efficient and comprehensive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Calvo-Ochoa
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, Mexico
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94
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Vandal M, White PJ, Tremblay C, St-Amour I, Chevrier G, Emond V, Lefrançois D, Virgili J, Planel E, Giguere Y, Marette A, Calon F. Insulin reverses the high-fat diet-induced increase in brain Aβ and improves memory in an animal model of Alzheimer disease. Diabetes 2014; 63:4291-301. [PMID: 25008180 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Defects in insulin production and signaling are suspected to share a key role in diabetes and Alzheimer disease (AD), two age-related pathologies. In this study, we investigated the interrelation between AD and diabetes using a high-fat diet (HFD) in a mouse model of genetically induced AD-like neuropathology (3xTg-AD). We first observed that cerebral expression of human AD transgenes led to peripheral glucose intolerance, associated with pancreatic human Aβ accumulation. High-fat diet enhanced glucose intolerance, brain soluble Aβ, and memory impairment in 3xTg-AD mice. Strikingly, a single insulin injection reversed the deleterious effects of HFD on memory and soluble Aβ levels, partly through changes in Aβ production and/or clearance. Our results are consistent with the development of a vicious cycle between AD and diabetes, potentiating both peripheral metabolic disorders and AD neuropathology. The capacity of insulin to rapidly break the deleterious effects of this cycle on soluble Aβ concentrations and memory has important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milene Vandal
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada Institut des Nutraceutiques et des Aliments Fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Phillip J White
- Institut des Nutraceutiques et des Aliments Fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, Canada Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC Département de Medicine, Axe de Cardiologie, Faculté de Médicine de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Cyntia Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle St-Amour
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada Département de Recherche et Développement, Héma-Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Chevrier
- Institut des Nutraceutiques et des Aliments Fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, Canada Département de Medicine, Axe de Cardiologie, Faculté de Médicine de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Vincent Emond
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Emmanuel Planel
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Yves Giguere
- Faculté de Médicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Québec, Hôpital Saint-François d'Assise, Québec, Canada
| | - Andre Marette
- Institut des Nutraceutiques et des Aliments Fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, Canada Département de Medicine, Axe de Cardiologie, Faculté de Médicine de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Frederic Calon
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada Institut des Nutraceutiques et des Aliments Fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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95
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Wang SH, Huang Y, Yuan Y, Xia WQ, Wang P, Huang R. LDL receptor knock-out mice show impaired spatial cognition with hippocampal vulnerability to apoptosis and deficits in synapses. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:175. [PMID: 25413784 PMCID: PMC4258039 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence from clinical studies support the fact that abnormal cholesterol metabolism in the brain leads to progressive cognitive dysfunction. The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is well-known for its role in regulating cholesterol metabolism. Whether LDLR involved in this impaired cognition and the potential mechanisms that underlie this impairment are unknown. Methods Twelve-month-old Ldlr-/- mice (n = 10) and wild-type littermates C57BL/6 J (n = 14) were subjected to the Morris water maze test. At 1 week after completion of the behavioural testing, all of the animals were sacrificed for analysis of synaptic and apoptotic markers. Results The plasma cholesterol concentration of Ldlr-/- mice was increased moderately when compared with C57BL/6 J mice (P < 0.05). Behavioural testing revealed that Ldlr-/- mice displayed impaired spatial memory, and moreover, the expression levels of synaptophysin and the number of synaptophysin-immunoreactive presynaptic boutons in the hippocampal CA1 and dentate gyrus were decreased (all P < 0.05). Ultrastructural changes in the dentate gyrus were observed using transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, apoptosis in the hippocampus of Ldlr-/- mice was revealed based on elevation, at both the mRNA and protein levels, of the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 expression (all P < 0.05)and an increase in activated-caspase3 protein level (P < 0.05). Conclusion LDLR deficiency contributes to impaired spatial cognition. This most likely occurs via negative effects that promote apoptosis and synaptic deficits in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-hua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, No,87 DingJiaQiao Road, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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96
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Demir R, Cadirci E, Akpinar E, Cayir Y, Atmaca HT, Un H, Kunak CS, Yayla M, Bayraktutan Z, Demir I. Does Bosentan Protect Diabetic Brain Alterations in Rats? The Role of Endothelin-1 in the Diabetic Brain. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 116:236-43. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Recep Demir
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Neurology; Ataturk University; Erzurum Turkey
| | - Elif Cadirci
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmacology; Ataturk University; Erzurum Turkey
| | - Erol Akpinar
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Pharmacology; Ataturk University; Erzurum Turkey
| | - Yasemin Cayir
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Family Medicine; Ataturk University; Erzurum Turkey
| | - Hasan Tarik Atmaca
- Faculty of Veterinary; Department of Pathology; Kırıkkale University; Kırıkkale Turkey
| | - Harun Un
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Biochemistry; Agri Ibrahim Cecen University; Agri Turkey
| | - Celalettin Semih Kunak
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Ordu University; Ordu Turkey
| | - Muhammed Yayla
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Pharmacology; Ataturk University; Erzurum Turkey
| | - Zafer Bayraktutan
- Department of Biochemistry; Regional Research and Education Hospital; Erzurum Turkey
| | - Ilknur Demir
- Department of Paediatry; Regional Research and Education Hospital; Erzurum Turkey
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97
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Sebastião I, Candeias E, Santos MS, de Oliveira CR, Moreira PI, Duarte AI. Insulin as a Bridge between Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer Disease - How Anti-Diabetics Could be a Solution for Dementia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:110. [PMID: 25071725 PMCID: PMC4086025 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Alzheimer disease (AD) are two major health issues nowadays. T2D is an ever increasing epidemic, affecting millions of elderly people worldwide, with major repercussions in the patients' daily life. This is mostly due to its chronic complications that may affect brain and constitutes a risk factor for AD. T2D principal hallmark is insulin resistance which also occurs in AD, rendering both pathologies more than mere unrelated diseases. This hypothesis has been reinforced in the recent years, with a high number of studies highlighting the existence of several common molecular links. As such, it is not surprising that AD has been considered as the "type 3 diabetes" or a "brain-specific T2D," supporting the idea that a beneficial therapeutic strategy against T2D might be also beneficial against AD. Herewith, we aim to review some of the recent developments on the common features between T2D and AD, namely on insulin signaling and its participation in the regulation of amyloid β (Aβ) plaque and neurofibrillary tangle formation (the two major neuropathological hallmarks of AD). We also critically analyze the promising field that some anti-T2D drugs may protect against dementia and AD, with a special emphasis on the novel incretin/glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Sebastião
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Emanuel Candeias
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria S. Santos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina R. de Oliveira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula I. Moreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana I. Duarte
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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98
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Abstract
Insulin receptors, as well as IGF-1 receptors and their postreceptor signaling partners, are distributed throughout the brain. Insulin acts on these receptors to modulate peripheral metabolism, including regulation of appetite, reproductive function, body temperature, white fat mass, hepatic glucose output, and response to hypoglycemia. Insulin signaling also modulates neurotransmitter channel activity, brain cholesterol synthesis, and mitochondrial function. Disruption of insulin action in the brain leads to impairment of neuronal function and synaptogenesis. In addition, insulin signaling modulates phosphorylation of tau protein, an early component in the development of Alzheimer disease. Thus, alterations in insulin action in the brain can contribute to metabolic syndrome, and the development of mood disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Kleinridders
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Heather A Ferris
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Weikang Cai
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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99
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Niedowicz DM, Reeves VL, Platt TL, Kohler K, Beckett TL, Powell DK, Lee TL, Sexton TR, Song ES, Brewer LD, Latimer CS, Kraner SD, Larson KL, Ozcan S, Norris CM, Hersh LB, Porter NM, Wilcock DM, Murphy MP. Obesity and diabetes cause cognitive dysfunction in the absence of accelerated β-amyloid deposition in a novel murine model of mixed or vascular dementia. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:64. [PMID: 24916066 PMCID: PMC4229778 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-2-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mid-life obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) confer a modest, increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD), though the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We have created a novel mouse model that recapitulates features of T2DM and AD by crossing morbidly obese and diabetic db/db mice with APPΔNL/ΔNLx PS1P264L/P264L knock-in mice. These mice (db/AD) retain many features of the parental lines (e.g. extreme obesity, diabetes, and parenchymal deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ)). The combination of the two diseases led to additional pathologies-perhaps most striking of which was the presence of severe cerebrovascular pathology, including aneurysms and small strokes. Cortical Aβ deposition was not significantly increased in the diabetic mice, though overall expression of presenilin was elevated. Surprisingly, Aβ was not deposited in the vasculature or removed to the plasma, and there was no stimulation of activity or expression of major Aβ-clearing enzymes (neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme, or endothelin-converting enzyme). The db/AD mice displayed marked cognitive impairment in the Morris Water Maze, compared to either db/db or APPΔNLx PS1P264L mice. We conclude that the diabetes and/or obesity in these mice leads to a destabilization of the vasculature, leading to strokes and that this, in turn, leads to a profound cognitive impairment and that this is unlikely to be directly dependent on Aβ deposition. This model of mixed or vascular dementia provides an exciting new avenue of research into the mechanisms underlying the obesity-related risk for age-related dementia, and will provide a useful tool for the future development of therapeutics.
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100
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Chen YC, Jiao Y, Cui Y, Shang SA, Ding J, Feng Y, Song W, Ju SH, Teng GJ. Aberrant brain functional connectivity related to insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes: a resting-state fMRI study. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:1689-96. [PMID: 24658392 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-2127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, which is involved in the development of Alzheimer disease. This study aims to investigate the relationship between abnormal resting-state brain functional connectivity and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 30 patients with type 2 diabetes and 31 healthy well-matched volunteers were prospectively examined. Resting-state brain functional connectivity analysis was used to examine the correlation between the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and whole-brain regions. The possible relationships between functional connectivity measures and insulin resistance were evaluated using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, we observed significantly decreased functional connectivity of the PCC within some selected regions, including the right middle temporal gyrus (MTG), left lingual gyrus, left middle occipital gyrus, and left precentral gyrus; increased functional connectivity of the PCC was detected in the left cerebellum posterior lobe, right superior frontal gyrus, and right middle frontal gyrus. A significant negative correlation was found between the PCC-right MTG connectivity and HOMA-IR in type 2 diabetic patients (P = 0.014; r = -0.446). CONCLUSIONS Type 2 diabetic patients develop aberrant functional connectivity of the PCC, which is associated with insulin resistance in selected brain regions. Resting-state connectivity disturbance of PCC-MTG may be a central role for evaluating the cognitive dysfunction in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Song-An Shang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng-Hong Ju
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gao-Jun Teng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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