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Zika M—A Potential Viroporin: Mutational Study and Drug Repurposing. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030641. [PMID: 35327443 PMCID: PMC8944957 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genus Flavivirus contains several important human pathogens. Among these, the Zika virus is an emerging etiological agent that merits concern. One of its structural proteins, prM, plays an essential role in viral maturation and assembly, making it an attractive drug and vaccine development target. Herein, we have characterized ZikV-M as a potential viroporin candidate using three different bacteria-based assays. These assays were subsequently employed to screen a library of repurposed drugs from which ten compounds were identified as ZikV-M blockers. Mutational analyses of conserved amino acids in the transmembrane domain of other flaviviruses, including West Nile and Dengue virus, were performed to study their role in ion channel activity. In conclusion, our data show that ZikV-M is a potential ion channel that can be used as a drug target for high throughput screening and drug repurposing.
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52
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Shin M, Kim K, Lee HJ, Lee R, Jung YJ, Park J, Hahn TW. Zika virus baculovirus-expressed envelope protein elicited humoral and cellular immunity in immunocompetent mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:660. [PMID: 35027643 PMCID: PMC8758750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04713-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus that has a high risk of inducing Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly in newborns. Because vaccination is considered the most effective strategy against ZIKV infection, we designed a recombinant vaccine utilizing the baculovirus expression system with two strains of ZIKV envelope protein (MR766, Env_M; ZBRX6, Env_Z). Animals inoculated with Env_M and Env_Z produced ZIKV-specific antibodies and secreted effector cytokines such as interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-12. Moreover, the progeny of immunized females had detectable maternal antibodies that protected them against two ZIKV strains (MR766 and PRVABC59) and a Dengue virus strain. We propose that the baculovirus expression system ZIKV envelope protein recombinant provides a safe and effective vaccine strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiju Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Ji Lee
- College of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Rangyeon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- College of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongho Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae-Wook Hahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
Viral proteases are diverse in structure, oligomeric state, catalytic mechanism, and substrate specificity. This chapter focuses on proteases from viruses that are relevant to human health: human immunodeficiency virus subtype 1 (HIV-1), hepatitis C (HCV), human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), flaviviruses, enteroviruses, and coronaviruses. The proteases of HIV-1 and HCV have been successfully targeted for therapeutics, with picomolar FDA-approved drugs currently used in the clinic. The proteases of HTLV-1 and the other virus families remain emerging therapeutic targets at different stages of the drug development process. This chapter provides an overview of the current knowledge on viral protease structure, mechanism, substrate recognition, and inhibition. Particular focus is placed on recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of diverse substrate recognition and resistance, which is essential toward designing novel protease inhibitors as antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueto Zephyr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Nese Kurt Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Celia A Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.
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54
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van Leur SW, Heunis T, Munnur D, Sanyal S. Pathogenesis and virulence of flavivirus infections. Virulence 2021; 12:2814-2838. [PMID: 34696709 PMCID: PMC8632085 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1996059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Flavivirus genus consists of >70 members including several that are considered significant human pathogens. Flaviviruses display a broad spectrum of diseases that can be roughly categorised into two phenotypes - systemic disease involving haemorrhage exemplified by dengue and yellow Fever virus, and neurological complications associated with the likes of West Nile and Zika viruses. Attempts to develop vaccines have been variably successful against some. Besides, mosquito-borne flaviviruses can be vertically transmitted in the arthropods, enabling long term persistence and the possibility of re-emergence. Therefore, developing strategies to combat disease is imperative even if vaccines become available. The cellular interactions of flaviviruses with their human hosts are key to establishing the viral lifecycle on the one hand, and activation of host immunity on the other. The latter should ideally eradicate infection, but often leads to immunopathological and neurological consequences. In this review, we use Dengue and Zika viruses to discuss what we have learned about the cellular and molecular determinants of the viral lifecycle and the accompanying immunopathology, while highlighting current knowledge gaps which need to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiaan Heunis
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OxfordOX1 3RE, UK
| | - Deeksha Munnur
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OxfordOX1 3RE, UK
| | - Sumana Sanyal
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OxfordOX1 3RE, UK
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55
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Elrefaey AME, Hollinghurst P, Reitmayer CM, Alphey L, Maringer K. Innate Immune Antagonism of Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses in Humans and Mosquitoes. Viruses 2021; 13:2116. [PMID: 34834923 PMCID: PMC8624719 DOI: 10.3390/v13112116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne viruses of the Flavivirus genus (Flaviviridae family) pose an ongoing threat to global public health. For example, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, yellow fever, and Zika viruses are transmitted by infected mosquitoes and cause severe and fatal diseases in humans. The means by which mosquito-borne flaviviruses establish persistent infection in mosquitoes and cause disease in humans are complex and depend upon a myriad of virus-host interactions, such as those of the innate immune system, which are the main focus of our review. This review also covers the different strategies utilized by mosquito-borne flaviviruses to antagonize the innate immune response in humans and mosquitoes. Given the lack of antiviral therapeutics for mosquito-borne flaviviruses, improving our understanding of these virus-immune interactions could lead to new antiviral therapies and strategies for developing refractory vectors incapable of transmitting these viruses, and can also provide insights into determinants of viral tropism that influence virus emergence into new species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. E. Elrefaey
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (P.H.); (C.M.R.); (L.A.)
| | - Philippa Hollinghurst
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (P.H.); (C.M.R.); (L.A.)
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | | | - Luke Alphey
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (P.H.); (C.M.R.); (L.A.)
| | - Kevin Maringer
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (P.H.); (C.M.R.); (L.A.)
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56
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USP38 Inhibits Zika Virus Infection by Removing Envelope Protein Ubiquitination. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102029. [PMID: 34696459 PMCID: PMC8538320 DOI: 10.3390/v13102029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus, and its infection may cause severe neurodegenerative diseases. The outbreak of ZIKV in 2015 in South America has caused severe human congenital and neurologic disorders. Thus, it is vitally important to determine the inner mechanism of ZIKV infection. Here, our data suggested that the ubiquitin-specific peptidase 38 (USP38) played an important role in host resistance to ZIKV infection, during which ZIKV infection did not affect USP38 expression. Mechanistically, USP38 bound to the ZIKV envelope (E) protein through its C-terminal domain and attenuated its K48-linked and K63-linked polyubiquitination, thereby repressed the infection of ZIKV. In addition, we found that the deubiquitinase activity of USP38 was essential to inhibit ZIKV infection, and the mutant that lacked the deubiquitinase activity of USP38 lost the ability to inhibit infection. In conclusion, we found a novel host protein USP38 against ZIKV infection, and this may represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of ZIKV infection.
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57
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Bukhari SNH, Jain A, Haq E, Khder MA, Neware R, Bhola J, Lari Najafi M. Machine Learning-Based Ensemble Model for Zika Virus T-Cell Epitope Prediction. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:9591670. [PMID: 34631001 PMCID: PMC8500748 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9591670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), the causative agent of Zika fever in humans, is an RNA virus that belongs to the genus Flavivirus. Currently, there is no approved vaccine for clinical use to combat the ZIKV infection and contain the epidemic. Epitope-based peptide vaccines have a large untapped potential for boosting vaccination safety, cross-reactivity, and immunogenicity. Though many attempts have been made to develop vaccines for ZIKV, none of these have proved to be successful. Epitope-based peptide vaccines can act as powerful alternatives to conventional vaccines due to their low production cost, less reactogenic, and allergenic responses. For designing an effective and viable epitope-based peptide vaccine against this deadly virus, it is essential to select the antigenic T-cell epitopes since epitope-based vaccines are considered safe. The in silico machine-learning-based approach for ZIKV T-cell epitope prediction would save a lot of physical experimental time and efforts for speedy vaccine development compared to in vivo approaches. We hereby have trained a machine-learning-based computational model to predict novel ZIKV T-cell epitopes by employing physicochemical properties of amino acids. The proposed ensemble model based on a voting mechanism works by blending the predictions for each class (epitope or nonepitope) from each base classifier. Predictions obtained for each class by the individual classifier are summed up, and the class with the majority vote is predicted upon. An odd number of classifiers have been used to avoid the occurrence of ties in the voting. Experimentally determined ZIKV peptide sequences data set was collected from Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource (IEDB) repository. The data set consists of 3,519 sequences, of which 1,762 are epitopes and 1,757 are nonepitopes. The length of sequences ranges from 6 to 30 meter. For each sequence, we extracted 13 physicochemical features. The proposed ensemble model achieved sensitivity, specificity, Gini coefficient, AUC, precision, F-score, and accuracy of 0.976, 0.959, 0.993, 0.994, 0.989, 0.985, and 97.13%, respectively. To check the consistency of the model, we carried out five-fold cross-validation and an average accuracy of 96.072% is reported. Finally, a comparative analysis of the proposed model with existing methods has been carried out using a separate validation data set, suggesting the proposed ensemble model as a better model. The proposed ensemble model will help predict novel ZIKV vaccine candidates to save lives globally and prevent future epidemic-scale outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Jain
- University Institute of Computing, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Ehtishamul Haq
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J & K, India
| | | | - Rahul Neware
- Department of Computing, Mathematics and Physics, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jyoti Bhola
- Electronics & Communication Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, India
| | - Moslem Lari Najafi
- Pharmaceutical Science and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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58
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Abstract
The NS1 protein of flaviviruses is taking center stage. Recent work has made it an attractive target for development of vaccines and immunotherapeutics. Cavazzoni and colleagues (2021. J. Exp. Med.https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20210580) now reveal a dark side to NS1, linking it to the development of self-reactive antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide F Robbiani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Růžek
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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59
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New Insights into the Biology of the Emerging Tembusu Virus. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10081010. [PMID: 34451474 PMCID: PMC8398659 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reported for the first time in 1955 in Malaysia, Tembusu virus (TMUV) remained, for a long time, in the shadow of flaviviruses with human health importance such as dengue virus or Japanese encephalitis virus. However, since 2010 and the first large epidemic in duck farms in China, the threat of its emergence on a large scale in Asia or even its spillover into the human population is becoming more and more significant. This review aims to report current knowledge on TMUV from viral particle organization to the development of specific vaccines and therapeutics, with a particular focus on host-virus interactions.
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60
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Bhatia S, Narayanan N, Nagpal S, Nair DT. Antiviral therapeutics directed against RNA dependent RNA polymerases from positive-sense viruses. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 81:101005. [PMID: 34311994 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Viruses with positive-sense single stranded RNA (+ssRNA) genomes are responsible for different diseases and represent a global health problem. In addition to developing new vaccines that protect against severe illness on infection, it is imperative to identify new antiviral molecules to treat infected patients. The genome of these RNA viruses generally codes for an enzyme with RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) activity. This molecule is centrally involved in the duplication of the RNA genome. Inhibition of this enzyme by small molecules will prevent duplication of the RNA genome and thus reduce the viral titer. An overview of the different therapeutic strategies used to inhibit RdRPs from +ssRNA viruses is provided, along with an analysis of these enzymes to highlight new binding sites for inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Bhatia
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Naveen Narayanan
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Shilpi Nagpal
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India; National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Deepak T Nair
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India.
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61
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Hu D, Wang Y, Li A, Li Q, Wu C, Shereen MA, Huang S, Wu K, Zhu Y, Wang W, Wu J. LAMR1 restricts Zika virus infection by attenuating the envelope protein ubiquitination. Virulence 2021; 12:1795-1807. [PMID: 34282707 PMCID: PMC8293954 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1948261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection can cause severe neurological disorders, including Guillain–Barre syndrome and meningoencephalitis in adults and microcephaly in fetuses. Here, we reveal that laminin receptor 1 (LAMR1) is a novel host resistance factor against ZIKV infection. Mechanistically, we found that LAMR1 binds to ZIKV envelope (E) protein via its intracellular region and attenuates E protein ubiquitination through recruiting the deubiquitinase eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 5 (EIF3S5). We further found that the conserved G282 residue of E protein is essential for its interaction with LAMR1. Moreover, a G282A substitution abolished the binding of E protein to LAMR1 and inhibited LAMR1-mediated E protein deubiquitination. Together, our results indicated that LAMR1 represses ZIKV infection through binding to E protein and attenuating its ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingwen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan China
| | - Yingchong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan China
| | - Aixin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan China
| | - Qin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan China
| | - Caifeng Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou China
| | - Muhammad Adnan Shereen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan China
| | - Shanyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan China
| | - Kailang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan China
| | - Wenbiao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou China.,Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou China.,Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan China
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62
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Li J, Zhou Q, Rong L, Rong D, Yang Y, Hao J, Zhang Z, Ma L, Rao G, Zhou Y, Xiao F, Li C, Wang H, Li YP. Development of cell culture infectious clones for hepatitis C virus genotype 1b and transcription analysis of 1b-infected hepatoma cells. Antiviral Res 2021; 193:105136. [PMID: 34252495 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Globally, hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1b is the most prevalent, and its infection has been found to associate with a higher risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) than other genotype viruses. However, an efficient infectious HCV genotype 1b culture system is unavailable, which has largely hampered the study of this important genotype virus. In this study, by using a systematic approach combining the sequences of infectious 1a TNcc clone and adaptive mutations, we succeeded in culture adaption of two full-length 1b clones for the reference strain Con1 and a clinical isolate A6, and designated as Con1cc and A6cc, respectively. Con1cc and A6cc replicated efficiently in hepatoma Huh7.5.1 cells, released HCV infectivity titers of 104.1 and 103.72 focus forming units per milliliter, respectively, and maintained the engineered mutations after passages. Both viruses responded to sofosbuvir and velpatasvir in a dose-dependent manner. With culture infectious 1b clones, we characterized the transcriptomes of 1b Con1cc-infected cells, in comparison with 2a-infected and uninfected cells. In conclusion, we have developed two infectious clones for genotype 1b and shown a novel strategy for culture adaptation of HCV isolates by using a genetically close backbone sequence. Furthermore, this study provides transcriptional landscape of HCV 1b-infected hepatoma cells facilitating the study of genotype 1b infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqian Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Liang Rong
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Dade Rong
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jiawei Hao
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Guirong Rao
- Key Laboratory of Liver Diseases, Center of Infectious Diseases, PLA 458 Hospital, Guangzhou, 510602, China
| | - Yuanping Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengyao Li
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Haihe Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
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63
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Carpio KL, Barrett ADT. Flavivirus NS1 and Its Potential in Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:622. [PMID: 34207516 PMCID: PMC8229460 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Flavivirus genus contains many important human pathogens, including dengue, Japanese encephalitis (JE), tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), West Nile (WN), yellow fever (YF) and Zika (ZIK) viruses. While there are effective vaccines for a few flavivirus diseases (JE, TBE and YF), the majority do not have vaccines, including WN and ZIK. The flavivirus nonstructural 1 (NS1) protein has an unusual structure-function because it is glycosylated and forms different structures to facilitate different roles intracellularly and extracellularly, including roles in the replication complex, assisting in virus assembly, and complement antagonism. It also plays a role in protective immunity through antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity, and anti-NS1 antibodies elicit passive protection in animal models against a virus challenge. Historically, NS1 has been used as a diagnostic marker for the flavivirus infection due to its complement fixing properties and specificity. Its role in disease pathogenesis, and the strong humoral immune response resulting from infection, makes NS1 an excellent target for inclusion in candidate flavivirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassandra L. Carpio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Alan D. T. Barrett
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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64
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Temperature-dependent secretion of Zika virus envelope and non-structural protein 1 in mammalian cells for clinical applications. J Virol Methods 2021; 294:114175. [PMID: 34019939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus associated with congenital Zika syndrome and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. The recombinant ZIKV envelope (E) antigen can be useful for serodiagnosis of ZIKV infection and for monitoring immune responses during preclinical and clinical ZIKV vaccine development. In this study, we describe production of ZIKV E using the modified polyethyleneimine (PEI) transfection in HEK293 cells to improve cost-effective large-scale production. We show that the secretion of ZIKV E in HEK293 cells is dependent on cell culture incubation temperatures where incubation at a low temperature of 28 °C improved protein secretion of both, E-CD4 and E, whereas a substantial decrease in secretion was observed at 37 °C. The resulting E-CD4 produced at low temperature yielded similar binding profiles in ELISAs in comparison with a commercially available E protein using human seropositive sera to ZIKV. We also show that ZIKV NS1 and NS1 β-ladder antigens produced in HEK293 cells, have similar binding profiles in ELISA which suggests that both NS1 or NS1 β-ladder can be used for serodiagnosis of ZIKV. In conclusion, we propose a cost-effective production of the ZIKV E and NS1, suitable for both, clinical and research applications in endemic countries.
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Analysis of Zika virus capsid-Aedes aegypti mosquito interactome reveals pro-viral host factors critical for establishing infection. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2766. [PMID: 33986255 PMCID: PMC8119459 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22966-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The escalating global prevalence of arboviral diseases emphasizes the need to improve our understanding of their biology. Research in this area has been hindered by the lack of molecular tools for studying virus-mosquito interactions. Here, we develop an Aedes aegypti cell line which stably expresses Zika virus (ZIKV) capsid proteins in order to study virus-vector protein-protein interactions through quantitative label-free proteomics. We identify 157 interactors and show that eight have potentially pro-viral activity during ZIKV infection in mosquito cells. Notably, silencing of transitional endoplasmic reticulum protein TER94 prevents ZIKV capsid degradation and significantly reduces viral replication. Similar results are observed if the TER94 ortholog (VCP) functioning is blocked with inhibitors in human cells. In addition, we show that an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, UBR5, mediates the interaction between TER94 and ZIKV capsid. Our study demonstrates a pro-viral function for TER94/VCP during ZIKV infection that is conserved between human and mosquito cells.
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66
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Jácome FC, Caldas GC, Rasinhas ADC, de Almeida ALT, de Souza DDC, Paulino AC, Leonardo R, Barth OM, Dos Santos FB, Barreto-Vieira DF. Comparative analysis of liver involvement caused by two DENV-2 lineages using an immunocompetent murine model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9723. [PMID: 33958631 PMCID: PMC8102549 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue (DEN) is the most prevalent arbovirus among humans, and four billion people live at risk of infection. The clinical manifestations of DEN are variable, and the disease may present subclinically or asymptomatically. A quarter of patients develop classical dengue (CD) or severe dengue (SD), which is potentially lethal and involves vascular permeability changes, severe hemorrhage and organ damage. The involvement of the liver is a fairly common feature in DEN, and alterations range from asymptomatic elevation of transaminases to acute liver failure. Since its introduction in Brazil in 1990, two strains of Dengue virus (DENV) serotype 2 (DENV-2) have been detected: Lineage I, which is responsible for an outbreak in 1991, and Lineage II, which caused an epidemic greater than the previous one and had a different epidemiological profile. To date, studies on different strains of the same serotype/genotype and their association with disease severity are scarce. In addition, one of the greatest challenges regarding the study of DEN pathogenesis and the development of drug and vaccine therapies is the absence of an animal model that reproduces the disease as it occurs in humans. The main goals of this study were to assess BALB/c mouse susceptibility experimentally infected by two distinct DENV-2 strains and characterize possible differences in the clinical signs and alterations induced in the liver resulting from those infections. Mice infected by the two DENV-2 lineages gained less weight than uninfected mice; however, their livers were slightly heavier. Increased AST and AST levels were observed in infected mice, and the number of platelets increased in the first 72 h of infection and subsequently decreased. Mice infected with both lineages presented leukocytosis but at different times of infection. The histopathological changes induced by both lineages were similar and comparable to the changes observed in DEN fatal cases. The viral genome was detected in two liver samples. The results demonstrate the susceptibility of BALB/c mice to both DENV-2 lineages and suggest that the changes induced by those strains are similar, although for some parameters, they are manifested at different times of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Cunha Jácome
- Laboratory of Viral Morphology and Morphogenesis, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Cardoso Caldas
- Laboratory of Viral Morphology and Morphogenesis, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Arthur da Costa Rasinhas
- Laboratory of Viral Morphology and Morphogenesis, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Luisa Teixeira de Almeida
- Laboratory of Viral Morphology and Morphogenesis, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel Dias Coutinho de Souza
- Laboratory of Viral Morphology and Morphogenesis, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Amanda Carlos Paulino
- Laboratory of Viral Morphology and Morphogenesis, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Raphael Leonardo
- Laboratory of Viral Morphology and Morphogenesis, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Ortrud Monika Barth
- Laboratory of Viral Morphology and Morphogenesis, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Flavia Barreto Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Débora Ferreira Barreto-Vieira
- Laboratory of Viral Morphology and Morphogenesis, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
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67
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Dias RS, Teixeira MD, Xisto MF, Prates JWO, Silva JDD, Mello IO, Silva CCD, De Paula SO. DENV-3 precursor membrane (prM) glycoprotein enhances E protein immunogenicity and confers protection against DENV-2 infections in a murine model. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:1271-1277. [PMID: 33121347 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1826798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve a DNA vaccine containing the truncated dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) envelope (E) protein and evaluate the influence of precursor membrane (prM) glycoprotein polymorphism on E protein immunogenicity, two vaccine candidates have been constructed by upstream insertion of the DENV-2 and DENV-3 prM genes into the DENV-2 E gene, named pCID2EtD2prM and pCID2EtD3prM, respectively. Both constructs were able to induce antibody production, which were neutralizing against DENV-2 in a murine model. Splenocytes of immunized groups, when challenged with virus, demonstrated Th1 cytokine pattern and proliferation, in addition to the increase of specific T cells. Vaccine candidates pCID2EtD2prM and pCID2EtD3prM confer 70% and 90% protection against DENV-2, respectively. The pCID2EtD3prM plasmid conferred only 40% protection in the lethal challenge with DENV-2. The results demonstrate that DENV-3 prM has a greater influence on the immunogenicity of the E protein and, probably due to its role as a chaperone, these results may be related to the correct folding and, consequently, an increase in the presentation efficiency of produced transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto S Dias
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunovirology, Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa (MG), Brazil
| | - Michelle D Teixeira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunovirology, Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa (MG), Brazil
| | - Mariana F Xisto
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunovirology, Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa (MG), Brazil
| | - John W O Prates
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa (MG), Brazil
| | - Jessica D Da Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunovirology, Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa (MG), Brazil
| | - Iago O Mello
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunovirology, Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa (MG), Brazil
| | - Cynthia C Da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa (MG), Brazil
| | - Sérgio O De Paula
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunovirology, Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa (MG), Brazil
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Abstract
RNA viruses are not only reported for viral pandemics but also as important agents for emerging/re-emerging diseases. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is reported to cause epidemics of encephalitis in Southeast Asia, India, Korea, China, and Indonesia. In addition, several reports show that JEV has spread to new populations beyond these geographical regions. The disease mostly affects children with a mortality rate up to 30%. In peridomestic settings, pigs are reported as amplifiers of JEV transmission and aquatic birds as maintenance hosts of the virus. The Culex mosquito is the vector for transmission of JEV. This virus is a member of the family Flaviviridae and has a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus. Five different genotypes (G-I to G-V) of JEV have been reported. Four different kinds of vaccines have been produced to prevent JEV infection. However, there is no FDA-approved antiviral drug available for JEV. How to cite this article: Mehta A, Singh R, Mani VE, Poddar B. Japanese B Encephalitis. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(Suppl 2):S171-S174.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Mehta
- Department of Pediatric Baba Raghav Das Medical College, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Vinita E Mani
- Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Banani Poddar
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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69
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Lee WHK, Liu W, Fan JS, Yang D. Dengue virus protease activity modulated by dynamics of protease cofactor. Biophys J 2021; 120:2444-2453. [PMID: 33894215 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral protease domain (NS3pro) of dengue virus is essential for virus replication, and its cofactor NS2B is indispensable for the proteolytic function. Although several NS3pro-NS2B complex structures have been obtained, the dynamic property of the complex remains poorly understood. Using NMR relaxation techniques, here we found that NS3pro-NS2B exists in both closed and open conformations that are in dynamic equilibrium on a submillisecond timescale in aqueous solution. Our structural information indicates that the C-terminal region of NS2B is disordered in the minor open conformation but folded in the major closed conformation. Using mutagenesis, we showed that the closed-open conformational equilibrium can be shifted by changing NS2B stability. Moreover, we revealed that the proteolytic activity of NS3pro-NS2B correlates well with the population of the closed conformation. Our results suggest that the closed-open conformational equilibrium can be used by both nature and humanity to control the replication of dengue virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Hao Kenneth Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing-Song Fan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daiwen Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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70
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Galula JU, Salem GM, Destura RV, Remenyi R, Chao DY. Comparable Accuracies of Nonstructural Protein 1- and Envelope Protein-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays in Detecting Anti-Dengue Immunoglobulin G Antibodies. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11050741. [PMID: 33919324 PMCID: PMC8143319 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11050741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dengue virus (DENV) infection remains a global public health concern. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), which detect antibodies targeting the envelope (E) protein of DENV, serve as the front-line serological test for presumptive dengue diagnosis. Very few studies have determined the serostatus by detecting antibodies targeting the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1), which can function as diagnostic biomarkers to distinguish natural immunity from vaccine-induced immunity. Methods: We used community-acquired human serum specimens, with the serostatus confirmed by focus reduction microneutralization test (FRμNT), to evaluate the diagnostic performances of two NS1-based ELISA methods, namely, immunoglobulin G antibody-capture ELISA (NS1 GAC–ELISA) and indirect NS1 IgG ELISA, and compared the results with an E-based virus-like particle (VLP) GAC–ELISA. Results: NS1-based methods had comparable accuracies as VLP GAC–ELISA. Although the sensitivity in detecting anti-NS1 IgM was poor, indirect NS1 IgG ELISA showed similar limits of detection (~1–2 ng/mL) as NS1 GAC–ELISA in detecting anti-NS1 IgG. Combining the results from two or more tests as a composite reference standard can determine the DENV serostatus with a specificity reaching 100%. Conclusion: NS1-based ELISAs have comparable accuracies as VLP GAC–ELISA in determining dengue serostatus, which could effectively assist clinicians during assessments of vaccine eligibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedhan Ucat Galula
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (J.U.G.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Gielenny M. Salem
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (J.U.G.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Raul V. Destura
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines;
| | - Roland Remenyi
- Biomedical Research Unit, Clinical and Translational Research Institute, The Medical City, Pasig 1605, Philippines;
| | - Day-Yu Chao
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (J.U.G.); (G.M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-22840694
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71
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Song W, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Lin Y, Han Y, Jiang J. Identification and Characterization of Zika Virus NS5 Methyltransferase Inhibitors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:665379. [PMID: 33898335 PMCID: PMC8058401 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.665379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The recurring outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) worldwide makes an emergent demand for novel, safe and efficacious anti-ZIKV agents. ZIKV non-structural protein 5 (NS5) methyltransferase (MTase), which is essential for viral replication, is regarded as a potential drug target. In our study, a luminescence-based methyltransferase assay was used to establish the ZIKV NS5 MTase inhibitor screening model. Through screening a natural product library, we found theaflavin, a polyphenol derived from tea, could inhibit ZIKV NS5 MTase activity with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 10.10 μM. Molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis analyses identified D146 as the key amino acid in the interaction between ZIKV NS5 MTase and theaflavin. The SPR assay indicated that theaflavin had a stronger binding activity with ZIKV NS5 wild-type (WT)-MTase than it with D146A-MTase. Moreover, theaflavin exhibited a dose dependent inhibitory effect on ZIKV replication with a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 8.19 μM. All these results indicate that theaflavin is likely to be a promising lead compound against ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Induction of Robust and Specific Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses by Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Virus-Like Particles (BVDV-VLPs) Engineered with Baculovirus Expression Vector System. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040350. [PMID: 33917272 PMCID: PMC8067437 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important animal pathogen that affects cattle. Infections caused by the virus have resulted in substantial economic losses and outbreaks of BVDV are reported globally. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are promising vaccine technology largely due to their safety and strong ability to elicit robust immune responses. In this study, we developed a strategy to generate BVDV-VLPs using a baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS). We were able to assemble BVDV-VLPs composed of dimerized viral proteins E2 and Erns, and the VLPs were spherical particles with the diameters of about 50 nm. Mice immunized with 15 μg of VLPs adjuvanted with ISA201 elicited higher levels of E2-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a antibodies as well as higher BVDV-neutralizing activity in comparison with controls. Re-stimulation of the splenocytes collected from mice immunized with VLPs led to significantly increased levels of CD3+CD4+T cells and CD3+CD8+T cells. In addition, the splenocytes showed dramatically enhanced proliferation and the secretion of Th1-associated IFN-γ and Th2-associated IL-4 compared to that of the unstimulated control group. Taken together, our data indicate that BVDV-VLPs efficiently induced BVDV-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in mice, showing a promising potential of developing BVDV-VLP-based vaccines for the prevention of BVDV infections.
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73
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Xie S, Zhang H, Liang Z, Yang X, Cao R. AXL, an Important Host Factor for DENV and ZIKV Replication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:575346. [PMID: 33954117 PMCID: PMC8092360 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.575346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses, as critically important pathogens, are still major public health problems all over the world. For instance, the evolution of ZIKV led to large-scale outbreaks in the Yap island in 2007. DENV was considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the 10 threats to global health in 2019. Enveloped viruses hijack a variety of host factors to complete its replication cycle. Phosphatidylserine (PS) receptor, AXL, is considered to be a candidate receptor for flavivirus invasion. In this review, we discuss the molecular structure of ZIKV and DENV, and how they interact with AXL to successfully invade host cells. A more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms of flavivirus-AXL interaction will provide crucial insights into the virus infection process and the development of anti-flavivirus therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengda Xie
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiru Zhang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenjie Liang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingmiao Yang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruibing Cao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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74
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Alves-Leon SV, Ferreira CDS, Herlinger AL, Fontes-Dantas FL, Rueda-Lopes FC, Francisco RDS, Gonçalves JPDC, de Araújo AD, Rêgo CCDS, Higa LM, Gerber AL, Guimarães APDC, de Menezes MT, de Paula Tôrres MC, Maia RA, Nogueira BMG, França LC, da Silva MM, Naurath C, Correia ASDS, Vasconcelos CCF, Tanuri A, Ferreira OC, Cardoso CC, Aguiar RS, de Vasconcelos ATR. Exome-Wide Search for Genes Associated With Central Nervous System Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases Following CHIKV Infection: The Tip of the Iceberg. Front Genet 2021; 12:639364. [PMID: 33815474 PMCID: PMC8010313 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.639364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emergent arbovirus that causes a disease characterized primarily by fever, rash and severe persistent polyarthralgia, although <1% of cases develop severe neurological manifestations such as inflammatory demyelinating diseases (IDD) of the central nervous system (CNS) like acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and extensive transverse myelitis. Genetic factors associated with host response and disease severity are still poorly understood. In this study, we performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) to identify HLA alleles, genes and cellular pathways associated with CNS IDD clinical phenotype outcomes following CHIKV infection. The cohort includes 345 patients of which 160 were confirmed for CHIKV. Six cases presented neurological manifestation mimetizing CNS IDD. WES data analysis was performed for 12 patients, including the CNS IDD cases and 6 CHIKV patients without any neurological manifestation. We identified 29 candidate genes harboring rare, pathogenic, or probably pathogenic variants in all exomes analyzed. HLA alleles were also determined and patients who developed CNS IDD shared a common signature with diseases such as Multiple sclerosis (MS) and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSD). When these genes were included in Gene Ontology analyses, pathways associated with CNS IDD syndromes were retrieved, suggesting that CHIKV-induced CNS outcomesmay share a genetic background with other neurological disorders. To our knowledge, this study was the first genome-wide investigation of genetic risk factors for CNS phenotypes in CHIKV infection. Our data suggest that HLA-DRB1 alleles associated with demyelinating diseases may also confer risk of CNS IDD outcomes in patients with CHIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soniza Vieira Alves-Leon
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro State Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Neurology/Reference and Research Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Other Central Nervous System Idiopathic Demyelinating Inflammatory Diseases, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - João Paulo da Costa Gonçalves
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro State Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Neurology/Reference and Research Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Other Central Nervous System Idiopathic Demyelinating Inflammatory Diseases, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda Dutra de Araújo
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro State Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Neurology/Reference and Research Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Other Central Nervous System Idiopathic Demyelinating Inflammatory Diseases, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Cecília da Silva Rêgo
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro State Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Neurology/Reference and Research Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Other Central Nervous System Idiopathic Demyelinating Inflammatory Diseases, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiza Mendonça Higa
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard Araújo Maia
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Laise Carolina França
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro State Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos Martins da Silva
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christian Naurath
- Federal Hospital Cardoso Fontes, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Orlando Costa Ferreira
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Santana Aguiar
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Vang L, Morello CS, Mendy J, Thompson D, Manayani D, Guenther B, Julander J, Sanford D, Jain A, Patel A, Shabram P, Smith J, Alexander J. Zika virus-like particle vaccine protects AG129 mice and rhesus macaques against Zika virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009195. [PMID: 33711018 PMCID: PMC7990201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, is a re-emerging virus that constitutes a public health threat due to its recent global spread, recurrent outbreaks, and infections that are associated with neurological abnormalities in developing fetuses and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. To date, there are no approved vaccines against ZIKV infection. Various preclinical and clinical development programs are currently ongoing in an effort to bring forward a vaccine for ZIKV. Methodology/Principle findings We have developed a ZIKV vaccine candidate based on Virus-Like-Particles (VLPs) produced in HEK293 mammalian cells using the prM (a precursor to M protein) and envelope (E) structural protein genes from ZIKV. Transient transfection of cells via plasmid and electroporation produced VLPs which were subsequently purified by column chromatography yielding approximately 2mg/L. Initially, immunogenicity and efficacy were evaluated in AG129 mice using a dose titration of VLP with and without Alhydrogel 2% (alum) adjuvant. We found that VLP with and without alum elicited ZIKV-specific serum neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and that titers correlated with protection. A follow-up immunogenicity and efficacy study in rhesus macaques was performed using VLP formulated with alum. Multiple neutralization assay methods were performed on immune sera including a plaque reduction neutralization test, a microneutralization assay, and a Zika virus Renilla luciferase neutralization assay. All of these assays indicate that following immunization, VLP induces high titer nAbs which correlate with protection against ZIKV challenge. Conclusions/Significance These studies confirm that ZIKV VLPs could be efficiently generated and purified. Upon VLP immunization, in both mice and NHPs, nAb was induced that correlate with protection against ZIKV challenge. These studies support translational efforts in developing a ZIKV VLP vaccine for evaluation in human clinical trials. Zika virus (ZIKV) is a significant global health threat particularly due to the speed in which epidemics can occur. The resulting infections have been demonstrated to harm a developing fetus and, in some adults, be a co-factor for the development of Guillain-Barré syndrome. ZIKV is typically spread by the Aedes mosquito, but sexual transmission is also possible. We sought to develop a ZIKV prophylactic vaccine based on surface glycoproteins of the virus that would be devoid of any viral genetic material. This Virus-Like-Particle (VLP) was generated in vitro following introduction of plasmid DNA encoding Zika structural protein (prM-E) genes into mammalian cells. The aluminum-adjuvanted VLP induced nAbs in mice and nonhuman primates and protected against ZIKV challenge in vivo. These studies support the evaluation of this VLP candidate vaccine in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lo Vang
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Jason Mendy
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Danielle Thompson
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Darly Manayani
- PaxVax Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America (PaxVax was acquired by Emergent BioSolutions Inc. Oct 2018)
| | - Ben Guenther
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Justin Julander
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Daniel Sanford
- Battelle Biomedical Research Center, West Jefferson, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Amit Jain
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amish Patel
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul Shabram
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Smith
- PaxVax Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America (PaxVax was acquired by Emergent BioSolutions Inc. Oct 2018)
| | - Jeff Alexander
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
- PaxVax Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America (PaxVax was acquired by Emergent BioSolutions Inc. Oct 2018)
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76
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de Oliveira Ribeiro G, da Costa AC, Gill DE, Ribeiro ESD, Rego MODS, Monteiro FJC, Villanova F, Nogueira JS, Maeda AY, de Souza RP, Tahmasebi R, Morais VS, Pandey RP, Raj VS, Scandar SAS, da Silva Vasami FG, D'Agostino LG, Maiorka PC, Deng X, Nogueira ML, Sabino EC, Delwart E, Leal É, Cunha MS. Guapiaçu virus, a new insect-specific flavivirus isolated from two species of Aedes mosquitoes from Brazil. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4674. [PMID: 33633167 PMCID: PMC7907106 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83879-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical insect-flaviviruses (cISFVs) and dual host-related insect-specific flavivirus (dISFV) are within the major group of insect-specific flavivirus. Remarkably dISFV are evolutionarily related to some of the pathogenic flavivirus, such as Zika and dengue viruses. The Evolutionary relatedness of dISFV to flavivirus allowed us to investigate the evolutionary principle of host adaptation. Additionally, dISFV can be used for the development of flavivirus vaccines and to explore underlying principles of mammalian pathogenicity. Here we describe the genetic characterization of a novel putative dISFV, termed Guapiaçu virus (GUAPV). Distinct strains of GUAPV were isolated from pools of Aedes terrens and Aedes scapularis mosquitoes. Additionally, we also detected viral GUAPV RNA in a plasma sample of an individual febrile from the Amazon region (North of Brazil). Although GUAPV did not replicate in tested mammalian cells, 3′UTR secondary structures duplication and codon usage index were similar to pathogenic flavivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Danielle Elise Gill
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Edcelha Soares D'Athaide Ribeiro
- Public Health Laboratory of Amapa-LACEN/AP, Health Surveillance Superintendence of Amapa, Rua Tancredo Neves, 1.118, Macapá, AP, CEP 68905-230, Brazil
| | - Marlisson Octavio da S Rego
- Public Health Laboratory of Amapa-LACEN/AP, Health Surveillance Superintendence of Amapa, Rua Tancredo Neves, 1.118, Macapá, AP, CEP 68905-230, Brazil
| | - Fred Julio Costa Monteiro
- Public Health Laboratory of Amapa-LACEN/AP, Health Surveillance Superintendence of Amapa, Rua Tancredo Neves, 1.118, Macapá, AP, CEP 68905-230, Brazil
| | - Fabiola Villanova
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, 66075-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana Silva Nogueira
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, SP, 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Adriana Yurika Maeda
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, SP, 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Renato Pereira de Souza
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, SP, 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Roozbeh Tahmasebi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Vanessa S Morais
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Ramendra Pati Pandey
- Centre for Drug Design Discovery and Development (C4D), SRM University, Delhi-NCR, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonepat, Haryana, India
| | - V Samuel Raj
- Centre for Drug Design Discovery and Development (C4D), SRM University, Delhi-NCR, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonepat, Haryana, India
| | | | | | | | - Paulo César Maiorka
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Xutao Deng
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94118-4417, USA.,Department Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | | | - Ester Cerdeira Sabino
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Eric Delwart
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94118-4417, USA. .,Department Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Élcio Leal
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, 66075-000, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Sequetin Cunha
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil. .,Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, SP, 01246-000, Brazil.
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77
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Instability of the NS1 Glycoprotein from La Reunion 2018 Dengue 2 Virus (Cosmopolitan-1 Genotype) in Huh7 Cells Is Due to Lysine Residues on Positions 272 and 324. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041951. [PMID: 33669407 PMCID: PMC7920422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
La Reunion island in the South West Indian Ocean is now endemic for dengue following the introduction of dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) cosmopolitan-I genotype in 2017. DENV-2 infection causes a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from flu-like disease to severe dengue. The nonstructural glycoprotein 1 (NS1) has been identified as playing a key role in dengue disease severity. The intracellular NS1 exists as a homodimer, whereas a fraction is driven towards the plasma membrane or released as a soluble hexameric protein. Here, we characterized the NS1 glycoproteins from clinical isolates DES-14 and RUN-18 that were collected during the DENV-2 epidemics in Tanzania in 2014 and La Reunion island in 2018, respectively. In relation to hepatotropism of the DENV, expression of recombinant DES-14 NS1 and RUN-18 NS1 glycoproteins was compared in human hepatoma Huh7 cells. We observed that RUN-18 NS1 was poorly stable in Huh7 cells compared to DES-14 NS1. The instability of RUN-18 NS1 leading to a low level of NS1 secretion mostly relates to lysine residues on positions 272 and 324. Our data raise the issue of the consequences of a defect in NS1 stability in human hepatocytes in relation to the major role of NS1 in the pathogenesis of the DENV-2 infection.
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78
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Zhang X, Li G, Chen G, Zhu N, Wu D, Wu Y, James TD. Recent progresses and remaining challenges for the detection of Zika virus. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:2039-2108. [PMID: 33559917 DOI: 10.1002/med.21786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged as a particularly notorious mosquito-borne flavivirus, which can lead to a devastating congenital syndrome in the fetuses of pregnant mothers (e.g., microcephaly, spasticity, craniofacial disproportion, miscarriage, and ocular abnormalities) and cause the autoimmune disorder Guillain-Barre' syndrome of adults. Due to its severity and rapid dispersal over several continents, ZIKV has been acknowledged to be a global health concern by the World Health Organization. Unfortunately, the ZIKV has recently resurged in India with the potential for devastating effects. Researchers from all around the world have worked tirelessly to develop effective detection strategies and vaccines for the prevention and control of ZIKV infection. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the most recent research into ZIKV, including the structural biology and evolution, historical overview, pathogenesis, symptoms, and transmission. We then focus on the detection strategies for ZIKV, including viral isolation, serological assays, molecular assays, sensing methods, reverse transcription loop mediated isothermal amplification, transcription-mediated amplification technology, reverse transcription strand invasion based amplification, bioplasmonic paper-based device, and reverse transcription isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification. To conclude, we examine the limitations of currently available strategies for the detection of ZIKV, and outline future opportunities and research challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlong Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Guang Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Niu Zhu
- Department of Public Health, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Di Wu
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Tony D James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
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79
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Gong H, Fan Y, Zhou P, Li Y, Hu X, Jin H, Luo R. Identification of a linear epitope within domain I of Duck Tembusu virus envelope protein using a novel neutralizing monoclonal antibody. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 115:103906. [PMID: 33127560 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is a newly emerging pathogenic flavivirus that caused severe egg drop syndrome in laying ducks in China since 2010, leading to massive economic losses to the duck industry. Although the DTMUV E protein is considered to be critical in inducing the protective immune response, the functional epitopes within this protein remain largely unknown. In the present study, we isolated a DTMUV neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) 3B8 from DTMUV E-immunized mice. Epitope mapping showed that mAb 3B8 recognized a novel linear epitope FSCLGMQNR located on the extreme N-terminal of the domain I (EDI) of E protein. Sequence alignment and Western blot analyses showed that the epitope is greatly conserved with high DTMUV-specificity. Moreover, upon cloning the heavy and light chain variable region sequences of mAb 3B8, we prepared the single-chain variable antibody fragment (scFv) 3B8 by connecting the two chains via a flexible peptide linker. The recombinant scFv 3B8 exhibited antiviral activity against DTMUV infection in vitro and in vivo. Our results provide valuable implications for the development of DTMUV vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yufang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yaqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xueying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Hui Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Rui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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80
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Kim SI, Kim S, Shim JM, Lee HJ, Chang SY, Park S, Min JY, Park WB, Oh MD, Kim S, Chung J. Neutralization of Zika virus by E protein domain III-Specific human monoclonal antibody. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 545:33-39. [PMID: 33535104 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in both infants and adults is associated with neurological complications including, but not limited to, microcephaly and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Antibody therapy can be effective against virus infection. We isolated ZIKV envelope domain III-specific neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) from two convalescent patients with ZIKV infection. One antibody, 2F-8, exhibited potent in vitro neutralizing activity against Asian and American strains of ZIKV. To prevent FcγR-mediated antibody-dependent enhancement, we prepared IgG1 with LALA variation. A single dose of 2F-8 in the context of IgG1 or IgG1-LALA prior to or post lethal ZIKV challenge conferred complete protection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Il Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sujeong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung Min Shim
- Zoonotic Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Lee
- Zoonotic Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea.
| | - So Young Chang
- Respiratory Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seoryeong Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Young Min
- Respiratory Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wan Beom Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myoung-Don Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seungtaek Kim
- Zoonotic Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junho Chung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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81
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Autochthonous Transmission of West Nile Virus by a New Vector in Iran, Vector-Host Interaction Modeling and Virulence Gene Determinants. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121449. [PMID: 33339336 PMCID: PMC7766443 DOI: 10.3390/v12121449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Using molecular techniques and bioinformatics tools, we studied the vector-host interactions and the molecular epidemiology of West Nile virus (WNV) in western Iran. Mosquitoes were collected during 2017 and 2018. DNA typing assays were used to study vector-host interactions. Mosquitoes were screened by RT-PCR for the genomes of five virus families. WNV-positive samples were fully sequenced and evolutionary tree and molecular architecture were constructed by Geneious software and SWISS-MODEL workspace, respectively. A total of 5028 mosquito specimens were collected and identified. The most prevalent species was Culex (Cx.) pipiens complex (57.3%). Analysis of the blood-feeding preferences of blood-fed mosquitoes revealed six mammalian and one bird species as hosts. One mosquito pool containing non-blood-fed Cx. theileri and one blood-fed Culex pipiens pipiens (Cpp.) biotype pipiens were positive for WNV. A phylogram indicated that the obtained WNV sequences belonged to lineage 2, subclade 2 g. Several amino acid substitutions suspected as virulence markers were observed in the Iranian WNV strains. The three-dimensional structural homology model of the E-protein identified hot spot domains known to facilitate virus invasion and neurotropism. The recent detection of WNV lineage 2 in mosquitoes from several regions of Iran in consecutive years suggests that the virus is established in the country.
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82
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Biological Characteristics and Patterns of Codon Usage Evolution for the African Genotype Zika Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111306. [PMID: 33202554 PMCID: PMC7696518 DOI: 10.3390/v12111306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated temporal trends of codon usage changes for different host species to determine their importance in Zika virus (ZIKV) evolution. Viral spillover resulting from the potential of codon adaptation to host genome was also assessed for the African genotype ZIKV in comparison to the Asian genotype. To improve our understanding on its zoonotic maintenance, we evaluated in vitro the biological properties of the African genotype ZIKV in vertebrate and mosquito cell lines. Analyses were performed in comparison to Yellow fever virus (YFV). Despite significantly lower codon adaptation index trends than YFV, ZIKV showed evident codon adaptation to vertebrate hosts, particularly for the green African monkey Chlorocebus aethiops. PCA and CAI analyses at the individual ZIKV gene level for both human and Aedes aegypti indicated a clear distinction between the two genotypes. African ZIKV isolates showed higher virulence in mosquito cells than in vertebrate cells. Their higher replication in mosquito cells than African YFV confirmed the role of mosquitoes in the natural maintenance of the African genotype ZIKV. An analysis of individual strain growth characteristics indicated that the widely used reference strain MR766 replicates poorly in comparison to African ZIKV isolates. The recombinant African Zika virus strain ArD128000*E/NS5 may be a good model to include in studies on the mechanism of host tropism, as it cannot replicate in the tested vertebrate cell line.
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83
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Malekshahi Z, Schiela B, Bernklau S, Banki Z, Würzner R, Stoiber H. Interference of the Zika Virus E-Protein With the Membrane Attack Complex of the Complement System. Front Immunol 2020; 11:569549. [PMID: 33193347 PMCID: PMC7655927 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.569549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system has developed different strategies to clear infections by several effector mechanisms, such as opsonization, which supports phagocytosis, attracting immune cells by C3 and C5 cleavage products, or direct killing of pathogens by the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). As the Zika virus (ZIKV) activates the classical complement pathway and thus has to avoid clearance by the complement system, we analyzed putative viral escape mechanisms, which limit virolysis. We identified binding of the recombinant viral envelope E protein to components of the terminal pathway complement (C5b6, C7, C8, and C9) by ELISA. Western blot analyses revealed that ZIKV E protein interfered with the polymerization of C9, induced on cellular surfaces, either by purified terminal complement proteins or by normal human serum (NHS) as a source of the complement. Further, the hemolytic activity of NHS was significantly reduced in the presence of the recombinant E protein or entire viral particles. This data indicates that ZIKV reduces MAC formation and complement-mediated lysis by binding terminal complement proteins to the viral E protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Malekshahi
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Britta Schiela
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sarah Bernklau
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zoltan Banki
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Reinhard Würzner
- Institute of Hygiene & Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heribert Stoiber
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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84
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RTP4 Is a Potent IFN-Inducible Anti-flavivirus Effector Engaged in a Host-Virus Arms Race in Bats and Other Mammals. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 28:712-723.e9. [PMID: 33113352 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Among mammals, bats are particularly rich in zoonotic viruses, including flaviviruses. Certain bat species can be productively yet asymptomatically infected with viruses that cause overt disease in other species. However, little is known about the antiviral effector repertoire in bats relative to other mammals. Here, we report the black flying fox receptor transporter protein 4 (RTP4) as a potent interferon (IFN)-inducible inhibitor of human pathogens in the Flaviviridae family, including Zika, West Nile, and hepatitis C viruses. Mechanistically, RTP4 associates with the flavivirus replicase, binds viral RNA, and suppresses viral genome amplification. Comparative approaches revealed that RTP4 undergoes positive selection, that a flavivirus can mutate to escape RTP4-imposed restriction, and that diverse mammalian RTP4 orthologs exhibit striking patterns of specificity against distinct Flaviviridae members. Our findings reveal an antiviral mechanism that has likely adapted over 100 million years of mammalian evolution to accommodate unique host-virus genetic conflicts.
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85
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Xisto MF, Dias RS, Feitosa-Araujo E, Prates JWO, da Silva CC, de Paula SO. Efficient Plant Production of Recombinant NS1 Protein for Diagnosis of Dengue. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:581100. [PMID: 33193526 PMCID: PMC7649140 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.581100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Dengue fever is endemic in more than 120 countries, which account for 3.9 billion people at risk of infection worldwide. The absence of a vaccine with effective protection against the four serotypes of this virus makes differential molecular diagnosis the key step for the correct treatment of the disease. Rapid and efficient diagnosis prevents progression to a more severe stage of this disease. Currently, the limiting factor in the manufacture of dengue (DENV) diagnostic kits is the lack of large-scale production of the non-structural 1 (NS1) protein (antigen) to be used in the capture of antibodies from the blood serum of infected patients. In this work, we use plant biotechnology and genetic engineering as tools for the study of protein production for research and commercial purposes. Gene transfer, integration and expression in plants is a valid strategy for obtaining large-scale and low-cost heterologous protein production. The authors produced NS1 protein of the dengue virus serotype 2 (NS1DENV2) in the Arabidopsis thaliana plant. Transgenic plants obtained by genetic transformation expressed the recombinant protein that was purified and characterized for diagnostic use. The yield was 203 μg of the recombinant protein per gram of fresh leaf. By in situ immunolocalization, transgenic protein was observed within the plant tissue, located in aggregates bodies. These antigens showed high sensitivity and specificity to both IgM (84.29% and 91.43%, respectively) and IgG (83.08% and 87.69%, respectively). The study goes a step further to validate the use of plants as a strategy for obtaining large-scale and efficient protein production to be used in dengue virus diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Sousa Dias
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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86
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Parker EL, Silverstein RB, Verma S, Mysorekar IU. Viral-Immune Cell Interactions at the Maternal-Fetal Interface in Human Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:522047. [PMID: 33117336 PMCID: PMC7576479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.522047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human decidua and placenta form a distinct environment distinguished for its promotion of immunotolerance to infiltrating semiallogeneic trophoblast cells to enable successful pregnancy. The maternal-fetal interface also successfully precludes transmission of most pathogens. This barrier function occurs in conjunction with a diverse influx of decidual immune cells including natural killer cells, macrophages and T cells. However, several viruses, among other microorganisms, manage to escape destruction by the host adaptive and innate immune system, leading to congenital infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes. In this review, we describe mechanisms of pathogenicity of two such viral pathogens, Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) at the maternal-fetal interface. Host decidual immune cell responses to these specific pathogens will be considered, along with their interactions with other cell types and the ways in which these immune cells may both facilitate and limit infection at different stages of pregnancy. Neither HCMV nor ZIKV naturally infect commonly used animal models [e.g., mice] which makes it challenging to understand disease pathogenesis. Here, we will highlight new approaches using placenta-on-a-chip and organoids models that are providing functional and physiologically relevant ways to study viral-host interaction at the maternal-fetal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine L. Parker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Rachel B. Silverstein
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Sonam Verma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Indira U. Mysorekar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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87
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NS5 Sumoylation Directs Nuclear Responses That Permit Zika Virus To Persistently Infect Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01086-20. [PMID: 32699085 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01086-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is cytopathic to neurons and persistently infects brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs), which normally restrict viral access to neurons. Despite replicating in the cytoplasm, ZIKV and Dengue virus (DENV) polymerases, NS5 proteins, are predominantly trafficked to the nucleus. We found that a SUMO interaction motif in ZIKV and DENV NS5 proteins directs nuclear localization. However, ZIKV NS5 formed discrete punctate nuclear bodies (NBs), while DENV NS5 was uniformly dispersed in the nucleoplasm. Yet, mutating one DENV NS5 SUMO site (K546R) localized the NS5 mutant to discrete NBs, and NBs formed by the ZIKV NS5 SUMO mutant (K252R) were restructured into discrete protein complexes. In hBMECs, NBs formed by STAT2 and promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein are present constitutively and enhance innate immunity. During ZIKV infection or NS5 expression, we found that ZIKV NS5 evicts PML from STAT2 NBs, forming NS5/STAT2 NBs that dramatically reduce PML expression in hBMECs and inhibit the transcription of interferon-stimulated genes (ISG). Expressing the ZIKV NS5 SUMO site mutant (K252R) resulted in NS5/STAT2/PML NBs that failed to degrade PML, reduce STAT2 expression, or inhibit ISG induction. Additionally, the K252 SUMOylation site and NS5 nuclear localization were required for ZIKV NS5 to regulate hBMEC cell cycle transcriptional responses. Our data reveal NS5 SUMO motifs as novel NB coordinating factors that distinguish flavivirus NS5 proteins. These findings establish SUMOylation of ZIKV NS5 as critical in the regulation of antiviral ISG and cell cycle responses that permit ZIKV to persistently infect hBMECs.IMPORTANCE ZIKV is a unique neurovirulent flavivirus that persistently infects human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs), the primary barrier that restricts viral access to neuronal compartments. Here, we demonstrate that flavivirus-specific SIM and SUMO sites determine the assembly of NS5 proteins into discrete nuclear bodies (NBs). We found that NS5 SIM sites are required for NS5 nuclear localization and that SUMO sites regulate NS5 NB complex constituents, assembly, and function. We reveal that ZIKV NS5 SUMO sites direct NS5 binding to STAT2, disrupt the formation of antiviral PML-STAT2 NBs, and direct PML degradation. ZIKV NS5 SUMO sites also transcriptionally regulate cell cycle and ISG responses that permit ZIKV to persistently infect hBMECs. Our findings demonstrate the function of SUMO sites in ZIKV NS5 NB formation and their importance in regulating nuclear responses that permit ZIKV to persistently infect hBMECs and thereby gain access to neurons.
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88
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Scroggs SLP, Andrade CC, Chinnasamy R, Azar SR, Schirtzinger EE, Garcia EI, Arterburn JB, Hanley KA, Rossi SL. Old Drugs with New Tricks: Efficacy of Fluoroquinolones to Suppress Replication of Flaviviruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091022. [PMID: 32933138 PMCID: PMC7551155 DOI: 10.3390/v12091022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Repurposing FDA-approved compounds could provide the fastest route to alleviate the burden of disease caused by flaviviruses. In this study, three fluoroquinolones, enoxacin, difloxacin and ciprofloxacin, curtailed replication of flaviviruses Zika (ZIKV), dengue (DENV), Langat (LGTV) and Modoc (MODV) in HEK-293 cells at low micromolar concentrations. Time-of-addition assays suggested that enoxacin suppressed ZIKV replication at an intermediate step in the virus life cycle, whereas ciprofloxacin and difloxacin had a wider window of efficacy. A129 mice infected with 1 × 105 plaque-forming units (pfu) ZIKV FSS13025 (n = 20) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (n = 11) on day 0 and treated with enoxacin at 10 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg or diluent orally twice daily on days 1–5 did not differ in weight change or virus titer in serum or brain. However, mice treated with enoxacin showed a significant, five-fold decrease in ZIKV titer in testes relative to controls. Mice infected with 1 × 102 pfu ZIKV (n = 13) or PBS (n = 13) on day 0 and treated with 15 mg/kg oral enoxacin or diluent twice daily pre-treatment and days 1–5 post-treatment also did not differ in weight and viral load in the serum, brain, and liver, but mice treated with enoxacin showed a significant, 2.5-fold decrease in ZIKV titer in testes relative to controls. ZIKV can be sexually transmitted, so reduction of titer in the testes by enoxacin should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L. P. Scroggs
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA; (C.C.A.); (E.E.S.); (E.I.G.); (K.A.H.)
- Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Christy C. Andrade
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA; (C.C.A.); (E.E.S.); (E.I.G.); (K.A.H.)
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA 99258, USA
| | - Ramesh Chinnasamy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA; (R.C.); (J.B.A.)
| | - Sasha R. Azar
- Institute for Translational Sciences, The University of University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Erin E. Schirtzinger
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA; (C.C.A.); (E.E.S.); (E.I.G.); (K.A.H.)
- Arthropod-borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Erin I. Garcia
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA; (C.C.A.); (E.E.S.); (E.I.G.); (K.A.H.)
- Science News, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Arterburn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA; (R.C.); (J.B.A.)
| | - Kathryn A. Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA; (C.C.A.); (E.E.S.); (E.I.G.); (K.A.H.)
| | - Shannan L. Rossi
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
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89
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Kyasanur Forest Disease and Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever Virus-Two Neglected Zoonotic Pathogens. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091406. [PMID: 32932653 PMCID: PMC7564883 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV) and Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus (AHFV) are tick-borne flaviviruses that cause life-threatening hemorrhagic fever in humans with case fatality rates of 3-5% for KFDV and 1-20% for AHFV, respectively. Both viruses are biosafety level 4 pathogens due to the severity of disease they cause and the lack of effective countermeasures. KFDV was discovered in India and is restricted to parts of the Indian subcontinent, whereas AHFV has been found in Saudi Arabia and Egypt. In recent years, both viruses have spread beyond their original endemic zones and the potential of AHFV to spread through ticks on migratory birds is a public health concern. While there is a vaccine with limited efficacy for KFDV used in India, there is no vaccine for AHFV nor are there any therapeutic concepts to combat infections with these viruses. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about pathogenesis, vector distribution, virus spread, and infection control. We aim to bring attention to the potential public health threats posed by KFDV and AHFV and highlight the urgent need for the development of effective countermeasures.
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90
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Leng SL, Huang R, Feng YN, Peng LJ, Yang J, Li YH. The pre membrane and envelope protein is the crucial virulence determinant of Japanese encephalitis virus. Microb Pathog 2020; 148:104492. [PMID: 32916243 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
After sequence comparison, it was found that there are multiple amino acid mutations in pre-M and envelope (E) protein of Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine strain comparison with wild type (WT) strain SA14. It is generally acknowledged it is the mutations that have caused the virulence attenuation of vaccine strain, but lack of sufficient experimental evidences. For a better understanding of the mechanism of attenuation of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), in this study, we assessed whether prM/E is critical neurovirulence determinants of JEV with infectious cDNA clones technique. Substitutions prM/E of vaccine strain with that of WT SA14 did significantly increase the virulence of JEV to the similar level of wild type SA14, and simultaneously, replacement prM/E of JEV WT strain SA14 with that of vaccine strain SA14-14-2 decreased the virulence of JEV significantly to the similar level of vaccine stain. The results indicate that the prM/E protein is the crucial virulence determinant of Japanese encephalitis virus, although other proteins take part in the process to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Ling Leng
- School of Basic medical science, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Rong Huang
- School of Basic medical science, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Ya-Nan Feng
- School of Basic medical science, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Li-Juan Peng
- School of Basic medical science, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Jian Yang
- School of Basic medical science, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China.
| | - Yu-Hua Li
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, China.
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91
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Khodadadi E, Maroufi P, Khodadadi E, Esposito I, Ganbarov K, Espsoito S, Yousefi M, Zeinalzadeh E, Kafil HS. Study of combining virtual screening and antiviral treatments of the Sars-CoV-2 (Covid-19). Microb Pathog 2020; 146:104241. [PMID: 32387389 PMCID: PMC7199731 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent epidemic outbreak of a novel human coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 and causing the respiratory tract disease COVID-19 has reached worldwide resonance and a global effort is being undertaken to characterize the molecular features and evolutionary origins of this virus. Therefore, rapid and accurate identification of pathogenic viruses plays a vital role in selecting appropriate treatments, saving people's lives and preventing epidemics. Additionally, general treatments, coronavirus-specific treatments, and antiviral treatments useful in fighting COVID-19 are addressed. This review sets out to shed light on the SARS-CoV-2 and host receptor recognition, a crucial factor for successful virus infection and taking immune-informatics approaches to identify B- and T-cell epitopes for surface glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. A variety of improved or new approaches also have been developed. It is anticipated that this will assist researchers and clinicians in developing better techniques for timely and effective detection of coronavirus infection. Moreover, the genomic sequence of the virus responsible for COVID-19, as well as the experimentally determined three-dimensional structure of the Main protease (Mpro) is available. The reported structure of the target Mpro was described in this review to identify potential drugs for COVID-19 using virtual high throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsaneh Khodadadi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Parham Maroufi
- Department of Orthopedy, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Ehsan Khodadadi
- Department of Biology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | | | | | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Elham Zeinalzadeh
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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92
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Khristunova E, Dorozhko E, Korotkova E, Kratochvil B, Vyskocil V, Barek J. Label-Free Electrochemical Biosensors for the Determination of Flaviviruses: Dengue, Zika, and Japanese Encephalitis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E4600. [PMID: 32824351 PMCID: PMC7472106 DOI: 10.3390/s20164600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A highly effective way to improve prognosis of viral infectious diseases and to determine the outcome of infection is early, fast, simple, and efficient diagnosis of viral pathogens in biological fluids. Among a wide range of viral pathogens, Flaviviruses attract a special attention. Flavivirus genus includes more than 70 viruses, the most familiar being dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Haemorrhagic and encephalitis diseases are the most common severe consequences of flaviviral infection. Currently, increasing attention is being paid to the development of electrochemical immunological methods for the determination of Flaviviruses. This review critically compares and evaluates recent research progress in electrochemical biosensing of DENV, ZIKV, and JEV without labelling. Specific attention is paid to comparison of detection strategies, electrode materials, and analytical characteristics. The potential of so far developed biosensors is discussed together with an outlook for further development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Khristunova
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (E.K.); (E.D.); (E.K.); (B.K.)
- UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
- Department of Solid State Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Dorozhko
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (E.K.); (E.D.); (E.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Elena Korotkova
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (E.K.); (E.D.); (E.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Bohumil Kratochvil
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (E.K.); (E.D.); (E.K.); (B.K.)
- Department of Solid State Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Vyskocil
- UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
| | - Jiri Barek
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (E.K.); (E.D.); (E.K.); (B.K.)
- UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
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93
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Mapping the diverse structural landscape of the flavivirus antibody repertoire. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 45:51-64. [PMID: 32801077 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are emerging arthropod-borne RNA viruses, causing a broad spectrum of life-threatening disease symptoms such as encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever. Successful vaccines exist against yellow fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and tick-borne encephalitis virus. However, vaccine development against other flaviviruses like dengue virus is not straightforward. This is partly because of the high sequence conservation and immunological cross-reactivity among flavivirus envelope glycoproteins leading to antibody mediated enhancement of disease. A comprehensive analyses of the structural landscape of humoral immune response against flaviviruses is crucial for antigen design. Here, we compare the available structural data of several flavivirus antibody complexes with a major focus on Zika virus and dengue virus and discuss the mapped epitopes, the stoichiometry of antibody binding and mechanisms of neutralization.
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94
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Crystal structures of full length DENV4 NS2B-NS3 reveal the dynamic interaction between NS2B and NS3. Antiviral Res 2020; 182:104900. [PMID: 32763315 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Flavivirus is a genus of the Flaviviridae family which includes significant emerging and re-emerging human disease-causing arboviruses such as dengue and Zika viruses. Flaviviral non-structural protein 3 (NS3) protease-helicase plays essential roles in viral replication and is an attractive antiviral target. A construct which connects the cytoplasmic cofactor region of NS2B and NS3 protease with an artificial glycine-rich flexible linker has been widely used for structural, biochemical and drug-screening studies. The effect of this linker on the dynamics and enzymatic activity of the protease has been studied by several biochemical and NMR methods but the findings remained inconclusive. Here, we designed and carried out a comparative study of constructs of NS2B cofactor joined to the full length DENV4 NS3 in three different ways, namely bNS2B47NS3 (bivalent), eNS2B47NS3(enzymatically cleavable) and gNS2B47NS3 (glycine-rich linker). We report the crystal structures of linked and unlinked NS2B47-NS3 constructs in their free state and in complex with bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI). These structures demonstrate that the NS2B cofactor predominantly adopts a closed conformation in complex with full-length NS3. The glycine-rich linker between NS2B and NS3 may promote the open conformation which interferes with protease activity. This negative impact on the enzyme structure and function is restricted to the protease activity as the ATPase activity is not affected in vitro.
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95
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Hwang EH, Kim G, Oh H, An YJ, Kim J, Kim JH, Hwang ES, Park JH, Hong J, Koo BS. Molecular and evolutionary analysis of dengue virus serotype 2 isolates from Korean travelers in 2015. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1739-1748. [PMID: 32409874 PMCID: PMC7351809 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04653-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In Korea, dengue infection has been frequently reported in travelers to tropical and subtropical countries. Global warming increases the probability of autochthonous dengue outbreaks in Korea. In this report, the molecular and evolutionary properties of four dengue virus (DENV) type 2 isolates from Korean overseas travelers were examined. Three of these isolates were classified as Cosmopolitan genotypes and further divided into sublineages 1 (43,253, 43,254) and 2 (43,248), while the other isolate (KBPV-VR29) was related to American genotypes. The variable amino acid motifs related to virulence and replication were identified in the structural and non-structural proteins. A negative selection mechanism was clearly verified in all of the DENV proteins. Potential recombination events were identified in the NS5 protein of the XSBN10 strain. The substitution rate (5.32 × 10-4 substitutions per site) and the time of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) for each evolutionary group were determined by the Bayesian skyline coalescent method. This study shows that DENV type 2 strains with distinct phylogenetic, evolutionary, and virulence characteristics have been introduced into Korea by overseas travelers and have the potential to trigger autochthonous dengue outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ha Hwang
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Green Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanseul Oh
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - You Jung An
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Heon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Soo Hwang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - JungJoo Hong
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bon-Sang Koo
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
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96
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Zhang M, Sun J, Li M, Jin X. Modified mRNA-LNP Vaccines Confer Protection against Experimental DENV-2 Infection in Mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 18:702-712. [PMID: 32913878 PMCID: PMC7452130 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection is a major global public health concern, and there is no effective vaccine for it. In this study, we describe the design and characterization of three nucleotide-modified mRNA vaccines (prME-mRNA, E80-mRNA, and NS1-mRNA) for DENV-2. Our results showed that vaccination with E80-mRNA alone or a combination of E80-mRNA and NS1-mRNA can induce high levels of neutralizing antibodies and antigen-specific T cell responses; furthermore, these vaccines confer complete protection against DENV-2 challenge in immunocompetent mice. These data provide foundations for further development of a tetravalent DENV vaccine based on nucleotide-modified mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengling Zhang
- Viral Disease and Vaccine Translational Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Viral Disease and Vaccine Translational Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Li
- Viral Disease and Vaccine Translational Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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97
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Button JM, Qazi SA, Wang JCY, Mukhopadhyay S. Revisiting an old friend: new findings in alphavirus structure and assembly. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 45:25-33. [PMID: 32683295 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Alphaviruses are transmitted by an arthropod vector to a vertebrate host. The disease pathologies, cellular environments, immune responses, and host factors are very different in these organisms. Yet, the virus is able to infect, replicate, and assemble into new particles in these two animals using one set of genetic instructions. The balance between conserved mechanisms and unique strategies during virus assembly is critical for fitness of the virus. In this review, we discuss new findings in receptor binding, polyprotein topology, nucleocapsid core formation, and particle budding that have emerged in the last five years and share opinions on how these new findings might answer some questions regarding alphavirus structure and assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Button
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, 212 S. Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Shefah A Qazi
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 212 S. Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Joseph Che-Yen Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, 700 HMC Crescent Road, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Suchetana Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 212 S. Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
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98
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Autonomously Replicating RNAs of Bungowannah Pestivirus: E RNS Is Not Essential for the Generation of Infectious Particles. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00436-20. [PMID: 32404522 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00436-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autonomously replicating subgenomic Bungowannah virus (BuPV) RNAs (BuPV replicons) with deletions of the genome regions encoding the structural proteins C, ERNS, E1, and E2 were constructed on the basis of an infectious cDNA clone of BuPV. Nanoluciferase (Nluc) insertion was used to compare the replication efficiencies of all constructs after electroporation of in vitro-transcribed RNA from the different clones. Deletion of C, E1, E2, or the complete structural protein genome region (C-ERNS-E1-E2) prevented the production of infectious progeny virus, whereas deletion of ERNS still allowed the generation of infectious particles. However, those ΔERNS viral particles were defective in virus assembly and/or egress and could not be further propagated for more than three additional passages in porcine SK-6 cells. These "defective-in-third-cycle" BuPV ΔERNS mutants were subsequently used to express the classical swine fever virus envelope protein E2, the N-terminal domain of the Schmallenberg virus Gc protein, and the receptor binding domain of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein. The constructs could be efficiently complemented and further passaged in SK-6 cells constitutively expressing the BuPV ERNS protein. Importantly, BuPVs are able to infect a wide variety of target cell lines, allowing expression in a very wide host spectrum. Therefore, we suggest that packaged BuPV ΔERNS replicon particles have potential as broad-spectrum viral vectors.IMPORTANCE The proteins NPRO and ERNS are unique for the genus Pestivirus, but only NPRO has been demonstrated to be nonessential for in vitro growth. While this was also speculated for ERNS, it has always been previously shown that pestivirus replicons with deletions of the structural proteins ERNS, E1, or E2 did not produce any infectious progeny virus in susceptible host cells. Here, we demonstrated for the first time that BuPV ERNS is dispensable for the generation of infectious virus particles but still important for efficient passaging. The ERNS-defective BuPV particles showed clearly limited growth in cell culture but were capable of several rounds of infection, expression of foreign genes, and highly efficient trans-complementation to rescue virus replicon particles (VRPs). The noncytopathic characteristics and the absence of preexisting immunity to BuPV in human populations and livestock also provide a significant benefit for a possible use, e.g., as a vector vaccine platform.
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99
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Lin L, Ting S, Yufei H, Wendong L, Yubo F, Jing Z. Epitope-based peptide vaccines predicted against novel coronavirus disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Virus Res 2020; 288:198082. [PMID: 32621841 PMCID: PMC7328648 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Linear B-cell epitopes in RBD of S protein predicted against SARS-CoV-2. Discontinuous B-cell epitopes from S protein predicted against SARS-CoV-2. T-cell epitopes from S, M and N protein predicted against SARS-CoV-2.
The outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has infected millions of people with a large number of deaths across the globe. The existing therapies are limited in dealing with SARS-CoV-2 due to the sudden appearance of the virus. Therefore, vaccines and antiviral medicines are in desperate need. We took immune-informatics approaches to identify B- and T-cell epitopes for surface glycoprotein (S), membrane glycoprotein (M) and nucleocapsid protein (N) of SARS-CoV-2, followed by estimating their antigenicity and interactions with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles. Allergenicity, toxicity, physiochemical properties analysis and stability were examined to confirm the specificity and selectivity of the epitope candidates. We identified a total of five B cell epitopes in RBD of S protein, seven MHC class-I, and 18 MHC class-II binding T-cell epitopes from S, M and N protein which showed non-allergenic, non-toxic and highly antigenic features and non-mutated in 55,179 SARS-CoV-2 virus strains until June 25, 2020. The epitopes identified here can be a potentially good candidate repertoire for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China; School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing China
| | - Sun Ting
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China; School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing China
| | - He Yufei
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing China
| | - Li Wendong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China; School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing China
| | - Fan Yubo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China; School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing China.
| | - Zhang Jing
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
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100
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Lin HH, Huang LM, Wu SC. A quantitative luciferase-based cell-cell fusion assay to measure four-serotype dengue virus E protein-triggered membrane fusion. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2176-2182. [PMID: 32530355 PMCID: PMC7553686 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1748989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The class II membrane fusion induced by flavivirus E proteins is a unique pH-dependent membrane fusion process differently from the class I or III membrane fusion by other enveloped virus proteins. The fusion peptide on the DII of the flavivirus E proteins can insert into the cell membrane as a cell entry process besides the receptor bindings. A traditional assay using C6/36 mosquito cells infected by dengue viruses has been previously reported but did not provide efficient quantitation to measure the virus-triggered membrane fusion. Here we reported the development of a quantitative cell fusion assay for four serotypes of dengue viruses and the recently emerged Zika viruses. We used a pCI-neo vector encoding the prME genes of dengue and Zika viruses and investigated the cell fusion in transfected 293, Vero and CHO cells. Donor cells were co-transfection of the prME genes of dengue and Zika prME gene and T7 RNA polymerase to react with the indicator cells transfected with the luciferase gene under the control of the T7 promoter. Quantification of the virus-induced cell fusion was determined by the luciferase expression levels under a switch of pH from 7.4 to 5.4 in the co-cultured donor and indicator cells. The quantitative luciferase-based assay was applied to measure the anti-fusion activity by two monoclonal antibodies mAb 4G2 and mAb DB42 against dengue virus infections. This assay could quality as a quantitative bioassay for testing the potency of anti-fusion monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Han Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Li-Min Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Suh-Chin Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu, Taiwan
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