51
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Zhou B, Wu Y, Dalal S, Merino EF, Liu QF, Xu CH, Yuan T, Ding J, Kingston DGI, Cassera MB, Yue JM. Nanomolar Antimalarial Agents against Chloroquine-Resistant Plasmodium falciparum from Medicinal Plants and Their Structure-Activity Relationships. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:96-107. [PMID: 27997206 PMCID: PMC5327789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the discovery of the antimalarial drug artemisinin from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), a natural product library of 44 lindenane-type sesquiterpenoids was assessed for activities against the Dd2 chloroquine-resistant strain of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. These compounds were mainly isolated from plants of the Chloranthus genus, many species of which are named "Sikuaiwa" in TCM and have long been used to treat malaria. The compounds consisted of 41 sesquiterpenoid dimers and three monomers, including the 12 new dimers 1-12 isolated from Chloranthus fortunei. The results showed that 16 dimers exhibited potent antiplasmodial activities (<100 nM); in particular, compounds 1, 14, and 19 exhibited low nanomolar activities with IC50 values ranging from 1 to 7 nM, which is comparable to the potency of artemisinin, and selectivity index values toward mammalian cells greater than 500. A comprehensive structure-activity relationship study indicated that three functional groups are essential and two motifs can be modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Seema Dalal
- Department of Biochemistry and the Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, MC 0308, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Emilio F. Merino
- Department of Biochemistry and the Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, MC 0308, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Qun-Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - David G. I. Kingston
- Department of Chemistry and the Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, MC 0212, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Maria B. Cassera
- Department of Biochemistry and the Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, MC 0308, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Jian-Min Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
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Iribhogbe OI, Igue EO, Odianosen M. Assessment of the safety of non-fixed-dose combination of artesunate and amodiaquine for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in pregnancy: a nonrandomized open-label study. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jphs.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osede Ignis Iribhogbe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics; College of Medicine; Ambrose Alli University; Ekpoma Edo State Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Odion Igue
- Department of Human Physiology; College of Medicine; Ambrose Alli University; Ekpoma Edo State Nigeria
| | - Marylove Odianosen
- Department of Human Physiology; College of Medicine; Ambrose Alli University; Ekpoma Edo State Nigeria
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53
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Ansari MF, Hayat F, Inam A, Kathrada F, van Zyl RL, Coetzee M, Ahmad K, Shin D, Azam A. New antiprotozoal agents: Synthesis and biological evaluation of different 4-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl) piperazin-1-yl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)methanone derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 27:460-465. [PMID: 28027871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In an endeavor to develop efficacious antiprotozoal agents 4-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl) piperazin-1-yl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)methanone derivatives (5-14) were synthesized, characterized and biologically evaluated for antiprotozoal activity. The compounds were screened in vitro against the HM1: IMSS strain of Entamoeba histolytica and NF54 chloroquine-sensitive strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Among the synthesized compounds six exhibited promising antiamoebic activity with IC50 values (0.14-1.26μM) lower than the standard drug metronidazole (IC50 1.80μM). All nine compounds exhibited antimalarial activity (IC50 range: 1.42-19.62μM), while maintaining a favorable safety profile to host red blood cells. All the compounds were less effective as an antimalarial and more toxic (IC50 range: 14.67-81.24μM) than quinine (IC50: 275.6±16.46μM) against the human kidney epithelial cells. None of the compounds exhibited any inhibitory effect on the viability of Anopheles arabiensis mosquito larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Faisal Hayat
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, South Korea
| | - Afreen Inam
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Fatima Kathrada
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; WITS Research Institute for Malaria (WRIM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Robyn L van Zyl
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; WITS Research Institute for Malaria (WRIM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Maureen Coetzee
- WITS Research Institute for Malaria (WRIM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Vector Control Reference Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kamal Ahmad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Dongyun Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, South Korea
| | - Amir Azam
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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Kerkhof K, Sluydts V, Willen L, Kim S, Canier L, Heng S, Tsuboi T, Sochantha T, Sovannaroth S, Ménard D, Coosemans M, Durnez L. Serological markers to measure recent changes in malaria at population level in Cambodia. Malar J 2016; 15:529. [PMID: 27809852 PMCID: PMC5096337 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1576-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serological markers for exposure to different Plasmodium species have recently been used in multiplex immunoassays based on the Luminex technology. However, interpretation of the assay results requires consideration of the half-life of specific antibodies against these markers. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to document the half-life of malaria specific serological makers, as well as assessing the sensitivity of these markers to pick up recent changes in malaria exposure. Methods A recently developed multiplex immunoassay was used to measure the intensity of antibody (Ab) responses against 19 different Plasmodium specific antigens, covering different human malaria parasites and two vector saliva antigens. Therefore, 8439 blood samples from five cross-sectional surveys in Ratanakiri, Cambodia, were analysed. These involve a random selection from two selected surveys, and an additional set of blood samples of individuals that were randomly re-sampled three, four or five times. A generalized estimating equation model and linear regression models were fitted on log transformed antibody intensity data. Results Results showed that most (17/21) Ab-responses are higher in PCR positive than PCR negative individuals. Furthermore, these antibody-responses follow the same upward trend within each age group. Estimation of the half-lives showed differences between serological markers that reflect short- (seasonal) and long-term (year round) transmission trends. Ab levels declined significantly together with a decrease of PCR prevalence in a group of malaria endemic villages. Conclusion For Plasmodium falciparum, antibodies against LSA3.RE, GLURP and Pf.GLURP.R2 are most likely to be a reflexion of recent (range from 6 to 8 months) exposure in the Mekong Subregion. PvEBP is the only Plasmodium vivax Ag responding reasonably well, in spite of an estimated Ab half-life of more than 1 year. The use of Ab intensity data rather dichotomizing the continuous Ab-titre data (positive vs negative) will lead to an improved approach for serological surveillance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1576-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Kerkhof
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Vincent Sluydts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laura Willen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Saorin Kim
- Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Lydie Canier
- Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Somony Heng
- National Centre for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Tho Sochantha
- National Centre for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Siv Sovannaroth
- National Centre for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Didier Ménard
- Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Marc Coosemans
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lies Durnez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
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55
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Binding affinity models for Falcipain inhibition based on the Linear Interaction Energy method. J Mol Graph Model 2016; 70:236-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Bello-Manga H, DeBaun MR, Kassim AA. Epidemiology and treatment of relative anemia in children with sickle cell disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Expert Rev Hematol 2016; 9:1031-1042. [PMID: 27677923 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2016.1240612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common inherited hemoglobinopathy in the world, with the majority of cases in sub-Saharan Africa. Concomitant nutritional deficiencies, infections or exposure to environmental toxins exacerbate chronic anemia in children with SCD. The resulting relative anemia is associated with increased risk of strokes, poor cognitive function and impaired growth. It may also attenuate optimal response to hydroxyurea therapy, the only effective and practical treatment option for SCD in sub-Saharan Africa. This review will focus on the epidemiology, clinical sequelae, and treatment of relative anemia in children with SCD living in low and middle-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Areas covered: The causes and treatment of relative anemia in children with SCD in sub-Saharan Africa. The MEDLINE database was searched using medical subject headings (MeSH) and keywords for articles regarding relative anemia in children with SCD in sub-Saharan Africa. Expert commentary: Anemia due to nutritional deficiencies and infectious diseases such as helminthiasis and malaria are prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. Their co-existence in children with SCD increases morbidity and mortality. Therefore, preventing, diagnosing and treating the underlying cause of this relative anemia will improve SCD-related outcomes in children in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halima Bello-Manga
- a Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion , Barau Dikko Teaching hospital/Kaduna State University , Kaduna , Nigeria
| | - Michael R DeBaun
- b Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center for Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease , Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Adetola A Kassim
- c Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center for Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease , Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , TN , USA
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Status Epilepticus: Epidemiology and Public Health Needs. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5080071. [PMID: 27537921 PMCID: PMC4999791 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5080071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is defined as a continuous clinical and/or electrographic seizure activity lasting five minutes or more or recurrent seizure activity without return to baseline. There is a paucity of epidemiological studies of SE, as most research is derived from small population studies. The overall incidence of SE is 9.9 to 41 per 100,000/year, with peaks in children and the elderly and with febrile seizures and strokes as its main etiologies. The etiology is the major determinant of mortality. Governments and the academic community should predominantly focus on the primary prevention of etiologies linked to SE, as these are the most important risk factors for its development. This review describes the incidence, prevalence, etiology, risk factors, outcomes and costs of SE and aims to identify future research and public health needs.
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58
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Mudiyanselage MHH, Weerasinghe NP, Pathirana K, Dias H. Misdiagnosis of cerebral malaria initially as acute psychotic disorder and later as human rabies: a case report. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:400. [PMID: 27514689 PMCID: PMC4981962 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral malaria is arguably one of the most common non-traumatic encephalopathies in the developing world. Unless the diagnosis of cerebral malaria is made promptly, the consequence could be disastrous. Even though the diagnosis of cerebral malaria can be made relatively easily in majority of cases atypical presentation can often lead to misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis. We report a case of an uncommon presentation of Plasmodium falciparum infection in a 17-year-old school girl with altered sensorium, seizures and phobic spasms. CASE PRESENTATION A previously healthy 17-year-old school girl was admitted to our hospital with acute condition characterised by comatose state, recurrent seizures and phobic spasms. She initially presented to a local hospital with agitation and over talkativeness and was diagnosed as having an acute psychotic state. Few days later she became drowsy and developed recurrent seizures and marked phobic spasms which prompted the treating physician to diagnose human rabies. However, further investigations carried out in our unit (including rapid antigenic test for P. falciparum and peripheral blood smear) were positive for P. falciparum. She was treated as for cerebral malaria with intravenous quinine and discharge from hospital with no residual neurological deficit. CONCLUSION Atypical presentation of cerebral malaria can often lead to misdiagnosis. This patient presented with encephalopathic illness with phobic spasms was initially misdiagnosed as human rabies. Therefore, the physicians in malarial endemic areas should be vigilant of similar presentations and should consider cerebral malaria as a possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hasini Dias
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka
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59
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Overcoming chloroquine resistance in malaria: Design, synthesis and structure–activity relationships of novel chemoreversal agents. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 119:231-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kirkeby C, Wellenreuther M, Brydegaard M. Observations of movement dynamics of flying insects using high resolution lidar. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29083. [PMID: 27375089 PMCID: PMC4931464 DOI: 10.1038/srep29083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are fundamental to ecosystem functioning and biodiversity, yet the study of insect movement, dispersal and activity patterns remains a challenge. Here we present results from a novel high resolution laser-radar (lidar) system for quantifying flying insect abundance recorded during one summer night in Sweden. We compare lidar recordings with data from a light trap deployed alongside the lidar. A total of 22808 insect were recorded, and the relative temporal quantities measured matched the quantities recorded with the light trap within a radius of 5 m. Lidar records showed that small insects (wing size <2.5 mm(2) in cross-section) moved across the field and clustered near the light trap around 22:00 local time, while larger insects (wing size >2.5 mm(2) in cross-section) were most abundant near the lidar beam before 22:00 and then moved towards the light trap between 22:00 and 23:30. We could distinguish three insect clusters based on morphology and found that two contained insects predominantly recorded above the field in the evening, whereas the third was formed by insects near the forest at around 21:30. Together our results demonstrate the capability of lidar for distinguishing different types of insect during flight and quantifying their movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Kirkeby
- National Veterinary Institute (DTU VET), Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark.,FaunaPhotonics, Ole Maaloes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N., Denmark
| | - Maren Wellenreuther
- Section for Evolutionary Ecology and Center for Animal Movement Research (CAnMove), Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 22363 Lund, Sweden.,The New Zealand Institute for Plant &Food Research Ltd, 300 Wakefield Quay Port Nelson, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
| | - Mikkel Brydegaard
- FaunaPhotonics, Ole Maaloes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N., Denmark.,Section for Evolutionary Ecology and Center for Animal Movement Research (CAnMove), Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 22363 Lund, Sweden.,Lund Laser Centre (LLC), Department of Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14, 22363 Lund, Sweden
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61
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Chakraborty A. Emerging drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: A review of well-characterized drug targets for novel antimalarial chemotherapy. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(16)61090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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62
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Panda AK, Das BK, Panda A, Tripathy R, Pattnaik SS, Mahto H, Pied S, Pathak S, Sharma S, Ravindran B. Heterozygous mutants of TIRAP (S180L) polymorphism protect adult patients with Plasmodium falciparum infection against severe disease and mortality. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 43:146-50. [PMID: 27166096 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain containing adapter protein (TIRAP) plays a crucial role in TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways. Glycosylphospatidylinositol (GPI), considered a toxin molecule of Plasmodium falciparum, interacts with TLR2 and 4 to induce an immune inflammatory response. A single nucleotide polymorphism at coding region of TIRAP (S180L) has been reported to influence TLRs signaling. In the present study, we investigated the association of TIRAP (S180L) polymorphism with susceptibility/resistance to severe P. falciparum malaria in a cohort of adult patients from India. TIRAP S180L polymorphism was typed in 347 cases of severe malaria (SM), 232 uncomplicated malaria and 150 healthy controls. Plasma levels of TNF-α was quantified by ELISA. Heterozygous mutation (S/L) conferred significant protection against MOD (multi organ dysfunction), NCSM (non-cerebral severe malaria) as well as mortality. Interestingly, homozygous mutants (L/L) had 16 fold higher susceptibility to death. TIRAP mutants (S/L and L/L) were associated with significantly higher plasma TNF-α levels compared to wild type (S/S). The results of the present study demonstrate that TIRAP S180L heterozygous mutation may protect patients against severe malaria and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K Panda
- Centre for Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe, Ranchi, India; Infectious Disease Biology Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
| | - Bidyut K Das
- Infectious Disease Biology Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India; Department of Medicine, S.C.B. Medical College, Cuttack 753007, Odisha, India.
| | - Abhinash Panda
- Department of Medicine, S.C.B. Medical College, Cuttack 753007, Odisha, India.
| | - Rina Tripathy
- Department of Biochemistry, S.C.B. Medical College, Cuttack 753007, Odisha, India.
| | - Sarit S Pattnaik
- Department of Medicine, S.C.B. Medical College, Cuttack 753007, Odisha, India.
| | - Harishankar Mahto
- Centre for Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe, Ranchi, India
| | - Sylviane Pied
- Basic and Clinical Immunology of Parasitic Diseases Group, Centre for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59019 Lille Cedex, France.
| | - Sulabha Pathak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India.
| | - Shobhona Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India.
| | - Balachandran Ravindran
- Infectious Disease Biology Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
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Overcoming Chloroquine Resistance in Malaria: Design, Synthesis, and Structure-Activity Relationships of Novel Hybrid Compounds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:3076-89. [PMID: 26953199 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02476-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to antimalarial therapies, including artemisinin, has emerged as a significant challenge. Reversal of acquired resistance can be achieved using agents that resensitize resistant parasites to a previously efficacious therapy. Building on our initial work describing novel chemoreversal agents (CRAs) that resensitize resistant parasites to chloroquine (CQ), we herein report new hybrid single agents as an innovative strategy in the battle against resistant malaria. Synthetically linking a CRA scaffold to chloroquine produces hybrid compounds with restored potency toward a range of resistant malaria parasites. A preferred compound, compound 35, showed broad activity and good potency against seven strains resistant to chloroquine and artemisinin. Assessment of aqueous solubility, membrane permeability, and in vitro toxicity in a hepatocyte line and a cardiomyocyte line indicates that compound 35 has a good therapeutic window and favorable drug-like properties. This study provides initial support for CQ-CRA hybrid compounds as a potential treatment for resistant malaria.
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Iwuafor AA, Egwuatu CC, Nnachi AU, Ita IO, Ogban GI, Akujobi CN, Egwuatu TO. Malaria Parasitaemia and the use of insecticide-treated nets (INTs) for malaria control amongst under-5 year old children in Calabar, Nigeria. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:151. [PMID: 27080122 PMCID: PMC4832572 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a major cause of febrile illness in Nigeria and interventions to reduce malaria burden in Nigeria focus on the use of insecticide-treated nets. This study determined the prevalence of malaria parasitaemia and the use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) for the control of malaria amongst under-five year old children in Calabar, Nigeria. METHODS A total of 270 under-5 year old children were recruited and structured questionnaires were used to obtain information on the background characteristics of the respondents from their caregivers. Capillary blood samples were collected from each of the patients through finger-pricking and tested for malaria parasites by Rapid Diagnostic Test and microscopy. RESULTS An overall parasitaemia prevalence of 32.2% (by Rapid diagnostic test kit [RDT]) and 40.1% (by microscopy) were obtained in this study. Forty-six (45.5%) of the febrile patients had malaria parasitaemia (by RDT) or 41 (59.4%) by microscopy. One hundred and fifty (55.6%) of the caregivers acknowledged the use of nets on doors and windows for malaria prevention and control. One hundred and thirty-nine (51.5%) mentioned sleeping under mosquito net while 138 (51.1%) acknowledged the use of insecticide sprays. Although 191 (71.5%) of the households possessed at least one mosquito net, only 25.4% of the under-5 children slept under any net the night before the survey. No statistically significant reduction in malaria parasitaemia was observed with the use of mosquito nets among the under-5 children. Almost all the respondents (97.8%) identified mosquito bite as the cause of malaria. Fever was identified by the majority of the respondents (92.2%) as the most common symptom of malaria. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the study showed high prevalence of parasitaemia and that fever was significantly associated with malaria parasitaemia. Mosquito net utilization among the under-fives was low despite high net ownership rate by households. Therefore, for effective control of malaria, public health education should focus on enlightening the caregivers on signs/symptoms of both uncomplicated and complicated malaria as well as encourage the use of ITNs especially among the under-fives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Achizie Iwuafor
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Chukwudi Charles Egwuatu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria
| | - Agwu Ulu Nnachi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria.
| | - Ita Okokon Ita
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Godwin Ibitham Ogban
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Comfort Nneka Akujobi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria
| | - Tenny Obiageli Egwuatu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
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Hu WC. Microarray analysis of PBMC after Plasmodium falciparum infection: Molecular insights into disease pathogenesis. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:313-323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Hwang SM, Yoon SJ, Jung YM, Kwon GY, Jo SN, Jang EJ, Kwon MO. Assessing the impact of meteorological factors on malaria patients in demilitarized zones in Republic of Korea. Infect Dis Poverty 2016; 5:20. [PMID: 26955803 PMCID: PMC4782315 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The trend of military patients becoming infected with vivax malaria reemerged in the Republic of Korea (ROK) in 1993. The common explanation has been that infective Anopheles mosquitoes from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea have invaded Republic of Korea’s demilitarized zone (DMZ). The aim of this study was to verify the relationship between meteorological factors and the number of malaria patients in the military in this region. Methods The authors estimated the effects of meteorological factors on vivax malaria patients from the military based on the monthly number of malaria cases between 2006 and 2011. Temperature, precipitation, snow depth, wind velocity, relative humidity, duration of sunshine, and cloud cover were selected as the meteorological factors to be studied. A systematic pattern in the spatial distribution of malaria cases was assessed using the Moran’s Index. Granger causality tests and cross-correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the relationship between meteorological factors and malaria patients in the military. Results Spatial analysis revealed significant clusters of malaria patients in the military in Republic of Korea in 2011 (Moran’s I = 0.136, p-value = 0.026). In the six years investigated, the number of malaria patients in the military in Paju decreased, but the number of malaria patients in the military in Hwacheon and Chuncheon increased. Monthly average, maximum and minimum temperatures; wind velocity; and relative humidity were found to be predicting factors of malaria in patients in the military in Paju. In contrast, wind velocity alone was not able to predict malaria in Hwacheon and Chuncheon, however, precipitation and cloud cover were able to predict malaria in Hwacheon and Chuncheon. Conclusions This study demonstrated that the number of malaria patients in the military is correlated with meteorological factors. The variation in occurrence of malaria cases was principally attributed to differences in meteorological factors by regions of Republic of Korea. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-016-0111-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Min Hwang
- Korea Human Resource Development Institute for Health & Welfare, Osong, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Preventive Medicine, Armed Forces Medical Command, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seok-Joon Yoon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Health Policy and Hospital Management, Graduate School of Public Health, Korea University, 73 Inchon-ro., Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 136-705, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoo-Mi Jung
- Korea Armed Forces Nursing Academy, 90 Jaun-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-153, Republic of Korea.
| | - Geun-Yong Kwon
- Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soo-Nam Jo
- Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Jeong Jang
- Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myoung-Ok Kwon
- Department of Health Policy and Hospital Management, Graduate School of Public Health, Korea University, 73 Inchon-ro., Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 136-705, Republic of Korea. .,Korea Armed Forces Nursing Academy, 90 Jaun-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-153, Republic of Korea.
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Joubert J, Kapp E, Taylor D, Smith PJ, Malan SF. Polycyclic amines as chloroquine resistance modulating agents in Plasmodium falciparum. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1151-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Silva A, Mwebaza N, Ntale M, Gustafsson L, Pohanka A. A fast and sensitive method for quantifying lumefantrine and desbutyl-lumefantrine using LC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1004:60-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Singh AK, Rathore S, Tang Y, Goldfarb NE, Dunn BM, Rajendran V, Ghosh PC, Singh N, Latha N, Singh BK, Rawat M, Rathi B. Hydroxyethylamine Based Phthalimides as New Class of Plasmepsin Hits: Design, Synthesis and Antimalarial Evaluation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139347. [PMID: 26502278 PMCID: PMC4621027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel class of phthalimides functionalized with privileged scaffolds was designed, synthesized and evaluated as potential inhibitors of plasmepsin 2 (Ki: 0.99 ± 0.1 μM for 6u) and plasmepsin 4 (Ki: 3.3 ± 0.3 μM for 6t), enzymes found in the digestive vacuole of the plasmodium parasite and considered as crucial drug targets. Three compounds were identified as potential candidates for further development. The listed compounds were also assayed for their antimalarial efficacy against chloroquine (CQ) sensitive strain (3D7) of Plasmodium falciparum. Assay of twenty seven hydroxyethylamine derivatives revealed four (5e, 6j, 6o and 6s) as strongly active, which were further evaluated against CQ resistant strain (7GB) of P. falciparum. Compound 5e possessing the piperidinopiperidine moiety exhibited promising antimalarial activity with an IC50 of 1.16 ± 0.04 μM. Further, compounds 5e, 6j, 6o and 6s exhibited low cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cell line. Compound 6s possessing C2 symmetry was identified as the least cytotoxic with significant antimalarial activity (IC50: 1.30 ± 0.03 μM). The combined presence of hydroxyethylamine and cyclic amines (piperazines and piperidines) was observed as crucial for the activity. The current studies suggest that hydroxyethylamine based molecules act as potent antimalarial agent and may be helpful in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K. Singh
- Bioorganic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Sumit Rathore
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Yan Tang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, P.O. Box 100245, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Nathan E. Goldfarb
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, P.O. Box 100245, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Ben M. Dunn
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, P.O. Box 100245, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Vinoth Rajendran
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Prahlad C. Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Neelu Singh
- Bioinformatics Center, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - N. Latha
- Bioinformatics Center, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Brajendra K. Singh
- Bioorganic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Manmeet Rawat
- Department of Internal Medicine, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Brijesh Rathi
- Bioorganic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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Sundell K, Jagannathan P, Huang L, Bigira V, Kapisi J, Kakuru MM, Savic R, Kamya MR, Dorsey G, Aweeka F. Variable piperaquine exposure significantly impacts protective efficacy of monthly dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for the prevention of malaria in Ugandan children. Malar J 2015; 14:368. [PMID: 26403465 PMCID: PMC4582734 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0908-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-malarial chemoprevention with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHA/PQ) is a promising tool for malaria control, but its efficacy in children may be limited by inadequate drug exposure. Methods Children were enrolled in a non directly-observed trial of DHA/PQ chemoprevention in a high transmission setting in Uganda. Children were randomized at 6 months of age to no chemoprevention (n = 89) or monthly DHA/PQ (n = 87) and followed through 24 months of age, with pharmacokinetic sampling performed at variable times following monthly dosing of DHA/PQ. A previously published pharmacokinetic model was used to estimate piperaquine (PQ) exposure in each child, and associations between PQ exposure and the protective efficacy (PE) of DHA/PQ were explored. Results The incidence of malaria was 6.83 and 3.09 episodes per person year at risk in the no chemoprevention and DHA/PQ arms, respectively (PE 54 %, 95 % CI 39–66 %, P < 0.001). Among children randomized to DHA/PQ, 493 pharmacokinetic samples were collected. Despite nearly 100 % reported adherence to study drug administration at home, there was wide variability in PQ exposure, and children were stratified into three groups based on average PQ exposure during the intervention that was determined by model generated percentiles (low, n = 40; medium, n = 37, and high, n = 10). Gender and socioeconomic factors were not significantly associated with PQ exposure. In multivariate models, the PE of DHA/PQ was 31 % in the low PQ exposure group (95 % CI 6–49 %, P = 0.02), 67 % in the medium PQ exposure group (95 % CI 54–76 %, P < 0.001), and 97 % in the high PQ exposure group (95 % CI 89–99 %, P < 0.001). Conclusions The protective efficacy of DHA/PQ chemoprevention in young children was strongly associated with higher drug exposure; in children with the highest PQ exposure, monthly DHA/PQ chemoprevention was nearly 100 % protective against malaria. Strategies to ensure good adherence to monthly dosing and optimize drug exposure are critical to maximize the efficacy of this promising malaria control strategy. Trial Registration: Current Controlled Trials Identifier NCT00948896 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0908-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Sundell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
| | - Liusheng Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
| | - Victor Bigira
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - James Kapisi
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Mary M Kakuru
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Rada Savic
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutics, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
| | - Moses R Kamya
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
| | - Francesca Aweeka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
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Kerkhof K, Canier L, Kim S, Heng S, Sochantha T, Sovannaroth S, Vigan-Womas I, Coosemans M, Sluydts V, Ménard D, Durnez L. Implementation and application of a multiplex assay to detect malaria-specific antibodies: a promising tool for assessing malaria transmission in Southeast Asian pre-elimination areas. Malar J 2015; 14:338. [PMID: 26337785 PMCID: PMC4558921 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological surveillance is a key activity in malaria control and elimination in low-transmission and pre-elimination settings. Hence, sensitive tools for estimating malaria force of infection are crucial. Serological markers might provide additional information in estimating force of infection in low-endemic areas along with classical parasite detection methods. Serological markers can be used to estimate recent, past or present malaria exposure, depending on the used markers and their half-life. Methods An assay based on 14 Plasmodium-specific peptides, one peptide specific for Anopheles gambiae saliva protein and five Plasmodium-specific recombinant proteins was developed for the MAGPIX system, assessed for its performance, and applied on blood spots from 2000 individuals collected in the Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia. Results A significant correlation for the use of 1000 and 2000 beads/antigen/well as well as for the monoplex versus multiplex assay was observed for all antigens (p < 0.05). For the majority of antigens, antigen-coupled beads were stable for at least 2 months. The assay was very reproducible with limited intercoupling, interplate and intraplate variability (mean RSD <15 %). Estimating seroconversion and seroreversion per antigen using reversible catalytic models and models allowing two seroconversion rates showed higher seroconversion rates in adults. Conclusion The multiplex bead-based immunoassay was successfully implemented and analysis of field blood samples shows that changes detected in force of malaria infection vary according to the serological markers used. Multivariate analysis of the antibody responses and insights into the half-life of antibodies are crucial for improving the interpretation of these results and for identifying the most useful serological markers of past and recent malaria infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0868-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Kerkhof
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Lydie Canier
- Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Saorin Kim
- Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Somony Heng
- National Centre for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Tho Sochantha
- National Centre for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Siv Sovannaroth
- National Centre for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Inès Vigan-Womas
- Infectious Diseases Immunology, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
| | - Marc Coosemans
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Vincent Sluydts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Didier Ménard
- Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Lies Durnez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Nyirenda TS, Molyneux ME, Kenefeck R, Walker LSK, MacLennan CA, Heyderman RS, Mandala WL. T-Regulatory Cells and Inflammatory and Inhibitory Cytokines in Malawian Children Residing in an Area of High and an Area of Low Malaria Transmission During Acute Uncomplicated Malaria and in Convalescence. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2015; 4:232-41. [PMID: 26335932 PMCID: PMC4554200 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piu140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria still infects many Malawian children, and it is a cause of death in some of them. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) help in negating immune-related pathology, it but can also favor multiplication of malaria parasites. The question remains whether children recovering from uncomplicated malaria (UCM) have higher Tregs and interleukin (IL)-10 levels in convalescence. METHODS We recruited children between the ages of 6 and 60 months presenting with acute UCM in Blantyre (low transmission area) and Chikwawa (high transmission area). We observed the children after 1 month and 3 months and analyzed their blood samples for parasitemia, lymphocyte subsets, and levels of the cytokines interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Blood samples from age-matched controls were also analyzed for the same parameters. RESULTS Compared with controls, acute UCM was associated with mild lymphopenia, splenomegaly, and high levels of IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-10, which normalized in convalescence. In Chikwawa, Treg counts were significantly (P < .0001) higher in convalescence compared with acute disease, whereas in Blantyre, these were as low as in healthy controls both during acute disease and in convalescence. Blantyre had a higher percentage of parasiteamic children (15% versus 12%) in convalescence compared with Chikwawa, but none of these developed symptomatic malaria during the study duration. Concentrations of TGF-β were higher at time points for the study participants and in controls from Blantyre compared with those recruited in Chikwawa. CONCLUSIONS The high transmission area was associated with high Tregs counts and IL-10 concentrations in convalescence, which could have an effect on parasite clearance. We recommend that children recovering from UCM, especially those from high transmission area, should sleep under insecticide-treated nets, be screened for parasitemia, and a provision of antimalarial prophylaxis should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonney S. Nyirenda
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre
| | - Malcolm E. Molyneux
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Rupert Kenefeck
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy S. K. Walker
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, United Kingdom
| | - Calman A. MacLennan
- The Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation and Clinical Immunology, Service, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Robert S. Heyderman
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Wilson L. Mandala
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre,Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
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Louis VR, Schoeps A, Tiendrebéogo J, Beiersmann C, Yé M, Damiba MR, Lu GY, Mbayiha AH, De Allegri M, Jahn A, Sié A, Becher H, Müller O. An insecticide-treated bed-net campaign and childhood malaria in Burkina Faso. Bull World Health Organ 2015; 93:750-8. [PMID: 26549902 PMCID: PMC4622154 DOI: 10.2471/blt.14.147702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate if the first national insecticide-treated bed-net campaign in Burkina Faso, done in 2010, was followed by a decrease in childhood malaria in a district with high baseline transmission of the disease. METHODS We obtained data on the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in children aged 2 weeks to 36 months from malaria surveys in 2009 and 2011. We assessed morbidity in children younger than 5 years by comparing data from the Nouna health district's health management information system before and after the campaign in 2010. We analysed mortality data from 2008 to 2012 from Nouna's health and demographic surveillance system. FINDINGS The bed-net campaign was associated with an increase in the reported use of insecticide-treated nets. In 2009, 73% (630/869) of children reportedly slept under nets. In 2011, 92% (449/487) did. The campaign had no effect on the proportion of young children with P. falciparum parasitaemia after the rainy season; 52% (442/858) in 2009 and 53% (263/499) in 2011. Cases of malaria increased markedly after the campaign, as did the number of children presenting with other diseases. The campaign was not associated with any changes in child mortality. CONCLUSION The 2010 insecticide-treated net campaign in Burkina Faso was not associated with a decrease in care-seeking for malaria or all-cause mortality in children younger than 5 years. The most likely explanation is the high coverage of nets in the study area before the campaign which could have had an effect on mosquito vectors, limiting the campaign's impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie R Louis
- Institute of Public Health, Medical School, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Schoeps
- Institute of Public Health, Medical School, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Beiersmann
- Institute of Public Health, Medical School, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maurice Yé
- Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), BP02 Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Marie R Damiba
- Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), BP02 Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Guang Y Lu
- Institute of Public Health, Medical School, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - André H Mbayiha
- Institute of Public Health, Medical School, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuela De Allegri
- Institute of Public Health, Medical School, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Jahn
- Institute of Public Health, Medical School, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ali Sié
- Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), BP02 Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Heiko Becher
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Müller
- Institute of Public Health, Medical School, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Efficacy of a novel sublingual spray formulation of artemether in African children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:6930-8. [PMID: 26303805 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00243-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of sublingual artemether (ArTiMist) was investigated in two studies. In study 1, 31 children were randomized to sublingual artemether (n = 16) or intravenous (i.v.) quinine (n = 15). In study 2, 151 children were randomized to sublingual artemether (n = 77) or i.v. quinine (n = 74). For both studies, patients weighed between 5 and 15 kg and had either severe or complicated malaria based on WHO criteria, or they had uncomplicated malaria but were unable to tolerate oral medication as a result of nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. Patients received either 3 mg/kg of body weight of sublingual artemether or a loading dose of 20 mg/kg of i.v. quinine followed by 10 mg/kg every 8 h i.v. thereafter. The primary endpoint was parasitological success, defined as a reduction in parasite count of ≥90% of that at baseline at 24 h after the first dose. Other endpoints based on parasite clearance and clinical response were evaluated. In study 1, there were parasitological success rates of 93.3% (14/15) and 66.7% (10/15) for the sublingual artemether and quinine treatments, respectively. In study 2, 94.3% (66/70) of the ArTiMist-treated patients and 39.4% (28/71) of the quinine-treated patients had parasitological success (P < 0.0001). Indicators of parasite clearance (parasite clearance time [PCT], time for parasite count to fall by 50% [PCT50], time for parasite count to fall by 90% [PCT90], and percent reduction in parasitemia from baseline at 24 h [PRR24]) were significantly superior for children treated with sublingual artemether compared to those treated with i.v. quinine. There were no differences between treatments for the clinical endpoints, such as fever clearance time. The local tolerability of sublingual artemether was good. Sublingual artemether leads to rapid parasite clearance and clinical recovery. (Studies 1 and 2 are registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration numbers NCT01047436 and NCT01258049, respectively.).
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Otte im Kampe E, Müller O, Sie A, Becher H. Seasonal and temporal trends in all-cause and malaria mortality in rural Burkina Faso, 1998-2007. Malar J 2015; 14:300. [PMID: 26243295 PMCID: PMC4524173 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High mortality levels in sub-Saharan Africa are still a major public health problem. Children are the most affected group with malaria as one of the major causes of death in this region. To plan health interventions, reliable empirical information on cause-specific mortality patterns is essential, yet such data are often not available in developing countries. Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems (HDSS) implementing the verbal autopsy (VA) method provide such data on a longitudinal basis. Physician Coded VA is usually used to determine cause of death, but recently a computerized method, Interpreting VA (InterVA) was alternatively introduced. This study investigates the effect of season on all-cause and malaria mortality analysing cause of death data from 1998 to 2007 obtained by the Nouna HDSS in rural Burkina Faso and derived by InterVA. METHODS Monthly mortality rates were calculated for different age groups (infants, children, adolescents, adults, elderly). Seasonal and temporal trends were modelled with parametric Poisson regression adjusted for sex, area of residence and year of death. RESULTS Overall, 7,378 deaths occurred corresponding to a mortality rate of 11.9/1,000 with highest rates in infants (56.8/1,000) and children (22.0/1,000). Young children were most affected by malaria. Malaria mortality patterns in children showed significantly higher rates during the rainy season and a stagnant long-term trend. The seasonal trend is well described parametrically with a sinusoidal function. InterVA assigned about half as many deaths to malaria than physicians. CONCLUSIONS Malaria mortality remains highly seasonal in rural Burkina Faso. The InterVA method appears to determine reasonably well seasonal mortality patterns, which should be considered for the planning of health resources and activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Otte im Kampe
- Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Olaf Müller
- Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ali Sie
- Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso.
| | - Heiko Becher
- Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Institute for Medical Biometry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Matsumoto-Takahashi ELA, Tongol-Rivera P, Villacorte EA, Angluben RU, Jimba M, Kano S. Patient Knowledge on Malaria Symptoms Is a Key to Promoting Universal Access of Patients to Effective Malaria Treatment in Palawan, the Philippines. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127858. [PMID: 26079135 PMCID: PMC4469691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Palawan, where health care facilities are still limited, is one of the most malaria endemic provinces in the Philippines. Since 1999, microscopists (community health workers) have been trained in malaria diagnosis and feasibility of early diagnosis and treatments have been enhanced throughout the province. To accelerate the universal access of malaria patients to diagnostic testing in Palawan, positive health seeking behavior should be encouraged when malaria infection is suspected. Methods In this cross-sectional study, structured interviews were carried out with residents (N = 218) of 20 remote malaria-endemic villages throughout Palawan with a history of suspected malaria from January to February in 2012. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted to determine factors associated with appropriate treatment, which included: (1) socio-demographic characteristics; (2) proximity to a health facility; (3) health seeking behavior; (4) knowledge on malaria; (5) participation in community awareness-raising activities. Results Three factors independently associated with appropriate treatment were identified by SEM (CMIN = 10.5, df = 11, CFI = 1.000, RMSEA = .000): “living near microscopist” (p < 0.001), “not living near private pharmacy” (p < 0.01), and “having severe symptoms” (p < 0.01). “Severe symptoms” were positively correlated with more “knowledge on malaria symptoms” (p < 0.001). This knowledge was significantly increased by attending “community awareness-raising activities by microscopists” (p < 0.001). Conclusions In the resource-limited settings, microscopists played a significant role in providing appropriate treatment to all participants with severe malaria symptoms. However, it was considered that knowledge on malaria symptoms made participants more aware of their symptoms, and further progressed self-triage. Strengthening this recognition sensitivity and making residents aware of nearby microscopists may be the keys to accelerating universal access to effective malaria treatment in Palawan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Louise Akiko Matsumoto-Takahashi
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Malaria, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pilarita Tongol-Rivera
- Department of Parasitology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, the Philippines
| | - Elena A. Villacorte
- Department of Parasitology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, the Philippines
| | - Ray U. Angluben
- Kilusan Ligtas Malaria/Pilipinas Shell Foundation, Inc., SPS Government Center, Palawan City, the Philippines
| | - Masamine Jimba
- Department of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Kano
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Malaria, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Akogbéto MC, Aïkpon RY, Azondékon R, Padonou GG, Ossè RA, Agossa FR, Beach R, Sèzonlin M. Six years of experience in entomological surveillance of indoor residual spraying against malaria transmission in Benin: lessons learned, challenges and outlooks. Malar J 2015; 14:242. [PMID: 26063497 PMCID: PMC4465467 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0757-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background From 2008 to 2013, a prevention intervention against malaria based on indoor residual spraying (IRS) was implemented in Benin. From 2008 to 2012, Ficam M®, a bendiocarb-containing product was used for house spraying, in association with pirimiphos methyl EC (Actellic EC) in 2013. This operation aimed to strengthen the effectiveness of treated nets so as to expedite the achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): the reduction of morbidity and mortality due to malaria by 75 % from 2000 to 2015. Methods Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) was implemented in order to evaluate the impact of IRS intervention on malaria transmission. Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations were sampled by human landing catch. In addition, window exit traps and pyrethrum spray catches were performed to assess exophagic behaviour of Anopheles vectors the main malaria vector in the treated areas. The residual activity of insecticide in the treated walls was also assessed using WHO bioassay test. Results The purpose of this project was to draw attention to new challenges and future prospects for the success of IRS in Benin. The main strength of the intervention was a large-scale operation in which more than 80 % of the houses were treated due to the strong adhesion of population. In addition, a significant reduction of the EIR in areas under IRS were observed. However, there were many challenges including the high cost of IRS implementation and the identification of suitable areas to implement IRS. This was because of the low and short residual effect of the insecticides recommended for IRS and the management strategy for vector resistance to insecticides. This indicated that challenges are accompanied by suggested solutions. For the cost of IRS to be accessible to states, then local organizations need to be created in partnership with the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) in order to ensure relevant planning and implementation of IRS. Conclusion As an anticipatory measure against vector resistance, this paper proposes various methods, such as periodic IRS based on a combination of two or three insecticides of different classes used in rotation every two or three years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Akogbéto
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Bénin. .,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin.
| | - Rock Y Aïkpon
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Bénin. .,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin.
| | - Roseric Azondékon
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Bénin. .,Université du Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
| | - Gil G Padonou
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Bénin. .,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin.
| | - Razaki A Ossè
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Bénin. .,Université d'Agriculture de Kétou, Kétou, Benin.
| | - Fiacre R Agossa
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Bénin. .,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin.
| | | | - Michel Sèzonlin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin.
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Mwangi GG, Wagacha JM, Nguta JM, Mbaria JM. Brine shrimp cytotoxicity and antimalarial activity of plants traditionally used in treatment of malaria in Msambweni district. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:588-593. [PMID: 25495507 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.935861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In Kenya, most people use traditional medicine and medicinal plants to treat many diseases including malaria. To manage malaria, new knowledge and products are needed. Traditional herbal medicine has constituted a good basis for antimalarial lead discovery and drug development. OBJECTIVES To determine in vivo antimalarial activity and brine shrimp toxicity of five medicinal plants traditionally used to treat malaria in Msambweni district, Kenya. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 0.2 ml saline solution of 100 mg/kg aqueous crude extracts from five different plant parts were administered orally once a day and evaluated for their in vivo chemosuppressive effect using Plasmodium berghei berghei-infected Swiss mice for four consecutive days. Their safety was also determined using Brine shrimp lethality test: Grewia trichocarpa Hochst ex A. Rich (Tiliaceae) root, Dicrostachys cinerea (L) Wight et Am (Mimosaceae) root, Tamarindus indica L. (Caesalpiniaceae) stem bark, Azadirachta indica (L) Burn. (Meliaceae) root bark, and Acacia seyal Del. (Mimosaceae) root. RESULTS Parasitaemia was as follows: A. indica, 3.1%; D. cinerea, 6.3%; T. indica, 25.1%; A. seyal, 27.8%; and G. trichocarpa, 35.8%. In terms of toxicity, A. indica root bark extract had an LC50 of 285.8 µg/ml and was considered moderately toxic. T. indica stem bark extract and G. trichocarpa root extract had an LC50 of 516.4 and 545.8 µg/ml, respectively, and were considered to be weakly toxic while A. seyal and D. cinerea root extracts had a LC50 >1000 µg/ml and were, therefore, considered to be non-toxic. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION All extracts had antimalarial activity that was not significant compared to chloroquine (p ≥ 0.05). No extract was toxic to the arthropod invertebrate, Artemia salina L. (Artemiidae) larvae, justifying the continued use of the plant parts to treat malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Gicharu Mwangi
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Biological and Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi , Nairobi , Kenya and
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Sundararajan R, Mwanga-Amumpaire J, Adrama H, Tumuhairwe J, Mbabazi S, Mworozi K, Carroll R, Bangsberg D, Boum II Y, Ware NC. Sociocultural and structural factors contributing to delays in treatment for children with severe malaria: a qualitative study in southwestern Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 92:933-940. [PMID: 25802438 PMCID: PMC4426580 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a leading cause of pediatric mortality, and Uganda has among the highest incidences in the world. Increased morbidity and mortality are associated with delays to care. This qualitative study sought to characterize barriers to prompt allopathic care for children hospitalized with severe malaria in the endemic region of southwestern Uganda. Minimally structured, qualitative interviews were conducted with guardians of children admitted to a regional hospital with severe malaria. Using an inductive and content analytic approach, transcripts were analyzed to identify and define categories that explain delayed care. These categories represented two broad themes: sociocultural and structural factors. Sociocultural factors were 1) interviewee's distinctions of “traditional” versus “hospital” illnesses, which were mutually exclusive and 2) generational conflict, where deference to one's elders, who recommended traditional medicine, was expected. Structural factors were 1) inadequate distribution of health-care resources, 2) impoverishment limiting escalation of care, and 3) financial impact of illness on household economies. These factors perpetuate a cycle of illness, debt, and poverty consistent with a model of structural violence. Our findings inform a number of potential interventions that could alleviate the burden of this preventable, but often fatal, illness. Such interventions could be beneficial in similarly endemic, low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Sundararajan
- *Address correspondence to Radhika Sundararajan, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 200 West Arbor Drive, MC 8676, San Diego, CA 92103. E-mail:
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Olasehinde G, Ojurongbe D, Akinjogunl O, Egwari L, Adeyeba A. Prevalence of Malaria and Predisposing Factors to Antimalarial Drug Resistance in Southwestern Nigeria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/jp.2015.92.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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The relationship between Plasmodium infection, anaemia and nutritional status in asymptomatic children aged under five years living in stable transmission zones in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Malar J 2015; 14:83. [PMID: 25880427 PMCID: PMC4336722 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0595-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is preventable and treatable when recommended interventions are properly implemented. Thus, diagnosis and treatment focus on symptomatic individuals while asymptomatic Plasmodium infection (PI) plays a role in the sustainability of the transmission and may also have an impact on the morbidity of the disease in terms of anaemia, nutritional status and even cognitive development of children. The objective of this study was to assess PI prevalence and its relationship with known morbidity factors in a vulnerable but asymptomatic stratum of the population. METHODS A simple random sample, household survey in asymptomatic children under the age of five was conducted from April to September 2012 in two health areas of the health zone of Mont Ngafula 1, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. RESULTS The PI prevalence were 30.9% (95% CI: 26.5-35.9) and 14.3% (95% CI: 10.5-18.1) in Cité Pumbu and Kindele health areas, respectively, (OR: 2.7; p <0.001). All were Plasmodium falciparum infected and 4% were co-infected with Plasmodium malariae. In Cité Pumbu and Kindele, the prevalence of anaemia (haemoglobin <11 g/dL) was 61.6% (95% CI: 56.6-66.5) and 39.3% (95% CI: 34.0-44.6), respectively, (OR: 2.5; p <0.001). The health area of Cité Pumbu had 32% (95% CI: 27.5-37.0) of chronic malnutrition (HAZ score ≤ -2SD) compared to 5.1% (95% CI: 2.8-7.6) in Kindele. PI was predictor factor for anaemia (aOR: 3.5, p =0.01) and within infected children, there was an inverse relationship between parasite density and haemoglobin level (β = -5*10(-5), p <0.001). Age older than 12 months (aOR: 3.8, p = 0.01), presence of anaemia (aOR: 3.4, p =0.001), chronic malnutrition (aOR: 1.8, p = 0.01), having a single parent/guardian (aOR: 1.6, p =0.04), and the non-use of insecticide-treated nets (aOR: 1.7, p = 0.04) were all predictors for PI in the overall population. CONCLUSION PI in asymptomatic children was correlated with anaemia and chronic malnutrition and was thus a harmful condition in the study population. Malaria control initiatives should not only focus on treatment of symptomatic infections but also take into consideration asymptomatic but infected children.
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Conyers RC, Mazzone JR, Tripathi AK, Sullivan DJ, Posner GH. Antimalarial chemotherapy: orally curative artemisinin-derived trioxane dimer esters. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:245-8. [PMID: 25481079 PMCID: PMC4277730 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Eight new artemisinin-derived trioxane dimer esters 5 have been prepared and tested for antimalarial efficacy in malaria-infected mice. At a single oral dose of only 6mg/kg combined with 18mg/kg of mefloquine, each of the dimer esters 5 outperformed the antimalarial drug artemether (2). The most efficacious dimer, dichlorobenzoate ester 5h, prolonged mouse survival past day 30 of infection with three of the four mice in this group having no detectable parasitemia and appearing and acting healthy on day 30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Conyers
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Jennifer R Mazzone
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Abhai K Tripathi
- W. Harry Feinstone, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - David J Sullivan
- W. Harry Feinstone, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Gary H Posner
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States; The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
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Roncalés M, Vidal J, Torres PA, Herreros E. <i>In Vitro</i > Culture of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>: Obtention of Synchronous Asexual Erythrocytic Stages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ojepi.2015.51010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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85
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Karubiu W, Bhakat S, McGillewie L, Soliman MES. Flap dynamics of plasmepsin proteases: insight into proposed parameters and molecular dynamics. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:1061-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00631c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, for the first time, we report the flap opening and closing in Plasmepsin proteases – plasmepsin II (PlmII) was used as a prototype model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Karubiu
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban-4000
- South Africa
| | | | - Lara McGillewie
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban-4000
- South Africa
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Sauerzopf U, Honkpehedji YJ, Adgenika AA, Feugap EN, Ngoma GM, Mackanga JR, Lötsch F, Loembe MM, Kremsner PG, Mordmüller B, Ramharter M. In vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum in neonatal blood. Malar J 2014; 13:436. [PMID: 25406504 PMCID: PMC4242501 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children below the age of six months suffer less often from malaria than older children in sub-Saharan Africa. This observation is commonly attributed to the persistence of foetal haemoglobin (HbF), which is considered not to permit growth of Plasmodium falciparum and therefore providing protection against malaria. Since this concept has recently been challenged, this study evaluated the effect of HbF erythrocytes and maternal plasma on in vitro parasite growth of P. falciparum in Central African Gabon. METHODS Umbilical cord blood and peripheral maternal blood were collected at delivery at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital in Gabon. Respective erythrocyte suspension and plasma were used in parallel for in vitro culture. In vitro growth rates were compared between cultures supplemented with either maternal or cord erythrocytes. Plasma of maternal blood and cord blood was evaluated. Parasite growth rates were assessed by the standard HRP2-assay evaluating the increase of HRP2 concentration in Plasmodium culture. RESULTS Culture of P. falciparum using foetal erythrocytes led to comparable growth rates (mean growth rate = 4.2, 95% CI: 3.5 - 5.0) as cultures with maternal red blood cells (mean growth rate =4.2, 95% CI: 3.4 - 5.0) and those from non-malaria exposed individuals (mean growth rate = 4.6, 95% CI: 3.8 - 5.5). Standard in vitro culture of P. falciparum supplemented with either maternal or foetal plasma showed both significantly lower growth rates than a positive control using non-malaria exposed donor plasma. CONCLUSIONS These data challenge the concept of HbF serving as intrinsic inhibitor of P. falciparum growth in the first months of life. Erythrocytes containing HbF are equally permissive to P. falciparum growth in vitro. However, addition of maternal and cord plasma led to reduced in vitro growth which may translate to protection against clinical disease or show synergistic effects with HbF in vivo. Further studies are needed to elucidate the pathophysiology of innate and acquired protection against neonatal malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Ramharter
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Lerdsirisuk P, Maicheen C, Ungwitayatorn J. Antimalarial activity of HIV-1 protease inhibitor in chromone series. Bioorg Chem 2014; 57:142-147. [PMID: 25462990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Increasing parasite resistance to nearly all available antimalarial drugs becomes a serious problem to human health and necessitates the need to continue the search for new effective drugs. Recent studies have shown that clinically utilized HIV-1 protease (HIV-1 PR) inhibitors can inhibit the in vitro and in vivo growth of Plasmodium falciparum. In this study, a series of chromone derivatives possessing HIV-1 PR inhibitory activity has been tested for antimalarial activity against P. falciparum (K1 multi-drug resistant strain). Chromone 15, the potent HIV-1 PR inhibitor (IC50=0.65μM), was found to be the most potent antimalarial compound with IC50=0.95μM while primaquine and tafenoquine showed IC50=2.41 and 1.95μM, respectively. Molecular docking study of chromone compounds against plasmepsin II, an aspartic protease enzyme important in hemoglobin degradation, revealed that chromone 15 exhibited the higher binding affinity (binding energy=-13.24kcal/mol) than the known PM II inhibitors. Thus, HIV-1 PR inhibitor in chromone series has the potential to be a new class of antimalarial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chirattikan Maicheen
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Drug Design and Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayudhya Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Ungwitayatorn
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Drug Design and Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayudhya Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Ali I, Hussain I, Sanagi MM, Ibrahim WAW, Aboul-Enein HY. Analyses of Biguanides and Related Compounds in Biological and Environmental Samples by HPLC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2014.940803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- a Department of Chemistry , Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Iqbal Hussain
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia
- c Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies, Nanotechnology Reseach Alliance , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia
| | - Mohd Marsin Sanagi
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia
- c Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies, Nanotechnology Reseach Alliance , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia
| | - Wan Aini Wan Ibrahim
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia
- c Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies, Nanotechnology Reseach Alliance , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
- d Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry , Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre , Dokki , Cairo , Egypt
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Pentacycloundecylamines and conjugates thereof as chemosensitizers and reversed chloroquine agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5516-9. [PMID: 25451997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The control of malaria has been complicated by increased resistance of the malaria parasite to existing antimalarials such as chloroquine (CQ). Herein, we report the ability of NGP1-01, the prototype pentacycloundecylamine (PCU), to reverse CQ resistance (>50%) and act as a chemosensitizer. Based on this finding we set out to synthesize a small series of novel agents comprising of a PCU moiety as the reversal agent conjugated to a CQ-like aminoquinoline (AM) molecule and evaluate the potential of these PCU-AM derivatives as reversed CQ agents. PCU-AM derivatives 1-3 showed anti-plasmodial IC50 values in the ranges of 3.74-17.6 nM and 27.6-253.5 nM against CQ-sensitive (D10) and CQ-resistant strains (Dd2) of Plasmodium falciparum, respectively. Compound 1 presented with the best antiplasmodial activity at low nM concentrations against both strains and was found to be 5 fold more active against the resistant strain than CQ. Compound 1 can be considered as a lead compound to develop reversed CQ agents with improved pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties.
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90
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Noe AR, Espinosa D, Li X, Coelho-dos-Reis JGA, Funakoshi R, Giardina S, Jin H, Retallack DM, Haverstock R, Allen JR, Vedvick TS, Fox CB, Reed SG, Ayala R, Roberts B, Winram SB, Sacci J, Tsuji M, Zavala F, Gutierrez GM. A full-length Plasmodium falciparum recombinant circumsporozoite protein expressed by Pseudomonas fluorescens platform as a malaria vaccine candidate. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107764. [PMID: 25247295 PMCID: PMC4172688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of Plasmodium falciparum is a major surface protein, which forms a dense coat on the sporozoite's surface. Preclinical research on CSP and clinical evaluation of a CSP fragment-based RTS, S/AS01 vaccine have demonstrated a modest degree of protection against P. falciparum, mediated in part by humoral immunity and in part by cell-mediated immunity. Given the partial protective efficacy of the RTS, S/AS01 vaccine in a recent Phase 3 trial, further improvement of CSP-based vaccines is crucial. In this report, we describe the preclinical development of a full-length, recombinant CSP (rCSP)-based vaccine candidate against P. falciparum malaria suitable for current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) production. Utilizing a novel high-throughput Pseudomonas fluorescens expression platform, we demonstrated greater efficacy of full-length rCSP as compared to N-terminally truncated versions, rapidly down-selected a promising lead vaccine candidate, and developed a high-yield purification process to express immunologically active, intact antigen for clinical trial material production. The rCSP, when formulated with various adjuvants, induced antigen-specific antibody responses as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence assay (IFA), as well as CD4+ T-cell responses as determined by ELISpot. The adjuvanted rCSP vaccine conferred protection in mice when challenged with transgenic P. berghei sporozoites containing the P. falciparum repeat region of CSP. Furthermore, heterologous prime/boost regimens with adjuvanted rCSP and an adenovirus type 35-vectored CSP (Ad35CS) showed modest improvements in eliciting CSP-specific T-cell responses and anti-malarial protection, depending on the order of vaccine delivery. Collectively, these data support the importance of further clinical development of adjuvanted rCSP, either as a stand-alone product or as one of the components in a heterologous prime/boost strategy, ultimately acting as an effective vaccine candidate for the mitigation of P. falciparum-induced malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R. Noe
- Leidos Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Diego Espinosa
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiangming Li
- HIV and Malaria Vaccine Program, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jordana G. A. Coelho-dos-Reis
- HIV and Malaria Vaccine Program, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ryota Funakoshi
- HIV and Malaria Vaccine Program, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Steve Giardina
- Leidos Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hongfan Jin
- Pfenex Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | | | - Ryan Haverstock
- Pfenex Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | | | - Thomas S. Vedvick
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Christopher B. Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ramses Ayala
- Leidos Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brian Roberts
- Leidos Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - John Sacci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- HIV and Malaria Vaccine Program, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Fidel Zavala
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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91
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Midega J, Blight J, Lombardo F, Povelones M, Kafatos F, Christophides GK. Discovery and characterization of two Nimrod superfamily members in Anopheles gambiae. Pathog Glob Health 2014; 107:463-74. [PMID: 24428830 PMCID: PMC4073527 DOI: 10.1179/204777213x13867543472674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-bacterial proteins in mosquitoes are known to play an important modulatory role on immune responses to infections with human pathogens including malaria parasites. In this study we characterized two members of the Anopheles gambiae Nimrod superfamily, namely AgNimB2 and AgEater. We confirm that current annotation of the An. gambiae genome incorrectly identifies AgNimB2 and AgEater as a single gene, AGAP009762. Through in silico and experimental approaches, it has been shown that AgNimB2 is a secreted protein that mediates phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus but not of Escherichia coli bacteria. We also reveal that this function does not involve a direct interaction of AgNimB2 with S. aureus. Therefore, AgNimB2 may act downstream of complement-like pathway activation, first requiring bacterial opsonization. In addition, it has been shown that AgNimB2 has an anti-Plasmodium effect. Conversely, AgEater is a membrane-bound protein that either functions redundantly or is dispensable for phagocytosis of E. coli or S. aureus. Our study provides insights into the role of members of the complex Nimrod superfamily in An. gambiae, the most important African vector of human malaria.
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92
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Omole RA, Gathirwa J, Akala H, Malebo HM, Machocho AK, Hassanali A, Ndiege IO. Bisbenzylisoquinoline and hasubanane alkaloids from Stephania abyssinica (Dillon & A. Rich) (Menispermeceae). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 103:123-128. [PMID: 24735823 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two bisbenzylisoquinoline and one hasubanane alkaloids: (-)-pseudocurine (1), (-)-pseudoisocurine (2) and (-)-10-oxoaknadinine (3), were isolated from leaf extract of Stephania abyssinica, a plant used in traditional medicine in South Nyanza region of Kenya. They were characterized using 1D ((1)H, (13)C and DEPT) and 2D (COSY, NOESY, HMQC and HMBC) NMR techniques. (-)-Pseudocurine (1) and (-)-pseudoisocurine (2) exhibited strong to moderate anti-plasmodial activity while (-)-10-oxoaknadinine (3) showed moderate to mild activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Omole
- Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Technical University of Kenya, P.O Box 52428, Nairobi 00200, Kenya.
| | - Jeremiah Gathirwa
- Centre for Traditional Medicine & Drug Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O Box 54840, Nairobi 00200, Kenya.
| | - Hosea Akala
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases-Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System (DEID-GEIS) Program, United States Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya (USAMRU-K), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Walter Reed Project, P.O. Box 54, 40100 Kisumu, Kenya.
| | - Hamisi M Malebo
- Department of Traditional Medicine Research, National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), P.O. Box 9653, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Alex K Machocho
- Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Ahmed Hassanali
- Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Behavioural & Chemical Ecology Department, International Centre for Insect Physiology & Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Isaiah O Ndiege
- Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Office of the Vice Chancellor, Kyambogo University, P.O. Box 1, Kyambogo, Kampala, Uganda.
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Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei is a pathogenic unicellular eukaryote that infects humans and other mammals in sub-Saharan Africa. A central feature of trypanosome biology is the single flagellum of the parasite, which is an essential and multifunctional organelle that facilitates cell propulsion, controls cell morphogenesis and directs cytokinesis. Moreover, the flagellar membrane is a specialized subdomain of the cell surface that mediates attachment to host tissues and harbours multiple virulence factors. In this Review, we discuss the structure, assembly and function of the trypanosome flagellum, including canonical roles in cell motility as well as novel and emerging roles in cell morphogenesis and host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerasimos Langousis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Kent L. Hill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
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94
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Doderer-Lang C, Atchade PS, Meckert L, Haar E, Perrotey S, Filisetti D, Aboubacar A, Pfaff AW, Brunet J, Chabi NW, Akpovi CD, Anani L, Bigot A, Sanni A, Candolfi E. The ears of the African elephant: unexpected high seroprevalence of Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae in healthy populations in Western Africa. Malar J 2014; 13:240. [PMID: 24946685 PMCID: PMC4071337 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria Is A Life-Threatening Pathology In Africa. Plasmodium Falciparum And Plasmodium Vivax Attract The Most Focus Because Of Their High Prevalence And Mortality. Knowledge About The Prevalence Of The Cryptic Pathogens Plasmodium Ovale And Plasmodium Malariae Is Limited. Thanks To Recombinant Tools, Their Seroprevalence Was Measured For The First Time, As Well As The Prevalence Of Mixed Infections In A Malaria-Asymptomatic Population In Benin, A Malaria-Endemic Country. Methods A Panel Of 1,235 Blood Donations Collected Over Ten Months In Benin Was Used For Validation Of The Recombinant Tools. Recombinant P. Falciparum, P. Malariae, P. Ovale MSP1, And P. Falciparum AMA1 Were Engineered And Validated On A Biobank With Malaria-Infected Patients (N = 144) Using A Species-Speific ELISA Test (Recelisa). Results Were Compared To An ELISA Using A Native P. Falciparum Antigen (NatELISA). Results Among Microscopically Negative African Blood Donors, 85% (1,050/1,235) Present Antibodies Directed To Native P. Falciparum, 94.4% (1,166/1,235) To rPfMSP1 And rPfAMA1, 56.8% (702/1,235) To rPoMSP1, 67.5% (834/1235) To rPmMSP1 And 45.3% Of The Malaria Seropositive Population Had Antibodies Recognizing The Three Species. Conclusion A High Rate Of Antibodies Against P. Ovale And P. Malariae Was Found In Asymptomatic Blood Donors. The Proportion Of Mixed Infections Involving Three Species Was Also Unexpected. These Data Suggest That Determining Seroprevalence For These Cryptic Species Is An Appropriate Tool To Estimate Their Incidence, At The Eve Of Upcoming Anti-P. Falciparum Vaccination Campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Doderer-Lang
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale Université de Strasbourg, 3, Rue Koeberlé, F67000 Strasbourg, France.
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95
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Cheepsattayakorn A, Cheepsattayakorn R. Parasitic pneumonia and lung involvement. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:874021. [PMID: 24995332 PMCID: PMC4068046 DOI: 10.1155/2014/874021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic infestations demonstrated a decline in the past decade as a result of better hygiene practices and improved socioeconomic conditions. Nevertheless, global immigration, increased numbers of the immunocompromised people, international traveling, global warming, and rapid urbanization of the cities have increased the susceptibility of the world population to parasitic diseases. A number of new human parasites, such as Plasmodium knowlesi, in addition to many potential parasites, have urged the interest of scientific community. A broad spectrum of protozoal parasites frequently affects the respiratory system, particularly the lungs. The diagnosis of parasitic diseases of airway is challenging due to their wide varieties of clinical and roentgenographic presentations. So detailed interrogations of travel history to endemic areas are critical for clinicians or pulmonologists to manage this entity. The migrating adult worms can cause mechanical airway obstruction, while the larvae can cause airway inflammation. This paper provides a comprehensive review of both protozoal and helminthic infestations that affect the airway system, particularly the lungs, including clinical and roentgenographic presentations, diagnostic tests, and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attapon Cheepsattayakorn
- 10th Zonal Tuberculosis and Chest Disease Center, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- 10th Office of Disease Prevention and Control, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
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Boechat N, Ferreira MDLG, Pinheiro LCS, Jesus AML, Leite MMM, Júnior CCS, Aguiar ACC, Andrade IM, Krettli AU. New Compounds Hybrids 1
H
‐1,2,3‐Triazole‐Quinoline Against
Plasmodium falciparum. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 84:325-32. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Núbia Boechat
- Departamento de Síntese de Fármacos Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos – Farmanguinhos FIOCRUZ Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100 Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro RJ 21041‐250 Brazil
| | - Maria de Lourdes G. Ferreira
- Departamento de Síntese de Fármacos Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos – Farmanguinhos FIOCRUZ Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100 Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro RJ 21041‐250 Brazil
| | - Luiz C. S. Pinheiro
- Departamento de Síntese de Fármacos Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos – Farmanguinhos FIOCRUZ Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100 Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro RJ 21041‐250 Brazil
| | - Antônio M. L. Jesus
- Departamento de Síntese de Fármacos Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos – Farmanguinhos FIOCRUZ Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100 Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro RJ 21041‐250 Brazil
| | - Milene M. M. Leite
- Departamento de Síntese de Fármacos Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos – Farmanguinhos FIOCRUZ Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100 Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro RJ 21041‐250 Brazil
| | - Carlos C. S. Júnior
- Departamento de Síntese de Fármacos Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos – Farmanguinhos FIOCRUZ Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100 Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro RJ 21041‐250 Brazil
| | - Anna C. C. Aguiar
- Laboratório de Malária Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou FIOCRUZ Belo Horizonte MG 31090‐002 Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina Molecular Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte MG 30000‐000 Brazil
| | - Isabel M. Andrade
- Laboratório de Malária Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou FIOCRUZ Belo Horizonte MG 31090‐002 Brazil
| | - Antoniana U. Krettli
- Laboratório de Malária Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou FIOCRUZ Belo Horizonte MG 31090‐002 Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina Molecular Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte MG 30000‐000 Brazil
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Maganda BA, Minzi OMS, Kamuhabwa AAR, Ngasala B, Sasi PG. Outcome of artemether-lumefantrine treatment for uncomplicated malaria in HIV-infected adult patients on anti-retroviral therapy. Malar J 2014; 13:205. [PMID: 24885714 PMCID: PMC4051371 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria and HIV infections are both highly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, with HIV-infected patients being at higher risks of acquiring malaria. The majority of antiretroviral (ART) and anti-malarial drugs are metabolized by the CYP450 system, creating a chance of drug-drug interaction upon co-administration. Limited data are available on the effectiveness of the artemether-lumefantrine combination (AL) when co-administered with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). The aim of this study was to compare anti-malarial treatment responses between HIV-1 infected patients on either nevirapine- or efavirenz-based treatment and those not yet on ART (control-arm) with uncomplicated falciparum malaria, treated with AL. METHOD This was a prospective, non-randomized, open-label study conducted in Bagamoyo district, with three arms of HIV-infected adults: efavirenz-based treatment arm (EFV-arm) n = 66, nevirapine-based treatment arm (NVP-arm) n = 128, and control-arm n = 75, with uncomplicated malaria. All patients were treated with AL and followed up for 28 days. The primary outcome measure was an adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) after treatment with AL by day 28. RESULTS Day 28 ACPR was 97.6%, 82.5% and 94.5% for the NVP-arm, EFV-arm and control-arm, respectively. No early treatment or late parasitological failure was reported. The cumulative risk of recurrent parasitaemia was >19-fold higher in the EFV-arm than in the control-arm (Hazard ratio [HR], 19.11 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 10.5-34.5]; P < 0.01). The cumulative risk of recurrent parasitaemia in the NVP-arm was not significantly higher than in the control-arm ([HR], 2.44 [95% {CI}, 0.79-7.6]; P = 0.53). The median (IQR) day 7 plasma concentrations of lumefantrine for the three arms were: 1,125 ng/m (638.8-1913), 300.4 ng/ml (220.8-343.1) and 970 ng/ml (562.1-1729) for the NVP-arm, the EFV-arm and the control-arm, respectively (P < 0.001). In all three arms, the reported adverse events were mostly mild. CONCLUSION After 28 days of follow-up, AL was statistically safe and effective in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in the NVP-arm. The results of this study also provide an indication of the possible impact of EFV on the performance of AL and the likelihood of it affecting uncomplicated falciparum malaria treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omary M S Minzi
- Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P,O, BOX 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
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98
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Pimenta LPS, Garcia GM, Gonçalves SGDV, Dionísio BL, Braga EM, Mosqueira VCF. In vivo antimalarial efficacy of acetogenins, alkaloids and flavonoids enriched fractions from Annona crassiflora Mart. Nat Prod Res 2014; 28:1254-9. [PMID: 24678811 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.900496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Annona crassiflora and Annonaceae plants are known to be used to treat malaria by traditional healers. In this work, the antimalarial efficacy of different fractions of A. crassiflora, particularly acetogenin, alkaloids and flavonoid-rich fractions, was determined in vivo using Plasmodium berghei-infected mice model and toxicity was accessed by brine shrimp assay. The A. crassiflora fractions were administered at doses of 12.5 mg/kg/day in a 4-day test protocol. The results showed that some fractions from woods were rich in acetogenins, alkaloids and terpenes, and other fractions from leaves were rich in alkaloids and flavonoids. The parasitaemia was significantly (p < 0.05, p < 0.001) reduced (57-75%) with flavonoid and alkaloid-rich leaf fractions, which also increased mean survival time of mice after treatment. Our results confirm the usage of this plant in folk medicine as an antimalarial remedy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lúcia Pinheiro Santos Pimenta
- a Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte , MG 31270-901 , Brazil
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Govoetchan R, Gnanguenon V, Ogouwalé E, Oké-Agbo F, Azondékon R, Sovi A, Attolou R, Badirou K, Youssouf RA, Ossè R, Akogbéto M. Dry season refugia for anopheline larvae and mapping of the seasonal distribution in mosquito larval habitats in Kandi, northeastern Benin. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:137. [PMID: 24684886 PMCID: PMC3994229 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dynamics of mosquito populations depends on availability of suitable surface water for oviposition. It is well known that suitable management of mosquito larval habitats in the sub-Saharan countries, particularly during droughts, could help to suppress vector densities and malaria transmission. We conducted a field survey to investigate the spatial and seasonal distribution of mosquito larval habitats and identify drought-refugia for anopheline larvae. METHODS A GIS approach was used to identify, geo-reference and follow up longitudinally from May 2012 to May 2013, all mosquito breeding sites in two rural sites (Yondarou and Thui), one urban (Kossarou), and one peri-urban (Pèdè) site at Kandi, a municipality in northeastern Benin. In Kandi, droughts are excessive with no rain for nearly six months and a lot of sunshine. A comprehensive record of mosquito larval habitats was conducted periodically in all sites for the identification of drought-refugia of anopheline larval stages. With geospatialisation data, seasonal larval distribution maps were generated for each study site with the software ArcGIS version 10.2. RESULTS Overall, 187 mosquito breeding sites were identified of which 29.95% were recorded during drought. In rural, peri-urban and urban sites, most of the drought-refugia of anopheline larvae were domestic in nature (61.54%). Moreover, in rural settings, anopheline larvae were also sampled in cisterns and wells (25% of larval habitats sampled during drought in Yondarou and 20% in Thui). The mapping showed a significant decrease in the spatial distribution of mosquito larval habitats in rural, peri-urban and urban sites during drought, except in Yondarou (rural) where the aridity did not seem to influence the distribution of larval habitats. CONCLUSION Our data showed that the main drought-refugia of anopheline larvae were of a domestic nature as well as wells and cisterns. A suitable management of mosquito larvae in sub-Saharan countries, particularly during droughts, should target such larval habitats for a meaningful impact on the dynamics of mosquito populations and malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Govoetchan
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604 Cotonou, Bénin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey Calavi Calavi, Bénin
| | - Virgile Gnanguenon
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604 Cotonou, Bénin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey Calavi Calavi, Bénin
| | - Euloge Ogouwalé
- Département de Géographie, Université d’Abomey Calavi Calavi, Bénin
| | - Frédéric Oké-Agbo
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604 Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Roseric Azondékon
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604 Cotonou, Bénin
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, USA
| | - Arthur Sovi
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604 Cotonou, Bénin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey Calavi Calavi, Bénin
| | - Roseline Attolou
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604 Cotonou, Bénin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey Calavi Calavi, Bénin
| | - Kefilath Badirou
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604 Cotonou, Bénin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey Calavi Calavi, Bénin
| | - Ramziyath Agbanrin Youssouf
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604 Cotonou, Bénin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey Calavi Calavi, Bénin
| | - Razaki Ossè
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604 Cotonou, Bénin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey Calavi Calavi, Bénin
| | - Martin Akogbéto
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604 Cotonou, Bénin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey Calavi Calavi, Bénin
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Kamaraj C, Rahuman AA, Roopan SM, Bagavan A, Elango G, Zahir AA, Rajakumar G, Jayaseelan C, Santhoshkumar T, Marimuthu S, Kirthi AV. Bioassay-guided isolation and characterization of active antiplasmodial compounds from Murraya koenigii extracts against Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium berghei. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:1657-72. [PMID: 24638906 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3810-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is an overwhelming impact in the poorest countries in the world due to their prevalence, virulence and drug resistance ability. Currently, there is inadequate armoury of drugs for the treatment of malaria. This underscores the continuing need for the discovery and development of new effective and safe antimalarial drugs. To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity of the leaf ethyl acetate extract of Murraya koenigii, bioassay-guided chromatographic fractionation was employed for the isolation and purification of antimalarial compounds. The in vitro antimalarial activity was assayed by the erythrocytic stages of chloroquine-sensitive strain of Plasmodium falciparum (3D7) in culture using the fluorescence-based SYBR Green I assay. The in vivo assay was done by administering mice infected with Plasmodium berghei (NK65) four consecutive daily doses of the extracts through oral route following Peter's 4-day curative standard test. The percentage suppression of parasitaemia was calculated for each dose level by comparing the parasitaemia in untreated control with those of treated mice. Cytotoxicity was determined against HeLa cells using MTT assay. Histopathology was studied in kidney, liver and spleen of isolated compound-treated Swiss albino mice. The leaf crude ethyl acetate extract of M. koenigii showed good in vitro antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum. The in vivo test of the leaf crude ethyl acetate extract (600 mg/kg) showed reduced malaria parasitaemia by 86.6% against P. berghei in mice. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the leaf ethyl acetate extract of M. koenigii led to the isolation of two purified fractions C3B2 (2.84 g) and C3B4 (1.97 g). The purified fractions C3B2 and C3B4 were found to be active with IC50 values of 10.5 ± 0.8 and 8.25 ± 0.2 μg/mL against P. falciparum, and in vivo activity significantly reduced parasitaemia by 82.6 and 88.2% at 100 mg/kg/body weight on day 4 against P. berghei, respectively. The isolated fractions C3B2 and C3B4 were monitored by thin-layer chromatography until a single spot was obtained with R f values of 0.36 and 0.52, respectively. The pure compounds obtained in the present investigation were subjected to UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transformer infrared spectroscopy, 1D and 2D (1)H-Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), (13)C NMR, DEPT, COSY and Mass spectral analysis. Based on the spectral analysis, it is concluded that the isolated compounds were myristic acid (C3B2) and β-caryophyllene (C3B4). The cytotoxic effect of myristic acid and β-caryophyllene showed the TC50 values of >100 and 80.5 μg/mL, respectively against HeLa cell line. The histopathology study showed that protection against nephrotoxicity of kidney, hepatic damage of liver and splenocytes protection in spleen was achieved with the highest dose tested at 100 mg/kg/body weight. The present study provides evidence of antiplasmodial compounds from M. koenigii and is reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinnaperumal Kamaraj
- Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, 632 509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India
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