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Kizaki T, Shirato K, Sakurai T, Ogasawara JE, Oh-ishi S, Matsuoka T, Izawa T, Imaizumi K, Haga S, Ohno H. Beta2-adrenergic receptor regulate Toll-like receptor 4-induced late-phase NF-kappaB activation. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:1195-203. [PMID: 19167076 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent early-phase NF-kappaB activation and Toll/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-beta (TRIF)-dependent late-phase NF-kappaB activation. In a previous study, we have shown that beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (beta(2)AR) functions as a negative regulator of NF-kappaB activation through beta-arrestin 2 in the macrophage cell line RAW264 and that down-regulation of beta(2)AR expression in response to LPS is essential for NF-kappaB activation and expression of its target gene, inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS II). Here, we demonstrate that beta(2)AR plays an important role in TRIF-dependent late-phase NF-kappaB activation. LPS-stimulated down-regulation was induced in MyD88-knockdown cells, but not in TRIF-knockdown cells, suggesting that beta(2)AR expression was down-regulated by the TRIF-dependent pathway. On the other hand, depletion of beta(2)AR or beta-arrestin 2 expression by siRNA decreased cytoplasmic IkappaB alpha and abrogated late-phase IkappaB alpha degradation and NF-kappaB activation in response to LPS. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS II) expression was increased continuously during 24 h of LPS stimulation in control cells, but decreased in beta(2)AR or beta-arrestin 2-knockdown cells after 6 h of LPS stimulation. These findings suggest that beta(2)AR functions not only as a negative regulator of NF-kappaB activation, but also as a stabilizing factor of the NF-kappaB/IkappaB alpha complex through cytoplasmic beta-arrestin 2, and that TRIF-dependent down-regulation of beta(2)AR expression increases the level of cytoplasmic NF-kappaB/IkappaB alpha complex free from beta-arrestin 2, leading to continuous late-phase NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Kizaki
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka 181-8611, Japan.
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Pacheco-López G, Riether C, Doenlen R, Engler H, Niemi MB, Engler A, Kavelaars A, Heijnen CJ, Schedlowski M. Calcineurin inhibition in splenocytes induced by pavlovian conditioning. FASEB J 2008; 23:1161-7. [PMID: 19103649 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-115683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pavlovian conditioning is one of the major neurobiological mechanisms of placebo effects, potentially influencing the course of specific diseases and the response to a pharmacological therapy, such as immunosuppression. In our study with behaviorally conditioned rats, a relevant taste (0.2% saccharin) preceded the application of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA), a specific calcineurin (CaN) inhibitor. Our results demonstrate that through pavlovian conditioning the particular pharmacological properties of CsA can be transferred to a neutral taste, i.e., CaN activity was inhibited in splenocytes from conditioned rats after reexposure to the gustatory stimulus. Concomitant immune consequences were observed on ex vivo mitogenic challenge (anti-CD3). Particularly, Th1-cytokine, but not Th2-cytokine, production and cell proliferation were impeded. Appropriate pharmacological and behavioral controls certify that all these changes in T-lymphocyte reactivity are attributable to mere taste reexposure. Furthermore, the underlying sympathetic-lymphocyte interaction was revealed modeling the conditioned response in vitro. CaN activity in CD4(+) T lymphocytes is reduced by beta-adrenergic stimulation (terbutaline), with these effects antagonized by the beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist nadolol. In summary, CaN was identified as the intracellular target for inducing conditioned immunosuppression by CsA, contributing to our understanding of the intracellular mechanisms behind "learned placebo effects."
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, Institute for Behavioral Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Acute alcohol withdrawal as a risk factor for intensive care unit–acquired infection. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:3131-2. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31818be634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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54
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Souza Queiroz J, Torello CO, Palermo-Neto J, Valadares MC, Queiroz MLS. Hematopoietic response of rats exposed to the impact of an acute psychophysiological stressor on responsiveness to an in vivo challenge with Listeria monocytogenes: modulation by Chlorella vulgaris prophylactic treatment. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:1056-1065. [PMID: 18420376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the hematopoietic response of rats pretreated with CV and exposed to the impact of acute escapable, inescapable or psychogenical stress on responsiveness to an in vivo challenge with Listeria monocytogenes. No consistent changes were observed after exposure to escapable footshock. Conversely, the impact of uncontrollable stress (inescapable and psychogenical) was manifested by an early onset and increased severity and duration of myelossuppression produced by the infection. Small size CFU-GM colonies and increased numbers of clusters were observed, concurrently to a greater expansion in the more mature population of bone marrow granulocytes. No differences were observed between the responses of both uncontrollable stress regimens. CV prevented the myelossuppression caused by stress/infection due to increased numbers of CFU-GM in the bone marrow. Colonies of cells tightly packed, with a very condensed nucleus; in association with a greater expansion in the more immature population of bone marrow granulocytes were observed. Investigation of the production of colony-stimulating factors revealed increased colony-stimulating activity (CSA) in the serum of normal and infected/stressed rats treated with the algae. CV treatment restored/enhanced the changes produced by stress/infection in total and differential bone marrow and peripheral cells counts. Further studies demonstrated that INF-gamma is significantly reduced, whereas IL-10 is significantly increased after exposure to uncontrollable stress. Treatment with CV significantly increased INF-gamma levels and diminished the levels of IL-10. Uncontrollable stress reduced the protection afforded by CV to a lethal dose of L. monocytogenes, with survival rates being reduced from (50%) in infected rats to 20% in infected/stressed rats. All together, our results suggest Chlorella treatment as an effective tool for the prophylaxis of post-stress myelossupression, including the detrimental effect of stress on the course and outcome of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Souza Queiroz
- Departamento de Farmacologia and Hemocentro, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), C.P. 6111, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada e Toxicologia, Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Okuda Torello
- Departamento de Farmacologia and Hemocentro, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), C.P. 6111, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - João Palermo-Neto
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada e Toxicologia, Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marize C Valadares
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Mary L S Queiroz
- Departamento de Farmacologia and Hemocentro, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), C.P. 6111, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Wacnik PW, Luhr KM, Hill RH, Ljunggren HG, Kristensson K, Svensson M. Cannabinoids Affect Dendritic Cell (DC) Potassium Channel Function and Modulate DC T Cell Stimulatory Capacity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:3057-66. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.5.3057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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57
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Matsunaga M, Yamauchi T, Nogimori T, Konagaya T, Ohira H. Psychological and physiological responses accompanying positive emotions elicited on seeing favorite persons. JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760801999560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Lu J, Zheng MH, Yan J, Chen YP, Pan JP. Effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on phenotypic and functional maturation of dendritic cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:1449-54. [PMID: 18599382 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on differentiation, maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro. DCs were derived from the murine bone marrow hemopoietic progenitor cells by culturing in RPMI 1640 complete medium supplemented with GM-CSF and IL-4 in the presence or absence of various concentrations of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The phenotype of DCs was analyzed by flow cytometry. Mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) was employed to measure the capacity of DC to stimulate the allogeneic T cells. IL-12p70 secretion by DC was examined by ELISA. In the absence of LPS, VIP, in a dose dependent manner, up-regulated the expression of CD80, CD86, CD54 and CD40, but down-regulated the expression of MHC class II molecule (Ia(b)). In the presence of LPS, VIP also dose dependently up-regulated the expression of CD80, CD86, CD54 and CD40, and down-regulated the expression of Ia(b). The capacity to stimulate alloreactive T cells and the production of IL-12p70 by DC were significantly augmented by VIP when compared with VIP-untreated DCs. These data suggest that VIP could promote the phenotypic and functional maturation of DCs, hereby regulating the type and outcome of the conducting immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lu
- Department of Infectious and Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325000, PR China
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59
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Helwig BG, Craig RA, Fels RJ, Blecha F, Kenney MJ. Central nervous system administration of interleukin-6 produces splenic sympathoexcitation. Auton Neurosci 2008; 141:104-111. [PMID: 18547874 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine that has been shown to play a pivotal role in centrally-mediated physiological responses including activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of IL-6 are elevated in multiple pathophysiological conditions including Alzheimer's disease, autoimmune disease, and meningitis. Despite this, the effect of IL-6 on central regulation of sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) remains unknown which limits understanding of sympathetic-immune interactions in health and disease. In the present study we determined the effect of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v, lateral ventricle) administration of IL-6 on splenic SND in urethane-chloralose-anesthetized rats. A second goal was to determine if icv injected IL-6 enters the brain parenchyma and acts as a volume transmission signal to access areas of the brain involved in regulation of sympathetic nerve outflow. i.c.v administration of IL-6 (10 ng, 100 ng, and 400 ng) significantly and progressively increased splenic SND from control levels in baroreceptor-denervated Sprague-Dawley rats. Administration of 100-ng and 400-ng IL-6 resulted in significantly higher SND responses when compared to those elicited with a 10-ng dose. Sixty minutes following icv administration, fluorescently labeled IL-6 was not distributed throughout the parenchyma of the brain but was localized to the periventricular areas of the ventricular system. Brain sections counter-stained for the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) revealed that IL-6 and the IL-6R were co-localized in periventricular areas adjoining the third ventricle. These results demonstrate that icv IL-6 administration increases splenic SND, an effect likely achieved via signaling mechanisms originating in the periventricular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan G Helwig
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
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60
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Soares RLS, Figueiredo HN, Santos JM, Oliveira RF, Godoy RL, Mendonça FAP. Discrepancies between the responses to skin prick test to food and respiratory antigens in two subtypes of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:3044-8. [PMID: 18494056 PMCID: PMC2712172 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.3044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To compare the response to skin prick tests (SPTs) to food antigens (FAs) and inhalant allergens (IAs) in patients with two subtypes of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and healthy controls.
METHODS: We compared the results of SPTs for IAs and FAs in 87 volunteers divided into three groups: diarrhea predominant IBS (D-IBS) GroupI(n = 19), constipation predominant IBS (C-IBS) Group II (n = 17), and normal controls Group III (n = 51).
RESULTS: Of the 285 tests (171 for FAs and 114 for IAs) performed in GroupIwe obtained 45 (26.3%) positive responses for FA and 23 (20.1%) for IA. Of the 153 tests for FA in Group II, we obtained 66 (20.1%) positive responses, and of the 102 tests for IA, we obtained 20 (19.6%) positive responses. Of the 459 tests for FA performed in Group III, we obtained 39 (84%) positive responses, and of the 306 for IA, we obtained 52 (16.9%) positive responses. The numbers of positive responses were not significantly different between the three groups, but in the D-IBS group, the number of SPT FA responses differed significantly from those for the other two groups (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: Despite the small number of cases studied, the higher reactivity to FAs in GroupIcompared to Groups II and III adds new information, and suggests the presence of a possible alteration in intestinal epithelial function.
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61
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Tac1 regulation by RNA-binding protein and miRNA in bone marrow stroma: Implication for hematopoietic activity. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:442-50. [PMID: 18061399 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is the process by which immune and blood cells are produced from a finite number of relatively few hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). In adults, hematopoiesis occurs in the adult bone marrow (BM), with the support of stromal cells. This support partly occurs through the production of hematopoietic regulators belonging to the families of cytokines and neuropeptides/neurotransmitters, which mediate their actions through specific receptors. Thus, stromal cells could be central to the neural-hematopoietic-immune axis. This study focuses on Tac1, which encodes hematopoietic regulators belonging to the tachykinin family of neuropeptides. We examined post-transcriptional regulation of Tac1 in BM stroma. Since this gene is inducible in stroma, we selected cytokines with varying hematopoietic effects: stimulator Stem Cell Factor (SCF), broad-acting IL-11 and suppressive TGF-beta1. RNA shift with Tac1 mRNA and cytoplasmic extracts from IL-11 and SCF-stimulated stroma showed RNA shift after 15min at 37 degrees C, whereas a shift was detected with extracts from TGF-beta1-stimulated stroma after 5min at room temperature. Another level of post-transcriptional regulation was observed by the detection of miRNAs that interact with the 3' untranslated region of Tac1 mRNA. In summary, this study showed that cytokine induced miRNA downregulation and RNA-binding protein(s) are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of Tac1 in BM stroma. The broad categories of cytokines as hematopoietic stimulators or inhibitors might depend on the avidity of RNA-binding protein(s) for Tac1 mRNA, as well as the ability to degrade or stabilize the specific miRNAs.
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Siebenhaar F, Magerl M, Peters EM, Hendrix S, Metz M, Maurer M. Mast cell–driven skin inflammation is impaired in the absence of sensory nerves. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:955-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Revised: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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63
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Matsunaga M, Isowa T, Kimura K, Miyakoshi M, Kanayama N, Murakami H, Sato S, Konagaya T, Nogimori T, Fukuyama S, Shinoda J, Yamada J, Ohira H. Associations among central nervous, endocrine, and immune activities when positive emotions are elicited by looking at a favorite person. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:408-17. [PMID: 17977695 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on psychoneuroimmunology have indicated that positive psychological events are related to immune functions; however, limited information is available regarding associations among the central nervous, endocrine, and immune systems when positive emotions are elicited. In the present study, we demonstrated associations among these systems by simultaneously recording brain, endocrine, and immune activities when positive emotions were evoked in participants as they watched films featuring their favorite persons. Interestingly, the activity of peripheral circulating natural killer cells and the peripheral dopamine level were elevated while participants experienced positive emotions, and these values were positively correlated. The following brain regions were significantly activated in the positive condition relative to the control condition: medial prefrontal cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, subcallosal gyrus, posterior cingulate cortex, superior temporal gyrus, and cerebellum. Further, covariate analyses indicated that these brain regions were temporally associated with endocrine and immune activities. These results suggest that while an individual experiences positive emotions, the central nervous, endocrine, and immune systems may be interrelated and attraction for favorite persons may be associated with the activation of the innate immune function via the dopaminergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Matsunaga
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan.
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El Zein N, Badran B, Sariban E. The neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide modulates Ca2+ and pro-inflammatory functions in human monocytes through the G protein-coupled receptors VPAC-1 and formyl peptide receptor-like 1. Cell Calcium 2008; 43:270-84. [PMID: 17651798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2007.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In human neutrophils, the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) acting via the G protein-coupled receptors vasoactive intestinal peptide/PACAP receptor 1 (VPAC-1) and formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1) modulates Ca2+ and pro-inflammatory activities. We evaluated in human monocytes the importance of the Ca2+ signal and the participation of FPRL1 in PACAP-associated signaling pathways and pro-inflammatory activities. PACAP-evoked Ca2+ transient involved both Ca2+ influx and intracytoplasmic Ca2+ mobilisation. This was pertussis toxin, protein kinase A and adenylate cyclase dependent indicating the participation of Galphai and Galphas with mobilisation of both InsP3 sensitive and insensitive stores. Intra- or extracellular Ca2+ depletion resulted in the inhibition of PACAP-induced, Akt, ERK, p38 and NF-kappaB activations as well as a decrease in PACAP-associated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and integrin CD11b membrane upregulation. The FPRL1 antagonist, Trp-Arg-Trp-Trp-Trp (WRW4), decreased PACAP-evoked Ca2+ signal, Akt, ERK phosphorylation, ROS and CD11b upregulation without affecting p38 phosphorylation. NF-kappaB inhibitors prevented PACAP-induced Ca2+ mobilisation. Monocytes pre-treatment with fMLP but not with LPS desensitised cells to the pro-inflammatory effects of PACAP. Thus, both intra- and extracellular Ca2+ play a role in controlling pro-inflammatory functions stimulated by PACAP which acts through a VPAC-1, FPRL1/Galphai/PI3K/ERK pathway and a VPAC-1/Galphas/PKA/p38 pathway to fully activate monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil El Zein
- Hemato-Oncology Unit and Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants, 1020 Brussels, Belgium
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65
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Kizaki T, Izawa T, Sakurai T, Haga S, Taniguchi N, Tajiri H, Watanabe K, Day NK, Toba K, Ohno H. Beta2-adrenergic receptor regulates Toll-like receptor-4-induced nuclear factor-kappaB activation through beta-arrestin 2. Immunology 2008; 124:348-56. [PMID: 18194271 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02781.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in innate immunity while, beta(2)-adrenergic receptors (beta(2)AR) provide the key linkages for the sympathetic nervous system to regulate the immune system. However, their role in macrophages remains uncertain. Here, we demonstrate the cross-talk between beta(2)AR and TLR signalling pathways. Expression of beta(2)AR was down-regulated by TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. To investigate the physiological consequence of this down-regulation RAW264 cells, a macrophage cell line, were transfected with a beta(2)AR expression vector (RAWar). Both LPS-stimulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS II) expression and NO production were markedly suppressed in the RAWar cells. The activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and degradation of the inhibitor of NF-kappaB (IkappaBalpha) in response to LPS were markedly decreased in these cells. The level of beta-arrestin 2, which regulates beta(2)AR signalling, was also reduced in RAW264 cells after stimulation with LPS, but not in RAWar cells. Overexpression of beta-arrestin 2 (RAWarr2) also inhibited NO production and NOS II expression. Furthermore, we demonstrated that beta-arrestin 2 interacted with cytosolic IkappaBalpha and that the level of IkappaBalpha coimmunoprecipitated by anti-beta-arrestin 2 antibodies was decreased in the RAW264 cells but not in RAWar or RAWarr2 cells. These findings suggest that LPS-stimulated signals suppress beta(2)AR expression, leading to down-regulation of beta-arrestin 2 expression, which stabilizes cytosolic IkappaBalpha and inhibits the NF-kappaB activation essential for NOS II expression, probably to ensure rapid and sufficient production of NO in response to microbial attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Kizaki
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan.
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Riether C, Doenlen R, Pacheco-Lopez G, Niemi MB, Engler A, Engler H, Schedlowski M. Behavioural Conditioning of Immune Functions: How the Central Nervous System Controls Peripheral Immune Responses by Evoking Associative Learning Processes. Rev Neurosci 2008; 19:1-17. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro.2008.19.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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67
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Kikuchi H, Itoh J, Fukuda S. Chronic nicotine stimulation modulates the immune response of mucosal T cells to Th1-dominant pattern via nAChR by upregulation of Th1-specific transcriptional factor. Neurosci Lett 2007; 432:217-21. [PMID: 18248893 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) consists of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The etiology has not been clarified yet, but immune disorder is thought to be involved in the pathogenic physiology. Recently, general consensus has been reached that CD and UC are distinct, especially in respect of the immune response. Interestingly, smoking has diverse effects on CD, Th1-type enteritis, and on UC, Th2-type. However, the mechanisms remain obscure. Therefore, we hypothesized that nicotine altered the distinct immune responses in each form of IBD to affect their pathophysiology. In this study, we first demonstrated by RT-PCR analysis that human lamina propria T (LPT) cells had nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), and express alpha7 nAChR subunit universally. In addition, the expression of T-bet mRNA in human LPT cells was significantly upregulated after the culture with 10(-7)M and 10(-5)M nicotine for 9 days, while chronic nicotine stimulation showed negligible effect on the expression of GATA-3 mRNA by real-time PCR. The effect of nicotine was inhibited by mecamylamine (MEC). These results suggested that nicotine could modulate the immune balance to Th1-dominant via nAChR in the intestine, to improve Th2-type enteritis. This may provide the experimental evidence for the fact that nicotine has a beneficial influence on UC, and exacerbates CD. Furthermore, it is of great interest that nicotine acts oppositely on CD and UC by modulation of the mucosal immune balance via the neurotransmitter receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidezumi Kikuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
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Moeser AJ, Ryan KA, Nighot PK, Blikslager AT. Gastrointestinal dysfunction induced by early weaning is attenuated by delayed weaning and mast cell blockade in pigs. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 293:G413-21. [PMID: 17525151 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00304.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Our previous work has demonstrated that weaning at 19 days of age has deleterious effects on mucosal barrier function in piglet intestine that are mediated through peripheral CRF receptor signaling pathways. The objectives of the present study were to assess the impact of piglet age on weaning-associated intestinal dysfunction and to determine the role that mast cells play in weaning-induced breakdown of mucosal barrier function. Nursing Yorkshire-cross piglets were either weaned at 19 days of age (early-weaned, n = 8) or 28 days of age (late-weaned, n = 8) and housed in nursery pens. Twenty-four hours postweaning, segments of midjejunum and ascending colon from piglets within each weaning age group were harvested and mounted on Ussing chambers for measurements of transepithelial electrical resistance and serosal-to-mucosal [(3)H]mannitol fluxes. Early weaning resulted in reductions in transepithelial electrical resistance and increases in mucosal permeability to [(3)H]mannitol in the jejunum and colon (P < 0.01). In contrast, postweaning reductions in intestinal barrier function were not observed in piglets weaned at 28 days of age. Early-weaned piglet intestinal mucosa had increased expression of CRF receptor 1 protein, increased mucosal mast cell tryptase levels, and evidence of enhanced mast cell degranulation compared with late-weaned intestinal mucosa. Pretreatment of piglets with the mast cell stabilizer drug cromolyn, injected intraperitoneally 30 min prior to weaning, abolished the early-weaning-induced intestinal barrier disturbances. Our results indicate that early-weaning stress induces mucosal dysfunction mediated by intestinal mast cell activation and can be prevented by delaying weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Moeser
- Center for Comparative Translational and Molecular Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State Univ., 4700 Hillsborough St., Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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69
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de Jonge WJ, Ulloa L. The alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor as a pharmacological target for inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 151:915-29. [PMID: 17502850 PMCID: PMC2042938 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological regulation of the immune system encompasses comprehensive anti-inflammatory mechanisms that can be harnessed for the treatment of infectious and inflammatory disorders. Recent studies indicate that the vagal nerve, involved in control of heart rate, hormone secretion and gastrointestinal motility, is also an immunomodulator. In experimental models of inflammatory diseases, vagal nerve stimulation attenuates the production of proinflammatory cytokines and inhibits the inflammatory process. Acetylcholine, the principal neurotransmitter of the vagal nerve, controls immune cell functions via the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7nAChR). From a pharmacological perspective, nicotinic agonists are more efficient than acetylcholine at inhibiting the inflammatory signaling and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. This 'nicotinic anti-inflammatory pathway' may have clinical implications as treatment with nicotinic agonists can modulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines from immune cells. Nicotine has been tested in clinical trials as a treatment for inflammatory diseases such as ulcerative colitis, but the therapeutic potential of this mechanism is limited by the collateral toxicity of nicotine. Here, we review the recent advances that support the design of more specific receptor-selective nicotinic agonists that have anti-inflammatory effects while eluding its collateral toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J de Jonge
- Department of Gastroenterology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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70
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de Coupade C, Brown AS, Dazin PF, Levine JD, Green PG. beta(2)-Adrenergic receptor-dependent sexual dimorphism for murine leukocyte migration. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 186:54-62. [PMID: 17442405 PMCID: PMC1994158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In wild-type FVB mice, leukocyte recruitment to lipopolysaccharide was sexually dimorphic, with a greater number of leukocytes recruited in females. In male beta(2)-adrenergic receptor knock out mice (bred on a congenic FVB background) the number of leukocytes recruited was increased approximately 4-fold, while in females there was no change, eliminating sexual dimorphism in leukocyte migration. While there were significantly fewer recruited CD62L(+) and CD11a(+) leukocytes in wild-type males, only in male beta-adrenergic receptor knock out mice was there an increase in the number of recruited CD11a(+) leukocytes, again eliminating sexual dimorphism. Thus, leukocyte migration and CD11a(+) adhesion molecule expression in male, but not in female, leukocytes is beta-adrenergic receptor-dependent. Our findings provide support for a role of beta(2)-adrenergic receptor mechanisms in the inflammatory response, and suggest that beta(2)-adrenergic receptor on male leukocytes contributes to sexual dimorphism in the effect of stress on inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine de Coupade
- Department of Medicine and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Adrienne S. Brown
- Department of Medicine and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Paul F. Dazin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jon D. Levine
- Department of Medicine and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Paul G. Green
- *Corresponding author: Department of Medicine and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 521 Parnassus Avenue, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. Tel: +1 415 476 4902; Fax: 415-476-6305, E-mail:
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71
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Ahmed S, Tsukahara S, Yamamoto S, Kunugita N, Arashidani K, Fujimaki H. Effects of low-level formaldehyde exposure on synaptic plasticity-related gene expression in the hippocampus of immunized mice. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 186:104-11. [PMID: 17434604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 12/26/2006] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of inhalative exposure to formaldehyde (FA, 400 ppb) on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits (NR2A and NR2B), dopamine receptor subtypes (D1 and D2), cyclic AMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB)-1, CREB-2, FosB/DeltaFosB, and transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor (TRPV1) in the hippocampus of ovalbumin-immunized mice using quantitative real-time PCR. Western blot analyses for pCREB were performed. The mRNA levels of NR2A, D1 and D2 receptors, and CREB-1 were significantly increased by FA, but NR2B, CREB-2, FosB/DeltaFosB, and TRPV1 mRNA levels remained unchanged. Treatment with MK-801 normalized the mRNA levels induced by FA. There was no significant effect of FA exposure and MK-801 treatment on the protein level of pCREB. These results indicate that FA exposure selectively up-regulates hippocampal gene expression in immunologically sensitized mice. The FA effects are presumably mediated by glutamatergic neurotransmission through NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohel Ahmed
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Ibaraki, Japan
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72
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Kiank C, Entleutner M, Fürll B, Westerholt A, Heidecke CD, Schütt C. STRESS-INDUCED IMMUNE CONDITIONING AFFECTS THE COURSE OF EXPERIMENTAL PERITONITIS. Shock 2007; 27:305-11. [PMID: 17304112 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000239754.82711.c0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Septic patients show individually different courses of disease that are hard to predict. Little is known about preconditioning influences that may render one person liable to have overwhelming hyperinflammatory response syndrome (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) and another from compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome. Here, we show in a murine model that chronic psychological stress before the onset of polymicrobial peritonitis influences the balance between both types of immune response. Chronically stressed mice which had increased lymphocyte apoptosis, severe functional lymphocyte defects, and an anti-inflammatory cytokine bias had a reduced mortality rate during the continuous outflow of gut content in the hyperinflammatory sepsis model of colon ascendens stent peritonitis. In contrast, they had enhanced long-lasting bacterial dissemination in a sepsis model of mild cecal ligation and puncture. Chronic stress therefore is an important preconditioning factor in the individuals' ability to cope with systemic infections after abdominal surgery. It ameliorates lethal shock responses but reduces the capacity to eradicate bacterial infection during mild peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Kiank
- Department of Immunology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany.
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73
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74
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El Zein N, Badran BM, Sariban E. The neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating protein stimulates human monocytes by transactivation of the Trk/NGF pathway. Cell Signal 2007; 19:152-62. [PMID: 16914291 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Transactivation is a process whereby stimulation of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) activates signaling from receptors tyrosine kinase (RTK). In neuronal cells, the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) acting through the GPCR VPAC-1 exerts trophic effects by transactivating the RTK TrkA receptor for the nerve growth factor (NGF). Both PACAP and NGF have pro-inflammatory activities on monocytes. We have tested the possibility that in monocytes, PACAP, as reported in neuronal cells, uses NGF/TrkA signaling pathway. In these cells, PACAP increases TrkA tyrosine phosphorylations through a PI-3kinase dependent but phospholipase C independent pathway. K252a, an inhibitor of TrkA decreases PACAP-induced Akt and ERK phosphorylation and calcium mobilisation resulting in decreases in intracellular H2O2 production and membrane upregulation of CD11b expression, both functions being inhibited after anti-NGF or anti-TrkA antibody treatment. K252a also inhibits PACAP-associated NF-KB activity. Monocytes increase in NGF production is seen after micromolar PACAP exposure while nanomolar treatment which desensitizes cells to high dose of PACAP prevents PACAP-induced TrkA phosphorylation, H2O2 production and CD11b expression. Finally, NGF-dependent ERK activation and H2O2 production is pertussis toxin sensitive. Altogether these data indicate that in PACAP-activated monocytes some pro-inflammatory activities occur through transactivation mechanisms involving VPAC-1, NGF and TrkA-associated tyrosine kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil El Zein
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Hôpital des Enfants, 1020 Brussels, Belgium
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75
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Amati L, Selicato F, Ranieri M, Megna M, Galantino M, Miniello S, Megna G, Jirillo E. Bridges between nervous and immune systems: their disconnection and clinical consequences. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2006; 28:633-50. [PMID: 17190740 DOI: 10.1080/08923970601067177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nervous and immune systems are connected by several mutual links, thus constituting a diffuse functional network in the body. In particular, neurohormones, neuropeptides, and cytokines represent the major mediators of the so-called psychoneuroendocrinoimmune axis. In this review, special emphasis is placed on certain pathologies characterized by a disconnection of the existing bridges between nervous and immune systems. For instance, spinal cord injury (SCI) is a clinical condition in which loss of neurons and very poor axon growth represent the main features. The role played by infiltrating and resident immunocompetent cells is still debated in SCI. However, to enhance axon growth in SCI, current therapeutic attempts are based on the stimulation of the immune response within the central nervous system, thus triggering either cell-mediated or humoral immune responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Amati
- National Institute for Digestive Diseases, Castellana Grotte (Bari), Italy
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76
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Peng YP, Qiu YH, Qiu J, Wang JJ. Cerebellar interposed nucleus lesions suppress lymphocyte function in rats. Brain Res Bull 2006; 71:10-7. [PMID: 17113922 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that the cerebellar fastigial nucleus, output nucleus of the spinocerebellum, modulates lymphocyte function. To further explore the role of the cerebellum in neuroimmunomodulation, we here lesioned bilaterally the cerebellar interposed nuclei (IN) of rats with kainic acid (KA) injections. On days 8, 16 and 32 after IN lesions, lymphocyte percentage in peripheral white blood cells was examined. Furthermore, proliferation of lymphocytes from mesenteric lymph nodes induced by concanavalin A, sheep red blood cell-specific IgM antibody in the serum and cytotoxicity of natural killer cells from spleen against YAC-1 cells were measured by methyl-thiazole-tetrazolium assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometric assay, respectively. On days 8, 16 and 32 after KA injection in the IN, the lymphocyte percentage in the peripheral white blood cells was notably diminished with respect to control rats injected with saline in the IN. Concanavalin A-induced lymphocyte proliferation, serum sheep red blood cell-specific IgM antibody and natural killer cell toxicity of the IN-lesioned rats were significantly attenuated with respect to IN-saline control rats at all the post-lesion time points. The findings reveal that KA-induced neuronal loss in the IN of both sides exerts an inhibitory effect on number and functions of T, B and natural killer lymphocytes, and indicate that the cerebellar IN participates in regulating immune function. Thus, the data suggest that the cerebellum may be an important brain area for neuroimmunomodulation, besides its well-known role in motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
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77
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Mravec B, Gidron Y, Kukanova B, Bizik J, Kiss A, Hulin I. Neural-endocrine-immune complex in the central modulation of tumorigenesis: facts, assumptions, and hypotheses. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 180:104-16. [PMID: 16945428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
For the precise coordination of systemic functions, the nervous system uses a variety of peripherally and centrally localized receptors, which transmit information from internal and external environments to the central nervous system. Tight interconnections between the immune, nervous, and endocrine systems provide a base for monitoring and consequent modulation of immune system functions by the brain and vice versa. The immune system plays an important role in tumorigenesis. On the basis of rich interconnections between the immune, nervous and endocrine systems, the possibility that the brain may be informed about tumorigenesis is discussed in this review article. Moreover, the eventual modulation of tumorigenesis by central nervous system is also considered. Prospective consequences of the interactions between tumor and brain for diagnosis and therapy of cancer are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Mravec
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Spies C, Eggers V, Szabo G, Lau A, von Dossow V, Schoenfeld H, Althoff H, Hegenscheid K, Bohm B, Schroeder T, Pfeiffer S, Ziemer S, Paschen C, Klein M, Marks C, Miller P, Sander M, Wernecke KD, Achterberg E, Kaisers U, Volk HD. Intervention at the level of the neuroendocrine-immune axis and postoperative pneumonia rate in long-term alcoholics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:408-14. [PMID: 16728716 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200506-907oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Postoperative pneumonia is three to four times more frequent in patients with alcohol use disorders followed by prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) stay. Long-term alcohol use leads to an altered perioperative hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and immunity. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate HPA intervention with low-dose ethanol, morphine, or ketoconazole on the neuroendocrine-immune axis and development of postoperative pneumonia in long-term alcoholic patients. METHODS In this randomized, double-blind controlled study, 122 consecutive patients undergoing elective surgery for aerodigestive tract cancer were included. Long-term alcohol use was defined as consuming at least 60 g of ethanol daily and fulfilling the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV criteria for either alcohol abuse or dependence. Nonalcoholic patients were included but only as a descriptive control. Perioperative intervention with low-dose ethanol (0.5 g/kg body weight per day), morphine (15 mug/kg body weight per hour), ketoconazole (200 mg four times daily), and placebo was started on the morning before surgery and continued for 3 d after surgery. Blood samples to analyze the neuroendocrine-immune axis were obtained on the morning before intervention and on Days 1, 3, and 7 after surgery. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In long-term alcoholic patients, all interventions decreased postoperative hypercortisolism and prevented impairment of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte type 1:type 2 ratio. All interventions decreased the pneumonia rate from 39% to a median of 5.7% and shortened intensive care unit stay by 9 d (median) compared with the placebo-treated long-term alcoholic patients. CONCLUSIONS Intervention at the level of the HPA axis altered the immune response to surgical stress. This resulted in decreased postoperative pneumonia rates and shortened intensive care unit stay in long-term alcoholic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Spies
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Charité Virchow Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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79
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Yilmaz Z, Ilcol YO, Torun S, Ulus IH. Intravenous administration of choline or cdp-choline improves platelet count and platelet closure times in endotoxin-treated dogs. Shock 2006; 25:73-9. [PMID: 16369190 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000185796.04589.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to assess the effects of intravenous choline chloride and cytidine-5'-diphosphate choline (CDP-choline) treatments on circulating platelet, white blood cell, and red blood cell counts and platelet functions in response to endotoxin. Saline (0.2 mL/kg), choline chloride (20 mg/kg), or CDP-choline (70 mg/kg) were given intravenously three times at 4-h intervals, and endotoxemia was induced by endotoxin (E. coli 055:B5, 20 microg/kg) infusion, 5 min after the first treatment. Blood samples were collected before and at multiple time points after the challenge, for a panel of hematologic parameters and platelet closure times measured by PFA-100. In saline-treated dogs, circulating platelet counts decreased by 85% (P < 0.001) at 0.5 h and remained low by 36%-80% (P < 0.5-0.001) 1-12 h after endotoxin. Circulating WBC counts decreased by 80%-90% (P < 0.001) at 0.5-2 h, and increased (P < 0.001) by 190% 12 h after the endotoxin. In response to endotoxin, RBCs increased by 10%-13% (P < 0.05) at 1-12 h. Endotoxin-induced decline in circulating platelets was attenuated at 0.5 h (P < 0.05-0.01) and reversed at 1-12 h (P < 0.05-0.001) by choline. Platelet closure times were shortened from 81 +/- 10 s and 135 +/- 10 s to 29 +/- 5 s (P < 0.001) and 60 +/- 3 s (P < 0.001) at 0.5 h, and prolonged (P < 0.001) at 1-8 h after endotoxin induction. Endotoxin-induced shortening in platelet closure times was attenuated (P < 0.05) and blocked (P < 0.01) by choline and CDP-choline, respectively. These results showed that choline and CDP-choline treatments improved circulating platelet counts and platelet function during endotoxemia in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeki Yilmaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Uludag University Veterinary Faculty, Bursa 16059, Turkey.
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80
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Wang J, Zheng H, Kulkarni A, Ou X, Hauer-Jensen M. Regulation of early and delayed radiation responses in rat small intestine by capsaicin-sensitive nerves. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 64:1528-36. [PMID: 16580503 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Revised: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mast cells protect against the early manifestations of intestinal radiation toxicity, but promote chronic intestinal wall fibrosis. Intestinal sensory nerves are closely associated with mast cells, both anatomically and functionally, and serve an important role in the regulation of mucosal homeostasis. This study examined the effect of sensory nerve ablation on the intestinal radiation response in an established rat model. METHODS AND MATERIALS Rats underwent sensory nerve ablation with capsaicin or sham ablation. Two weeks later, a localized segment of ileum was X-irradiated or sham irradiated. Structural, cellular, and molecular changes were examined 2 weeks (early injury) and 26 weeks (chronic injury) after irradiation. The mast cell dependence of the effect of sensory nerve ablation on intestinal radiation injury was assessed using c-kit mutant (Ws/Ws) mast cell-deficient rats. RESULTS Capsaicin treatment caused a baseline reduction in mucosal mast cell density, crypt cell proliferation, and expression of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide, two neuropeptides released by sensory neurons. Sensory nerve ablation strikingly exacerbated early intestinal radiation toxicity (loss of mucosal surface area, inflammation, intestinal wall thickening), but attenuated the development of chronic intestinal radiation fibrosis (collagen I accumulation and transforming growth factor beta immunoreactivity). In mast cell-deficient rats, capsaicin treatment exacerbated postradiation epithelial injury (loss of mucosal surface area), but none of the other aspects of radiation injury were affected by capsaicin treatment. CONCLUSIONS Ablation of capsaicin-sensitive enteric neurons exacerbates early intestinal radiation toxicity, but attenuates development of chronic fibroproliferative changes. The effect of capsaicin treatment on the intestinal radiation response is partly mast cell dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junru Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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81
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Galkowska H, Olszewski WL, Wojewodzka U, Rosinski G, Karnafel W. Neurogenic factors in the impaired healing of diabetic foot ulcers. J Surg Res 2006; 134:252-8. [PMID: 16580687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We hypothesize that the reduced innervation of skin can be observed both in clinically neuropathic and non-neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers and can contribute to low inflammatory cell infiltration. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty patients with type 2 diabetes and active foot ulcers, without clinical evidence of peripheral sensory neuropathy (n = 12) and with sensory neuropathy (n = 8) were involved in this study. Biopsies from ulcer margin were examined immunohistochemically. RESULTS Studies revealed presence of protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5)+ nerve endings only in reticular dermis in 3 of 12 non-neuropathic subjects, however, regenerating GAP-43+ endings were seen in dermis of almost all specimens. Lack of substance P+ nerve endings was characteristic for both groups. The reduced distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide+ nerves in epidermis and dermis was seen mainly in neuropathic group. In neo-epidermis lack of nerve growth factor expression was observed in both groups, whereas neurotrophin 3 immunostaining was characteristic for neuropathic specimens (P < 0.03). Expression of trkA and trkC receptors did not differ significantly between groups. Low inflammatory cell infiltration and moderate presence of fibroblasts was characteristic for all studied specimens. CONCLUSIONS The observed reduction of foot skin innervation and neurogenic factors expression can be correlated with low inflammatory cell accumulation and subsequently leads to the observed chronicity of diabetic foot ulcer healing process in both neuropathic and non-neuropathic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Galkowska
- Department of Surgical Research and Transplantology, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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82
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Camdessanché JP, Lassablière F, Meyronnet D, Férraud K, Absi L, Honnorat J, Antoine JC. Expression of the onconeural CV2/CRMP5 antigen in thymus and thymoma. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 174:168-73. [PMID: 16519949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Revised: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Anti-CV2 antibodies (AB) react with the developmentally regulated neural proteins CRMPs and particularly with CRMP5. They occur with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and thymoma. SCLCs universally express CRMP5. We investigated the expression of CRMPs in thymoma and thymus. In thymoma, none of the CRMPs were detected by immunohistochemistry in tumorous epithelial cells with specific antibodies including CRMP5 but an antibody reacting with a peptide common to the CRMPs labeled a 66-kDa protein in Western blot of rat brain, thymus, and thymoma extracts. Thus, the normal CRMP5 is probably not expressed by tumorous epithelial cells. These results indicate that the mechanisms leading to CRMP5 autoimmunization are different in SCLC and thymoma.
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83
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Bischoff SC, Gebhardt T. Role of Mast Cells and Eosinophils in Neuroimmune Interactions Regulating Mucosal Inflammation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 579:177-208. [PMID: 16620019 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-33778-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan C Bischoff
- Division of Clinical Nutrition/Prevention and Immunology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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84
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Pabst R, Rothkötter HJ. Structure and Function of the Gut Mucosal Immune System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 579:1-14. [PMID: 16620008 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-33778-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Pabst
- Center of Anatomy, Medical of School of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Teodorczyk-Injeyan JA, Injeyan HS, Ruegg R. Spinal Manipulative Therapy Reduces Inflammatory Cytokines but Not Substance P Production in Normal Subjects. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2006; 29:14-21. [PMID: 16396725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2005.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Revised: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of a single spinal manipulation therapy (SMT) on the in vitro production of inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin (IL) 1beta, in relation to the systemic (in vivo) levels of neurotransmitter substance P (SP). METHODS Sixty-four asymptomatic subjects were assigned to SMT, sham manipulation, or venipuncture control group. SMT subjects received a single adjustment in the thoracic spine. Blood and serum samples were obtained from subjects before and then at 20 minutes and 2 hours after intervention. Whole-blood cultures were activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 hours. Cytokine production in culture supernatants and serum SP levels were assessed by specific immunoassays. RESULTS Over the study period, a significant proportion (P </= .05) of sham and control subjects demonstrated progressive increases in the synthesis of tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-1beta. Conversely, in a comparable proportion of cultures from SMT-derived subjects, the production of both cytokines decreased gradually. Normalization of the observed alterations to reflect the changes relative to self-baselines demonstrated that, within 2 hours after intervention, the production of both cytokines increased significantly (P < .001 to .05) in both controls. In contrast, a significant (P < .001 to .05) reduction of proinflammatory cytokine secretion was observed in cultures from SMT-receiving subjects. In all study groups, serum levels of SP remained unaltered within 2 hours after intervention. CONCLUSIONS SMT-treated subjects show a time-dependent attenuation of LPS-induced production of the inflammatory cytokines unrelated to systemic levels of SP. This suggests SMT-related down-regulation of inflammatory-type responses via a central yet unknown mechanism.
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Ilcol YO, Yilmaz Z, Ulus IH. Endotoxin alters serum-free choline and phospholipid-bound choline concentrations, and choline administration attenuates endotoxin-induced organ injury in dogs. Shock 2005; 24:288-93. [PMID: 16135970 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000174018.02688.4b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study in dogs was performed to assess circulating choline status during endotoxemia and to determine whether choline administration can protect dogs from endotoxin-induced tissue injuries. Baseline serum-free and phospholipid-bound choline concentrations were 19.2 +/- 0.6 micromol/L and 3700 +/- 70 micromol/L, respectively. After intravenous endotoxin infusion, serum-free choline concentrations decreased by 14% to 49% (P < 0.05-0.001) at 2 to 6 h after 0.02 mg/kg endotoxin, and increased by 23% to 98% (P < 0.05-0.001) at 1 to 48 h after 1 mg/kg endotoxin. Serum phospholipid-bound choline concentrations increased by 19% to 27% (P < 0.05) at 12 to 24 h or by 18% to 53% (P < 0.05-0.001) at 1 to 48 h after 0.02 or 1 mg/kg endotoxin, respectively. The changes in serum-free and -bound choline levels in response to endotoxin were accompanied by dose- and time-related elevations in serum cortisol and biochemical markers for tissue injury and/or organ dysfunction. Intravenous administration of choline (20 mg/kg) 5 min before, and 4 and 8 h after endotoxin (1 mg/kg) attenuated endotoxin-induced elevations in serum alanine aminotransferase (P < 0.05-0.001), aspartate aminotransferase (P < 0.05-0.001), gamma-glutamyl transferase (P < 0.05-0.001), alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.05-0.001), lactate dehydrogenase (P < 0.05-0.001), myocardial creatine kinase (P < 0.001), urea (P < 0.05-0.01), creatinine (P < 0.05), uric acid (P < 0.01-0.001), and tissue necrosis factor-alpha (P < 0.001). Choline also attenuated alanine aminotransferase (P < 0.05-0.01), alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.05-0.01), lactate dehydrogenase (P < 0.05-0.01), creatine kinase (P < 0.05-0.001), myocardial creatine kinase (P < 0.05-0.001), and uric acid (P < 0.05-0.01), but failed to alter the serum urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase responses to 0.02 mg/kg endotoxin. These data show that choline status is altered during endotoxemia and that choline administration diminishes endotoxin-induced tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesim Ozarda Ilcol
- Department of Biochemistry, Uludag University Medical School, The Central Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, 16059 Bursa, Turkey.
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87
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Abstract
AIMS The pathogenesis of rejection following liver transplantation is not fully understood. It has been postulated that mast cells may play a role in acute and chronic rejection of a number of other solid organ grafts. The aim of this study was to assess the possible role of mast cells and c-Kit+ cells in acute and chronic liver allograft rejection. METHODS AND RESULTS Biopsy specimens from (i) 'time zero' grafts with a minimal degree of perfusion injury (controls), (ii) transplanted livers with different grades of acute rejection, and (iii) transplanted livers with end-stage chronic rejection, were stained immunohistochemically using monoclonal anti-mast cell tryptase and polyclonal anti-c-Kit antibodies. Tryptase- and c-Kit-positive cell densities were assessed by image analysis. Tryptase-positive mast cell densities (P<0.001) were strongly correlated with acute liver allograft rejection grades and chronic liver allograft rejection. Furthermore, a similarly strong relationship was found between c-Kit+ cell densities and increasing rejection grade (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Tryptase- and c-Kit-positive mast cells form part of the inflammatory infiltrate in both acute and chronic liver allograft rejection, and may be important effector cells in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Ahmed El-Refaie
- School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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88
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Abstract
Interest in the interactions between nervous and immune systems involved in both pathological and homeostatic mechanisms of host defence has prompted studies of neuroendocrine immune modulation and cytokine involvement in neuropathologies. In this review we concentrate on a distinct area of homeostatic control of both normal and abnormal host defence activity involving the network of peripheral c-fibre nerve fibres. These nerve fibres have long been recognized by dermatologists and gastroenterologists as key players in abnormal inflammatory processes, such as dermatitis and eczema. However, the involvement of nerves can all too easily be regarded as that of isolated elements in a local phenomenon. On the contrary, it is becoming increasingly clear that neural monitoring of host defence activities takes place, and that involvement of central/spinal mechanisms are crucial in the co-ordination of the adaptive response to host challenge. We describe studies demonstrating neural control of host defence and use the specific examples of bone marrow haemopoiesis and contact sensitivity to highlight the role of direct nerve fibre connections in these activities. We propose a host monitoring system that requires interaction between specialized immune cells and nerve fibres distributed throughout the body and that gives rise to both neural and immune memories of prior challenge. While immunological mechanisms alone may be sufficient for local responsiveness to subsequent challenge, data are discussed that implicate the neural memory in co-ordination of host defence across the body, at distinct sites not served by the same nerve fibres, consistent with central nervous mediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Shepherd
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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89
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Yoon SY, Kim HW, Roh DH, Kwon YB, Jeong TO, Han HJ, Lee HJ, Choi SM, Ryu YH, Beitz AJ, Lee JH. The anti-inflammatory effect of peripheral bee venom stimulation is mediated by central muscarinic type 2 receptors and activation of sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Brain Res 2005; 1049:210-6. [PMID: 15953592 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Revised: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory effect (AI) induced by peripheral injection of diluted bee venom (dBV) involves activation of spinal cord circuits and is mediated by catecholamine release from adrenal medulla, but the precise neuronal mechanisms involved are not fully understood. In a recent study, we demonstrated that an increase in spinal acetylcholine is involved in mediating the anti-inflammatory effect of dBV and that this mediation also involves adrenomedullary activation. The present study utilized the mouse air pouch inflammation model to evaluate the involvement of spinal acetylcholine receptors and sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) in dBV's anti-inflammatory effect (dBVAI). Intrathecal (IT) pretreatment with atropine (muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) but not hexamethonium (nicotinic cholinergic antagonist) significantly suppressed dBVAI on zymosan-evoked leukocyte migration. Subsequent experiments showed that IT pretreatment with methoctramine (a muscarinic receptor type 2; M(2) antagonist), but not pirenzepine (an M(1) antagonist) or 4-DAMP (an M(3) antagonist), suppressed the dBVAI. In addition, dBV stimulation specifically increased Fos expression in SPNs of the T7-T11, but not the T1-T6 or T12-L2 spinal cord segments, in animals with zymosan-induced inflammation. Moreover, IT methoctramine pretreatment suppressed this dBV-induced Fos expression specifically in SPNs of T7-T11 level. Peripheral sympathetic denervation using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) treatment (which spares sympathetic adrenal medullary innervation) did not alter dBVAI. Collectively these results indicate that dBV stimulation leads to spinal cord acetylcholine release that in turn acts on spinal M(2) receptors, which via a hypothesized disinhibition mechanism activates SPNs that project to the adrenal medulla. This activation ultimately leads to the release of adrenal catecholamines that contribute to dBVAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Yeon Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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90
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Calonge M, Enríquez-de-Salamanca A. The role of the conjunctival epithelium in ocular allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 5:441-5. [PMID: 16131921 DOI: 10.1097/01.all.0000182545.75842.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The epithelium of target organs is playing an increasing role in allergy. Several studies have shown that epithelial cells participate actively in inflammatory processes. This review will focus on recent advances in the role of conjunctival epithelium in allergy as a potential target for therapeutic interventions. RECENT FINDINGS Several studies have already shown the involvement of ocular surface epithelial cells in allergic inflammatory diseases, because they are able to produce and secrete cytokines and chemokines upon stimulation. They also express adhesion molecules as well as receptors for several substances implicated in inflammation. Some studies have also shown that conjunctival epithelial cells express co-stimulatory molecules when they interact with activated T cells, adding more evidence to the important role that epithelial cells play in the pathogenesis of ocular inflammatory diseases. Recent reports have also demonstrated that during inflammatory conditions, conjunctival epithelial cells show an altered expression of their neuroreceptors, suggesting that a modulation of neural regulation may be of therapeutic value. SUMMARY The ocular surface epithelium is not just a simple physical barrier to the entrance of foreign bodies. It participates in the allergic inflammatory process by being influenced by inflammatory molecules, and by secreting inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Moreover, the epithelium not only actively participates in the inflammation process but can also initiate it. This relevant spectrum of actions makes epithelium an attractive target for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Calonge
- Ocular Surface Group, Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
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91
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Abstract
PURPOSE The density of mast cells increases in the myocardium of patients suffering from heart failure. However, their function remains unclear. In this study, preformed angiotensin II (ANG II), a potent growth factor, was found to be contained in, and released by, human mast cells. METHODS The human mast cell line (HMC-1) was incubated with 0 to 10(-6) M calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or culture medium. The expression of renin-angiotensin system mRNA was examined using RT-PCR analysis. ELISA and immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibody against human ANG II were performed to detect the presence of ANG II in HMC-1. The effect of CGRP on the expression of angiotensinogen mRNA was examined by quantitative RT-PCR analysis. RESULTS Preformed ANG II was detected in a human mast cell line (HMC-1) which is a neoplastic cell line of mast cells by ELISA and immunohistochemistry. Presence of mRNA of angiotensinogen and renin was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction in HMC-1, while mRNA of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) was undetectable. Since myocardial mast cells are interfaced with nerve fibers and functionally associated with CGRP, the effect of CGRP on ANG II release from HMC-1 was examined. CGRP induced the release of ANG II and increased angiotensinogen mRNA in HMC-1. CONCLUSIONS The presence of preformed ANG II and gene expression of the renin-angiotensin system were detected in human mast cells. The release and synthesis of ANG II in mast cells was regulated by CGRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatake Hara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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92
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Shepherd AJ, Beresford LJ, Bell EB, Miyan JA. Mobilisation of specific T cells from lymph nodes in contact sensitivity requires substance P. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 164:115-23. [PMID: 15899523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Capsaicin-mediated depletion of neuropeptides in the skin was previously shown to abolish a dinitrocholorobenzene (DNCB)-induced contact sensitivity (CS) response. To understand the basis for this disruption, we explored whether nerve fibres innervating the draining lymph node (LN) could be involved. As expected, removal of the draining LN after DNCB sensitisation abolished the CS response. Furthermore, the CS response could be abolished by destroying the nerve fibres in the draining LN and could be restored by providing the LN with the neuropeptide substance P. The size of the CS response restored by substance P was dose dependent. The response was also inhibited by exposing the lymph node to a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist which blocks binding of substance P. The results suggest that an afferent signal from the skin via the sympathetic arm of the central nervous system evokes an efferent signal to the LN which combines to regulate the CS response. The efferent signal may serve to control or release from the LN primed effector lymphocytes into the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Shepherd
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Division of Neurosciences, The University of Manchester, Jackson's Mill, Sackville Street, PO Box 88 Manchester, M60 1QD, UK
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93
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Morningstar MW, Pettibon BR, Schlappi H, Schlappi M, Ireland TV. Reflex control of the spine and posture: a review of the literature from a chiropractic perspective. CHIROPRACTIC & OSTEOPATHY 2005; 13:16. [PMID: 16091134 PMCID: PMC1198239 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1340-13-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review details the anatomy and interactions of the postural and somatosensory reflexes. We attempt to identify the important role the nervous system plays in maintaining reflex control of the spine and posture. We also review, illustrate, and discuss how the human vertebral column develops, functions, and adapts to Earth's gravity in an upright position. We identify functional characteristics of the postural reflexes by reporting previous observations of subjects during periods of microgravity or weightlessness. BACKGROUND Historically, chiropractic has centered around the concept that the nervous system controls and regulates all other bodily systems; and that disruption to normal nervous system function can contribute to a wide variety of common ailments. Surprisingly, the chiropractic literature has paid relatively little attention to the importance of neurological regulation of static upright human posture. With so much information available on how posture may affect health and function, we felt it important to review the neuroanatomical structures and pathways responsible for maintaining the spine and posture. Maintenance of static upright posture is regulated by the nervous system through the various postural reflexes. Hence, from a chiropractic standpoint, it is clinically beneficial to understand how the individual postural reflexes work, as it may explain some of the clinical presentations seen in chiropractic practice. METHOD We performed a manual search for available relevant textbooks, and a computer search of the MEDLINE, MANTIS, and Index to Chiropractic Literature databases from 1970 to present, using the following key words and phrases: "posture," "ocular," "vestibular," "cervical facet joint," "afferent," "vestibulocollic," "cervicocollic," "postural reflexes," "spaceflight," "microgravity," "weightlessness," "gravity," "posture," and "postural." Studies were selected if they specifically tested any or all of the postural reflexes either in Earth's gravity or in microgravitational environments. Studies testing the function of each postural component, as well as those discussing postural reflex interactions, were also included in this review. DISCUSSION It is quite apparent from the indexed literature we searched that posture is largely maintained by reflexive, involuntary control. While reflexive components for postural control are found in skin and joint receptors, somatic graviceptors, and baroreceptors throughout the body, much of the reflexive postural control mechanisms are housed, or occur, within the head and neck region primarily. We suggest that the postural reflexes may function in a hierarchical fashion. This hierarchy may well be based on the gravity-dependent or gravity-independent nature of each postural reflex. Some or all of these postural reflexes may contribute to the development of a postural body scheme, a conceptual internal representation of the external environment under normal gravity. This model may be the framework through which the postural reflexes anticipate and adapt to new gravitational environments. CONCLUSION Visual and vestibular input, as well as joint and soft tissue mechanoreceptors, are major players in the regulation of static upright posture. Each of these input sources detects and responds to specific types of postural stimulus and perturbations, and each region has specific pathways by which it communicates with other postural reflexes, as well as higher central nervous system structures. This review of the postural reflex structures and mechanisms adds to the growing body of posture rehabilitation literature relating specifically to chiropractic treatment. Chiropractic interest in these reflexes may enhance the ability of chiropractic physicians to treat and correct global spine and posture disorders. With the knowledge and understanding of these postural reflexes, chiropractors can evaluate spinal configurations not only from a segmental perspective, but can also determine how spinal dysfunction may be the ultimate consequence of maintaining an upright posture in the presence of other postural deficits. These perspectives need to be explored in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Morningstar
- Director of Research; The Pettibon Institute, 3416-A 57 St Ct NW Gig Harbor, WA 98335, USA; Private practice of chiropractic, 10683 S Saginaw St, Suite B, Grand Blanc, MI 48439, USA
| | - Burl R Pettibon
- Executive Director; The Pettibon Institute, 3416-A 57 St Ct NW Gig Harbor, WA 98335, USA
| | - Heidi Schlappi
- Doctor of Chiropractic Candidate; Palmer College of Chiropractic. 1000 Brady St Davenport, IA 52803, USA
| | - Mark Schlappi
- Doctor of Chiropractic Candidate; Palmer College of Chiropractic. 1000 Brady St Davenport, IA 52803, USA
| | - Trevor V Ireland
- Board of Trustees; Palmer College of Chiropractic. 1000 Brady St Davenport, IA 52803, USA
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Ohya K, Matsumura T, Itchoda N, Ohashi K, Onuma M, Sugimoto C. Ability of Orally Administered IFN-α-Containing Transgenic Potato Extracts to InhibitListeria monocytogenesInfection. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2005; 25:459-66. [PMID: 16108729 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2005.25.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-alpha/beta) were originally thought to be antiviral cytokines, but it has recently been reported that they also play an important role in potentiating innate and adaptive immune responses. Moreover, several studies have shown that the oral administration of type I IFN ameliorates various biologic activities. Here, we studied the ability of orally administered IFN-alpha to protect mice from systemic Listeria monocytogenes infection. Daily oral administration of purified natural IFN-alpha at a concentration of 1000 international units (IU)/20 microl reduced the bacterial burden in infected organs. We also examined the protective effect of IFN-alpha expressed in transgenic potato plants. A much lower concentration of IFN-alpha (20 IU/ 20 microl) in the plant extracts was almost as protective as much higher concentrations of purified natural IFN-alpha. Our observations indicate that transgenic cytokine-expressing plants can be used prophylactically as edible pharmaceuticals to enhance systemic defense responses in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ohya
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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95
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Tsunemi A, Utsuyama M, Seidler BKH, Kobayashi S, Hirokawa K. Age-related decline of brain monoamines in mice is reversed to young level by Japanese herbal medicine. Neurochem Res 2005; 30:75-81. [PMID: 15756935 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-004-9688-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Young (3-month-old) and aged mice (18-month-old) were fed a diet containing Japanese herbal medicine (TJ-41 or TJ-48) for 5 months, and the effect of the herbal medicines were examined in terms of levels of monoamines and their metabolites in the brain of young and aged mice. In the aged mice, the levels of norepinepherine, serotonin and their metabolites in the brain were decreased in the cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus. Feeding of diet containing TJ-48, but not TJ-41, enhanced the levels of some monoamines and their metabolites in the brains of aged mice, comparable to those of young mice. The results indicated that the improvement of levels of monoamines by Japanese herbal medicine was observed only in the aged mice, not in the young mice. The data have suggested the importance of the aged animals to see the effect of medicine on the functions of organs or systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tsunemi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Tokyo Medical & Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
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96
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Moshel YA, Durkin HG, Amassian VE. Lateralized neocortical control of T lymphocyte export from the thymus I. Increased export after left cortical stimulation in behaviorally active rats, mediated by sympathetic pathways in the upper spinal cord. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 158:3-13. [PMID: 15589032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Revised: 09/22/2004] [Accepted: 09/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation of left temporo-parieto-occipital (TPO) cortex in adult male Wistar rats during their behaviorally active phase (nighttime) transiently increased circulating levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Comparable stimulation of this cortex on the right decreased circulating levels of these cells. Responses to left or right cortical stimulation were diminished or absent in behaviorally inactive rats (daytime). Since blood glucocorticoid levels were similar before and after left or right stimulation, they did not appear to account for the lateralized changes observed. These lateralized effects were mediated by spinal cord autonomic pathways emerging at Tl-T7 levels. In adult thymectomized rats, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells failed to increase after left sided stimulation. The results suggest that lateralized cerebral cortical functions can acutely and differentially influence blood T cell subset numbers. The results demonstrate a direct neocortical influence on thymic export of mature T cells, mediated by the sympathetic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron A Moshel
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Box 25, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
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97
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Bitzer-Quintero OK, Ortiz GG, Ruiz-Rizo L, Torres-Mendoza BM, Vázquez-Valls E, Rodríguez-Pérez M. Effects of melatonin on plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 in mice after lipopolysaccharide administration. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/09291010400028948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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98
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Nanda N, Pal GK, Koner BC. Effect of dopamine injection into caudate nucleus on immune responsiveness in rats: a pilot study. Immunol Lett 2005; 96:151-3. [PMID: 15585318 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2003] [Revised: 07/17/2004] [Accepted: 07/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Caudate nucleus (CN) plays a role in neural-immune interactions and dopamine is an important neurotransmitter in it. Hence, the effect of injection of dopamine and spiperone, a dopamine antagonist into the nucleus and lesion of caudate nucleus on humoral immunity was evaluated in albino rats. Dopamine injection into caudate nucleus at a dose of 4 microg/rat/day for 6 days was found to significantly attenuate antibody response following primary immunization of rats with sheep red blood cells (SRBC), decreased the spleen and body weight ratio and total globulin levels. Bilateral lesion of caudate nucleus also had similar effects whereas injection of spiperone (4 microg/rat/day for 6 days) into caudate nucleus enhanced the primary antibody response. The observed changes following dopamine or dopamine antagonist into caudate nucleus indicate that dopaminergic pathway of caudate nucleus negatively modulates humoral immunity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Nanda
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India
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99
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Peng YP, Qiu YH, Chao BB, Wang JJ. Effect of lesions of cerebellar fastigial nuclei on lymphocyte functions of rats. Neurosci Res 2005; 51:275-84. [PMID: 15710491 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2004.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2004] [Accepted: 11/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum, probably owing to its traditional concept limited to motor control, is less well studied in immunoregulation. To obtain more comprehension and knowledge on cerebellar functions, we investigated effect of cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FN), an output nucleus of the spinocerebellum, on lymphocyte functions, and explored central and peripheral pathways involved in the effect. Kainic acid (KA) was microinjected into bilateral FN of rats (0.4 microg KA in 0.4 microl saline for each side) to destroy neurons of the nuclei. On days 8, 16 and 32 following the FN lesions, methyl-thiazole-tetrazolium (MTT) assay and flow cytometry were used to measure proliferation of concanavalin A (Con A)-induced lymphocytes and cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells against YAC-1 cells, respectively. Meanwhile, glutamate and monoamine neurotransmitters, including norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), in the hypothalamus and the spleen were determined by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol in the plasma were also detected respectively by radioimmunoassay and chemiluminescent immunoassay after the FN lesions. We found that the Con A-induced lymphocyte proliferation and the NK cell cytotoxicity were both significantly enhanced on days 8, 16 and 32 following the effective lesions of the bilateral FN in comparison with those of matching control rats microinjected with saline in their FN. Contents of glutamate and NE, not DA and 5-HT, in the hypothalamus, and concentration of NE, not DA, in the spleen were all remarkably reduced on the 16th day following the FN lesions, when both the T lymphocyte proliferation and the NK cell cytotoxicity were dramatically increased. However, levels of ACTH and cortisol in the plasma had no notable differences between FN lesion rats and FN saline ones when the enhanced T and NK cell functions occurred. These findings reveal that the cerebellar FN participates in the modulation of lymphocyte functions and that the hypothalamus and sympathetic nerves innervating lymphoid organs are involved in this neuroimmunomodulation. Thus, a possible central and peripheral pathway for the spinocerebellum to regulate lymphocyte functions is suggested, i.e. cerebellum-hypothalamus-sympathetic nerves-lymphocytes, while the functional axis of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal gland may not contribute to mediation of the spinocerebellar immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Peng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Mailbox 426, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
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100
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Teunis MAT, Heijnen CJ, Cools AR, Kavelaars A. Reduced splenic natural killer cell activity in rats with a hyperreactive dopaminergic system. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2004; 29:1058-64. [PMID: 15219657 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2003.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2003] [Revised: 06/20/2003] [Accepted: 09/30/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the nervous system and the immune system have been recognized as important regulatory processes in determining the activity of the immune response. We have previously shown that rats, which differ in the reactivity of the dopaminergic system (APO-SUS and APO-UNSUS rats), also differ in experimental metastasis formation and in susceptibility to autoimmunity. APO-SUS rats have a high response to administration of apomorphine and can be characterized as hyperdopaminergic, whereas their APO-UNSUS counterparts show low susceptibility to apomorphine and have a hypodopaminergic phenotype. In this study we investigated whether the decreased experimental metastasis formation of APO-SUS rats compared to APO-UNSUS rats is associated with higher natural killer cell activity in APO-SUS rats. Surprisingly, splenic NK cell activity of hyperdopaminergic APO-SUS female as well as male rats is significantly lower than NK cell activity of their hypodopaminergic APO-UNSUS counterparts. The reduced splenic NK activity of female APO-SUS rats is associated with lower percentages of NK cells in the spleen cell population. In contrast, male APO-SUS and APO-UNSUS rats show similar numbers of NK cells in the spleen. There was no difference in plasma dopamine levels between APO-SUS and APO-UNSUS rats and i.p. treatment of rats with the dopaminergic agonist quinpirole did not alter NK cell activity. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that differences in the reactivity of the dopaminergic system are associated with differences in splenic NK cell activity. Moreover, our data demonstrate that in this model lower splenic NK cell activity is not related to increased experimental lung metastasis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A T Teunis
- Laboratory for Psychoneuroimmunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital of the University Medical Center Utrecht, room: KC03.068.0, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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