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Bonelli MA, Digiacomo G, Fumarola C, Alfieri R, Quaini F, Falco A, Madeddu D, La Monica S, Cretella D, Ravelli A, Ulivi P, Tebaldi M, Calistri D, Delmonte A, Ampollini L, Carbognani P, Tiseo M, Cavazzoni A, Petronini PG. Combined Inhibition of CDK4/6 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathways Induces a Synergistic Anti-Tumor Effect in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Cells. Neoplasia 2017; 19:637-648. [PMID: 28704762 PMCID: PMC5508477 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a progressive malignancy associated to the exposure of asbestos fibers. The most frequently inactivated tumor suppressor gene in MPM is CDKN2A/ARF, encoding for the cell cycle inhibitors p16INK4a and p14ARF, deleted in about 70% of MPM cases. Considering the high frequency of alterations of this gene, we tested in MPM cells the efficacy of palbociclib (PD-0332991), a highly selective inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6. The analyses were performed on a panel of MPM cell lines and on two primary culture cells from pleural effusion of patients with MPM. All the MPM cell lines, as well as the primary cultures, were sensitive to palbociclib with a significant blockade in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and with the acquisition of a senescent phenotype. Palbociclib reduced the phosphorylation levels of CDK6 and Rb, the expression of myc with a concomitant increased phosphorylation of AKT. Based on these results, we tested the efficacy of the combination of palbociclib with the PI3K inhibitors NVP-BEZ235 or NVP-BYL719. After palbociclib treatment, the sequential association with PI3K inhibitors synergistically hampered cell proliferation and strongly increased the percentage of senescent cells. In addition, AKT activation was repressed while p53 and p21 were up-regulated. Interestingly, two cycles of sequential drug administration produced irreversible growth arrest and senescent phenotype that were maintained even after drug withdrawal. These findings suggest that the sequential association of palbociclib with PI3K inhibitors may represent a valuable therapeutic option for the treatment of MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara A Bonelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Graziana Digiacomo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Claudia Fumarola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Roberta Alfieri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Federico Quaini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Angela Falco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Denise Madeddu
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Silvia La Monica
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Daniele Cretella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Andrea Ravelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Paola Ulivi
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRST-IRCCS, Meldola, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Luca Ampollini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Paolo Carbognani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Marcello Tiseo
- Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Andrea Cavazzoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Pier Giorgio Petronini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
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p14ARF interacts with the focal adhesion kinase and protects cells from anoikis. Oncogene 2017; 36:4913-4928. [PMID: 28436949 PMCID: PMC5582215 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ARF protein functions as an important sensor of hyper-proliferative stimuli restricting cell proliferation through both p53-dependent and -independent pathways. Although to date the majority of studies on ARF have focused on its anti-proliferative role, few studies have addressed whether ARF may also have pro-survival functions. Here we show for the first time that during the process of adhesion and spreading ARF re-localizes to sites of active actin polymerization and to focal adhesion points where it interacts with the phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase. In line with its recruitment to focal adhesions, we observe that hampering ARF function in cancer cells leads to gross defects in cytoskeleton organization resulting in apoptosis through a mechanism dependent on the Death-Associated Protein Kinase. Our data uncover a novel function for p14ARF in protecting cells from anoikis that may reflect its role in anchorage independence, a hallmark of malignant tumor cells.
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Resistance mechanisms to TP53-MDM2 inhibition identified by in vivo piggyBac transposon mutagenesis screen in an Arf -/- mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3151-3156. [PMID: 28265066 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620262114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of double minute 2 protein (MDM2)-tumor protein 53 (TP53) interaction are predicted to be effective in tumors in which the TP53 gene is wild type, by preventing TP53 protein degradation. One such setting is represented by the frequent CDKN2A deletion in human cancer that, through inactivation of p14ARF, activates MDM2 protein, which in turn degrades TP53 tumor suppressor. Here we used piggyBac (PB) transposon insertional mutagenesis to anticipate resistance mechanisms occurring during treatment with the MDM2-TP53 inhibitor HDM201. Constitutive PB mutagenesis in Arf-/- mice provided a collection of spontaneous tumors with characterized insertional genetic landscapes. Tumors were allografted in large cohorts of mice to assess the pharmacologic effects of HDM201. Sixteen out of 21 allograft models were sensitive to HDM201 but ultimately relapsed under treatment. A comparison of tumors with acquired resistance to HDM201 and untreated tumors identified 87 genes that were differentially and significantly targeted by the PB transposon. Resistant tumors displayed a complex clonality pattern suggesting the emergence of several resistant subclones. Among the most frequent alterations conferring resistance, we observed somatic and insertional loss-of-function mutations in transformation-related protein 53 (Trp53) in 54% of tumors and transposon-mediated gain-of-function alterations in B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL), Mdm4, and two TP53 family members, resulting in expression of the TP53 dominant negative truncations ΔNTrp63 and ΔNTrp73. Enhanced BCL-xL and MDM4 protein expression was confirmed in resistant tumors, as well as in HDM201-resistant patient-derived tumor xenografts. Interestingly, concomitant inhibition of MDM2 and BCL-xL demonstrated significant synergy in p53 wild-type cell lines in vitro. Collectively, our findings identify several potential mechanisms by which TP53 wild-type tumors may escape MDM2-targeted therapy.
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Al-Khalaf HH, Nallar SC, Kalvakolanu DV, Aboussekhra A. p16 INK4A enhances the transcriptional and the apoptotic functions of p53 through DNA-dependent interaction. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:1687-1702. [PMID: 28218424 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
p16INK4A and p53 are two important tumor suppressor proteins that play essential roles during cell proliferation and aging through regulating the expression of several genes. Here, we report that p16INK4A and p53 co-regulate a plethora of transcripts. Furthermore, both proteins colocalize in the nucleus of human primary skin fibroblasts and breast luminal cells, and form a heteromer whose level increases in response to genotoxic stress as well as aging of human fibroblasts and various mouse organs. CDK4 is also present in this heteromeric complex, which is formed only in the presence of DNA both in vitro using pure recombinant proteins and in vivo. We have also shown that p16INK4A enhances the binding efficiency of p53 to its cognate sequence presents in the CDKN1A promoter in vitro, and both proteins are present at the promoters of CDKN1A and BAX in vivo. Importantly, the fourth ankyrin repeat of p16INK4A and the C-terminal domain of p53 were necessary for the physical association between these two proteins. The physiologic importance of this association was revealed by the inability of cancer-associated p16INK4A mutants to interact with p53 and to transactivate the expression of its major targets CDKN1A and BAX in the p16-defective U2OS cells expressing either wild-type or mutated p16INK4A . Furthermore, the association between p16INK4A and p53 was capital for their nuclear colocalization, the X-ray-dependent induction of p21 and Bax proteins as well as the induction of apoptosis in various types of cells. Together, these results show DNA-dependent physical interaction between p16INK4A and p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda H Al-Khalaf
- Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,The National Center for Genomics Research, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shreeram C Nallar
- Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Abdelilah Aboussekhra
- Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Rocca A, Schirone A, Maltoni R, Bravaccini S, Cecconetto L, Farolfi A, Bronte G, Andreis D. Progress with palbociclib in breast cancer: latest evidence and clinical considerations. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2017; 9:83-105. [PMID: 28203301 PMCID: PMC5298405 DOI: 10.1177/1758834016677961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of the cell cycle is a hallmark of cancer, and research on cell cycle control has allowed identification of potential targets for anticancer treatment. Palbociclib is a selective inhibitor of the cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6), which are involved, with their coregulatory partners cyclin D, in the G1-S transition. Inhibition of this step halts cell cycle progression in cells in which the involved pathway, including the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) and the E2F family of transcription factors, is functioning, although having been deregulated. Among breast cancers, those with functioning cyclin D-CDK4/6-Rb-E2F are mainly hormone-receptor (HR) positive, with some HER2-positive and rare triple-negative cases. Deregulation results from genetic or otherwise occurring hyperactivation of molecules subtending cell cycle progression, or inactivation of cell cycle inhibitors. Based on results of randomized clinical trials, palbociclib was granted accelerated approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in combination with letrozole as initial endocrine-based therapy for metastatic disease in postmenopausal women with HR-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer, and was approved for use in combination with fulvestrant in women with HR-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer with disease progression following endocrine therapy. This review provides an update of the available knowledge on the cell cycle and its regulation, on the alterations in cyclin D-CDK4/6-Rb-E2F axis in breast cancer and their roles in endocrine resistance, on the preclinical activity of CDK4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer, both as monotherapy and as partners of combinatorial synergic treatments, and on the clinical development of palbociclib in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rocca
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Maroncelli 40, Meldola, FC 47014, Italy
| | - Alessio Schirone
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Roberta Maltoni
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Sara Bravaccini
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cecconetto
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Alberto Farolfi
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bronte
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Daniele Andreis
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
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Fry EA, Taneja P, Inoue K. Oncogenic and tumor-suppressive mouse models for breast cancer engaging HER2/neu. Int J Cancer 2017; 140:495-503. [PMID: 27553713 PMCID: PMC5159240 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The human c-ErbB2 (HER2) gene is amplified in ∼20% of human breast cancers (BCs), but the protein is overexpressed in ∼30% of the cases indicating that multiple different mechanisms contribute to HER2 overexpression in tumors. It has long been used as a molecular marker of BC for subcategorization for the prediction of prognosis and determination of therapeutic strategies. In comparison to ER(+) BCs, HER2-positive BCs are more invasive, but the patients respond to monoclonal antibody therapy with trastuzumab or tyrosine kinase inhibitors at least at early stages. To understand the pathophysiology of HER2-driven carcinogenesis and test HER2-targeting therapeutic agents in vivo, numerous mouse models have been created that faithfully reproduce HER2(+) BCs in mice. They include MMTV-neu (active mutant or wild type, rat neu or HER2) models, neu promoter-driven neuNT-transgenic mice, neuNT-knock-in mice at the neu locus and doxycycline-inducible neuNT-transgenic models. HER2/neu activates the Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase-AKT-NF-κB pathway to stimulate the mitogenic cyclin D1/Cdk4-Rb-E2F pathway. Of note, overexpression of HER2 also stimulates the cell autonomous Dmp1-Arf-p53 tumor suppressor pathway to quench oncogenic signals to prevent the emergence of cancer cells. Hence tumor development by MMTV-neu mice was dramatically accelerated in mice that lack Dmp1, Arf or p53 with invasion and metastasis. Expressions of neuNT under the endogenous promoter underwent gene amplification, closely recapitulating human HER2(+) BCs. MMTV-HER2 models have been shown to be useful to test humanized monoclonal antibodies to HER2. These mouse models will be useful for the screening of novel therapeutic agents against BCs with HER2 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Fry
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | - Pankaj Taneja
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP 201306, India
| | - Kazushi Inoue
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA
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The interplay between p16 serine phosphorylation and arginine methylation determines its function in modulating cellular apoptosis and senescence. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41390. [PMID: 28120917 PMCID: PMC5264599 DOI: 10.1038/srep41390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16INK4a (p16) primarily functions as a negative regulator of the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) -E2F pathway, thus plays critical role in cell cycle progression, cellular senescence and apoptosis. In this study, we showed that the methylation of Arg 138 and the phosphorylation of Ser 140 on p16 were critical for the control of cell proliferation and apoptosis. Compared to wild type p16, mutant p16R138K possessed improved function in preventing cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis, while the Ser 140 mutation (p16S140A) exhibited the opposite alteration. We also demonstrated that H2O2 was able to induce the phosphorylation of p16, which facilitated the interaction between CDK4 (Cyclin-dependent protein kinase) and p16, in 293T (human emborynic kidney) cells. Furthermore, the elevated arginine methylation in p16S140A mutant and increased serine phosphorylation in p16R138K mutant suggest that a antagonizing mechanism coordinating Arg 138 methylation and Ser 140 phosphorylation to regulates p16 function as well as cellular apoptosis and senescence. These findings will therefore contribute to therapeutic treatment for p16-related gene therapy by providing theoretical and experimental evidence.
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Wang X, Tan Y, Li Y, Li J, Jin W, Wang K. Repression of CDKN2C caused by PML/RARα binding promotes the proliferation and differentiation block in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Front Med 2016; 10:420-429. [PMID: 27888400 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-016-0478-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate cell proliferation during oncogenesis is often accompanied by inactivation of components involved in the cell cycle machinery. Here, we report that cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2C (CDKN2C) as a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors is a target of the PML/RARα oncofusion protein in leukemogenesis of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).We found that CDKN2C was markedly downregulated in APL blasts compared with normal promyelocytes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation combined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that PML/RARα directly bound to the CDKN2C promoter in the APL patient-derived cell line NB4. Luciferase assays indicated that PML/RARα inhibited the CDKN2C promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, all-trans retinoic acid treatment induced CDKN2C expression by releasing the PML/RARα binding on chromatin in NB4 cells. Functional studies showed that ectopic expression of CDKN2C induced a cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and a partial differentiation in NB4 cells. Finally, the transcriptional regulation of CDKN2C was validated in primary APL patient samples. Collectively, this study highlights the importance of CDKN2C inactivation in the abnormal cell cycle progression and differentiation block of APL cells and may provide new insights into the study of pathogenesis and targeted therapy of APL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yun Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yizhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Wen Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Kankan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Chang F, Xing P, Song F, Du X, Wang G, Chen K, Yang J. The role of T-box genes in the tumorigenesis and progression of cancer. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:4305-4311. [PMID: 28105146 PMCID: PMC5228544 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The T-box (TBX) genes are part of an evolutionarily conserved family of transcription factors involved in organ development. They serve key roles in a number of molecular mechanisms, including proliferation, cell fate and organ identity. In addition, previous studies suggest that TBX genes have essential functions in the tumorigenesis and progression of various types of cancer. For example, TBX proteins served significant roles in carcinogenesis, proliferation and differentiation, senescence and apoptosis, invasion and migration, mesenchymal-epithelial and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, oncogenic signaling pathways and drug sensitivity. However, the exact mechanisms by which TBX genes carry out these functions have not yet been fully elucidated. The present review focuses on the role of TBX genes in cancer, with the aim of further clarifying their function. As altered levels of TBX proteins have detrimental consequences in numerous types of cancer, there is a need for further research into TBX genes, which this review may aid through providing a comprehensive insight into the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Chang
- Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Department, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Peipei Xing
- Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Department, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Fengju Song
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Du
- Department of Diagnostics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300061, P.R. China
| | - Guowen Wang
- Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Department, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Kexin Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Jilong Yang
- Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Department, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
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Nallar SC, Kalvakolanu DV. GRIM-19: A master regulator of cytokine induced tumor suppression, metastasis and energy metabolism. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 33:1-18. [PMID: 27659873 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines induce cell proliferation or growth suppression depending on the context. It is increasingly becoming clear that success of standard radiotherapy and/or chemotherapeutics to eradicate solid tumors is dependent on IFN signaling. In this review we discuss the molecular mechanisms of tumor growth suppression by a gene product isolated in our laboratory using a genome-wide expression knock-down strategy. Gene associated with retinoid-IFN-induced mortality -19 (GRIM-19) functions as non-canonical tumor suppressor by antagonizing oncoproteins. As a component of mitochondrial respiratory chain, GRIM-19 influences the degree of "Warburg effect" in cancer cells as many advanced and/or aggressive tumors show severely down-regulated GRIM-19 levels. In addition, GRIM-19 appears to regulate innate and acquired immune responses in mouse models. Thus, GRIM-19 is positioned at nodes that favor cell protection and/or prevent aberrant cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreeram C Nallar
- Department of Microbiology and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Dhan V Kalvakolanu
- Department of Microbiology and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Li J, Zhou C, Zhou H, Bao T, Gao T, Jiang X, Ye M. The association between methylated CDKN2A and cervical carcinogenesis, and its diagnostic value in cervical cancer: a meta-analysis. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2016; 12:1249-60. [PMID: 27574435 PMCID: PMC4994797 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s108094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer is the second deadliest gynecologic malignancy, characterized by apparently precancerous lesions and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and having a long course from the development of CIN to cervical cancer. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) is a well-documented tumor suppressor gene and is commonly methylated in cervical cancer. However, the relationship between methylated CDKN2A and carcinogenesis in cervical cancer is inconsistent, and the diagnostic accuracy of methylated CDKN2A is underinvestigated. In this study, we attempted to quantify the association between CDKN2A methylation and the carcinogenesis of cervical cancer, and its diagnostic power. Methods We systematically reviewed four electronic databases and identified 26 studies involving 1,490 cervical cancers, 1,291 CINs, and 964 controls. A pooled odds ratio (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) was calculated to evaluate the association between methylated CDKN2A and the carcinogenesis of cervical cancer. Specificity, sensitivity, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, and the diagnostic odds ratio were computed to assess the effect of methylated CDKN2A in the diagnosis of cervical cancer. Results Our results indicated an upward trend in the methylation frequency of CDKN2A in the carcinogenesis of cervical cancer (cancer vs control: OR =23.67, 95% CI =15.54–36.06; cancer vs CIN: OR =2.53, 95% CI =1.79–3.5; CIN vs control: OR =9.68, 95% CI =5.82–16.02). The specificity, sensitivity, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, and diagnostic odds ratio were 0.99 (95% CI: 0.97–0.99), 0.36 (95% CI: 0.28–0.45), 0.93 (95% CI: 0.91–0.95), and 43 (95% CI: 19–98), respectively. Conclusion Our findings indicate that abnormal CDKN2A methylation may be strongly correlated with the pathogenesis of cervical cancer. Our results also demonstrate that CDKN2A methylation might serve as an early detector of cervical cancer. These findings require further confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyun Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University; Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital, Ningbo University
| | - Chongchang Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University
| | - Haojie Zhou
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Ningbo Diagnostic Pathology Center, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianlian Bao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University
| | - Tengjiao Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University
| | - Xiangling Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University
| | - Meng Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University; Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital, Ningbo University
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Nuclear receptor NR5A2 controls neural stem cell fate decisions during development. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12230. [PMID: 27447294 PMCID: PMC4961839 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The enormous complexity of mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is generated by highly synchronized actions of diverse factors and signalling molecules in neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs). However, the molecular mechanisms that integrate extrinsic and intrinsic signals to control proliferation versus differentiation decisions of NSCs are not well-understood. Here we identify nuclear receptor NR5A2 as a central node in these regulatory networks and key player in neural development. Overexpression and loss-of-function experiments in primary NSCs and mouse embryos suggest that NR5A2 synchronizes cell-cycle exit with induction of neurogenesis and inhibition of astrogliogenesis by direct regulatory effects on Ink4/Arf locus, Prox1, a downstream target of proneural genes, as well as Notch1 and JAK/STAT signalling pathways. Upstream of NR5a2, proneural genes, as well as Notch1 and JAK/STAT pathways control NR5a2 endogenous expression. Collectively, these observations render NR5A2 a critical regulator of neural development and target gene for NSC-based treatments of CNS-related diseases. The molecular signals regulating the decision of neural stem cells (NSC) to proliferate versus differentiate are unclear. Here, the authors identify the nuclear receptor NR5A2 as coordinating cell-cycle exit with differentiation of NSCs via direct actions on Ink4, Prox1, Notch1 and JAK/STAT.
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Inoue K, Fry EA. Aberrant splicing of the DMP1-ARF-MDM2-p53 pathway in cancer. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:33-41. [PMID: 26802432 PMCID: PMC5047959 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) of mRNA precursors is a ubiquitous mechanism for generating numerous transcripts with different activities from one genomic locus in mammalian cells. The gene products from a single locus can thus have similar, dominant-negative or even opposing functions. Aberrant AS has been found in cancer to express proteins that promote cell growth, local invasion and metastasis. This review will focus on the aberrant splicing of tumor suppressor/oncogenes that belong to the DMP1-ARF-MDM2-p53 pathway. Our recent study shows that the DMP1 locus generates both tumor-suppressive DMP1α (p53-dependent) and oncogenic DMP1β (p53-independent) splice variants, and the DMP1β/α ratio increases with neoplastic transformation of breast epithelial cells. This process is associated with high DMP1β protein expression and shorter survival of breast cancer (BC) patients. Accumulating pieces of evidence show that ARF is frequently inactivated by aberrant splicing in human cancers, demonstrating its involvement in human malignancies. Splice variants from the MDM2 locus promote cell growth in culture and accelerate tumorigenesis in vivo. Human cancers expressing these splice variants are associated with advanced stage/metastasis, and thus have negative clinical impacts. Although they lack most of the p53-binding domain, their activities are mostly dependent on p53 since they bind to wild-type MDM2. The p53 locus produces splice isoforms that have either favorable (β/γ at the C-terminus) or negative impact (Δ40, Δ133 at the N-terminus) on patients' survival. As the oncogenic AS products from these loci are expressed only in cancer cells, they may eventually become targets for molecular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Inoue
- The Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Fry
- The Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA
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Cao H, Wang S, Zhang Z, Lou J. Prognostic Value of Overexpressed p16INK4a in Vulvar Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152459. [PMID: 27031618 PMCID: PMC4816296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to examine the prognostic value of overexpressed p16INK4a in vulvar cancer. Although the tumor suppressor p16INK4a has been shown to be of prognostic value in a wide variety of cancers and precancerous lesions, its role in the vulvar cancer is still unclear. Methods All publications in English language on the association between p16INK4a and clinicopathological features of vulvar cancer were searched from Pubmed, Embase, and Web of Science, and those in Chinese language were identified manually and online from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure. Strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were followed. Odds ratios(ORs) or risk ratios(RRs) with 95% confidence intervals(CIs) were pooled to assess the strength of association. Publication bias was estimated using funnel plots and the Egger’s regression test. Results A total of 17 studies with 2309 patients were included. The p16INK4a overexpression was found to correlate significantly with the lower International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage(I+II vs III+IV; OR = 0.60,95%CI:0.41–0.86,P = 0.006),negative lymph node metastasis(negative vs positive; OR = 0.61,95%CI:0.39–0.95,P = 0.029),patient’s age<55(OR = 0.54,95%CI:0.31–0.96,P = 0.034),human papillomavirus–positive status(OR = 0.01,95%CI:0.00–0.11,P<0.001),and higher overall survival(RR = 0.53,95%CI = 0.35–0.80,P = 0.003). Conclusion The p16INK4a might be associated with a higher survival and indicates better prognosis of vulvar cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Cao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Si Wang
- Genome Stability Laboratory, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University Ministry of Education, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jiangyan Lou
- Key Laboratory of Birth and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University Ministry of Education, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
- * E-mail:
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65
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Morena D, Maestro N, Bersani F, Forni PE, Lingua MF, Foglizzo V, Šćepanović P, Miretti S, Morotti A, Shern JF, Khan J, Ala U, Provero P, Sala V, Crepaldi T, Gasparini P, Casanova M, Ferrari A, Sozzi G, Chiarle R, Ponzetto C, Taulli R. Hepatocyte Growth Factor-mediated satellite cells niche perturbation promotes development of distinct sarcoma subtypes. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26987019 PMCID: PMC4811764 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) and Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma (UPS) are distinct sarcoma subtypes. Here we investigate the relevance of the satellite cell (SC) niche in sarcoma development by using Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) to perturb the niche microenvironment. In a Pax7 wild type background, HGF stimulation mainly causes ERMS that originate from satellite cells following a process of multistep progression. Conversely, in a Pax7 null genotype ERMS incidence drops, while UPS becomes the most frequent subtype. Murine EfRMS display genetic heterogeneity similar to their human counterpart. Altogether, our data demonstrate that selective perturbation of the SC niche results in distinct sarcoma subtypes in a Pax7 lineage-dependent manner, and define a critical role for the Met axis in sarcoma initiation. Finally, our results provide a rationale for the use of combination therapy, tailored on specific amplifications and activated signaling pathways, to minimize resistance emerging from sarcomas heterogeneity. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12116.001 Soft tissue sarcomas are rare cancers that originate in tissues such as muscles, tendons, cartilage and fat. These cancers are further classified into subtypes based on their appearance. For example, rhabdomyosarcoma cells resemble the cells that normally develop into muscle, while other soft tissue tumors that do not look like a distinct cell type are called undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas. Recent experiments have suggested that although these subtypes appear different, they may both arise from the cells that build muscles. However, this had not been confirmed. Morena et al. investigated whether changing the environment – also known as the “niche” – of muscle stem cells could influence what type of sarcoma developed in mice that were prone to cancer. Normally muscle stem cells in an adult only regenerate injured muscles, and need to receive the correct cues before they divide. Among these cues is a protein called Hepatocyte Growth Factor (or HGF for short), which is produced by cells in the muscle stem cells’ niche. Morena et al. engineered mice so that the production of HGF in the muscles could be switched on or off at will. Mice that were already prone to cancer and produced a lot of HGF tended to develop rhabdomyosarcomas. However, when HGF was turned on in similar mice that also lacked normal muscle stem cells, the resulting sarcomas were predominantly undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas. These data indicate that rhabdomyosarcomas probably originate from muscle stem cells, whereas undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas develop from other cells in the niche. Lastly, Morena et al. studied the sarcomas in their mice in more detail and observed that, similar to what has been found in human rhabdomyosarcomas, individual tumors had different genetic mutations. These differences make it difficult to treat sarcomas with a single anti-cancer drug. However, the new results suggest that a combination of targeted drugs may prove effective in blocking tumor growth and in preventing resistance. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12116.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Morena
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,CeRMS, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Turin, Italy
| | - Nicola Maestro
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,CeRMS, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Bersani
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,CeRMS, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Emanuele Forni
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,CeRMS, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Turin, Italy
| | - Marcello Francesco Lingua
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,CeRMS, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Foglizzo
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,CeRMS, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Turin, Italy
| | - Petar Šćepanović
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,CeRMS, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Miretti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Alessandro Morotti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Jack F Shern
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, United States
| | - Javed Khan
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, United States
| | - Ugo Ala
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Provero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Sala
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Gasparini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Casanova
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Ferrari
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Sozzi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Chiarle
- CeRMS, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Turin, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Carola Ponzetto
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,CeRMS, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Turin, Italy
| | - Riccardo Taulli
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,CeRMS, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Turin, Italy
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Nonaka T, Toda Y, Hiai H, Uemura M, Nakamura M, Yamamoto N, Asato R, Hattori Y, Bessho K, Minato N, Kinoshita K. Involvement of activation-induced cytidine deaminase in skin cancer development. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1367-82. [PMID: 26974156 DOI: 10.1172/jci81522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Most skin cancers develop as the result of UV light-induced DNA damage; however, a substantial number of cases appear to occur independently of UV damage. A causal link between UV-independent skin cancers and chronic inflammation has been suspected, although the precise mechanism underlying this association is unclear. Here, we have proposed that activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID, encoded by AICDA) links chronic inflammation and skin cancer. We demonstrated that Tg mice expressing AID in the skin spontaneously developed skin squamous cell carcinoma with Hras and Trp53 mutations. Furthermore, genetic deletion of Aicda reduced tumor incidence in a murine model of chemical-induced skin carcinogenesis. AID was expressed in human primary keratinocytes in an inflammatory stimulus-dependent manner and was detectable in human skin cancers. Together, the results of this study indicate that inflammation-induced AID expression promotes skin cancer development independently of UV damage and suggest AID as a potential target for skin cancer therapeutics.
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Abstract
Cancer cells continue to challenge scientists and oncologists due to the phenomenon of resistance. Moreover, recurrence, as seen in many treated patients, shows that currently-used anti-cancer drugs are unable to prevent the development of new cancer cells harboring new mutations. The purpose of this paper is to try to answer some of the questions regarding why cancer arises and why evolution would naturally lead to the development of cancer. Providing answers to these questions may shed new light on cancer development and potential causes of cancer. This work demonstrates that (1) cancer hallmarks are a series of events that can be organized in three consecutive stages; (2) cancer may develop when cells seek immortality; (3) heterogeneity in tumors may be explained by cancer cells not following universal laws for division; (4) evolution may not have selected for cancer; (5) currently-used anti-cancer drugs, with telomerase and poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase inhibition given as examples, show that we may not be on the right track, as these drugs are probably targeting molecular symptoms of tumors but not their cause; and (6) after an attempt to define the cause of cancer, the potentials of immunotherapy are discussed. Future anti-cancer drugs should be able to shrink the original tumor(s) and most importantly prevent the rise of new cancer cells in treated patients. In order to achieve this goal, new drugs must target the cause of cancer. Therefore, future research must focus on identifying potential causes of cancer common to all types of cancers. Finally, while immunotherapy holds great prospects for future cancer cure and prevention, global action is needed to reduce harmful substances known to contribute to the development of cancer in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adouda Adjiri
- Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Sétif-1 University, 19000 Sétif, Algeria
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68
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ANRIL regulates the proliferation of human colorectal cancer cells in both two- and three-dimensional culture. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 412:141-6. [PMID: 26708220 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2618-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ANRIL is a long noncoding RNA transcribed from the INK4 locus that encodes three tumor suppressor genes, p15, p16, and ARF. Previous studies demonstrated that ANRIL represses p15 and p16, which positively regulate the pRB pathway, leading to repression of cellular senescence of human normal fibroblasts. However, the role of ANRIL in cancer cell proliferation is less well understood. Here we report that ANRIL is involved in the proliferation of colorectal cancer HCT116 cells in two- and three-dimensional culture. Silencing ANRIL by both transfection with small interfering RNA and retrovirally produced small hairpin RNA reduced HCT116 cell proliferation in both two- and three-dimensional culture. HCT116 cells depleted for ANRIL were arrested in the S phase of cell cycle. Notably, silencing ANRIL did not result in the activation of expression of the INK4 locus. These results suggest that ANRIL positively regulates the proliferation of HCT116 cells in two- and three-dimensional culture in a p15/p16-pRB pathway-independent manner.
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69
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Lutful Kabir FM, Alvarez CE, Bird RC. Canine Mammary Carcinomas: A Comparative Analysis of Altered Gene Expression. Vet Sci 2015; 3:vetsci3010001. [PMID: 29056711 PMCID: PMC5644615 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci3010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer represents the second most frequent neoplasm in humans and sexually intact female dogs after lung and skin cancers, respectively. Many similar features in human and dog cancers including, spontaneous development, clinical presentation, tumor heterogeneity, disease progression and response to conventional therapies have supported development of this comparative model as an alternative to mice. The highly conserved similarities between canine and human genomes are also key to this comparative analysis, especially when compared to the murine genome. Studies with canine mammary tumor (CMT) models have shown a strong genetic correlation with their human counterparts, particularly in terms of altered expression profiles of cell cycle regulatory genes, tumor suppressor and oncogenes and also a large group of non-coding RNAs or microRNAs (miRNAs). Because CMTs are considered predictive intermediate models for human breast cancer, similarities in genetic alterations and cancer predisposition between humans and dogs have raised further interest. Many cancer-associated genetic defects critical to mammary tumor development and oncogenic determinants of metastasis have been reported and appear to be similar in both species. Comparative analysis of deregulated gene sets or cancer signaling pathways has shown that a significant proportion of orthologous genes are comparably up- or down-regulated in both human and dog breast tumors. Particularly, a group of cell cycle regulators called cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) acting as potent tumor suppressors are frequently defective in CMTs. Interestingly, comparative analysis of coding sequences has also shown that these genes are highly conserved in mammals in terms of their evolutionary divergence from a common ancestor. Moreover, co-deletion and/or homozygous loss of the INK4A/ARF/INK4B (CDKN2A/B) locus, encoding three members of the CKI tumor suppressor gene families (p16/INK4A, p14ARF and p15/INK4B), in many human and dog cancers including mammary carcinomas, suggested their important conserved genetic order and localization in orthologous chromosomal regions. miRNAs, as powerful post-transcriptional regulators of most of the cancer-associated genes, have not been well evaluated to date in animal cancer models. Comprehensive expression profiles of miRNAs in CMTs have revealed their altered regulation showing a strong correlation with those found in human breast cancers. These genetic correlations between human and dog mammary cancers will greatly advance our understanding of regulatory mechanisms involving many critical cancer-associated genes that promote neoplasia and contribute to the promising development of future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farruk M Lutful Kabir
- Auburn University Research Initiative in Cancer (AURIC), Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA.
- Current address: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Carlos E Alvarez
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital Departments of Pediatrics and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University Colleges of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - R Curtis Bird
- Auburn University Research Initiative in Cancer (AURIC), Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA.
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CDK6-a review of the past and a glimpse into the future: from cell-cycle control to transcriptional regulation. Oncogene 2015; 35:3083-91. [PMID: 26500059 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The G1 cell-cycle kinase CDK6 has long been thought of as a redundant homolog of CDK4. Although the two kinases have very similar roles in cell-cycle progression, it has recently become apparent that they differ in tissue-specific functions and contribute differently to tumor development. CDK6 is directly involved in transcription in tumor cells and in hematopoietic stem cells. These functions point to a role of CDK6 in tissue homeostasis and differentiation that is partially independent of CDK6's kinase activity and is not shared with CDK4. We review the literature on the contribution of CDK6 to transcription in an attempt to link the new findings on CDK6's transcriptional activity to cell-cycle progression. Finally, we note that anticancer therapies based on the inhibition of CDK6 kinase activity fail to take into account its kinase-independent role in tumor development.
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71
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Joshi SK, Lucic N, Zuniga R. Molecular pathogenesis of glioblastoma multiforme: Nuances, obstacles, and implications for treatment. World J Neurol 2015; 5:88-101. [DOI: 10.5316/wjn.v5.i3.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the literal apogee on the hierarchy of malignant brain tumors, remains one of the greatest therapeutic challenges in oncology and medicine. Historically this may be contextualized in the fact that the medical and scientific communities have had a very elementary understanding of its intricate and complex pathophysiology. The last 10-15 years have yielded a number of studies that have elucidated much of the molecular and genetic complexities of GBM that underlie its pathogenesis. Excitingly, some of these discovered genetic mutations and molecular profiles in GBM have demonstrated value in prognostication and utility in predicting response to treatment. Despite this, however, treatment options for patients have remained somewhat limited. These treatment options are expected to expand with the availability of new data and with the transition of novel treatment modalities from animal to human studies. This paper will have a threefold objective: provide an overview of the traditional paradigm in understanding and treating GBM, describe recent discoveries in the molecular pathogenesis of GBM against this historical backdrop, and acquaint the reader with new treatment modalities that hold significant therapeutic potential for patients.
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72
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Narayanan KB, Ali M, Barclay BJ, Cheng QS, D'Abronzo L, Dornetshuber-Fleiss R, Ghosh PM, Gonzalez Guzman MJ, Lee TJ, Leung PS, Li L, Luanpitpong S, Ratovitski E, Rojanasakul Y, Romano MF, Romano S, Sinha RK, Yedjou C, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Brown DG, Ryan EP, Colacci A, Hamid RA, Mondello C, Raju J, Salem HK, Woodrick J, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Roy R, Forte S, Memeo L, Kim SY, Bisson WH, Lowe L, Park HH. Disruptive environmental chemicals and cellular mechanisms that confer resistance to cell death. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S89-110. [PMID: 26106145 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death is a process of dying within biological cells that are ceasing to function. This process is essential in regulating organism development, tissue homeostasis, and to eliminate cells in the body that are irreparably damaged. In general, dysfunction in normal cellular death is tightly linked to cancer progression. Specifically, the up-regulation of pro-survival factors, including oncogenic factors and antiapoptotic signaling pathways, and the down-regulation of pro-apoptotic factors, including tumor suppressive factors, confers resistance to cell death in tumor cells, which supports the emergence of a fully immortalized cellular phenotype. This review considers the potential relevance of ubiquitous environmental chemical exposures that have been shown to disrupt key pathways and mechanisms associated with this sort of dysfunction. Specifically, bisphenol A, chlorothalonil, dibutyl phthalate, dichlorvos, lindane, linuron, methoxychlor and oxyfluorfen are discussed as prototypical chemical disruptors; as their effects relate to resistance to cell death, as constituents within environmental mixtures and as potential contributors to environmental carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Badri Narayanan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Malaysia, Plant Biotechnologies Inc, St. Albert AB, Canada, Computer Science Department, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA, Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Austria, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, School of Public Health, Nutrition Program, San Juan Puerto Rico 00936-5067, USA, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, 705-717, South Korea, School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University Of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA, Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, MEM 180, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, 50134, Italy, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado state University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, 40126, Italy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Se
| | - Manaf Ali
- Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Malaysia
| | | | - Qiang Shawn Cheng
- Computer Science Department, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Leandro D'Abronzo
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | | | - Paramita M Ghosh
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Michael J Gonzalez Guzman
- University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, School of Public Health, Nutrition Program, San Juan Puerto Rico 00936-5067, USA
| | - Tae-Jin Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, 705-717, South Korea
| | - Po Sing Leung
- School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University Of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University Of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Suidjit Luanpitpong
- Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Edward Ratovitski
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Maria Fiammetta Romano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Romano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ranjeet K Sinha
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, MEM 180, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Clement Yedjou
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | | | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, 50134, Italy
| | - Dustin G Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado state University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado state University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Roslida A Hamid
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Hosni K Salem
- Urology Department, Kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo, 12515, Egypt
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, USA
| | - A Ivana Scovassi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Advenced Molecular Science Research Centre, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, USA
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande, 95029, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande, 95029, Italy
| | - Seo Yun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul 139-706, South Korea
| | - William H Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA and
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Hyun Ho Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Malaysia, Plant Biotechnologies Inc, St. Albert AB, Canada, Computer Science Department, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA, Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Austria, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, School of Public Health, Nutrition Program, San Juan Puerto Rico 00936-5067, USA, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, 705-717, South Korea, School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University Of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA, Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, MEM 180, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, 50134, Italy, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado state University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, 40126, Italy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Se
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73
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Quereda V, Porlan E, Cañamero M, Dubus P, Malumbres M. An essential role for Ink4 and Cip/Kip cell-cycle inhibitors in preventing replicative stress. Cell Death Differ 2015; 23:430-41. [PMID: 26292757 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cycle inhibitors of the Ink4 and Cip/Kip families are involved in cellular senescence and tumor suppression. These inhibitors are individually dispensable for the cell cycle and inactivation of specific family members results in increased proliferation and enhanced susceptibility to tumor development. We have now analyzed the consequences of eliminating a substantial part of the cell-cycle inhibitory activity in the cell by generating a mouse model, which combines the absence of both p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1) proteins with the endogenous expression of a Cdk4 R24C mutant insensitive to Ink4 inhibitors. Pairwise combination of Cdk4 R24C, p21-null and p27-null alleles results in frequent hyperplasias and tumors, mainly in cells of endocrine origin such as pituitary cells and in mesenchymal tissues. Interestingly, complete abrogation of p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1) in Cdk4 R24C mutant mice results in a different phenotype characterized by perinatal death accompanied by general hypoplasia in most tissues. This phenotype correlates with increased replicative stress in developing tissues such as the nervous system and subsequent apoptotic cell death. Partial inhibition of Cdk4/6 rescues replicative stress signaling as well as p53 induction in the absence of cell-cycle inhibitors. We conclude that one of the major physiological activities of cell-cycle inhibitors is to prevent replicative stress during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Quereda
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Porlan
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Cañamero
- Histopathology Unit, Biotechnology Programme, CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Dubus
- EA2406 Histology and Molecular Pathology of Tumours, University of Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - M Malumbres
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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74
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CDKN2A loss is associated with shortened overall survival in lower-grade (World Health Organization Grades II-III) astrocytomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:442-52. [PMID: 25853694 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower-grade (World Health Organization Grades II and III) gliomas vary widely in clinical behavior and are classified as astrocytic, oligodendroglial, or mixed. Anaplasia depends greatly on mitotic activity, with CDKN2A loss considered as the most common mechanism for cell cycle dysregulation. We investigated whether loss of the CDKN2A gene is associated with overall survival across pathologically and genetically defined glioma subtypes. After adjustment for IDH mutation, sex, and age, CDKN2A deletion was strongly associated with poorer overall survival in astrocytomas but not in oligodendrogliomas or oligoastrocytomas. Molecular classification of astrocytomas by IDH mutation, TP53 mutation, and /or ATRX loss of expression revealed that CDKN2A loss in IDH/TP53 mutated tumors was strongly associated with worse overall survival. CDKN2A loss in IDH mutated tumors with ATRX loss was only weakly associated with worse overall survival. These findings suggest that CDKN2A testing may provide further clinical aid in lower-grade glioma substratification beyond IDH mutation and 1p19q codeletion status, particularly in IDH/TP53 mutated astrocytomas.
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75
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Assis LVMD, Isoldi MC. Overview of the biochemical and genetic processes in malignant mesothelioma. J Bras Pneumol 2015; 40:429-42. [PMID: 25210967 PMCID: PMC4201175 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37132014000400012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a highly aggressive form of cancer, has a long latency period, and is resistant to chemotherapy. It is extremely fatal, with a mean survival of less than one year. The development of MM is strongly correlated with exposure to asbestos and with other factors, such as erionite and simian virus 40 [corrected]. Although various countries have banned the use of asbestos, MM has proven to be difficult to control and there appears to be a trend toward an increase in its incidence in the years to come. In Brazil, MM has not been widely studied from a genetic or biochemical standpoint. In addition, there have been few epidemiological studies of the disease, and the profile of its incidence has yet to be well established in the Brazilian population. The objective of this study was to review the literature regarding the processes of malignant transformation, as well as the respective mechanisms of tumorigenesis, in MM.
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76
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Huang T, Yang J, Cai YD. Novel candidate key drivers in the integrative network of genes, microRNAs, methylations, and copy number variations in squamous cell lung carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:358125. [PMID: 25802847 PMCID: PMC4352729 DOI: 10.1155/2015/358125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of lung cancer are highly complex. Not only mRNA gene expression but also microRNAs, DNA methylation, and copy number variation (CNV) play roles in tumorigenesis. It is difficult to incorporate so much information into a single model that can comprehensively reflect all these lung cancer mechanisms. In this study, we analyzed the 129 TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) squamous cell lung carcinoma samples with gene expression, microRNA expression, DNA methylation, and CNV data. First, we used variance inflation factor (VIF) regression to build the whole genome integrative network. Then, we isolated the lung cancer subnetwork by identifying the known lung cancer genes and their direct regulators. This subnetwork was refined by the Bayesian method, and the directed regulations among mRNA genes, microRNAs, methylations, and CNVs were obtained. The novel candidate key drivers in this refined subnetwork, such as the methylation of ARHGDIB and HOXD3, microRNA let-7a and miR-31, and the CNV of AGAP2, were identified and analyzed. On three large public available lung cancer datasets, the key drivers ARHGDIB and HOXD3 demonstrated significant associations with the overall survival of lung cancer patients. Our results provide new insights into lung cancer mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- College of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China ; Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- College of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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77
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Kotake Y, Naemura M, Kitagawa K, Niida H, Tsunoda T, Shirasawa S, Kitagawa M. Oncogenic Ras influences the expression of multiple lncRNAs. Cytotechnology 2014; 68:1591-6. [PMID: 25501747 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9834-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent ultrahigh-density tiling array and large-scale transcriptome analysis have revealed that large numbers of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcribed in mammals. Several lncRNAs have been implicated in transcriptional regulation, organization of nuclear structure, and post-transcriptional processing. However, the regulation of expression of lncRNAs is less well understood. Here, we show that the exogenous and endogenous expression of an oncogenic form of small GTPase Ras (called oncogenic Ras) decrease the expression of lncRNA ANRIL (antisense non-coding RNA in the INK4 locus), which is involved in the regulation of cellular senescence. We also show that forced expression of oncogenic Ras increases the expression of lncRNA PANDA (p21 associated ncRNA DNA damage activated), which is involved in the regulation of apoptosis. Microarray analysis demonstrated that expression of multiple lncRNAs fluctuated by forced expression of oncogenic Ras. These findings indicate that oncogenic Ras regulates the expression of a large number of lncRNAs including functional lncRNAs, such as ANRIL and PANDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yojiro Kotake
- Department of Biological and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Humanity-Oriented Science and Engineering, Kinki University, 11-6 Kayanomori, Iizuka, Fukuoka, 820-8555, Japan.
| | - Madoka Naemura
- Department of Biological and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Humanity-Oriented Science and Engineering, Kinki University, 11-6 Kayanomori, Iizuka, Fukuoka, 820-8555, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kitagawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Niida
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Tsunoda
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Senji Shirasawa
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kitagawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
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78
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Gelbert LM, Cai S, Lin X, Sanchez-Martinez C, Del Prado M, Lallena MJ, Torres R, Ajamie RT, Wishart GN, Flack RS, Neubauer BL, Young J, Chan EM, Iversen P, Cronier D, Kreklau E, de Dios A. Preclinical characterization of the CDK4/6 inhibitor LY2835219: in-vivo cell cycle-dependent/independent anti-tumor activities alone/in combination with gemcitabine. Invest New Drugs 2014; 32:825-37. [PMID: 24919854 PMCID: PMC4169866 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-014-0120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The G1 restriction point is critical for regulating the cell cycle and is controlled by the Rb pathway (CDK4/6-cyclin D1-Rb-p16/ink4a). This pathway is important because of its inactivation in a majority of human tumors. Transition through the restriction point requires phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (Rb) by CDK4/6, which are highly validated cancer drug targets. We present the identification and characterization of a potent CDK4/6 inhibitor, LY2835219. LY2835219 inhibits CDK4 and CDK6 with low nanomolar potency, inhibits Rb phosphorylation resulting in a G1 arrest and inhibition of proliferation, and its activity is specific for Rb-proficient cells. In vivo target inhibition studies show LY2835219 is a potent inhibitor of Rb phosphorylation, induces a complete cell cycle arrest and suppresses expression of several Rb-E2F-regulated proteins 24 hours after a single dose. Oral administration of LY2835219 inhibits tumor growth in human tumor xenografts representing different histologies in tumor-bearing mice. LY2835219 is effective and well tolerated when administered up to 56 days in immunodeficient mice without significant loss of body weight or tumor outgrowth. In calu-6 xenografts, LY2835219 in combination with gemcitabine enhanced in vivo antitumor activity without a G1 cell cycle arrest, but was associated with a reduction of ribonucleotide reductase expression. These results suggest LY2835219 may be used alone or in combination with standard-of-care cytotoxic therapy. In summary, we have identified a potent, orally active small-molecule inhibitor of CDK4/6 that is active in xenograft tumors. LY2835219 is currently in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Gelbert
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA,
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Thymoma patients treated in a phase I clinic at MD Anderson Cancer Center: responses to mTOR inhibitors and molecular analyses. Oncotarget 2014; 4:890-8. [PMID: 23765114 PMCID: PMC3757246 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymomas and thymic carcinoma are rare tumors with no approved therapies. Our purpose was to analyze the molecular features and outcomes of patients referred to the Clinical Center for Targeted Therapy (Phase I Clinic). METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of consecutive referred patients with advanced/metastatic thymoma or thymic carcinoma RESULTS Twenty-one patients were identified (median age 52 years; 10 women; median number of prior systemic therapies = 2). Six of 10 patients (60%) treated with mTOR inhibitor combination regimens achieved stable disease (SD) ≥12 months or a partial response (PR). For patients treated on mTOR inhibitor regimens (N = 10), median time to treatment failure (TTF) was 11.6 months versus 2.3 months on last conventional regimen prior to referral (p=0.024). Molecular analyses (performed by next generation sequencing in seven patients and single polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays in an additional six patients) showed diverse actionable mutations: PIK3CA (1 of 12 tested; 8%); EGFR (1 of 13; 8%); RET (1 of 7; 14%); and AKT1 (1 of 7; 14%). Of two patients with PIK3CA or AKT1 mutations, one was treated with an mTOR inhibitor-based regimen and achieved 26% regression with a TTF of 17 months. CONCLUSION Patients with advanced/metastatic thymoma or thymic carcinoma demonstrated prolonged TTF on mTOR inhibitor-based therapy as compared to prior conventional treatment. Heterogeneity in actionable molecular aberrations was observed, suggesting that multi-assay molecular profiling and individualizing treatment merits investigation.
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80
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Alexander RE, Williamson SR, Richey J, Lopez-Beltran A, Montironi R, Davidson DD, Idrees MT, Jones CL, Zhang S, Wang L, Rao Q, Pedrosa JA, Kaimakliotis HZ, Monn MF, Koch MO, Cheng L. The expression patterns of p53 and p16 and an analysis of a possible role of HPV in primary adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95724. [PMID: 24752337 PMCID: PMC3994140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder is rare. The molecular and cellular events leading to its pathogenesis are not well delineated. The goal of this study was to investigate p53 and p16 expression, as well as HPV status, in a relatively large series of primary bladder adenocarcinomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty six cases of urinary bladder adenocarcinoma were chosen from participating institutions. The diagnosis and available clinical history were reviewed in each case. Immunostains for p53, p16 and HPV and high-risk and low-risk HPV-ISH were performed on all tumors. RESULTS Patients had an average age of 61 years with a male predominance (1.5 ∶ 1 male ∶ female ratio). The average tumor size in cystectomy specimens was 4.3 cm. Of the cases managed by transurethral resection, 40% were pT2 at the time of diagnosis. In cystectomy specimens, 77% were either pT3 or pT4. Strong nuclear p16 expression was seen in 67% of all cases and p53 expression was present in 58% of the cases. Expression of both markers was seen in 33% of cases. Expression of p16 or p53 alone was present in 12 (33%) and 9 (25%) cases, respectively. Neither marker was expressed in only 3 (8%) of the tumors. No significant correlation between clinical variables and any of the markers we studied was identified. No HPV infection was detected in any case. CONCLUSIONS Expression of p53 and/or p16 is very common in urinary bladder adenocarcinoma. These findings implicate a high likelihood that alterations in these cell cycle proteins contribute to the pathogenesis of these tumors. Despite frequent immunohistochemical labeling for p16, no evidence of HPV infection was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley E. Alexander
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sean R. Williamson
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Justin Richey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | | | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy and Histopathology, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region (Ancona), United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Darrell D. Davidson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Muhammad T. Idrees
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Carol L. Jones
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Shaobo Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Lisha Wang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiu Rao
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jose A. Pedrosa
- Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Hristos Z. Kaimakliotis
- Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - M. Francesca Monn
- Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Michael O. Koch
- Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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81
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Molecular biological determinations of meningioma progression and recurrence. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94987. [PMID: 24722350 PMCID: PMC3983248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Meningiomas are tumors that arise from the coverings of the brain or spinal cord. 5% of the cases turn into malignant forms with aggressive clinical behavior and increased risk of tumor recurrence. One hundred and five patients with meningiomas were operated by open surgery. To investigate predictors of meningioma recurrence in total 124 samples of 105 patients were investigated by iFISH. Dual-probe hybridization was performed to access chromosomal alterations of chromosomes 1p-, 9p- and 22q. Additionally, methylation of TIMP3 and p16 was analyzed with MS-PCR. Of the 105 investigated tumors 59.1% (62/105) were WHO grade I, 33.3% (35/105) were WHO grade II and 7.7% (8/105) were anaplastic meningiomas (grade III), respectively. The histopathological data correlates with the recurrence rate of the investigated meningiomas. Hypermethylation of TIMP3 was detected in 13.3% of all meningiomas: 10.9% in WHO grade I meningiomas, 25.0% in grade II and 14.3% in grade III meningiomas, respectively. No correlation of TIMP3 hypermethylation with tumor recurrence or WHO grade (p = 0.2) was observed. Interestingly, deletion of 1p36 emerged as a significant predictor of shorter overall survival (log rank test, p<0.001), whereas TIMP3 promoter methylation had no significant effect on overall survival (log rank test, p = 0.799). The results of the current study support the finding that the deletion of chromosome 1p is an independent marker of meningioma recurrence and progression (p = 0.0097). Therefore the measurement of genetic aberrations in meningiomas allows in a combined histological approach a more precise assessment of the prognosis of meningiomas than histopathology alone.
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82
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p19Ink4d is a tumor suppressor and controls pituitary anterior lobe cell proliferation. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:2121-34. [PMID: 24687853 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01363-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary tumors develop in about one-quarter of the population, and most arise from the anterior lobe (AL). The pituitary gland is particularly sensitive to genetic alteration of genes involved in the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor (CKI)-CDK-retinoblastoma protein (Rb) pathway. Mice heterozygous for the Rb mutation develop pituitary tumors, with about 20% arising from the AL. Perplexingly, none of the CKI-deficient mice reported thus far develop pituitary AL tumors. In this study, we show that deletion of p19(Ink4d) (p19), a CKI gene, in mice results in spontaneous development of tumors in multiple organs and tissues. Specifically, more than one-half of the mutant mice developed pituitary hyperplasia or tumors predominantly in the AL. Tumor development is associated with increased cell proliferation and enhanced activity of Cdk4 and Cdk6 and phosphorylation of Rb protein. Though Cdk4 is indispensable for postnatal pituitary cell proliferation, it is not required for the hyperproliferative pituitary phenotype caused by p19 loss. Loss of p19 phosphorylates Rb in Cdk4(-/-) pituitary AL cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and rescues their proliferation defects, at least partially, through the activation of Cdk6. These results provide the first genetic evidence that p19 is a tumor suppressor and the major CKI gene that controls pituitary AL cell proliferation.
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83
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Schuster K, Venkateswaran N, Rabellino A, Girard L, Peña-Llopis S, Scaglioni PP. Nullifying the CDKN2AB locus promotes mutant K-ras lung tumorigenesis. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:912-23. [PMID: 24618618 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0620-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Lung cancer commonly displays a number of recurrent genetic abnormalities, and about 30% of lung adenocarcinomas carry activating mutations in the Kras gene, often concomitantly with inactivation of tumor suppressor genes p16(INK4A) and p14(ARF) of the CDKN2AB locus. However, little is known regarding the function of p15INK4B translated from the same locus. To determine the frequency of CDKN2AB loss in human mutant KRAS lung cancer, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was interrogated. Two-hit inactivation of CDKN2A and CDKN2B occurs frequently in patients with mutant KRAS lung adenocarcinoma. Moreover, p15INK4B loss occurs in the presence of biallelic inactivation of p16(INK4A) and p14(ARF), suggesting that p15INK4B loss confers a selective advantage to mutant KRAS lung cancers that are p16(INK4A) and p14(ARF) deficient. To determine the significance of CDKN2AB loss in vivo, genetically engineered lung cancer mouse models that express mutant Kras in the respiratory epithelium were utilized. Importantly, complete loss of CDKN2AB strikingly accelerated mutant Kras-driven lung tumorigenesis, leading to loss of differentiation, increased metastatic disease, and decreased overall survival. Primary mutant Kras lung epithelial cells lacking Cdkn2ab had increased clonogenic potential. Furthermore, comparative analysis of mutant Kras;Cdkn2a null with Kras;Cdkn2ab null mice and experiments with mutant KRAS;CDKN2AB-deficient human lung cancer cells indicated that p15INK4B is a critical tumor suppressor. Thus, the loss of CDKN2AB is of biologic significance in mutant KRAS lung tumorigenesis by fostering cellular proliferation, cancer cell differentiation, and metastatic behavior. IMPLICATIONS These findings indicate that mutant Kras;Cdkn2ab null mice provide a platform for accurately modeling aggressive lung adenocarcinoma and testing therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schuster
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Internal Medicine; Simmons Cancer Center
| | | | - Andrea Rabellino
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Internal Medicine; Simmons Cancer Center
| | - Luc Girard
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research; Departments of Pharmacology and
| | - Samuel Peña-Llopis
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Internal Medicine; Simmons Cancer Center; Developmental Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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E2F1 coregulates cell cycle genes and chromatin components during the transition of oligodendrocyte progenitors from proliferation to differentiation. J Neurosci 2014; 34:1481-93. [PMID: 24453336 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2840-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle exit is an obligatory step for the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) into myelinating cells. A key regulator of the transition from proliferation to quiescence is the E2F/Rb pathway, whose activity is highly regulated in physiological conditions and deregulated in tumors. In this paper we report a lineage-specific decline of nuclear E2F1 during differentiation of rodent OPC into oligodendrocytes (OLs) in developing white matter tracts and in cultured cells. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and deep-sequencing in mouse and rat OPCs, we identified cell cycle genes (i.e., Cdc2) and chromatin components (i.e., Hmgn1, Hmgn2), including those modulating DNA methylation (i.e., Uhrf1), as E2F1 targets. Binding of E2F1 to chromatin on the gene targets was validated and their expression assessed in developing white matter tracts and cultured OPCs. Increased expression of E2F1 gene targets was also detected in mouse gliomas (that were induced by retroviral transformation of OPCs) compared with normal brain. Together, these data identify E2F1 as a key transcription factor modulating the expression of chromatin components in OPC during the transition from proliferation to differentiation.
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85
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Williams RT, Barnhill LM, Kuo HH, Lin WD, Batova A, Yu AL, Diccianni MB. Chimeras of p14ARF and p16: functional hybrids with the ability to arrest growth. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88219. [PMID: 24505435 PMCID: PMC3914946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The INK4A locus codes for two independent tumor suppressors, p14ARF and p16/CDKN2A, and is frequently mutated in many cancers. Here we report a novel deletion/substitution from CC to T in the shared exon 2 of p14ARF/p16 in a melanoma cell line. This mutation aligns the reading frames of p14ARF and p16 mid-transcript, producing one protein which is half p14ARF and half p16, chimera ARF (chARF), and another which is half p16 and half non-p14ARF/non-p16 amino acids, p16-Alternate Carboxyl Terminal (p16-ACT). In an effort to understand the cellular impact of this novel mutation and others like it, we expressed the two protein products in a tumor cell line and analyzed common p14ARF and p16 pathways, including the p53/p21 and CDK4/cyclin D1 pathways, as well as the influence of the two proteins on growth and the cell cycle. We report that chARF mimicked wild-type p14ARF by inducing the p53/p21 pathway, inhibiting cell growth through G2/M arrest and maintaining a certain percentage of cells in G1 during nocodazole-induced G2 arrest. chARF also demonstrated p16 activity by binding CDK4. However, rather than preventing cyclin D1 from binding CDK4, chARF stabilized this interaction through p21 which bound CDK4. p16-ACT had no p16-related function as it was unable to inhibit cyclin D1/CDK4 complex formation and was unable to arrest the cell cycle, though it did inhibit colony formation. We conclude that these novel chimeric proteins, which are very similar to predicted p16/p14ARF chimeric proteins found in other primary cancers, result in maintained p14ARF-p53-p21 signaling while p16-dependent CDK4 inhibition is lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T. Williams
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa M. Barnhill
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Huan-Hsien Kuo
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Der Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ayse Batova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Alice L. Yu
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Mitchell B. Diccianni
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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86
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Magri L, Gacias M, Wu M, Swiss VA, Janssen WG, Casaccia P. c-Myc-dependent transcriptional regulation of cell cycle and nucleosomal histones during oligodendrocyte differentiation. Neuroscience 2014; 276:72-86. [PMID: 24502923 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) have the ability to divide or to growth arrest and differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes in the developing brain. Due to their high number and the persistence of their proliferative capacity in the adult brain, OPCs are being studied as potential targets for myelin repair and also as a potential source of brain tumors. This study addresses the molecular mechanisms regulating the transcriptional changes occurring at the critical transition between proliferation and cell cycle exit in cultured OPCs. Using bioinformatic analysis of existing datasets, we identified c-Myc as a key transcriptional regulator of this transition and confirmed direct binding of this transcription factor to identified target genes using chromatin immunoprecipitation. The expression of c-Myc was elevated in proliferating OPCs, where it also bound to the promoter of genes involved in cell cycle regulation (i.e. Cdc2) or chromosome organization (i.e. H2afz). Silencing of c-Myc was associated with decreased histone acetylation at target gene promoters and consequent decrease of gene transcripts. c-Myc silencing also induced a global increase of repressive histone methylation and premature peripheral nuclear chromatin compaction while promoting the progression towards differentiation. We conclude that c-Myc is an important modulator of the transition between proliferation and differentiation of OPCs, although its decrease is not sufficient to induce progression into a myelinating phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Magri
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, United States
| | - M Gacias
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, United States
| | - M Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, United States
| | - V A Swiss
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, United States
| | - W G Janssen
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, United States
| | - P Casaccia
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, United States; Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, United States.
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87
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Semczuk A, Ignatov A, Obrzut B, Reventos J, Rechberger T. Role of p53 Pathway Alterations in Uterine Carcinosarcomas (Malignant Mixed Müllerian Tumors). Oncology 2014; 87:193-204. [DOI: 10.1159/000363574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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88
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Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is a well-established mitotic regulator with a diverse range of biologic functions continually being identified throughout the cell cycle. Preclinical evidence suggests that the molecular targeting of Plk1 could be an effective therapeutic strategy in a wide range of cancers; however, that success has yet to be translated to the clinical level. The lack of clinical success has raised the question of whether there is a true oncogenic addiction to Plk1 or if its overexpression in tumors is solely an artifact of increased cellular proliferation. In this review, we address the role of Plk1 in carcinogenesis by discussing the cell cycle and DNA damage response with respect to their associations with classic oncogenic and tumor suppressor pathways that contribute to the transcriptional regulation of Plk1. A thorough examination of the available literature suggests that Plk1 activity can be dysregulated through key transformative pathways, including both p53 and pRb. On the basis of the available literature, it may be somewhat premature to draw a definitive conclusion on the role of Plk1 in carcinogenesis. However, evidence supports the notion that oncogene dependence on Plk1 is not a late occurrence in carcinogenesis and it is likely that Plk1 plays an active role in carcinogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Cholewa
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital, Madison, WI
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89
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Zhang X, Hagen J, Muniz VP, Smith T, Coombs GS, Eischen CM, Mackie DI, Roman DL, Van Rheeden R, Darbro B, Tompkins VS, Quelle DE. RABL6A, a novel RAB-like protein, controls centrosome amplification and chromosome instability in primary fibroblasts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80228. [PMID: 24282525 PMCID: PMC3839920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RABL6A (RAB-like 6 isoform A) is a novel protein that was originally identified based on its association with the Alternative Reading Frame (ARF) tumor suppressor. ARF acts through multiple p53-dependent and p53-independent pathways to prevent cancer. How RABL6A functions, to what extent it depends on ARF and p53 activity, and its importance in normal cell biology are entirely unknown. We examined the biological consequences of RABL6A silencing in primary mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) that express or lack ARF, p53 or both proteins. We found that RABL6A depletion caused centrosome amplification, aneuploidy and multinucleation in MEFs regardless of ARF and p53 status. The centrosome amplification in RABL6A depleted p53−/− MEFs resulted from centrosome reduplication via Cdk2-mediated hyperphosphorylation of nucleophosmin (NPM) at threonine-199. Thus, RABL6A prevents centrosome amplification through an ARF/p53-independent mechanism that restricts NPM-T199 phosphorylation. These findings demonstrate an essential role for RABL6A in centrosome regulation and maintenance of chromosome stability in non-transformed cells, key processes that ensure genomic integrity and prevent tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jussara Hagen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Viviane P. Muniz
- The Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Tarik Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Gary S. Coombs
- Department of Biology, Waldorf College, Forest City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Eischen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Duncan I. Mackie
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - David L. Roman
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Richard Van Rheeden
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Darbro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Van S. Tompkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Dawn E. Quelle
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- The Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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90
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Al-Khalaf HH, Mohideen P, Nallar SC, Kalvakolanu DV, Aboussekhra A. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16INK4a physically interacts with transcription factor Sp1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 to transactivate microRNA-141 and microRNA-146b-5p spontaneously and in response to ultraviolet light-induced DNA damage. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:35511-25. [PMID: 24163379 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.512640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
p16(INK4a) is a tumor suppressor protein involved in several stress-related cellular responses, including apoptosis. Recent lines of evidence indicate that p16(INK4a) is also a modulator of gene expression. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this novel function are still obscure. Here, we present clear evidence that p16(INK4a) modulates the levels of various microRNAs, with marked positive effect on miR-141 and miR-146b-5p. This effect is mediated through the formation of the p16-CDK4-Sp1 heterocomplex, which binds to Sp1 consensus-binding motifs present in the promoters of miR-141 and miR-146b-5p, and it enables their transcription. In addition, we have shown that p16(INK4a) interacts with Sp1 through the fourth ankyrin repeat, which is crucial for Sp1 binding to the miR-141 and miR-146b-5p promoters and their transcriptional activation. The physiological importance of this association was revealed by the inability of cancer-related p16(INK4a) mutants to interact with Sp1. Moreover, we have shown p16-CDK4-Sp1-dependent up-regulation of miR-141 and miR-146b-5p following UV light-induced DNA damage and the role of these two microRNAs in mediating p16-related induction of apoptosis in response to this genotoxic stress. Together, these results indicate that p16(INK4a) associates with CDK4 not only to inhibit the cell cycle but also to enable the transcription of two important onco-microRNAs, which act as downstream effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda H Al-Khalaf
- From the Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, MBC 03, P. O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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91
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Abstract
Mammalian aging is associated with reduced tissue regeneration, increased degenerative disease, and cancer. Because stem cells regenerate many adult tissues and contribute to the development of cancer by accumulating mutations, age-related changes in stem cells likely contribute to age-related morbidity. Consistent with this, stem cell function declines with age in numerous tissues as a result of gate-keeping tumor suppressor expression, DNA damage, changes in cellular physiology, and environmental changes in tissues. It remains unknown whether declines in stem cell function during aging influence organismal longevity. However, mechanisms that influence longevity also modulate age-related morbidity, partly through effects on stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A J Signer
- Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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92
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Felisiak-Golabek A, Dansonka-Mieszkowska A, Rzepecka IK, Szafron L, Kwiatkowska E, Konopka B, Podgorska A, Rembiszewska A, Kupryjanczyk J. p19(INK4d) mRNA and protein expression as new prognostic factors in ovarian cancer patients. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:973-81. [PMID: 24022213 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.25966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
p19(INK4d) (CDKN2D) is a negative regulator of the cell cycle. Little is known of its role in cancer development and prognosis. We aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of p19(INK4d) expression in ovarian carcinomas with respect to the TP53 accumulation status, as well as the frequency of CDKN2D mutations. p19(INK4d) and TP53 expression was evaluated immunohistochemically in 445 ovarian carcinomas: 246 patients were treated with platinum-cyclophosphamide (PC/PAC), while 199 were treated with taxane-platinum agents (TP). CDKN2D gene expression (mRNA) was examined in 106 carcinomas, while CDKN2D mutations in 68 tumors. Uni- and multivariate statistical analyses (logistic regression and the Cox proportional hazards model) were performed for patient groups divided according to the chemotherapeutic regimen administered, and in subgroups with and without TP53 accumulation. High p19(INK4d) expression increased the risk of death, but only in patients with the TP53-negative carcinomas (HR 1.61, P = 0.049 for PC/PAC-treated patients, HR 2.00, P = 0.015 for TP-treated patients). This result was confirmed by the mRNA analysis (HR 4.24, P = 0.001 for TP-treated group). High p19(INK4d) protein expression associated with adverse clinicopathological factors. We found no alterations in the CDKN2D gene; the c.90C>G (p.R30R; rs1968445) polymorphism was detected in 10% of tumors. Our results suggest that p19(INK4d) expression is a poor prognostic factor in ovarian cancer patients. Analyses of tumor groups according to the TP53 accumulation status facilitate the identification of cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Felisiak-Golabek
- Department of Pathology; The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology; Warsaw, Poland
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93
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Kollmann K, Heller G, Schneckenleithner C, Warsch W, Scheicher R, Ott R, Schäfer M, Fajmann S, Schlederer M, Schiefer AI, Reichart U, Mayerhofer M, Hoeller C, Zöchbauer-Müller S, Kerjaschki D, Bock C, Kenner L, Hoefler G, Freissmuth M, Green A, Moriggl R, Busslinger M, Malumbres M, Sexl V. A kinase-independent function of CDK6 links the cell cycle to tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:167-81. [PMID: 23948297 PMCID: PMC3743049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to its close homolog CDK4, the cell cycle kinase CDK6 is expressed at high levels in lymphoid malignancies. In a model for p185BCR-ABL+ B-acute lymphoid leukemia, we show that CDK6 is part of a transcription complex that induces the expression of the tumor suppressor p16INK4a and the pro-angiogenic factor VEGF-A. This function is independent of CDK6's kinase activity. High CDK6 expression thus suppresses proliferation by upregulating p16INK4a, providing an internal safeguard. However, in the absence of p16INK4a, CDK6 can exert its full tumor-promoting function by enhancing proliferation and stimulating angiogenesis. The finding that CDK6 connects cell-cycle progression to angiogenesis confirms CDK6's central role in hematopoietic malignancies and could underlie the selection pressure to upregulate CDK6 and silence p16INK4a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Kollmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerwin Heller
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Wolfgang Warsch
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruth Scheicher
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rene G. Ott
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Schäfer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Fajmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Schlederer
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana-Iris Schiefer
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Reichart
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Mayerhofer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Hoeller
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Zöchbauer-Müller
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dontscho Kerjaschki
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Hoefler
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Freissmuth
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anthony R. Green
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Hematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Hematology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcos Malumbres
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding author
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94
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Al-Khalaf HH, Aboussekhra A. p16(INK4A) positively regulates p21(WAF1) expression by suppressing AUF1-dependent mRNA decay. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70133. [PMID: 23894605 PMCID: PMC3720951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background p16INK4a and p21WAF1 are two independent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors encoded by the CDKN2A and CDKN1A genes, respectively. p16INK4a and p21WAF1 are similarly involved in various anti-cancer processes, including the regulation of the critical G1 to S phase transition of the cell cycle, senescence and apoptosis. Therefore, we sought to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the link between these two important tumor suppressor proteins. Methodology/Principal Findings We have shown here that the p16INK4a protein positively controls the expression of p21WAF1 in both human and mouse cells. p16INK4a stabilizes the CDKN1A mRNA through negative regulation of the mRNA decay-promoting AUF1 protein. Immunoprecipitation of AUF1-associated RNAs followed by quantitative RT-PCR indicated that endogenous AUF1 binds to the CDKN1A mRNA in a p16INK4A-dependent manner. Furthermore, while AUF1 down-regulation increased the expression level of the CDKN1A mRNA, the concurrent knockdown of AUF1 and CDKN2A, using specific silencing RNAs, restored the normal expression of the gene. Moreover, we used EGFP reporter fused to the CDKN2A AU-rich element (ARE) to demonstrate that p16INK4A regulation of the CDKN1A mRNA is AUF1- and ARE-dependent. Furthermore, ectopic expression of p16INK4A in p16INK4A-deficient breast epithelial MCF-10A cells significantly increased the level of p21WAF1, with no effect on cell proliferation. In addition, we have shown direct correlation between p16INK4a and p21WAF1 levels in various cancer cell lines. Conclusion/Significance These findings show that p16INK4a stabilizes the CDKN1A mRNA in an AUF1-dependent manner, and further confirm the presence of a direct link between the 2 important cancer-related pathways, pRB/p16INK4A and p14ARF/p53/p21WAF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda H. Al-Khalaf
- Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- The Joint Center for Genomics Research, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, KSA
| | - Abdelilah Aboussekhra
- Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
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95
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Robertson A, Allen J, Laney R, Curnow A. The cellular and molecular carcinogenic effects of radon exposure: a review. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:14024-63. [PMID: 23880854 PMCID: PMC3742230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140714024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radon-222 is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that is responsible for approximately half of the human annual background radiation exposure globally. Chronic exposure to radon and its decay products is estimated to be the second leading cause of lung cancer behind smoking, and links to other forms of neoplasms have been postulated. Ionizing radiation emitted during the radioactive decay of radon and its progeny can induce a variety of cytogenetic effects that can be biologically damaging and result in an increased risk of carcinogenesis. Suggested effects produced as a result of alpha particle exposure from radon include mutations, chromosome aberrations, generation of reactive oxygen species, modification of the cell cycle, up or down regulation of cytokines and the increased production of proteins associated with cell-cycle regulation and carcinogenesis. A number of potential biomarkers of exposure, including translocations at codon 249 of TP53 in addition to HPRT mutations, have been suggested although, in conclusion, the evidence for such hotspots is insufficient. There is also substantial evidence of bystander effects, which may provide complications when calculating risk estimates as a result of exposure, particularly at low doses where cellular responses often appear to deviate from the linear, no-threshold hypothesis. At low doses, effects may also be dependent on cellular conditions as opposed to dose. The cellular and molecular carcinogenic effects of radon exposure have been observed to be both numerous and complex and the elevated chronic exposure of man may therefore pose a significant public health risk that may extend beyond the association with lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Robertson
- Clinical Photobiology, European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3HD, UK; E-Mails: (J.A.); (A.C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +44-1872-256-432; Fax: +44-1872-256-497
| | - James Allen
- Clinical Photobiology, European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3HD, UK; E-Mails: (J.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Robin Laney
- Clinical Oncology, Sunrise Centre, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3LJ, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Alison Curnow
- Clinical Photobiology, European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3HD, UK; E-Mails: (J.A.); (A.C.)
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96
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Integrated high-resolution array CGH and SKY analysis of homozygous deletions and other genomic alterations present in malignant mesothelioma cell lines. Cancer Genet 2013; 206:191-205. [PMID: 23830731 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and spectral karyotyping (SKY) were applied to a panel of malignant mesothelioma (MMt) cell lines. SKY has not been applied to MMt before, and complete karyotypes are reported based on the integration of SKY and aCGH results. A whole genome search for homozygous deletions (HDs) produced the largest set of recurrent and non-recurrent HDs for MMt (52 recurrent HDs in 10 genomic regions; 36 non-recurrent HDs). For the first time, LINGO2, RBFOX1/A2BP1, RPL29, DUSP7, and CCSER1/FAM190A were found to be homozygously deleted in MMt, and some of these genes could be new tumor suppressor genes for MMt. Integration of SKY and aCGH data allowed reconstruction of chromosomal rearrangements that led to the formation of HDs. Our data imply that only with acquisition of structural and/or numerical karyotypic instability can MMt cells attain a complete loss of tumor suppressor genes located in 9p21.3, which is the most frequently homozygously deleted region. Tetraploidization is a late event in the karyotypic progression of MMt cells, after HDs in the 9p21.3 region have already been acquired.
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Maccioni L, Rachakonda PS, Bermejo JL, Planelles D, Requena C, Hemminki K, Nagore E, Kumar R. Variants at the 9p21 locus and melanoma risk. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:325. [PMID: 23816148 PMCID: PMC3702420 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The influence of variants at the 9p21 locus on melanoma risk has been reported through investigation of CDKN2A variants through candidate gene approach as well as by genome wide association studies (GWAS). Methods In the present study we genotyped, 25 SNPs that tag 273 variants on chromosome 9p21 in 837 melanoma cases and 1154 controls from Spain. Ten SNPs were selected based on previous associations, reported in GWAS, with either melanocytic nevi or melanoma risk or both. The other 15 SNPs were selected to fine map the CDKN2A gene region. Results All the 10 variants selected from the GWAS showed statistically significant association with melanoma risk. Statistically significant association with melanoma risk was also observed for the carriers of the variant T-allele of rs3088440 (540 C>T) at the 3’ UTR of CDKN2A gene with an OR 1.52 (95% CI 1.14-2.04). Interaction analysis between risk associated polymorphisms and previously genotyped MC1R variants, in the present study, did not show any statistically significant association. Statistical significant association was observed for the interaction between phototypes and the rs10811629 (located in intron 5 of MTAP). The strongest association was observed between the homozygous carrier of the A–allele and phototype II with an OR of 15.93 (95% CI 5.34-47.54). Conclusions Our data confirmed the association of different variants at chromosome 9p21 with melanoma risk and we also found an association of a variant with skin phototypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Maccioni
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Kobayashi T, Wang J, Al-Ahmadie H, Abate-Shen C. ARF regulates the stability of p16 protein via REGγ-dependent proteasome degradation. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:828-33. [PMID: 23817020 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The cell-cycle regulatory gene INK4A-ARF (CDKN2A) has two alternative transcripts that produce entirely different proteins, namely p14(ARF) and p16, which have complementary functions as regulators of p53 and pRB tumor suppressor pathways, respectively. The unusual organization of INK4A-ARF has long led to speculation of a need for coordinated regulation of p14(ARF) and p16. We now show that p14(ARF) (ARF) regulates the stability of p16 protein in human cancer cell lines, as well as in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). In particular, ARF promotes rapid degradation of p16 protein, which is mediated by the proteasome and, more specifically, by interaction of ARF with one of its subunits, REGγ. Furthermore, this ARF-dependent destabilization of p16 can be abrogated by knockdown of REGγ or by pharmacologic blockade of its nuclear export. Thus, our findings have uncovered a novel crosstalk of 2 key tumor suppressors mediated by a REGγ-dependent mechanism. The ability of ARF to control p16 stability may influence cell-cycle function. IMPLICATIONS The ability of ARF to control p16 stability may influence cell cycle function. Visual Overview: http://mcr.aacrjournals.org/content/current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kobayashi
- Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Ave., New York, NY 10031, USA
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Monasor A, Murga M, Lopez-Contreras AJ, Navas C, Gomez G, Pisano DG, Fernandez-Capetillo O. INK4a/ARF limits the expansion of cells suffering from replication stress. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:1948-54. [PMID: 23676215 DOI: 10.4161/cc.25017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication stress (RS) is a source of DNA damage that has been linked to cancer and aging, which is suppressed by the ATR kinase. In mice, reduced ATR levels in a model of the ATR-Seckel syndrome lead to RS and accelerated aging. Similarly, ATR-Seckel embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) accumulate RS and undergo cellular senescence. We previously showed that senescence of ATR-Seckel MEF cannot be rescued by p53-deletion. Here, we show that the genetic ablation of the INK4a/Arf locus fully rescues senescence on ATR mutant MEF, but also that induced by other conditions that generate RS such as low doses of hydroxyurea or ATR inhibitors. In addition, we show that a persistent exposure to RS leads to increased levels of INK4a/Arf products, revealing that INK4a/ARF behaves as a bona fide RS checkpoint. Our data reveal an unknown role for INK4a/ARF in limiting the expansion of cells suffering from persistent replication stress, linking this well-known tumor suppressor to the maintenance of genomic integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Monasor
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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Abou-Bakr AA, Eldweny HI. p16 expression correlates with basal-like triple-negative breast carcinoma. Ecancermedicalscience 2013; 7:317. [PMID: 23717338 PMCID: PMC3660155 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2013.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Basal-like breast carcinoma (BLBC) has attracted considerable attention over the past few years. It has been suggested that tumours expressing basal markers have a more aggressive clinical behaviour. However, a molecular basis for this disease remains unclear, and it lacks currently used therapeutic targets. Therefore developing a novel treatment strategy is crucial for improving the prognosis. The aim of this study was to characterise the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of p16 in patients with BLBC compared with non-BLBC. Materials and methods: Eighty-five cases of grade-3 invasive ductal carcinomas not otherwise specified (IDC-NOS) were analyzed. Immunohistochemical stains for oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2), cytokeratin (CK) 5/6, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and p16 were performed. BLBC was defined as ER-, PR-, Her2- and CK5/6+, and/or EGFR+. Results: Twenty cases were categorised as BLBC versus 65 as non-basal. High mitotic count and presence of necrosis were associated with basal-like phenotype. Distant metastasis developed in 40% of cases of BLBC with frequent spread to brain and lung. p16 had significantly higher expression in the basal subgroup (80% versus 50.8%, P = 0.04). Patients with BLBCs were found to have a lower disease-free survival (DFS) rate (60% versus 70.8%, P = 0.03). Conclusion: BLBC typically demonstrates a unique profile. p16 is frequently expressed in breast cancers with basal-like phenotype; this suggests that p16 may play a role in the poor prognosis of this tumour, and it may be used in the development of a targeted therapy that will result in improved patient prognostication and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany A Abou-Bakr
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
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