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Kadhum M, Jaffery A, Haq A, Bacon J, Madden B. Measuring the acute cardiovascular effects of shisha smoking: a cross-sectional study. JRSM Open 2014; 5:2054270414531127. [PMID: 25057403 PMCID: PMC4100228 DOI: 10.1177/2054270414531127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the acute cardiovascular effects of smoking shisha. Design A cross-sectional study was carried out in six shisha cafes. Participants smoked shisha for a period between 45 min (minimum) and 90 min (maximum). The same brand of tobacco and coal was used. Setting London, UK. Participants Participants were those who had ordered a shisha to smoke and consented to have their blood pressure, heart rate and carbon monoxide levels measured. Excluded subjects were those who had smoked shisha in the previous 24 h, who smoke cigarettes or who suffered from cardiorespiratory problems. Main outcome measures Blood pressure was measured using a sphygmomanometer. Pulse was measured by palpation of the radial artery. Carbon monoxide levels were obtained via a carbon monoxide monitor. These indices were measured before the participants began to smoke shisha and after they finished or when the maximum 90 min time period was reached. Results Mean arterial blood pressure increased from 96 mmHg to 108 mmHg (p < 0.001). Heart rate increased from 77 to 91 bpm (p < 0.001). Carbon monoxide increased from an average of 3 to 35 ppm (p < 0.001). A correlation analysis showed no relationship between carbon monoxide and the other indices measured. Conclusion The acute heart rate, blood pressure and carbon monoxide levels were seen to rise significantly after smoking shisha. The weak correlation between carbon monoxide levels and the other variables suggests that carbon monoxide levels had not contributed to their significant increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murtaza Kadhum
- Cardiothoracic Medicine, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Ali Jaffery
- Cardiothoracic Medicine, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Adnaan Haq
- Cardiothoracic Medicine, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Jenny Bacon
- Cardiothoracic Medicine, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Brendan Madden
- Cardiothoracic Medicine, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London SW17 0RE, UK
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Shah ASV, Langrish JP, Nair H, McAllister DA, Hunter AL, Donaldson K, Newby DE, Mills NL. Global association of air pollution and heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2013; 382:1039-48. [PMID: 23849322 PMCID: PMC3809511 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60898-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 732] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute exposure to air pollution has been linked to myocardial infarction, but its effect on heart failure is uncertain. We did a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the association between air pollution and acute decompensated heart failure including hospitalisation and heart failure mortality. METHODS Five databases were searched for studies investigating the association between daily increases in gaseous (carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone) and particulate (diameter <2·5 μm [PM2·5] or <10 μm [PM10]) air pollutants, and heart failure hospitalisations or heart failure mortality. We used a random-effects model to derive overall risk estimates per pollutant. FINDINGS Of 1146 identified articles, 195 were reviewed in-depth with 35 satisfying inclusion criteria. Heart failure hospitalisation or death was associated with increases in carbon monoxide (3·52% per 1 part per million; 95% CI 2·52-4·54), sulphur dioxide (2·36% per 10 parts per billion; 1·35-3·38), and nitrogen dioxide (1·70% per 10 parts per billion; 1·25-2·16), but not ozone (0·46% per 10 parts per billion; -0·10 to 1·02) concentrations. Increases in particulate matter concentration were associated with heart failure hospitalisation or death (PM2·5 2·12% per 10 μg/m(3), 95% CI 1·42-2·82; PM10 1·63% per 10 μg/m(3), 95% CI 1·20-2·07). Strongest associations were seen on the day of exposure, with more persistent effects for PM2·5. In the USA, we estimate that a mean reduction in PM2·5 of 3·9 μg/m(3) would prevent 7978 heart failure hospitalisations and save a third of a billion US dollars a year. INTERPRETATION Air pollution has a close temporal association with heart failure hospitalisation and heart failure mortality. Although more studies from developing nations are required, air pollution is a pervasive public health issue with major cardiovascular and health economic consequences, and it should remain a key target for global health policy. FUNDING British Heart Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop SV Shah
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jeremy P Langrish
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harish Nair
- Centre of Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Amanda L Hunter
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ken Donaldson
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - David E Newby
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicholas L Mills
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
- Correspondence to: Dr Nicholas L Mills, BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
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Uzoigwe JC, Prum T, Bresnahan E, Garelnabi M. The emerging role of outdoor and indoor air pollution in cardiovascular disease. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2013; 5:445-53. [PMID: 24083218 PMCID: PMC3784920 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.117290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Outdoor and indoor air pollution poses a significant cardiovascular risk, and has been associated with atherosclerosis, the main underlying pathology in many cardiovascular diseases. Although, it is well known that exposure to air pollution causes pulmonary disease, recent studies have shown that cardiovascular health consequences of air pollution generally equal or exceed those due to pulmonary diseases. The objective of this article is to evaluate the current evidence on the emerging role of environmental air pollutions in cardiovascular disease, with specific focus on the types of air pollutants and mechanisms of air pollution-induced cardiotoxicity. Published literature on pollution was systematically reviewed and cited in this article. It is hoped that this review will provide a better understanding of the harmful cardiovascular effects induced by air pollution exposure. This will help to bring a better understanding on the possible preventive health measures and will also serve regulatory agencies and researchers. In addition, elucidating the biological mechanisms underlying the link between air pollution and cardiovascular disease is an essential target in developing novel pharmacological strategies aimed at decreasing adverse effects of air pollution on cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta C. Uzoigwe
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Thavaleak Prum
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Eric Bresnahan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Mahdi Garelnabi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, MA, USA
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Peltier MR, Koo HC, Gurzenda EM, Arita Y, Klimova NG, Olgun N, Hanna N. Can Carbon Monoxide Prevent Infection-Mediated Preterm Birth in a Mouse Model? Am J Reprod Immunol 2013; 70:31-7. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hschi-Chi Koo
- Women and Children's Research Laboratory; Winthrop University Hospital; Mineola; NY; USA
| | - Ellen M. Gurzenda
- Women and Children's Research Laboratory; Winthrop University Hospital; Mineola; NY; USA
| | - Yuko Arita
- Women and Children's Research Laboratory; Winthrop University Hospital; Mineola; NY; USA
| | - Natalia G. Klimova
- Women and Children's Research Laboratory; Winthrop University Hospital; Mineola; NY; USA
| | - Niccole Olgun
- Women and Children's Research Laboratory; Winthrop University Hospital; Mineola; NY; USA
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Heavy Smoking Before Coronary Surgical Procedures Affects the Native Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Gene Expression in Saphenous Vein Conduits. Ann Thorac Surg 2013; 95:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Reboul C, Thireau J, Meyer G, André L, Obert P, Cazorla O, Richard S. Carbon monoxide exposure in the urban environment: An insidious foe for the heart? Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 184:204-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Mieczkowska J, Mosiewicz J, Sak J, Grzybowski A, Terlecki P, Barud W, Kwaśniewski W, Tutka P. Effects of cigarette smoking, metabolic syndrome and dehydroepiandrosterone deficiency on intima-media thickness and endothelial function in hypertensive postmenopausal women. Med Sci Monit 2012; 18:CR225-34. [PMID: 22460094 PMCID: PMC3560833 DOI: 10.12659/msm.882622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between smoking and arterial hypertension as well as endothelial dysfunction in postmenopausal women without clinically manifested symptoms of atherosclerosis. Material/Methods The study groups consisted of 35 current smokers and 45 nonsmokers. The thickness of intima-media complex (IMT), a marker of atherosclerosis, was measured in carotid arteries. Plasma concentrations of fasting glucose, insulin, lipoproteins, inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, intercellular adhesion molecule-1), matrix metalloproteinases (metalloproteinase-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1), insulin, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) were measured. Results Smokers compared with nonsmokers showed lower fasting glucose levels in blood (87.0±10.9 and 93.2±13.6 mg/dl, p<0.05), higher mean systolic (131.1±15.9 vs. 123.0±10.9 mm Hg, p<0.05) and diastolic (81.7±11.4 vs. 75.2±9.2 mm Hg, p<0.05) blood pressure during daytime, and higher average heart rate during the daytime (78.2±9.3/min vs. 71.5±9.5/min, p<0.01) and at night (67.2±10.6/min vs. 61.7±7.7/min, p<0.05), respectively. The IMT in the right carotid artery was significantly higher in smokers than in nonsmokers (0.96±0.16 mm vs. 0.82±0.21, p<0.05) and was positively correlated with smoking intensity (R=0.36) and habit duration (R=0.35). The comparison of inflammatory markers, metalloproteinases, and DHEA-S concentrations in plasma did not reveal significant differences between the 2 groups. A significant negative correlation between DHEA-S concentration in plasma and IMT in right carotid artery was found in smokers. Conclusions Smoking in hypertensive postmenopausal women is associated with lower fasting blood glucose and BMI values, but higher arterial pressure and heart rate, and increases in IMT in right carotid artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Mieczkowska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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58
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Akturk E, Yağmur J, Açıkgöz N, Ermiş N, Cansel M, Karakuş Y, Taşolar H, Eyupkoca F, Pekdemir H. Assessment of atrial conduction time by tissue Doppler echocardiography and P-wave dispersion in smokers. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2012; 34:247-53. [PMID: 22391961 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-011-9658-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between cigarette smoking and atrial rhythm disorders with the use of noninvasive methods. METHODS The study population consisted of 50 healthy volunteer smokers and 40 healthy volunteer non-smokers who had normal echocardiographic parameters and similar sex and age profiles. P-wave dispersion (PWD) was calculated from the 12-lead surface ECG. Left ventricle (LV) end-systolic and end-diastolic diameters, LV ejection fraction, and interatrial and intraatrial electromechanical delay were measured by tissue Doppler imaging and conventional echocardiography. RESULTS Isovolumetric relaxation time and deceleration time were significantly higher (91.5 ± 11 vs. 82.35 ± 8.6, p < 0.0001; 215.7 ± 37.1 vs. 175.3 ± 17.7, p < 0.0001, respectively), and HDL cholesterol was significantly lower in smokers (39.34 ± 7.5 vs.44.3 ± 8.07, p = 0.003). There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to Sm and Em values, Am value, and E/A and E/Em ratios. However, the Em/Am ratio was significantly lower in smokers (1.28 ± 0.21 vs. 1.44 ± 0.33, p < 0.006). Inter- and intraatrial electromechanical delay were significantly higher in smokers when compared with non-smokers (51.11 ± 1.54 vs. 27.30 ± 3.36, p < 0.0001, and 30.63 ± 3.2 vs. 12.24 ± 3.26, p < 0.0001, respectively). The amount of smoking was strongly correlated with interatrial electromechanical delay (r = 0.567, p < 0.0001), and a significant correlation was detected between PWD and interatrial electromechanical delay (r = 0.653, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION We have demonstrated the relationship between inter- and intraatrial electromechanical delay and PWD. These parameters may be useful predictive markers for the development of AF in the asymptomatic period before cardiac rhythm disturbances occur. This finding may indicate that smokers have an increased risk of developing atrial rhythm disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Akturk
- Cardiology Department, Adıyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey.
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59
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Truss NJ, Warner TD. Gasotransmitters and platelets. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 132:196-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Li G, Yu H, Xu L, Ma Q, Chen C, Hao Q, Qian Y. General synthesis of carbon nanocages and their adsorption of toxic compounds from cigarette smoke. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:3251-3257. [PMID: 21766100 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr10284b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanocages (CNCs) have been synthesized through a simple approach using different alcohols and ferrous oxalate as reactants at 550 °C for 12 h in a sealed autoclave. The lengths of the sides of the CNCs are about 200-350 nm and the wall thicknesses are about 10-15 nm. The formation mechanism of the CNCs is also discussed, based on the experimental results. These CNCs show excellent removal efficiency for phenolic compounds, ammonia, and total particulate matter from cigarette smoke. The adsorption capability of CNCs prepared from ethanol is much higher than that of other samples. For example, the efficiency of 5 mg CNCs (ethanol) for removing the six phenolic compounds p-dihydroxybenzene, m-dihydroxybenzene, o-dihydroxybenzene, phenol, m-cresol, and o-cresol can reach 57.31%, 62.25%, 65.58%, 75.95%, 54.34% and 59.43%, respectively, while that of the commercial activated carbon (5 mg) can only reach 29.02%, 33.93%, 35.00%, 36.00%, 20.33% and 36.19%, respectively, under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangda Li
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinan, 250100, PR China
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61
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Zatu MC, Van Rooyen JM, Schutte AE. Smoking and vascular dysfunction in Africans and Caucasians from South Africa. Cardiovasc J Afr 2011; 22:18-24. [PMID: 21298201 PMCID: PMC4650927 DOI: 10.5830/cvja-2010-034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Smoking is an important modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, with limited research having been done in Africans. We aimed to determine the association between smoking and measurements of vascular function in Africans and Caucasians. Methods We determined anthropometric and cardiovascular variables, serum cotinine and C-reactive protein (CRP) in African and Caucasian participants from South Africa (n = 630). Results Africans had significantly lower body mass index (BMI), higher blood pressure and lower socio-economic status (SES) than Caucasians. Only African smokers showed increased arterial stiffness and a significant correlation between smoking and arterial stiffness. African smokers had increased and Caucasian smokers decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) than the non-smokers. After adjusting for confounders, smoking showed few correlations, mainly with heart rate and CRP. In Africans, smoking also correlated positively with HDL-C, with the opposite result in Caucasians. Conclusion African smokers had significantly increased arterial stiffness, which was not found in Caucasian smokers. Africans generally demonstrated more associations between smoking and cardiovascular dysfunction than Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Zatu
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), School for Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Dogan A, Yarlioglues M, Gul I, Kaya MG, Ozdogru I, Kalay N, Inanc MT, Ozdogru M, Ardic I, Dogdu O, Eryol NK, Ergin A, Oguzhan A. Acute Effects of Passive Smoking on Left Ventricular Systolic and Diastolic Function in Healthy Volunteers. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2011; 24:185-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2010.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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63
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Acute effects of passive smoking on blood pressure and heart rate in healthy females. Blood Press Monit 2010; 15:251-6. [DOI: 10.1097/mbp.0b013e32833e439f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Gentner NJ, Weber LP. Using blood pressure telemetry to assess acute changes in arterial stiffness in rats after nitric oxide synthase inhibition or environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 88:918-28. [PMID: 20921978 DOI: 10.1139/y10-066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Although environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure has been reported to acutely increase arterial stiffness in humans, understanding of the underlying mechanisms is unclear and few studies have measured these effects in experimental animals. One potential mechanism for the increased arterial stiffness is reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity as a result of oxidative stress. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine whether acute changes in arterial stiffness could be detected using arterial pulse wave dP/dt in blood pressure telemetry implanted rats and to investigate the role of NO in regulating dP/dt. Intravenous injection of acetylcholine (0.91 ng/kg) decreased and norepinephrine (0.02 mg/kg) increased dP/dt compared to saline vehicle (0.5 mL/kg). Injection of the NO synthase inhibitor, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 30 mg/kg) decreased plasma nitrate/nitrite (NOx), but transiently increased dP/dt. ETS at low and high doses had no effect on dP/dt, but increased plasma NOx levels at high ETS exposure and increased plasma nitrotyrosine levels in both ETS groups. In conclusion, acute changes in NO production via acetylcholine or L-NAME alter the arterial pulse wave dP/dt consistently with the predicted changes in arterial stiffness. Although acute ETS appears to biologically inactivate NO, a concomitant increase in NO production at high ETS exposure may explain why dP/dt was not acutely altered by ETS in the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Gentner
- Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Liu SH, Ma K, Xu XR, Xu B. A single dose of carbon monoxide intraperitoneal administration protects rat intestine from injury induced by lipopolysaccharide. Cell Stress Chaperones 2010; 15:717-27. [PMID: 20339960 PMCID: PMC3006624 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-010-0183-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with inhaled carbon monoxide (CO) has been shown to ameliorate intestinal injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or ischemia-reperfusion in experimental animals. We hypothesized that CO intraperitoneal administration (i.p) might provide similar protection against inhaled gas. In the present study, 1 h after intravenously receiving 5 mg/kg LPS, rats were exposed to either room air or 2 ml/kg of 250 ppm CO i.p for 1, 3, and 6 h. Intestinal tissues were collected to determine the levels of platelet activator factor (PAF), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), interleukin-10 (IL-10), maleic dialdehyde (MDA), cell apoptotic rate and the phosphorylated p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), as well as myeloperoxidase (MPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. After CO i.p, the increase of PAF, ICAM-1, MDA, MPO, and cell apoptosis rate induced by LPS was markedly reduced (P < 0.05 or 0.01), while the decrease of IL-10 and SOD was significantly increased (P < 0.05). Western blotting showed that the effects of CO i.p were mediated by p38 MAPK pathway. Thus, the results of our study show that CO i.p exerts potent protection against LPS induced injury to the intestine via anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis, which may involve the p38 MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hua Liu
- Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China 210029.
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Sarigianni M, Bekiari E, Tsapas A, Konstantinidis D, Kaloyianni M, Koliakos G, Paletas K. Effect of epinephrine and insulin resistance on human monocytes obtained from lean and obese healthy participants: a pilot study. Angiology 2010; 62:38-45. [PMID: 20682615 DOI: 10.1177/0003319710371616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the effect of epinephrine on human monocytes. Monocytes were isolated from 16 healthy obese and 10 lean healthy subjects. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. Obese subjects were subdivided into 2 sub-groups, insulin sensitive (IS) and insulin resistant (IR). Monocyte properties [attachment to laminin 1, migration through laminin 1, oxidized-low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) phagocytosis] were assessed pre- and post-stimulation in vitro with epinephrine. Experiments were repeated after incubation with a Na(+)/H( +) exchanger-1 inhibitor (NHE-1) (cariporide). Epinephrine increased monocyte attachment to laminin in lean and obese IR subjects through involvement of NHE-1, PKC, NO synthase, NADPH oxidase and actin polymerization. In contrast, epinephrine did not affect monocyte migration. Epinephrine increased oxLDL phagocytosis in all groups studied. Incubation with cariporide attenuated oxLDL phagocytosis. Epinephrine induces monocyte dysfunction which may be atherogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sarigianni
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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Unverdorben M, von Holt K, Winkelmann BR. Smoking and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: part II: role of cigarette smoking in cardiovascular disease development. Biomark Med 2010; 3:617-53. [PMID: 20477529 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.09.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Potential mechanisms and biomarkers of atherosclerosis related to cigarette smoking - a modifiable risk factor for that disease - are discussed in this article. These include smoking-associated inflammatory markers, such as leukocytes, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, ICAM-1 and IL-6. Other reviewed markers are indicative for smoking-related impairment of arterial endothelial function (transcapillary leakage of albumin, inhibition of endogenous nitric oxide synthase activity and reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilation) or point to oxidative stress caused by various chemicals (cholesterol oxidation, autoantibodies to oxidized low-density lipoprotein, plasma levels of malondialdehyde and F(2)-isoprostanes and reduced antioxidant capacity). Smoking enhances platelet aggregability, increases blood viscosity and shifts the pro- and antithrombotic balance towards increased coagulability (e.g., fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, ICAM-1 and P-selectin). Insulin resistance is higher in smokers compared with nonsmokers, and hemoglobin A1c is dose-dependently elevated, as is homocysteine. Smoke exposure may influence the kinetics of markers with different response to transient or chronic changes in cigarette smoking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Unverdorben
- Clinical Research Institute, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Heinz-Meise-Strasse 100, 36199 Rotenburg an der Fulda, Germany.
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Kashyap PC, Choi KM, Dutta N, Linden DR, Szurszewski JH, Gibbons SJ, Farrugia G. Carbon monoxide reverses diabetic gastroparesis in NOD mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 298:G1013-9. [PMID: 20378827 PMCID: PMC3284279 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00069.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic gastroparesis is associated with increased oxidative stress attributable to loss of upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO1), with resultant damage to interstitial cells of Cajal and delayed gastric emptying. These changes can be reversed by induction of HO1. HO1 catalyzes the breakdown of heme into iron, biliverdin and, carbon monoxide (CO). The aim of this study was to determine whether inhalation of CO can mimic the protective effects of HO1. Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice with delayed gastric emptying were treated with CO inhalation. Serum malondialdehyde was measured as a marker of oxidative stress. Gastric emptying of solids was measured using a [(13)C]octanoic acid breath test. Kit expression levels were determined in immunoblots of protein extracted from the external muscle layers of the gastric body and antrum. The effect of CO on oxidative stress and gastric emptying was also determined in the presence of HO activity inhibitor chromium mesoporphyrin. CO inhalation reduced oxidative stress, restored Kit expression and reversed delayed gastric emptying in diabetic NOD mice with delayed gastric emptying. CO inhalation maintained this effect in the presence of the HO activity inhibitor, chromium mesoporphyrin, also resulting in restoration of the delay in gastric emptying. CO inhalation mimics the protective effect of upregulation of HO1 and decreased oxidative stress, increased Kit expression, and restored delay in gastric emptying. This effect of CO was independent of HO activity, suggesting that its effects were downstream of HO1. CO represents a potential therapeutic option for treatment of diabetic gastroparesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purna C. Kashyap
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kyoung Moo Choi
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nirjhar Dutta
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - David R. Linden
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Joseph H. Szurszewski
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Simon J. Gibbons
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gianrico Farrugia
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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69
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Davutoglu V, Zengin S, Sari I, Yildirim C, Al B, Yuce M, Ercan S. Chronic carbon monoxide exposure is associated with the increases in carotid intima-media thickness and C-reactive protein level. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2010; 219:201-6. [PMID: 19851048 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.219.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Being the most common cause of death from poisoning worldwide, cardiovascular manifestations of acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning have been subject of various studies but current evidence about effects of chronic CO exposure on atherosclerosis is limited which is very common. We aimed to investigate association of chronic CO exposure with atherosclerosis by measuring carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Forty healthy male non-smoker indoor barbecue workers (mean age; 33.0 +/- 9.0 years) working in different restaurants for at least three years and 48 age-matched healthy men (mean age; 34.3 +/- 6.6 years) enrolled in the study. Clinical characteristics of indoor barbecue workers and control group were comparable in terms of body mass index, blood pressure, and lipid profile. However, carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) (6.4 +/- 1.5% vs. 2.0 +/- 1.1%), hs-CRP (2.7 +/- 2.0 mg/L vs. 1.1 +/- 0.8 mg/L) and CIMT (1.1 +/- 0.3 mm vs. 0.9 +/- 0.1 mm) were higher in indoor barbecue workers (p < 0.001 for each). In Pearson correlation analysis, CIMT was correlated with COHb concentration (r = 0.635, p < 0.001) and hs-CRP level (r = 0.466, p < 0.001). Among indoor barbecue workers, the years worked (years exposed to CO) are correlated with COHb, hs-CRP and CIMT. In multivariate analysis, COHb concentration is the only independent predictor of CIMT (beta = 0.571, p < 0.001). The increased CIMT and hs-CRP in indoor barbecue workers suggest that chronic CO exposure may increase the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedat Davutoglu
- Department of Cardiology, Gaziantep University, School of Medicine, Gaziantep, Turkey
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70
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Thomé GR, Mazzanti CM, Ahmed M, Corrêa M, Spanevello RM, Maldonado PA, Luchese C, Cargnelutti D, Morsch VM, Duarte MMMF, Fiorenza AM, Nogueira CW, De Bona KS, Moretto MB, Da Luz SCA, Mazzanti A, Schetinger MRC. Activity of ectonucleotidases and adenosine deaminase in rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21:906-12. [PMID: 19459774 DOI: 10.1080/08958370802632267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of various toxic substances that are capable of initiating oxidative damage and promoting blood platelet alterations. In this study, we investigated the activities of the ectoenzymes NTPDase (ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase, CD39) and 5'-nucleotidase (CD73) in platelets as well as adenosine deaminase (ADA) in the plasma of rats exposed to aged and diluted sidestream smoke during 4 weeks. The rats were divided into two groups: I (control) and II (exposed to smoke). After the exposure period, blood was collected and the platelets and plasma were separated for enzymatic assay. The results demonstrated that NTPDase (with ATP as substrate) and 5'-nucleotidase (AMP as substrate) activities were significantly higher in group II (p < 0.05) as compared to group I, while no significant difference was observed for NTPDase with ADP as substrate. The ADA activity was significantly reduced in group II (p < 0.05) as compared with group I. Platelet aggregation was significantly increased in group II (p < 0.05) as compared with group I. We suggest that these alterations in the activity of enzymes from the purinergic system are associated with an increase in platelet aggregation. However, our study has demonstrated that the organism tries to compensate for this enhanced aggregation by increasing hydrolysis of AMP and reducing hydrolysis of adenosine, a potent inhibitor of aggregation and an important modulator of vascular tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Thomé
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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71
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Scott JR, Cukiernik MA, Ott MC, Bihari A, Badhwar A, Gray DK, Harris KA, Parry NG, Potter RF. Low-dose inhaled carbon monoxide attenuates the remote intestinal inflammatory response elicited by hindlimb ischemia-reperfusion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G9-G14. [PMID: 19114681 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90243.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) represents the rate-limiting enzyme in the degradation of heme into carbon monoxide (CO), iron, and biliverdin. Recent evidence suggests that several of the beneficial properties of HO, may be linked to CO. The objectives of this study were to determine if low-dose inhaled CO reduces remote intestinal leukocyte recruitment, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and oxidative stress elicited by hindlimb ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Male mice underwent 1 h of hindlimb ischemia, followed by 3 h of reperfusion. Throughout reperfusion, mice were exposed to AIR or AIR + CO (250 ppm). Following reperfusion, the distal ileum was exteriorized to assess the intestinal inflammatory response by quantifying leukocyte rolling and adhesion in submucosal postcapillary venules with the use of intravital microscopy. Ileum samples were also analyzed for proinflammatory cytokine expression [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta] and malondialdehyde (MDA) with the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assays, respectively. I/R + AIR led to a significant decrease in leukocyte rolling velocity and a sevenfold increase in leukocyte adhesion. This was also accompanied by a significant 1.3-fold increase in ileum MDA and 2.3-fold increase in TNF-alpha expression. Treatment with AIR + CO led to a significant reduction in leukocyte recruitment and TNF-alpha expression elicited by I/R; however, MDA levels remained unchanged. Our data suggest that low-dose inhaled CO selectively attenuates the remote intestinal inflammatory response elicited by hindlimb I/R, yet does not provide protection against intestinal lipid peroxidation. CO may represent a novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic treatment to target remote organs following acute trauma and/or I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Scott
- Dept. of Medical Biophysics and Surgery, Univ. of Western Ontario, Centre for Critical Illness Research, London Health Sciences Centre, Victoria Hospital, Rm A6-132, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4G5
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73
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Heeringa J, Kors JA, Hofman A, van Rooij FJ, Witteman JC. Cigarette smoking and risk of atrial fibrillation: the Rotterdam Study. Am Heart J 2008; 156:1163-9. [PMID: 19033014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but it is unknown whether it also contributes to the risk of atrial fibrillation. METHODS AND RESULTS The study is part of the Rotterdam Study, a population-based cohort study among subjects aged > or =55 years. The association between cigarette smoking and the risk of atrial fibrillation was examined in 5,668 subjects without atrial fibrillation at baseline. During a median follow-up of 7.2 years, 371 cases of atrial fibrillation were identified. Relative risks (RR) were calculated with 95% CIs using the Cox proportional hazards model, adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, hypertension, systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol level, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular hypertrophy on the electrocardiogram, prevalent and incident myocardial infarction, prevalent heart failure, and the use of pulmonary medication. After multivariate adjustment, current smokers and former smokers had increased risks of atrial fibrillation as compared to never smokers (RR 1.51, 95% CI 1.07-2.12; and RR 1.49, 95% CI 1.14-1.97, respectively). No differences were found between men and women. CONCLUSIONS The results of this prospective, population-based study show that current and former smoking of cigarettes are associated with increased risk of atrial fibrillation.
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74
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Chelland Campbell S, Moffatt RJ, Stamford BA. Smoking and smoking cessation -- the relationship between cardiovascular disease and lipoprotein metabolism: a review. Atherosclerosis 2008; 201:225-35. [PMID: 18565528 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is generally accepted as the most preventable cause of death in the United States today. Individuals who smoke experience a wide range of physiologic side effects that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), including insulin resistance, elevated catecholamine levels which contribute to an elevated heart rate and blood pressure, and hypercholesterolemia. The link between hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular disease has been extensively researched and is undeniable. What is more, this link is strengthened in smokers as cigarette smoking is known to increase total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), while acting to decrease the cardio-protective high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Alterations in the enzymes that control lipid transport may be a key underlying mechanism contributing to these health destroying effects. This review examines the current literature related to: (1) smoking, lipoproteins, and lipid-related enzymes; (2) the impact of nicotine, carbon monoxide and free radicals on physiologic parameters related to health; and (3) metabolic issues involving smoking cessation and nicotine replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Chelland Campbell
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1493, USA.
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75
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Cuvas O, Er A, Ikeda OC, Dikmen B, Basar H. Cigarette smoking and the haemodynamic response to tracheal intubation. Anaesthesia 2008; 63:463-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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76
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Morse CI, Pritchard LJ, Wüst RCI, Jones DA, Degens H. Carbon monoxide inhalation reduces skeletal muscle fatigue resistance. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2008; 192:397-401. [PMID: 17970829 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2007.01757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether inhalation of carbon monoxide (CO), resulting in carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) levels observed in smokers, had an effect on muscle fatigue during electrically evoked and voluntary muscle contractions. METHODS Young non-smoking males inspired CO from a Douglas bag until their COHb level reached 6%. During the control condition the same participants inspired ambient air from a Douglas bag for 6 min. Fatigue was assessed as the decline in torque in isometric knee extensions, during 2 min of electrically evoked contractions (30 Hz, 1 s on, 1 s off) and during 2 min of maximal isometric voluntary contractions (1 s on, 1 s off). A fatigue index (FI) was calculated as the ratio of final torque : initial torque. Time to peak torque (TPT) and half relaxation time ((1/2)RT) were also determined for the electrically evoked contractions. RESULTS The FI during both the voluntary fatigue test (control: 0.80 +/- 0.09 vs. CO: 0.70 +/- 0.08; mean +/- SD) and that of the fatigue test with electrically evoked contractions (control: 0.61 +/- 0.09 vs. CO: 0.53 +/- 0.12) was significantly lower after CO inhalation than after inhalation of ambient air (P < 0.05). There was, however, no effect of CO on the changes in TPT or (1/2)RT during the fatigue test. CONCLUSION Carbon monoxide inhalation resulting in COHb levels found in smokers has an acute impact on the ability of the muscle to resist fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I Morse
- Institute for Biophysical and Clinical Research into Human Movement (IRM), Manchester Metropolitan University, Cheshire, UK.
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77
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Karakış GP, Alzafer S, Gezgen A, Uzunali E, Küçükvardar D, Tarım Z. THE DECREASE OF FEF25-75 IS MORE SPECIFIC FOR ASTHMA THAN COPD. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2008. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/82569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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78
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Wang L, Lee JYS, Kwak JH, He Y, Kim SI, Choi ME. Protective effects of low-dose carbon monoxide against renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 294:F508-17. [PMID: 18094035 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00306.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is a hallmark of chronic progressive kidney disease leading to end-stage renal failure. An endogenous product of heme oxygenase activity, carbon monoxide (CO), has been shown to exert cytoprotection against tissue injury. Here, we explored the effects of exogenous administration of low-dose CO in an in vivo model of renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and examined whether CO can protect against kidney injury. UUO in mice leads to increased extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and tubulointerstitial fibrosis within 4 to 7 days. Kidneys of mice exposed to low-dose CO, however, had markedly reduced ECM deposition after UUO. Moreover, low-dose CO treatment inhibited the induction of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and major ECM proteins, type 1 collagen and fibronectin, in kidneys after UUO. In contrast, these anti-fibrotic effects of CO treatment were abrogated in mice carrying null mutation of Mkk3, suggesting involvement of the MKK3 signaling pathway in mediating the CO effects. Additionally, in vitro CO exposure markedly inhibited TGF-beta(1)-induced expression of alpha-SMA, collagen, and fibronectin in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. Our findings suggest that low-dose CO exerts protective effects, via the MKK3 pathway, to inhibit development of renal fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Medicine, Renal Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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79
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Cakir Y, Yang Z, Knight CA, Pompilius M, Westbrook D, Bailey SM, Pinkerton KE, Ballinger SW. Effect of alcohol and tobacco smoke on mtDNA damage and atherogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:1279-88. [PMID: 17893041 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and alcohol (EtOH) consumption often occur together, yet their combined effects on cardiovascular disease development are currently unclear. A shared feature between ETS and EtOH exposure is that both increase oxidative stress and dysfunction within mitochondria. The hypothesis of this study was that simultaneous EtOH and ETS exposure will significantly increase atherogenesis and mitochondrial damage compared to the individual effects of either factor (ETS or EtOH). To test this hypothesis, apoE(-/-) mice were exposed to EtOH and/or ETS singly or in combination for 4 weeks and compared to filtered air, nonalcohol controls. Atherosclerotic lesion formation (oil red O staining of whole aortas), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage, and oxidant stress were assessed in vascular tissues. Combined exposure to ETS and EtOH had the greatest impact on atherogenesis, mtDNA damage, and oxidant stress compared to filtered air controls, alcohol, or ETS-exposed animals alone. Because moderate EtOH consumption is commonly thought to be cardioprotective, these studies suggest that the potential influence of common cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as tobacco smoke exposure or hypercholesterolemia, on the cardiovascular effects of alcohol should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavuz Cakir
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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80
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Ramos KS, Partridge CR, Teneng I. Genetic and molecular mechanisms of chemical atherogenesis. Mutat Res 2007; 621:18-30. [PMID: 17433375 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2006.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Injury to the cellular components of the vascular wall and blood by endogenous and exogenous chemicals has been associated with atherosclerosis in humans and experimental systems. The genetic and molecular mechanisms responsible for initiation and promotion of atherosclerotic changes include modulation of extracellular matrix-integrin axis, genes involved in the regulation of growth and differentiation and possibly, genomic stability. This review summarizes seminal studies over the past 20 years that shed light on critical gene-gene and gene-environment interactions mediating the atherogenic response to chemical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Ramos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, United States.
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81
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Kato T, Inoue T, Morooka T, Yoshimoto N, Node K. Short-term passive smoking causes endothelial dysfunction via oxidative stress in nonsmokers. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 84:523-9. [PMID: 16902597 DOI: 10.1139/y06-030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that passive smoking impairs vascular endothelial function and induces oxidative stress in humans. However, in most of the previous human data regarding tobacco-induced pathophysiology, vascular endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress have been separately assessed. This study was designed to determine the association between the acute effect of passive smoking on vascular endothelial function and in-vivo oxidative stress status. We studied 30 healthy male Japanese volunteers (32 +/- 7 years) including 15 habitual smokers and 15 nonsmokers. After baseline echocardiographic, hemodynamic recording, and blood sampling, subjects were exposed to passive smoking for 30 min. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation was measured by using % flow-mediated vasodilation (%FMD) of the brachial artery and plasma levels of 8-isoprostane was measured by enzyme immunoassay before and after the passive smoking exposure. Baseline %FMD was lower (4.3% +/- 1.2% vs. 10.9% +/- 3.1%, p < 0.001) and baseline plasma 8-isoprostane level was higher (41.5 +/- 5.8 pg/mL vs. 26.9 +/- 5.4 pg/mL, p < 0.001) in smokers than those in nonsmokers. The %FMD and 8-isoprostane level did not change after passive smoking in smokers. In nonsmokers, however, the %FMD decreased (to 5.0% +/- 1.9%, p < 0.001) and the 8-isoprostane level increased (to 37.8 +/- 9.6 pg/mL, p < 0.001) significantly after 30 min passive smoking exposure, equivalently to the levels of smokers. Sixty corrected samples before and after passive smoking exposure in all patients showed a significant negative correlation between the % FMD and the plasma 8-isoprostane levels (n = 60, r = -0.69, p < 0.001). Even 30 min of passive smoking rapidly impairs vascular endothelial function, which is associated with oxidative stress. Our data provide the pathophysiological insight for the recent epidemiological evidence about the increased risk of coronary heart disease among nonsmokers exposed to passive smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kato
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
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Nakao A, Schmidt J, Harada T, Tsung A, Stoffels B, Cruz RJ, Kohmoto J, Peng X, Tomiyama K, Murase N, Bauer AJ, Fink MP. A single intraperitoneal dose of carbon monoxide-saturated ringer's lactate solution ameliorates postoperative ileus in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:1265-75. [PMID: 16943253 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.108654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment with inhaled carbon monoxide (CO) has been shown to ameliorate bowel dysmotility caused by surgical manipulation of the gut in experimental animals. We hypothesized that administration of CO dissolved in lactated Ringer's solution (CO-LR) might provide similar protection to that observed with the inhaled gas while obviating some of its inherent problems. Postoperative gut dysmotility (ileus) was induced in mice by surgical manipulation of the small intestine. Some mice were treated with a single intraperitoneal dose of CO-LR immediately after the surgical procedure, whereas other mice received only the LR vehicle. Twenty-four hours later, intestinal transit of a nonabsorbable marker (70-kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran) was delayed in mice subjected to intestinal manipulation but not the sham procedure. Gut manipulation also was associated with increased expression within the muscularis propria of transcripts for interleukin-1beta, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric-oxide synthase, intracellular adhesion molecule-1, and Toll-like receptor-4, as well as infiltration of the muscularis propria with polymorphonuclear leukocytes and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor-kappaB. All of these effects were attenuated by treatment with CO-LR. The salutary effect of CO-LR on gut motility, as well as many of the anti-inflammatory effects of CO-LR, was diminished by treatment with a soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) inhibitor, suggesting that the effects of CO are mediated via activation of sGC. These data support the view that a single intraperitoneal dose of CO-LR ameliorates postoperative ileus in mice by inhibiting the inflammatory response in the gut wall induced by surgical manipulation, possibly in a sGC-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsunori Nakao
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Pennsylvania, USA
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83
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Ray MR, Basu C, Roychoudhury S, Banik S, Lahiri T. Plasma Catecholamine Levels and Neurobehavioral Problems in Indian Firefighters. J Occup Health 2006; 48:210-5. [PMID: 16788283 DOI: 10.1539/joh.48.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Firefighting is a stressful and hazardous job. Persons engaged in firefighting are highly exposed to work-related stress as well as to smoke containing a host of chemicals potentially harmful to human health. In order to elucidate whether firefighting affects neuroendocrine and behavioral responses of firefighters, plasma catecholamine (CA) levels and the prevalence of neurobehavioral symptoms in 62 firefighters (all males, mean age 43 yr) and 52 control subjects matched for age and sex were examined in this study. Self-reported neurobehavioral symptoms data were obtained from a questionnaire survey and personal interview. Concentrations of epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) in plasma were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Compared with matched controls, the firefighters showed higher prevalence (p<0.05) of neurobehavioral symptoms such as burning sensation in the extremities, tingling and numbness, transient loss of memory, and depression, but no significant difference was recorded in the prevalences of anxiety, vertigo and dizziness. The firefighters demonstrated a more than two-fold (p<0.05) rise in plasma levels of E and NE, but the plasma DA level was relatively unchanged. Controlling age and smoking as possible confounders, firefighting was found to be associated with raised E (OR=2.15; 95% CI, 0.98-4.52), and NE levels (OR=2.24 95% CI, 1.22-3.61). In conclusion, the job of firefighting appears to be associated with stimulation of sympathetic activity and a rise in the prevalence of neurobehavioral symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas R Ray
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India.
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84
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Abstract
Smoking is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease and has been implicated in sudden cardiac death. Hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, physical inactivity, and smoking are the leading contributors to poor cardiovascular health. This article reviews the cardiovascular pathology inherent with smoking and provide insight to help develop an appropriate plan of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Rempher
- Professional Nursing Practice, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, 2401 West Belvedere Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21215, USA.
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85
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Abstract
Smoking may influence the type of airway inflammation observed in asthma and its response to therapy. More studies are needed on how smoking-induced changes in lung function/structure and airway inflammation may result in a change in clinical expression. We compared clinical, physiologic, radiologic, and airway inflammatory features of 22 smoking asthma patients (cigarette smoking history, 14.0 +/- 7.6 pack-years [mean +/- SD]) and 27 nonsmoking asthma patients. Mean age/duration of asthma of smoking and nonsmoking asthma patients were 31 years/14 years and 29 years/17 years, respectively. Quality of life, FEV(1), bronchodilator response, perception of bronchoconstriction, and methacholine responsiveness were similar in the two groups. Compared to nonsmoking asthma patients, smokers had more respiratory symptoms, a lower mean forced expiratory flow at 25 to 75% of FVC, FEV(1)/FVC ratio, and lung diffusion capacity, and a higher functional residual capacity. Induced-sputum neutrophil and bronchial cell counts were higher and exhaled breath condensate pH was more acidic in smoking asthma patients. On high-resolution CT, airway and parenchymal abnormalities were more common in smoking asthma patients than in nonsmokers. In conclusion, compared with nonsmoking asthma patients, smoking asthma patients have features similar to what could be found in early stages of COPD.
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Talbot P, Riveles K. Smoking and reproduction: the oviduct as a target of cigarette smoke. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2005; 3:52. [PMID: 16191196 PMCID: PMC1266059 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-3-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The oviduct is an exquisitely designed organ that functions in picking-up ovulated oocytes, transporting gametes in opposite directions to the site of fertilization, providing a suitable environment for fertilization and early development, and transporting preimplantation embryos to the uterus. A variety of biological processes can be studied in oviducts making them an excellent model for toxicological studies. This review considers the role of the oviduct in oocyte pick-up and embryo transport and the evidence that chemicals in both mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke impair these oviductal functions. Epidemiological data have repeatedly shown that women who smoke are at increased risk for a variety of reproductive problems, including ectopic pregnancy, delay to conception, and infertility. In vivo and in vitro studies indicate the oviduct is targeted by smoke components in a manner that could explain some of the epidemiological data. Comparisons between the toxicity of smoke from different types of cigarettes, including harm reduction cigarettes, are discussed, and the chemicals in smoke that impair oviductal functioning are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prue Talbot
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Karen Riveles
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Moore BA, Overhaus M, Whitcomb J, Ifedigbo E, Choi AMK, Otterbein LE, Bauer AJ. Brief inhalation of low-dose carbon monoxide protects rodents and swine from postoperative ileus. Crit Care Med 2005; 33:1317-26. [PMID: 15942350 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000166349.76514.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Carbon monoxide (CO), an endogenous byproduct of heme metabolism, is produced at high levels in injured tissue via induction of heme-oxygenase-1 activity, where it contributes to the modulation of proinflammatory processes. Alone, CO has potent anti-inflammatory effects in models of acute and chronic inflammation. In rodents, inhalation of low concentrations of CO (250 ppm) for 24 hrs protects against postoperative gastrointestinal ileus. The current study determined whether shorter exposures and lower concentrations were equally protective and whether CO treatment would be effective in a large animal species (swine) managed under conditions approximating the clinical setting. DESIGN Dosing studies were first performed in rats by exposing them to CO (30-250 ppm) or air by inhalation for 1 or 3 hrs before anesthesia. An effective dosing regimen was then selected for testing in swine. Postoperative ileus in both species was induced by laparotomy and mild compression (running) of the small intestine. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In rats, inhalation of 75 ppm CO for 3 hrs before anesthesia and surgery ameliorated the surgically induced delay in gastrointestinal transit to levels achieved using 250 ppm for 24 hrs. Swine treated with 250 ppm CO for the same time period exhibited significantly improved postoperative intestinal circular muscle contractility in vitro and gastrointestinal transit in vivo. Carboxyhemoglobin concentrations measured after termination of CO exposure averaged 5.8% (baseline, 1.5%). No deleterious effects on heart rate, oxygen saturation, blood chemistries, and serum electrolytes were observed. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that inhalation of a low concentration of CO before surgery attenuates postoperative ileus in rodents and, more importantly, in a large animal species without risk to well-being during surgery or perioperatively. Exposures need not be prolonged, with significant benefit occurring with a 3-hr pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverley A Moore
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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88
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Bernhard D, Csordas A, Henderson B, Rossmann A, Kind M, Wick G. Cigarette smoke metal-catalyzed protein oxidation leads to vascular endothelial cell contraction by depolymerization of microtubules. FASEB J 2005; 19:1096-107. [PMID: 15985533 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-3192com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is a significant risk factor for development of atherosclerosis. However, the pathophysiology of smoking-mediated vessel wall damage is not understood. With tools ranging from analytical chemistry to cell biology, we show that cigarette smoke contains metals that catalyze the direct oxidation of cellular proteins by smoke oxidants. Oxidation of cellular proteins causes a loss of microtubule function, culminating in microtubule depolymerization and proteasome-dependent degradation of alpha-tubulin. As a consequence of the microtubule collapse, cytoskeletal structures as well as intermediate filaments break down, leading finally to a contraction of vascular endothelial cells. We observed a smoke extract-induced, calpain-dependent degradation of the intracellular form of platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1/CD31, as well as a release of P-selectin/CD62P, IL-6, and IL-8 from endothelial cells into the supernatant. Increased levels of soluble CD62P and IL-6 are well known to be associated with smoking in humans. Increased permeability of the vascular endothelium is a crucial event in atherogenesis. This work highlights the compounds and mechanisms by which cigarette smoke induces leakiness of the vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bernhard
- Vascular Biology Group, Division of Experimental Pathophysiology and Immunology, Department Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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89
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Abstract
The extensive worldwide disease burden attributable to tobacco smoking is reviewed, with particular attention to the epidemiologic and clinical aspects, molecular and cellular mechanisms, and pathophysiology of a variety of smoking-related pulmonary diseases, and the epidemiology and clinical presentation of smoking-related atherosclerotic disease as it affects the cardiovascular system cerebral circulation, the aorta, and the peripheral arterial tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan L Kamholz
- Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
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90
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Soogarun S, Wiwanitkit V, Suwansaksri J. Blood carboxyhemoglobin level and platelets: a correlation study. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2004; 10:281-3. [PMID: 15247987 DOI: 10.1177/107602960401000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The high level of air pollution is an important problem. One of these major pollutants is carbon monoxide (CO), which can block normal physiology. Hematologic alteration is another important side effect of exposure to CO. Adverse effects on red blood cells, formation of nonfunctional hemoglobin called carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), have been well documented. The effect of CO on platelets is not well documented. Therefore, the correlation between the level of blood COHb and the platelet count was evaluated in 28 subjects exposed to CO. There is no statistical significance; however, decreased platelet count, platelet distribution width, and plateletcrit, and an increase in blood COHb were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suphan Soogarun
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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91
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Ambrose JA, Barua RS. The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: an update. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43:1731-7. [PMID: 15145091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1501] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2003] [Revised: 12/18/2003] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking (CS) continues to be a major health hazard, and it contributes significantly to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Cigarette smoking impacts all phases of atherosclerosis from endothelial dysfunction to acute clinical events, the latter being largely thrombotic. Both active and passive (environmental) cigarette smoke exposure predispose to cardiovascular events. Whether there is a distinct direct dose-dependent correlation between cigarette smoke exposure and risk is debatable, as some recent experimental clinical studies have shown a non-linear relation to cigarette smoke exposure. The exact toxic components of cigarette smoke and the mechanisms involved in CS-related cardiovascular dysfunction are largely unknown, but CS increases inflammation, thrombosis, and oxidation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Recent experimental and clinical data support the hypothesis that cigarette smoke exposure increases oxidative stress as a potential mechanism for initiating cardiovascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Ambrose
- Comprehensive Cardiovascular Center, Saint Vincent Catholic Medical Centers of New York, New York, New York 10011, USA.
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92
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Ahijevych K, Weed H, Clarke J. Levels of cigarette availability and exposure in black and white women and efficient smokers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2004; 77:685-93. [PMID: 15099913 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2004.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2003] [Revised: 01/12/2004] [Accepted: 01/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Purposes of this investigation were to examine differences in smoke exposure and smoking topography across three smoking conditions: usual number of cigarettes, restricted (50%) and increased (167%) simulating restricted and unrestricted cigarette availability. A repeated-measures counterbalanced design with a sample of 25 women (13 African Americans; 12 Caucasians) was implemented with a 6-day inpatient protocol conducted in the General Clinical Research Center (GCRC). There were significantly larger percentage increases in carbon monoxide (CO) postcigarette in the restricted condition compared to usual and increased condition. Women with baseline cotinine/cigarette ratios >20 ng/ml/cigarette, considered efficient smokers, had significantly higher CO increases postcigarette at baseline than participants with lower cotinine/cigarette ratios, yet increased this exposure further during the restricted condition. Efficient smokers had significantly higher nicotine boost in the restricted condition compared to less efficient smokers. Differences by ethnicity were also noted with significantly higher CO percentage increases pre- to postcigarette in African Americans across all conditions, compared to Caucasians. Levels of smoke exposure postcigarette in persons who reduce cigarettes per day in response to restricted cigarette availability may be substantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Ahijevych
- College of Nursing, College of Medicine and Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.Ahijevych 1 @osu.edu
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93
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Abstract
Coronary heart disease is one of the major causes of death in developed countries. The hypothesis that peroxidation of low density lipoproteins (LDL) may be the initial step of the atherosclerotic process has promoted numerous studies aimed at investigating the mechanisms by which the body protects itself from such oxidative phenomena. Among these mechanisms we find the paraoxanase (PON) enzyme, which is quite thriving the last decades. This enzyme is principally associated with high density lipoproteins (HDL) but it also seems to help LDL to recover their antioxidant status. This paper reviews different aspects concerning the mechanisms implicated in the induction and activity of this enzyme, as well as its production, attachment to HDL, and modifications of its activity due to external factors. The use of genetic techniques, the study of the polimorphisms of the PON enzyme and the possibility of increasing paraoxonase activity by means of pharmacotherapy and/or dietary therapy open new perspectives with regard to coronary heart disease treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Canales
- Departamento de Nutrición. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Madrid. España
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94
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Fowler JS, Logan J, Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Telang F, Zhu W, Franceschi D, Pappas N, Ferrieri R, Shea C, Garza V, Xu Y, Schlyer D, Gatley SJ, Ding YS, Alexoff D, Warner D, Netusil N, Carter P, Jayne M, King P, Vaska P. Low monoamine oxidase B in peripheral organs in smokers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:11600-5. [PMID: 12972641 PMCID: PMC208804 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1833106100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major mechanisms for terminating the actions of catecholamines and vasoactive dietary amines is oxidation by monoamine oxidase (MAO). Smokers have been shown to have reduced levels of brain MAO, leading to speculation that MAO inhibition by tobacco smoke may underlie some of the behavioral and epidemiological features of smoking. Because smoking exposes peripheral organs as well as the brain to MAO-inhibitory compounds, we questioned whether smokers would also have reduced MAO levels in peripheral organs. Here we compared MAO B in peripheral organs in nonsmokers and smokers by using positron emission tomography and serial scans with the MAO B-specific radiotracers,l-[11C]deprenyl and deuterium-substituted l-[11C]deprenyl (l-[11C]deprenyl-D2). Binding specificity was assessed by using the deuterium isotope effect. We found that smokers have significantly reduced MAO B in peripheral organs, particularly in the heart, lungs, and kidneys, when compared with nonsmokers. Reductions ranged from 33% to 46%. Because MAO B breaks down catecholamines and other physiologically active amines, including those released by nicotine, its inhibition may alter sympathetic tone as well as central neurotransmitter activity, which could contribute to the medical consequences of smoking. In addition, although most of the emphases on the carcinogenic properties of smoke have been placed on the lungs and the upper airways, this finding highlights the fact that multiple organs in the body are also exposed to pharmacologically significant quantities of chemical compounds in tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna S Fowler
- Chemistry Department and Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
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95
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Hognestad A, Endresen K, Wergeland R, Stokke O, Geiran O, Holm T, Simonsen S, Kjekshus JK, Andreassen AK. Plasma C-reactive protein as a marker of cardiac allograft vasculopathy in heart transplant recipients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42:477-82. [PMID: 12906976 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00645-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was initiated to determine whether heart transplant recipients (HTRs) with cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) have increased levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and to examine whether an increase in hsCRP after heart transplantation predicts the development of CAV. Furthermore, the effect of pravastatin on plasma levels of hsCRP in HTRs was investigated. BACKGROUND The relationship between CAV and hsCRP, as well as the effect of statins on hsCRP in HTRs, has not been well established. METHODS On referral for their annual angiographic control study, 150 consecutive HTRs (mean 6.5 years since transplantation) were included. Plasma levels of hsCRP were measured before angiography and compared with patients with (n = 52) and without (n = 98) CAV. In 49 of these patients, we additionally analyzed hsCRP in blood samples stored from their six-month visit after the transplantation procedure. Furthermore, in a randomized, crossover study, hsCRP was analyzed in 17 male HTRs before and after six weeks of treatment with 20 mg pravastatin. RESULTS Median levels of CRP were elevated among patients with CAV compared with those with normal angiograms [3.86 (1.78 to 7.00) vs. 1.08 (0.72 to 2.13) mg/l, p < 0.001]. Prospectively evaluated hsCRP levels from six months to follow-up were significantly higher among those who developed CAV compared with those with normal angiograms [+2.76 (1.56 to 5.00) vs. +0.07 (-0.57 to 0.41) mg/l, p < 0.001]. On multivariate analysis, the increase in hsCRP was the only significant predictor of CAV. Six weeks of treatment with pravastatin significantly reduced hsCRP levels by 25%, without any relation to changes in lipid values. CONCLUSIONS Elevated plasma levels of CRP are associated with angiographic evidence of CAV, and the increase in hsCRP is a strong predictor of development of CAV. Statin treatment reduces levels of hsCRP and should be used in HTRs, regardless of their lipid levels.
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96
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Risley P, Jerrard-Dunne P, Sitzer M, Buehler A, von Kegler S, Markus HS. Promoter polymorphism in the endotoxin receptor (CD14) is associated with increased carotid atherosclerosis only in smokers: the Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression Study (CAPS). Stroke 2003; 34:600-4. [PMID: 12624278 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000055941.61801.5a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The risk of atherosclerosis from endotoxemia is increased in smokers. Endotoxin is a potent mediator of inflammation, and smokers have elevated plasma levels of endotoxin. The endotoxin receptor CD14 can enhance the endotoxin-neutralization capacity of plasma. A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the CD14 gene (CD14 -159C/T) was studied to determine its impact on common carotid artery (CCA) intima-media thickness (IMT) and any interactions with environmental inflammatory stimuli. METHODS A community population (n=992; aged 50 to 65 years) underwent genotypic examination for the CD14 -159 polymorphism by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS The CC genotype was associated with increased CCA IMT. The age- and sex-adjusted odds ratio for IMT above the 75th percentile was 1.63 (95% CI, 1.19 to 2.24; P=0.002) and 1.70 (95% CI, 1.18 to 2.44; P=0.004) after additional adjustment for conventional risk factors. This gene effect was found only in current smokers and ex-smokers. Multivariate analysis in this group (n=503) increased the odds ratio to 2.02 (95% CI, 1.23 to 3.34; P=0.006). No significant interactions were found in nonsmokers or with alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS The CD14 -159 polymorphism is associated with increased CCA IMT in smokers from a general population. CD14 may modulate the inflammatory effects of smoking in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Risley
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terr, Tooting, London SW17 0RE, UK.
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97
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Slebos DJ, Ryter SW, Choi AMK. Heme oxygenase-1 and carbon monoxide in pulmonary medicine. Respir Res 2003; 4:7. [PMID: 12964953 PMCID: PMC193681 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-4-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2003] [Accepted: 08/07/2003] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an inducible stress protein, confers cytoprotection against oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. In addition to its physiological role in heme degradation, HO-1 may influence a number of cellular processes, including growth, inflammation, and apoptosis. By virtue of anti-inflammatory effects, HO-1 limits tissue damage in response to proinflammatory stimuli and prevents allograft rejection after transplantation. The transcriptional upregulation of HO-1 responds to many agents, such as hypoxia, bacterial lipopolysaccharide, and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. HO-1 and its constitutively expressed isozyme, heme oxygenase-2, catalyze the rate-limiting step in the conversion of heme to its metabolites, bilirubin IXalpha, ferrous iron, and carbon monoxide (CO). The mechanisms by which HO-1 provides protection most likely involve its enzymatic reaction products. Remarkably, administration of CO at low concentrations can substitute for HO-1 with respect to anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, suggesting a role for CO as a key mediator of HO-1 function. Chronic, low-level, exogenous exposure to CO from cigarette smoking contributes to the importance of CO in pulmonary medicine. The implications of the HO-1/CO system in pulmonary diseases will be discussed in this review, with an emphasis on inflammatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk-Jan Slebos
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan W Ryter
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Augustine MK Choi
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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