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Li M, Li L, Huang T, Liu Y, Lei A, Ma C, Chen F, Chen M. Effects of Attenuated S. agalactiae Strain YM001 on Intestinal Microbiota of Tilapia Are Recoverable. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3251. [PMID: 30687255 PMCID: PMC6333689 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we constructed and characterized the vaccine efficacy of attenuated S. agalactiae strain YM001 in tilapia. In this study, the potential impacts of YM001 on the tilapia intestinal microbiota were assessed by qPCR and 16S rRNA sequencing methods. The results showed that YM001 distributed unevenly in different parts of intestine, peaked in the intestine at 12 h after oral administration, and then declined gradually. YM001 caused 0% mortality of fish during the entire experimental period, while the referent strain HN016 caused 100% mortality at 3 d after oral administration. However, the intestinal microbiota could be changed by YM001, the diversity of intestinal microbiota decreased first and gradually recovered after oral administration. The diversity of intestinal microbiota of tilapia was negatively correlated with the content of HN016 in the intestinal tract. The oral YM001 mainly changed the abundance of Streptococcus, Cetobacterium, Akkermansia, Romboutsia, Bacteroides, Brevinema, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136-group, coprothermobactter, presiomonas, and Roseburia in intestine. The present study indicate that oral administration of YM001 altered the diversity and composition of intestinal microbiota in tilapia, but these change were only temporary, non-lethal, and recoverable. The results provide a more comprehensive experimental basis for the safety of oral YM001 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Institute of Fisheries, Nanning, China
| | - Liping Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Institute of Fisheries, Nanning, China
| | - Ting Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Institute of Fisheries, Nanning, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Institute of Fisheries, Nanning, China
| | - Aiying Lei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Institute of Fisheries, Nanning, China
| | - Chunxia Ma
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Department of Bacteriology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Fuyan Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Institute of Fisheries, Nanning, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Institute of Fisheries, Nanning, China
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Buret AG, Motta JP, Allain T, Ferraz J, Wallace JL. Pathobiont release from dysbiotic gut microbiota biofilms in intestinal inflammatory diseases: a role for iron? J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:1. [PMID: 30602371 PMCID: PMC6317250 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0495-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota interacting with an intact mucosal surface are key to the maintenance of homeostasis and health. This review discusses the current state of knowledge of the biofilm mode of growth of these microbiota communities, and how in turn their disruptions may cause disease. Beyond alterations of relative microbial abundance and diversity, the aim of the review is to focus on the disruptions of the microbiota biofilm structure and function, the dispersion of commensal bacteria, and the mechanisms whereby these dispersed commensals may become pathobionts. Recent findings have linked iron acquisition to the expression of virulence factors in gut commensals that have become pathobionts. Causal studies are emerging, and mechanisms common to enteropathogen-induced disruptions, as well as those reported for Inflammatory Bowel Disease and colo-rectal cancer are used as examples to illustrate the great translational potential of such research. These new observations shed new light on our attempts to develop new therapies that are able to protect and restore gut microbiota homeostasis in the many disease conditions that have been linked to microbiota dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Gerald Buret
- Departments of Biological Sciences, and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. N.W, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Jean-Paul Motta
- Departments of Biological Sciences, and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. N.W, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada.,Institute of Digestive Health Research, INSERM UMR1220, Université Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Thibault Allain
- Departments of Biological Sciences, and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. N.W, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jose Ferraz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - John Lawrence Wallace
- Departments of Biological Sciences, and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. N.W, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
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53
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Xu K, Guo Y, Li Z, Wang Z. Aging Biomarkers and Novel Targets for Anti-Aging Interventions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1178:39-56. [PMID: 31493221 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-25650-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aging population worldwide is expanding at an increasing rate. By 2050, approximately a quarter of the world population will consist of the elderly. To slow down the aging process, exploration of aging biomarkers and the search for novel antiaging targets have attracted much interest. Nonetheless, because aging research is costly and time-consuming and the aging process is complicated, aging research is considered one of the most difficult biological fields. Here, providing a broader definition of aging biomarkers, we review cutting-edge research on aging biomarkers at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels, thus shedding light on the relations between aging and telomeres, longevity proteins, a senescence-associated secretory phenotype, the gut microbiota and metabolic patterns. Furthermore, we evaluate the suitability of these aging biomarkers for the development of novel antiaging targets on the basis of the most recent research on this topic. We also discuss the possible implications and some controversies regarding these biomarkers for therapeutic interventions in aging and age-related disease processes. We have attempted to cover all of the latest research on aging biomarkers in our review but there are countless studies on aging biomarkers, and the topic of aging interventions will continue to deepen even further. We hope that our review can serve as a reference for better characterization of aging and as inspiration for the screening of antiaging drugs as well as give some clues to further research into aging biomarkers and antiaging targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Xu
- Protein Science Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yannan Guo
- Protein Science Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongchi Li
- Protein Science Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Protein Science Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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54
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Míguez B, Gómez B, Parajó JC, Alonso JL. Potential of Fructooligosaccharides and Xylooligosaccharides as Substrates To Counteract the Undesirable Effects of Several Antibiotics on Elder Fecal Microbiota: A First in Vitro Approach. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:9426-9437. [PMID: 30113166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and xylooligosaccharides (XOS) were employed as substrates for in vitro fermentations to assess their capacity to counteract the effects caused by three antibiotics (ABs) at different doses on the elderly gut microbiota and its metabolic activity. The AB type and dose scarcely affected the total bacterial numbers and the microbiota composition after 24 h. However, in the presence of ABs, the relative percentages of Lactobacillus decreased (from 11.4% to 3.2% in the presence of XOS1), as well as the butyrate production, whereas the population of Bacteroides increased significantly in the presence of XOS1 (from 27.5% to 55.7%). FOS were able to counteract these effects by increasing the butyrate production and the number of Lactobacillus, while maintaining the number of Bacteroides almost constant and decreasing the clostridia. XOS2 (mainly DP = 2-4) also showed ability to increase the percentages of Bifidobacterium and the production of both butyrate and acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Míguez
- Chemical Engineering Department , Polytechnic Building , University of Vigo (Campus Ourense) , 32004 Ourense , Spain
- CINBIO, University Campus , 36310 Vigo, Pontevedra , Spain
| | - Belén Gómez
- Chemical Engineering Department , Polytechnic Building , University of Vigo (Campus Ourense) , 32004 Ourense , Spain
- CINBIO, University Campus , 36310 Vigo, Pontevedra , Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Parajó
- Chemical Engineering Department , Polytechnic Building , University of Vigo (Campus Ourense) , 32004 Ourense , Spain
- CINBIO, University Campus , 36310 Vigo, Pontevedra , Spain
| | - José L Alonso
- Chemical Engineering Department , Polytechnic Building , University of Vigo (Campus Ourense) , 32004 Ourense , Spain
- CINBIO, University Campus , 36310 Vigo, Pontevedra , Spain
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55
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Kanwal S, Joseph TP, Owusu L, Xiaomeng R, Meiqi L, Yi X. A Polysaccharide Isolated from Dictyophora indusiata Promotes Recovery from Antibiotic-Driven Intestinal Dysbiosis and Improves Gut Epithelial Barrier Function in a Mouse Model. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10081003. [PMID: 30065236 PMCID: PMC6115818 DOI: 10.3390/nu10081003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the tremendous biological activity of polysaccharides from the mushroom Dictyophora indusiata, its role in the restoration of gut microbiota has not yet been explored. The present study aimed to investigate whether D. indusiata polysaccharide (DIP) could modulate the recovery of gut microbiota composition and intestinal barrier function after broad-spectrum antibiotic-driven dysbiosis. Alteration and restoration in the microbial communities were elucidated by the Illumina MiSeq platform. Colon histology, expression of tight-junction associated proteins, and serum/tissue endotoxin and cytokine levels were evaluated. Two-week daily oral administration of clindamycin and metronidazole resulted in reduced bacterial diversity and richness, and perturbed the microbial flora at various taxonomic levels (altered Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and increased relative abundance of harmful flora (Proteobacteria, Enterococcus, and Bacteroides)), whereas DIP administration reversed the dysbiosis and increased beneficial flora, including Lactobacillaceae (lactic acid-producing bacteria), and Ruminococaceae (butyrate-producing bacteria). In addition, it resulted in the reduction of endotoxemia (through lipopolysaccharides (LPSs)) and pro-inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1β (IL-1β)) levels, with the increased expression of tight-junction associated proteins (claudin-1, occludin, and zonula occludens-1). These findings not only suggested a comprehensive understanding of the protective effects of a DIP in the restoration of gut microbiota but also highlighted its role in the enhancement of gut barrier integrity, reduction of inflammation and lowering of endotoxin levels in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Kanwal
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China.
| | - Thomson Patrick Joseph
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China.
| | - Lawrence Owusu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), PMB, UPO, Kumasi 00000, Ghana.
| | - Ren Xiaomeng
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China.
| | - Li Meiqi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xin Yi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China.
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56
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Zhu H, Zeng D, Wang Q, Wang N, Zeng B, Niu L, Ni X. Diarrhea-Associated Intestinal Microbiota in Captive Sichuan Golden Snub-Nosed Monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana). Microbes Environ 2018; 33:249-256. [PMID: 30047510 PMCID: PMC6167115 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me17163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is often associated with marked alterations in the intestinal microbiota, termed dysbiosis; however, limited information is currently available on the intestinal microbiota in captive golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) with diarrhea. We herein characterized the fecal microbiota in diarrhea and healthy monkeys using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The concentrations of fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and copy numbers of virulence factor genes were also assessed using gas chromatography and quantitative PCR (qPCR), respectively. The results obtained showed that diarrhea monkeys harbored a distinctive microbiota from that of healthy monkeys and had 45% fewer Bacteroidetes. Among healthy subjects, old monkeys had the lowest relative abundance of Bacteroidetes. Linear discriminant analysis coupled with the effect size (LEfSe) and canonical correlation analysis (CCA) identified significant differences in microbial taxa between diarrhea and healthy monkeys. A PICRUSt analysis revealed that several pathogenic genes were enriched in diarrhea monkeys, while glycan metabolism genes were overrepresented in healthy monkeys. A positive correlation was observed between the abundance of nutrition metabolism-related genes and the individual digestive capacities of healthy monkeys. Consequently, the abundance of genes encoding heat stable enterotoxin was significantly higher in diarrhea monkeys than in healthy monkeys (P<0.05). In healthy subjects, adult monkeys had significant higher concentrations of butyrate and total SCFAs than old monkeys (P<0.05). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that diarrhea had a microbial component and changes in the microbial structure were accompanied by altered systemic metabolic states. These results suggest that pathogens and malabsorption are the two main causes of diarrhea, which are closely related to the microbial structure and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhu
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University.,Sichuan University of Science and Engineering
| | - Dong Zeng
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University
| | | | - Ning Wang
- Sichuan University of Science and Engineering.,Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University
| | - Bo Zeng
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University
| | - Lili Niu
- Chengdu Wildlife Institute, Chengdu Zoo
| | - Xueqin Ni
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University
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57
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Turpin W, Bedrani L, Espin-Garcia O, Xu W, Silverberg MS, Smith MI, Guttman DS, Griffiths A, Moayyedi P, Panaccione R, Huynh H, Steinhart H, Aumais G, Shestopaloff K, Dieleman LA, Turner D, Paterson AD, Croitoru K. FUT2 genotype and secretory status are not associated with fecal microbial composition and inferred function in healthy subjects. Gut Microbes 2018; 9:357-368. [PMID: 29533703 PMCID: PMC6219652 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2018.1445956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Heritability analysis of the microbiota has demonstrated the importance of host genotype in defining the human microbiota. The alpha (1,2)-fucosyltransferase 2 encoded by FUT2 is involved in the formation of the H antigen and the SNP, rs601338 is associated with ABO histo-blood group antigen secretion in the intestinal mucosa. Previous studies have provided non replicated results for the association of this polymorphism with the composition and inferred function of intestinal microbiota. We aimed to assess this relationship in a large cohort of 1,190 healthy individuals. Genotyping was performed using the HumanCoreEXOME chip, microbial composition was addressed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were the dominant phyla in this cohort. Although we have sufficient power to detect significant associations of FUT2 genotype/ inferred phenotype with the microbiota, our data demonstrate that FUT2 genotype and secretor status is not associated with microbial alpha diversity, microbial composition or inferred microbial function after correction for multiple testing. Thus, FUT2 genotype and inferred phenotype are not associated with human fecal microbial composition and imputed function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Williams Turpin
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Larbi Bedrani
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Osvaldo Espin-Garcia
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Xu
- Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark S. Silverberg
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle I. Smith
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David S. Guttman
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne Griffiths
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Moayyedi
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Remo Panaccione
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinic, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hien Huynh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hillary Steinhart
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Guy Aumais
- Montreal University, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Department of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Konstantin Shestopaloff
- Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Levinus A. Dieleman
- Division of Gastroenterology and CEGIIR, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dan Turner
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Department of pediatric GI, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Andrew D. Paterson
- Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth Croitoru
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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58
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Münger E, Montiel-Castro AJ, Langhans W, Pacheco-López G. Reciprocal Interactions Between Gut Microbiota and Host Social Behavior. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 12:21. [PMID: 29946243 PMCID: PMC6006525 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals harbor an extensive, dynamic microbial ecosystem in their gut. Gut microbiota (GM) supposedly modulate various host functions including fecundity, metabolism, immunity, cognition and behavior. Starting by analyzing the concept of the holobiont as a unit of selection, we highlight recent findings suggesting an intimate link between GM and animal social behavior. We consider two reciprocal emerging themes: (i) that GM influence host social behavior; and (ii) that social behavior and social structure shape the composition of the GM across individuals. We propose that, throughout a long history of coevolution, GM may have become involved in the modulation of their host’s sociality to foster their own transmission, while in turn social organization may have fine-tuned the transmission of beneficial endosymbionts and prevented pathogen infection. We suggest that investigating these reciprocal interactions can advance our understanding of sociality, from healthy and impaired social cognition to the evolution of specific social behaviors and societal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Münger
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Health Sciences Department, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Lerma, Mexico.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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59
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Burgos FA, Ray CL, Arias CR. Bacterial diversity and community structure of the intestinal microbiome of Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) during ontogenesis. Syst Appl Microbiol 2018; 41:494-505. [PMID: 29803608 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The acquisition of gut microbes does not occur randomly and is highly dependent on host factors, environmental cues, and self-assembly rules exerted by the microbes themselves. The main objective of this project was to characterize how the gut microbiome develops during the early life stages of Channel Catfish and to identify i) which bacteria are the main constituents of the gut microbiome at different ontogenesis stages, and ii) at which time point(s) the gut microbiome stabilizes. High-throughput Illumina Miseq DNA sequencing of the V4 domain of the 16S rRNA gene was used to assess the microbial community composition during the life stages of Channel Catfish along with water and feed samples. Microbiomes from fertilized eggs, sac fry, swim up fry, pre-fingerlings, and fingerlings were all significantly distinct. OTUs analyses showed that the phylum Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria and Cyanobacteria dominated the Channel Catfish gut microbiome. During the early stages of ontogenesis, the fish microbiome was dynamic and highly diverse, with significant shifts occurring between fertilized eggs to sac fry (6dph), and from sac fry to swim up fry (15dph). The gut microbiome stabilized between the pre-fingerlings and fingerlings stage (≤90dph) with an observed reduction in species richness. Feed had a more significantly contribution to the microbial colonization of the gut than water. We have identified the period in which the gut microbiome changes rapidly from 15dph until 21dph before stabilizing after 90dph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca A Burgos
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36832, USA; Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, Facultad de Ingeniería Marítima, Ciencias Oceánicas, Biológicas y Recursos Naturales, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Candis L Ray
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR, 72160, USA
| | - Covadonga R Arias
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36832, USA.
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60
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Polag D, Keppler F. Long-term monitoring of breath methane. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 624:69-77. [PMID: 29247906 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, methane as a component of exhaled human breath has been considered as a potential bioindicator providing information on microbial activity in the intestinal tract. Several studies indicated a relationship between breath methane status and specific gastrointestinal disease. So far, almost no attention has been given to the temporal variability of breath methane production by individual persons. Thus here, for the first time, long-term monitoring was carried out measuring breath methane of three volunteers over periods between 196 and 1002days. Results were evaluated taking into consideration the health status and specific medical intervention events for each individual during the monitoring period, and included a gastroscopy procedure, a vaccination, a dietary change, and chelate therapy. As a major outcome, breath methane mixing ratios show considerable variability within a person-specific range of values. Interestingly, decreased breath methane production often coincided with gastrointestinal complaints whereas influenza infections were mostly accompanied by increased breath methane production. A gastroscopic examination as well as a change to a low-fructose diet led to a dramatic shift of methane mixing ratios from high to low methane production. In contrast, a typhus vaccination as well as single chelate injections resulted in significant short-term methane peaks. Thus, this study clearly shows that humans can change from high to low methane emitters and vice versa within relatively short time periods. In the case of low to medium methane emitters the increase observed in methane mixing ratios, likely resulting from immune reactions and inflammatory processes, might indicate non-microbial methane formation under aerobic conditions. Although detailed reaction pathways are not yet known, aerobic methane formation might be related to cellular oxidative-reductive stress reactions. However, a detailed understanding of the pathways involved in human methane formation is necessary to enable comprehensive interpretation of methane breath levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Polag
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 236, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Frank Keppler
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 236, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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61
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High Rate of Infection by Only Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus in Amerindians. mSphere 2018; 3:3/3/e00176-18. [PMID: 29720524 PMCID: PMC5932372 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00176-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of HPV type distribution on the disparity of cervical cancer (CC) incidence between human populations remains unknown. The incidence of CC in the Amazonas State of Venezuela is higher than the national average. In this study, we determined the diversity of known HPV types (the viral agent of CC) in Amerindian and mestizo women living in the Venezuelan Amazonas State. Understanding the ecological diversity of HPV in populations undergoing lifestyle transformations has important implication on public health measures for cervical cancer prevention. Human papillomavirus (HPV), an etiological agent of cervical cancer (CC), has infected humans since ancient times. Amerindians are the furthest migrants out of Africa, and they reached the Americas more than 14,000 years ago. Some groups still remain isolated, and some migrate to towns, forming a gradient spanning urbanization. We hypothesized that, by virtue of their history, lifestyle, and isolation from the global society, remote Amerindian women have lower HPV diversity than do urban women (Amerindian or mestizo). Here we determined the diversity of the 25 most relevant cervical HPV types in 82 Amerindians spanning urbanization (low, medium, and high, consistent with the exposure to urban lifestyles of the town of Puerto Ayacucho in the Venezuelan Amazonas State), and in 29 urban mestizos from the town. Cervical, anal, oral, and introitus samples were taken, and HPVs were typed using reverse DNA hybridization. A total of 23 HPV types were detected, including 11 oncogenic or high-risk types, most associated with CC. Cervical HPV prevalence was 75%, with no differences by group, but Amerindians from low and medium urbanization level had significantly lower HPV diversity than mestizos did. In Amerindians, but not in mestizos, infections by only high-risk HPVs were higher than coinfections or by exclusively low-risk HPVs. Cervical abnormalities only were observed in Amerindians (9/82), consistent with their high HPV infection. The lower cervical HPV diversity in more isolated Amerindians is consistent with their lower exposure to the global pool, and transculturation to urban lifestyles could have implications on HPV ecology, infection, and virulence. IMPORTANCE The role of HPV type distribution on the disparity of cervical cancer (CC) incidence between human populations remains unknown. The incidence of CC in the Amazonas State of Venezuela is higher than the national average. In this study, we determined the diversity of known HPV types (the viral agent of CC) in Amerindian and mestizo women living in the Venezuelan Amazonas State. Understanding the ecological diversity of HPV in populations undergoing lifestyle transformations has important implication on public health measures for CC prevention.
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Li H, Li T, Berasategui A, Rui J, Zhang X, Li C, Xiao Z, Li X. Gut region influences the diversity and interactions of bacterial communities in pikas (Ochotona curzoniae and Ochotona daurica). FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 93:4587903. [PMID: 29106508 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian microbial communities in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) play important roles in host nutrition and health. However, we still lack an understanding of how these communities are organized across GIT in natural environments. Here, using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we analyzed the bacterial community diversity, network interactions and ecosystem stability across five gut regions (mouth, stomach, small intestine, cecum and colon) emanating from two common pika species in China, including Plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) inhabiting high-altitude regions, as well as Daurian pikas (O. daurica) occupying low-altitude areas. The relative abundances of dominant Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes exhibited an increasing trend from mouth to colon. Cecum and colon harbored higher bacterial diversity compared with other anatomical regions. Gut region significantly influenced the structure of bacterial communities in the GIT. Network analysis indicated that topological features showed marked variations among gut regions. Interestingly, the ecosystem stability of bacterial communities increased gradually from mouth to colon. Our results suggest that gut region influences the diversity, structure and network interactions of bacterial communities in pikas. For hindgut-fermenting herbivorous mammals, relatively higher bacterial diversity and ecosystem stability in the cecum may provide a favorable condition for the fermentation of indigestible plant polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, CAS; Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Tongtong Li
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Aileen Berasategui
- Biochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Junpeng Rui
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, CAS; Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Chaonan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, CAS; Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Zhishu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang, District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiangzhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, CAS; Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sichuan 610041, PR China
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63
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Gu C, Yang Y, Xiang H, Li S, Liang L, Sui H, Zhan L, Lu X. Deciphering bacterial community changes in zucker diabetic fatty rats based on 16S rRNA gene sequences analysis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48941-48952. [PMID: 27418144 PMCID: PMC5226482 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present pilot study was deciphering bacterial community changes in Zucker diabetic fatty rats (ZDF rats), a model of type 2 diabetes. Recent studies unmasked that the status of gastrointestinal tract microbiota has a marked impact on nutrition-related syndromes such as obesity and type-2 diabetes (T2D). In this study, samples taken from the gastrointestinal tracts (GI tracts) of ZDF and their lean littermates (ZL rats) were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequence-based analysis to examine the characteristic bacterial communities, including those located in the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and feces. Results revealed that the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was increased and greater numbers of Lactobacillus were detected along GI tracts in ZDF rats compared to ZL rats. In conclusion, this work is the first study to systematically characterize bacterial communities along ZDF rat GI tract and provides substantial evidence supporting a prospective strategy to alter the GI microbial communities improving obesity and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Gu
- Basic Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Yang
- Basic Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Xiang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Shu Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Lina Liang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Hua Sui
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Libin Zhan
- Basic Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoguang Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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Gut Dysbiosis and Muscle Aging: Searching for Novel Targets against Sarcopenia. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:7026198. [PMID: 29686533 PMCID: PMC5893006 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7026198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced age is characterized by several changes, one of which is the impairment of the homeostasis of intestinal microbiota. These alterations critically influence host health and have been associated with morbidity and mortality in older adults. “Inflammaging,” an age-related chronic inflammatory process, is a common trait of several conditions, including sarcopenia. Interestingly, imbalanced intestinal microbial community has been suggested to contribute to inflammaging. Changes in gut microbiota accompanying sarcopenia may be attenuated by supplementation with pre- and probiotics. Although muscle aging has been increasingly recognized as a biomarker of aging, the pathophysiology of sarcopenia is to date only partially appreciated. Due to its development in the context of the age-related inflammatory milieu, several studies favor the hypothesis of a tight connection between sarcopenia and inflammaging. However, conclusive evidence describing the signaling pathways involved has not yet been produced. Here, we review the current knowledge of the changes in intestinal microbiota that occur in advanced age with a special emphasis on findings supporting the idea of a modulation of muscle physiology through alterations in gut microbial composition and activity.
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65
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Kundu P, Blacher E, Elinav E, Pettersson S. Our Gut Microbiome: The Evolving Inner Self. Cell 2017; 171:1481-1493. [PMID: 29245010 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The "holobiont" concept, defined as the collective contribution of the eukaryotic and prokaryotic counterparts to the multicellular organism, introduces a complex definition of individuality enabling a new comprehensive view of human evolution and personalized characteristics. Here, we provide snapshots of the evolving microbial-host associations and relations during distinct milestones across the lifespan of a human being. We discuss the current knowledge of biological symbiosis between the microbiome and its host and portray the challenges in understanding these interactions and their potential effects on human physiology, including microbiome-nervous system inter-relationship and its relevance to human variation and individuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag Kundu
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Eran Blacher
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eran Elinav
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Sven Pettersson
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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66
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Age, sex, and TNF associated differences in the gut microbiota of mice and their impact on acute TNBS colitis. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 103:311-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Chi L, Mahbub R, Gao B, Bian X, Tu P, Ru H, Lu K. Nicotine Alters the Gut Microbiome and Metabolites of Gut-Brain Interactions in a Sex-Specific Manner. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:2110-2119. [PMID: 29035044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
As the primary active substance in tobacco, nicotine affects the activity of the central nervous system, and its effects are sex-dependent. There are complex interactions between the gut and brain, and the gut microbiome can influence neuronal activity and host behavior, with diverse chemical signaling being involved. However, it is unclear whether nicotine can affect the normal gut microbiome and associated chemical signaling of the gut-brain axis. Sex is an important factor that shapes the gut microbiome, but the role of sex in the interaction among nicotine, gut bacteria, and related metabolites remains unknown. In this study, we applied high-throughput sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to explore how nicotine exposure affects the gut microbiome and its metabolism in female and male C57BL/6J mice, with a focus on the chemical signaling involved in gut-brain interactions. 16S sequencing results indicated that the community composition of the gut microbiome was differentially perturbed by nicotine in females and males. Differential alterations of bacterial carbohydrate metabolic pathways are consistent with lower body weight gain in nicotine-treated males. Oxidative stress response and DNA repair genes were also specifically enriched in the nicotine-treated male gut microbiome. The fecal metabolome indicated that multiple neurotransmitters, such as glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glycine, were differentially altered in female and male mice. Some neuroactive metabolites, including leucine and uric acid, were also changed. This study demonstrates a sex-dependent effect of nicotine on gut microbiome community composition, functional bacterial genes, and the fecal metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chi
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ridwan Mahbub
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Bei Gao
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Xiaoming Bian
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Pengcheng Tu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Hongyu Ru
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Abstract
Environmental enteropathy is a chronic condition of the small intestine associated with increased intestinal permeability, mucosal inflammation, malabsorption, and systemic inflammation. It is commonly accompanied by enteric infections and is misleadingly considered a subclinical disease. Potential effects of enteric infections and enteropathy on vaccine responses, child growth, cognitive development, and even later life obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome are increasingly being recognized. Herein, we review the evolving challenges to defining environmental enteropathy and enteric infections, current evidence for the magnitude and determinants of its burden, new assessment tools, and relevant interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Rogawski
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, PO Box 801379, Carter Harrison Research Building MR-6, 345 Crispell Drive, Room 2520, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1379, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, PO Box 801379, Carter Harrison Research Building MR-6, 345 Crispell Drive, Room 2520, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1379, USA.
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, PO Box 801379, Carter Harrison Research Building MR-6, 345 Crispell Drive, Room 2520, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1379, USA
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Abstract
Many countries are facing aging populations, with those over 65 years of age likely to represent the largest population over the next 10-20 years. Living longer often comes with poor health and, in particular, a decline in the immune function characterized by poor vaccine responses and increased risk of infection and certain cancers. Aging and diet represent major intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence the makeup and activity of resident intestinal microbes, the microbiota, the efficient functioning of which is essential for sustaining overall health and the effectiveness of the immune system. The provision of elderly specific dietary recommendations appears to be lacking but is necessary since this population has an altered microbiota and immune response and may not respond in the same way as their healthy and younger counterparts. We have reviewed the evidence supporting the role of diet and, in particular, dietary carbohydrate, protein, and fat in influencing the microbiota and its generation of key metabolites that influence the efficient functioning of immune cells during aging, and how dietary intervention might be of benefit in improving the intestinal health and immune status in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Clements
- a Gut Health & Food Safety Research Programme , Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park , Norwich , Norfolk , NR4 7UA
| | - Simon R Carding
- a Gut Health & Food Safety Research Programme , Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park , Norwich , Norfolk , NR4 7UA.,b Norwich Medical School , University of East Anglia , Norwich , Norfolk , UK
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Vaiserman AM, Koliada AK, Marotta F. Gut microbiota: A player in aging and a target for anti-aging intervention. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 35:36-45. [PMID: 28109835 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging-associated alterations in composition, diversity and functional features of intestinal microbiota are well-described in the modern literature. They are suggested to be caused by an age-related decline in immune system functioning (immunosenescence) and a low-grade chronic inflammation (inflammaging), which accompany many aging-associated pathologies. The microbiota-targeted dietary and probiotic interventions have been shown to favorably affect the host health and aging by an enhancement of antioxidant activity, improving immune homeostasis, suppression of chronic inflammation, regulation of fat deposition and metabolism and prevention of insulin resistance. Recently, a high effectiveness and safety of novel therapeutic application such as fecal microbiota transplantation in the prevention and treatment of age-related pathological conditions including atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes and Parkinson's disease has been demonstrated. In this review, recent research findings are summarized on the role of gut micribiota in aging processes with emphasis on therapeutic potential of microbiome-targeted interventions in anti-aging medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francesco Marotta
- ReGenera Research Group for Aging-Intervention & Montenapoleone Clinic, Healthy Aging Unit, Milano, Italy
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71
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A three-stage continuous culture approach to study the impact of probiotics, prebiotics and fat intake on faecal microbiota relevant to an over 60 s population. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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72
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Yu M, Jia HM, Zhou C, Yang Y, Sun LL, Zou ZM. Urinary and Fecal Metabonomics Study of the Protective Effect of Chaihu-Shu-Gan-San on Antibiotic-Induced Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46551. [PMID: 28425490 PMCID: PMC5397834 DOI: 10.1038/srep46551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the gut microbiota dysbiosis and their host metabolic phenotype alteration is an important factor in human disease development. A traditional Chinese herbal formula, Chaihu-Shu-Gan-San (CSGS), has been effectively used in the treatment of various gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. The present study was carried out to investigate whether CSGS modulates the host metabolic phenotype under the condition of gut microbiota dysbiosis. The metabonomics studies of biochemical changes in urine and feces of antibiotic-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis rats after treatment with CSGS were performed using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. Partial least squares-discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) indicated that the CSGS treatment reduced the metabolic phenotype perturbation induced by antibiotic. In addition, there was a strong correlation between gut microbiota genera and urinary and fecal metabolites. Moreover, the correlation analysis and the metabolic pathway analysis (MetPA) identified that three key metabolic pathways including glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, and bile acid metabolism were the most relevant pathways involved in antibiotic-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis. These findings provided a comprehensive understanding of the protective effects of CSGS on the host metabolic phenotype of the gut microbiota dysbiosis rats, and further as a new source for drug leads in gut microbiota-targeted disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Mei Jia
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yong Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Li-Li Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Mei Zou
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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73
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Fish oil, lard and soybean oil differentially shape gut microbiota of middle-aged rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:826. [PMID: 28400577 PMCID: PMC5429820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00969-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fat diets have been associated with overweight/obesity and increased mortality in middle-aged populations. However, it is still unclear how gut microbiota in middle-aged populations responds to dietary fats at a normal dose. In this study, we explored gut microbiota structure in middle-aged rats (aged 12 months) after feeding 4% (w/w) soybean oil, lard or fish oil for 3 months, respectively. The results showed that the gut microbiota structure in the fish oil group was substantially different from those of the soybean oil and lard groups in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The relative abundances of phylum Proteobacteria and genus Desulfovibrio in the caecal and colonic contents were the highest in the fish oil group (p < 0.05). The mRNA levels of biomarkers for inflammation in the colon, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, IL-18 and TNF-α, were also the highest in the fish oil group (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the fish oil group had the highest microbial DNA abundance of a predicted lipid metabolism. Our results gave a new insight into the potentially negative impact of fish oil diet on health of middle-aged populations by changing gut microbiota and inducing inflammation as compared to soybean oil and lard diets.
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Effect of Aging on the Composition of Fecal Microbiota in Donors for FMT and Its Impact on Clinical Outcomes. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:1002-1008. [PMID: 28181098 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4449-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is emerging as an effective therapy for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (RCDI). Selecting an appropriate donor is vital to the success of FMT. However, the relationship between age of donors and the efficacy of FMT has not been examined to date. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of age of healthy donors on their fecal microbiota and assess the impact of these changes on the clinical efficacy of FMT. MATERIALS AND METHODS This IRB-approved prospective study enrolled donors who were deemed healthy for FMT after careful detailed screening for infectious diseases per institutional protocol. The study was conducted between January 2011 and October 2014. Fecal samples were processed and analyzed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Differences in relative abundance and diversity of the donor fecal microbiota were analyzed in donors above and below 60 years of age. Effect of fecal microbiota from donors of different age groups on the efficacy of FMT was also evaluated. RESULTS Twenty-eight healthy human subjects from ages 20-82 years were enrolled as donors for FMT. All patients receiving FMT from their respective donors had resolution of RCDI symptoms and had a negative C. difficile toxin test 4-12 weeks after FMT. Genomic analysis showed that the relative abundance of phylum Actinobacteria and family Bifidobacteriaceae was reduced in the donors ≥60 years of age (p < 0.05). However, Bacteroidetes-to-Fermicutes ratio did not demonstrate a significant change between the two groups. Furthermore, microbial diversity did not change significantly with advancing age. CONCLUSION These observations suggest that aging in healthy donors is associated with compositional alterations in the fecal microbiome without change in the overall microbial diversity. These changes do not seem to affect the clinical efficacy of FMT in RCDI patients over 12 months.
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What’s bugging your teen?—The microbiota and adolescent mental health. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 70:300-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Rodriguez C, Taminiau B, Korsak N, Avesani V, Van Broeck J, Brach P, Delmée M, Daube G. Longitudinal survey of Clostridium difficile presence and gut microbiota composition in a Belgian nursing home. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:229. [PMID: 27716140 PMCID: PMC5045619 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0848-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing age, several co-morbidities, environmental contamination, antibiotic exposure and other intestinal perturbations appear to be the greatest risk factors for C. difficile infection (CDI). Therefore, elderly care home residents are considered particularly vulnerable to the infection. The main objective of this study was to evaluate and follow the prevalence of C. difficile in 23 elderly care home residents weekly during a 4-month period. A C. difficile microbiological detection scheme was performed along with an overall microbial biodiversity study of the faeces content by 16S rRNA gene analysis. RESULTS Seven out of 23 (30.4 %) residents were (at least one week) positive for C. difficile. C. difficile was detected in 14 out of 30 diarrhoeal samples (43.7 %). The most common PCR-ribotype identified was 027. MLVA showed that there was a clonal dissemination of C. difficile strains within the nursing home residents. 16S-profiling analyses revealed that each resident has his own bacterial imprint, which was stable during the entire study. Significant changes were observed in C. difficile positive individuals in the relative abundance of a few bacterial populations, including Lachnospiraceae and Verrucomicrobiaceae. A decrease of Akkermansia in positive subjects to the bacterium was repeatedly found. CONCLUSIONS A high C. difficile colonisation in nursing home residents was found, with a predominance of the hypervirulent PCR-ribotype 027. Positive C. difficile status is not associated with microbiota richness or biodiversity reduction in this study. The link between Akkermansia, gut inflammation and C. difficile colonisation merits further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodriguez
- Food Science Department, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Bernard Taminiau
- Food Science Department, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Korsak
- Food Science Department, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Véronique Avesani
- National Reference Laboratory for Clostridium difficile, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Microbiology Unit, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Johan Van Broeck
- National Reference Laboratory for Clostridium difficile, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Microbiology Unit, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Brach
- Nursing Home Saint-Joséphine site de la Chaussée, ACIS, Theux, Belgium
| | - Michel Delmée
- National Reference Laboratory for Clostridium difficile, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Microbiology Unit, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Georges Daube
- Food Science Department, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Merchant HA, Liu F, Orlu Gul M, Basit AW. Age-mediated changes in the gastrointestinal tract. Int J Pharm 2016; 512:382-395. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Liu Y, Gibson GR, Walton GE. An In Vitro Approach to Study Effects of Prebiotics and Probiotics on the Faecal Microbiota and Selected Immune Parameters Relevant to the Elderly. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162604. [PMID: 27612304 PMCID: PMC5017648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging process leads to alterations of gut microbiota and modifications to the immune response, such changes may be associated with increased disease risk. Prebiotics and probiotics can modulate microbiome changes induced by aging; however, their effects have not been directly compared. The aim of this study was to use anaerobic batch culture fermenters to assess the impact of various fermentable carbohydrates and microorganisms on the gut microbiota and selected immune markers. Elderly volunteers were used as donors for these experiments to enable relevance to an aging population. The impact of fermentation supernatants on immune markers relevant to the elderly were assessed in vitro. Levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α in peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture supernatants were measured using flow cytometry. Trans-galactooligosaccharides (B-GOS) and inulin both stimulated bifidobacteria compared to other treatments (p<0.05). Fermentation supernatants taken from faecal batch cultures supplemented with B-GOS, inulin, B. bifidum, L. acidophilus and Ba. coagulans inhibited LPS induced TNF-α (p<0.05). IL-10 production, induced by LPS, was enhanced by fermentation supernatants from faecal batch cultures supplemented with B-GOS, inulin, B. bifidum, L. acidophilus, Ba. coagulans and Bac. thetaiotaomicron (p<0.05). To conclude, prebiotics and probiotics could lead to potentially beneficial effects to host health by targeting specific bacterial groups, increasing saccharolytic fermentation and decreasing inflammation associated with aging. Compared to probiotics, prebiotics led to greater microbiota modulation at the genus level within the fermenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Glenn R. Gibson
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma E. Walton
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Buret AG. Enteropathogen-Induced Microbiota Biofilm Disruptions and Post-Infectious Intestinal Inflammatory Disorders. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-016-0079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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81
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Buigues C, Fernández-Garrido J, Pruimboom L, Hoogland AJ, Navarro-Martínez R, Martínez-Martínez M, Verdejo Y, Mascarós MC, Peris C, Cauli O. Effect of a Prebiotic Formulation on Frailty Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060932. [PMID: 27314331 PMCID: PMC4926465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging can result in major changes in the composition and metabolic activities of bacterial populations in the gastrointestinal system and result in impaired function of the immune system. We assessed the efficacy of prebiotic Darmocare Pre(®) (Bonusan Besloten Vennootschap (BV), Numansdorp, The Netherlands) to evaluate whether the regular intake of this product can improve frailty criteria, functional status and response of the immune system in elderly people affected by the frailty syndrome. The study was a placebo-controlled, randomized, double blind design in sixty older participants aged 65 and over. The prebiotic product was composed of a mixture of inulin plus fructooligosaccharides and was compared with placebo (maltodextrin). Participants were randomized to a parallel group intervention of 13 weeks' duration with a daily intake of Darmocare Pre(®) or placebo. Either prebiotic or placebo were administered after breakfast (between 9-10 a.m.) dissolved in a glass of water carefully stirred just before drinking. The primary outcome was to study the effect on frailty syndrome. The secondary outcomes were effect on functional and cognitive behavior and sleep quality. Moreover, we evaluated whether prebiotic administration alters blood parameters (haemogram and biochemical analysis). The overall rate of frailty was not significantly modified by Darmocare Pre(®) administration. Nevertheless, prebiotic administration compared with placebo significantly improved two frailty criteria, e.g., exhaustion and handgrip strength (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). No significant effects were observed in functional and cognitive behavior or sleep quality. The use of novel therapeutic approaches influencing the gut microbiota-muscle-brain axis could be considered for treatment of the frailty syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Buigues
- Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain.
| | | | - Leo Pruimboom
- Natura Foundation, Numansdorp 3281 NC, The Netherlands.
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen 9712 CP, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Peris
- GeroResidencias La Saleta, Valencia 46015, Spain.
| | - Omar Cauli
- Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain.
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A single gene of a commensal microbe affects host susceptibility to enteric infection. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11606. [PMID: 27173141 PMCID: PMC5482719 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Indigenous microbes inside the host intestine maintain a complex self-regulating
community. The mechanisms by which gut microbes interact with intestinal pathogens
remain largely unknown. Here we identify a commensal Escherichia coli strain
whose expansion predisposes mice to infection by Vibrio cholerae, a human
pathogen. We refer to this strain as ‘atypical’ E. coli
(atEc) because of its inability to ferment lactose. The atEc
strain is resistant to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proliferates extensively in
antibiotic-treated adult mice. V. cholerae infection is more severe in
neonatal mice transplanted with atEc compared with those transplanted with a
typical E. coli strain. Intestinal ROS levels are decreased in
atEc-transplanted mice, favouring proliferation of ROS-sensitive V.
cholerae. An atEc mutant defective in ROS degradation fails to
facilitate V. cholerae infection when transplanted, suggesting that host
infection susceptibility can be regulated by a single gene product of one particular
commensal species. The interactions between gut bacteria and enteric pathogens are poorly
understood. Here, Yoon et al. show that subinhibitory antibiotic treatment in a
mouse model leads to overgrowth of an E. coli strain carrying a catalase-encoding
gene that enhances infection with the human pathogen Vibrio cholerae.
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McVey Neufeld KA, Luczynski P, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Reframing the Teenage Wasteland: Adolescent Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2016; 61:214-21. [PMID: 27254413 PMCID: PMC4794958 DOI: 10.1177/0706743716635536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human adolescence is arguably one of the most challenging periods of development. The young adult is exposed to a variety of stressors and environmental stimuli on a backdrop of significant physiological change and development, which is especially apparent in the brain. It is therefore unsurprising that many psychiatric disorders are first observable during this time. The human intestine is inhabited by trillions of microorganisms, and evidence from both preclinical and clinical research focusing on the established microbiota-gut-brain axis suggests that the etiology and pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders may be influenced by intestinal dysbiosis. Provocatively, many if not all of the challenges faced by the developing teen have a documented impact on these intestinal commensal microbiota. In this review, we briefly summarize what is known about the developing adolescent brain and intestinal microbiota, discuss recent research investigating the microbiota-gut-brain axis during puberty, and propose that pre- and probiotics may prove useful in both the prevention and treatment of psychiatric disorders specifically benefitting the young adult.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Conley MN, Wong CP, Duyck KM, Hord N, Ho E, Sharpton TJ. Aging and serum MCP-1 are associated with gut microbiome composition in a murine model. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1854. [PMID: 27069796 PMCID: PMC4824877 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Age is the primary risk factor for major human chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, cancer, type 2 diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Chronic, low-grade, systemic inflammation is associated with aging and the progression of immunosenescence. Immunosenescence may play an important role in the development of age-related chronic disease and the widely observed phenomenon of increased production of inflammatory mediators that accompany this process, referred to as “inflammaging.” While it has been demonstrated that the gut microbiome and immune system interact, the relationship between the gut microbiome and age remains to be clearly defined, particularly in the context of inflammation. The aim of our study was to clarify the associations between age, the gut microbiome, and pro-inflammatory marker serum MCP-1 in a C57BL/6 murine model. Results. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to profile the composition of fecal microbiota associated with young and aged mice. Our analysis identified an association between microbiome structure and mouse age and revealed specific groups of taxa whose abundances stratify young and aged mice. This includes the Ruminococcaceae, Clostridiaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae. We also profiled pro-inflammatory serum MCP-1 levels of each mouse and found that aged mice exhibited elevated serum MCP-1, a phenotype consistent with inflammaging. Robust correlation tests identified several taxa whose abundance in the microbiome associates with serum MCP-1 status, indicating that they may interact with the mouse immune system. We find that taxonomically similar organisms can exhibit differing, even opposite, patterns of association with the host immune system. We also find that many of the OTUs that associate with serum MCP-1 stratify individuals by age. Discussion. Our results demonstrate that gut microbiome composition is associated with age and the pro-inflammatory marker, serum MCP-1. The correlation between age, relative abundance of specific taxa in the gut microbiome, and serum MCP-1 status in mice indicates that the gut microbiome may play a modulating role in age-related inflammatory processes. These findings warrant further investigation of taxa associated with the inflammaging phenotype and the role of gut microbiome in the health status and immune function of aged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N Conley
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Center for Health Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Carmen P Wong
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR , United States
| | - Kyle M Duyck
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR , United States
| | - Norman Hord
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Center for Health Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Emily Ho
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Center for Health Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Moore Family Center for Whole Grain Foods, Nutrition and Preventive Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Thomas J Sharpton
- Center for Health Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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Gullón B, Gullón P, Tavaria FK, Yáñez R. Assessment of the prebiotic effect of quinoa and amaranth in the human intestinal ecosystem. Food Funct 2016; 7:3782-3788. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00924g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Quinoa and amaranth belong to the group of the so called “superfoods” and have a nutritional composition that confers multiple benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Gullón
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Institute of Technology
- University of Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - Patricia Gullón
- Chemical & Environmental Engineering Department
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian
- Spain
| | - Freni K. Tavaria
- CBQF – Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto
- 4202-401 Porto
- Portugal
| | - Remedios Yáñez
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Science
- University of Vigo (Campus Ourense)
- 32004 Ourense
- Spain
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article summarizes our current knowledge of changes in the intestinal microbiota in elderly people and centenarians. RECENT FINDINGS Age-related processes comprise specific changes in the intestinal microbiota and related metabolic alterations. They result in 'inflamm-aging', which is associated with age-related inflammatory processes and diseases, including cachexia, frailty, cancer, and metabolic as well as neurological diseases. Age-related microbial changes consist of an increase in proteolytic bacteria and a decrease in saccharolytic bacteria. These changes are associated with sarcopenia and longevity, and might be attenuated by pre and probiotics. These findings could explain, at least in part, why probiotics have been successfully used in elderly people for the treatment of respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, and for the enhancement of vaccination responses. SUMMARY The intestinal microbiota changes with age. These changes are of relevance in regard to morbidity and mortality in the elderly population. Dietetic (probiotics, prebiotics) and other lifestyle interventions might delay, or even reverse, such alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan C Bischoff
- Institute of Clinical Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Leis S, Borody TJ, Jiang C, Campbell J. Fecal microbiota transplantation: A ‘How-To’ guide for nurses. Collegian 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colegn.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Nagpal R, Ogata K, Tsuji H, Matsuda K, Takahashi T, Nomoto K, Suzuki Y, Kawashima K, Nagata S, Yamashiro Y. Sensitive quantification of Clostridium perfringens in human feces by quantitative real-time PCR targeting alpha-toxin and enterotoxin genes. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:219. [PMID: 26482797 PMCID: PMC4615878 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0561-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridium perfringens is a widespread pathogen, but the precise quantification of this subdominant gut microbe remains difficult due to its low fecal count (particularly in asymptomatic subjects) and also due to the presence of abundant polymerase-inhibitory substances in human feces. Also, information on the intestinal carriage of toxigenic C. perfringens strains in healthy subjects is sparse. Therefore, we developed a sensitive quantitative real-time PCR assays for quantification of C. perfringens in human feces by targeting its α-toxin and enterotoxin genes. To validate the assays, we finally observed the occurrence of α-toxigenic and enterotoxigenic C. perfringens in the fecal microbiota of healthy Japanese infants and young adults. METHODS The plc-specific qPCR assay was newly validated, while primers for 16S rRNA and cpe genes were retrieved from literature. The assays were validated for specificity and sensitivity in pre-inoculated fecal samples, and were finally applied to quantify C. perfringens in stool samples from apparently healthy infants (n 124) and young adults (n 221). RESULTS The qPCR assays were highly specific and sensitive, with a minimum detection limit of 10(3) bacterial cells/g feces. Alpha-toxigenic C. perfringens was detected in 36% infants and 33% adults, with counts ranging widely (10(3)-10(7) bacterial cells/g). Intriguingly, the mean count of α-toxigenic C. perfringens was significantly higher in infants (6.0±1.5 log10 bacterial cells/g), as compared to that in adults (4.8±1.2). Moreover, the prevalence of enterotoxigenic C. perfringens was also found to be significantly higher in infants, as compared to that in adults. The mean enterotoxigenic C. perfringens count was 5.9±1.9 and 4.8±0.8 log10 bacterial cells/g in infants and adults, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that some healthy infants and young adults carry α-toxigenic and enterotoxigenic C. perfringens at significant levels, and may be predisposed to related diseases. Thus, high fecal carriage of toxigenic C. perfringens in healthy children warrants further investigation on its potential sources and clinical significance in these subjects. In summary, we present a novel qPCR assay for sensitive and accurate quantification of α-toxigenic and enterotoxigenic C. perfringens in human feces, which should facilitate prospective studies of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Nagpal
- Probiotics Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | - Kazunori Matsuda
- Yakult Honsha European Research Center for Microbiology, Ghent-Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Yoshio Suzuki
- Department of Sports Science, Juntendo University School of Health and Sports Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
| | | | - Satoru Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuichiro Yamashiro
- Probiotics Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Becker-Dreps S, Allali I, Monteagudo A, Vilchez S, Hudgens MG, Rogawski ET, Carroll IM, Zambrana LE, Espinoza F, Azcarate-Peril MA. Gut Microbiome Composition in Young Nicaraguan Children During Diarrhea Episodes and Recovery. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:1187-93. [PMID: 26350452 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how the gut microbiota is affected by diarrhea episodes may help explain alterations in intestinal function among children in low-income settings. This study examined the composition of the gut microbiome of Nicaraguan children both during diarrhea episodes and while free of diarrhea for at least 2 months. Relative abundances of bacterial taxa, phylogenetic diversity, and species richness were determined by 16S amplicon sequencing and compared between paired diarrhea and recovery samples. A total of 66 stools were provided by 25 children enrolled in a 1-year cohort study of diarrhea etiologies. Children in our cohort had a mean age of 21.9 months; 64% were breast-fed, and 10% had received an antibiotic during the diarrhea episode. Overall, phylogenetic diversity and species richness did not differ significantly between diarrhea and recovery stools. However, of children who had a bacterial enteropathogen detected in any diarrhea stool, none experienced an increase in phylogenetic diversity in recovery, whereas of those in whom no bacterial enteropathogens were detected in their diarrhea stool(s), 59% experienced an increase in phylogenetic diversity in recovery (P = 0.008). This preliminary study suggests that recovery of the gut microbiota after a diarrhea episode may take longer time than previously thought and may be pathogen specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Microbiome Core Facility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Center for Demographic and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Imane Allali
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Microbiome Core Facility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Center for Demographic and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Andrea Monteagudo
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Microbiome Core Facility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Center for Demographic and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Samuel Vilchez
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Microbiome Core Facility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Center for Demographic and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael G Hudgens
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Microbiome Core Facility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Center for Demographic and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Elizabeth T Rogawski
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Microbiome Core Facility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Center for Demographic and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ian M Carroll
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Microbiome Core Facility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Center for Demographic and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Luis Enrique Zambrana
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Microbiome Core Facility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Center for Demographic and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Felix Espinoza
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Microbiome Core Facility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Center for Demographic and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - M Andrea Azcarate-Peril
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Microbiome Core Facility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Center for Demographic and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Vincent C, Manges AR. Antimicrobial Use, Human Gut Microbiota and Clostridium difficile Colonization and Infection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2015; 4:230-53. [PMID: 27025623 PMCID: PMC4790283 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics4030230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the most important cause of nosocomial diarrhea. Broad-spectrum antimicrobials have profound detrimental effects on the structure and diversity of the indigenous intestinal microbiota. These alterations often impair colonization resistance, allowing the establishment and proliferation of C. difficile in the gut. Studies involving animal models have begun to decipher the precise mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiota mediates colonization resistance against C. difficile and numerous investigations have described gut microbiota alterations associated with C. difficile colonization or infection in human subjects. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a highly effective approach for the treatment of recurrent CDI that allows the restoration of a healthy intestinal ecosystem via infusion of fecal material from a healthy donor. The recovery of the intestinal microbiota after FMT has been examined in a few reports and work is being done to develop custom bacterial community preparations that could be used as a replacement for fecal material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Vincent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Amee R Manges
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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92
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Nyangale EP, Farmer S, Cash HA, Keller D, Chernoff D, Gibson GR. Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 Modulates Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Older Men and Women. J Nutr 2015; 145:1446-52. [PMID: 25948780 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.199802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advancing age is linked to a decrease in beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium spp. and reduced aspects of innate immune function. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether daily consumption of a probiotic [Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 (BC30); GanedenBC(30)] could improve immune function and gut function in men and women aged 65-80 y, using a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. METHOD Thirty-six volunteers were recruited and randomly assigned to receive either a placebo (microcrystalline cellulose) or the probiotic BC30 (1 × 10(9) colony-forming units/capsule). Volunteers consumed 1 treatment capsule per day for 28 d, followed by a 21-d washout period before switching to the other treatment. Blood and fecal samples were collected at the beginning and end of each treatment period. Fecal samples were used to enumerate bacterial groups and concentrations of calprotectin. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were extracted from whole blood to assess natural killer cell activity and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cytokine production. C-reactive protein concentrations were measured in plasma. RESULTS Consumption of BC30 significantly increased populations of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii by 0.1 log10 cells/mL more than during consumption of the placebo (P = 0.03), whereas populations of Bacillus spp. increased significantly by 0.5 log10 cells/mL from baseline in volunteers who consumed BC30 (P = 0.007). LPS-stimulated PBMCs showed a 0.2 ng/mL increase in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 28 d after consumption of BC30 (P < 0.05), whereas the placebo did not affect IL-10, and no overall difference was found in the effect of the treatments. CONCLUSIONS Daily consumption of BC30 by adults aged 65-80 y can increase beneficial groups of bacteria in the human gut and potentially increase production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. This study shows the potential benefits of a probiotic to improve dysbiosis via modulation of the microbiota in older persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna P Nyangale
- Food Microbial Sciences Unit, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom;
| | | | | | | | | | - Glenn R Gibson
- Food Microbial Sciences Unit, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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93
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Carrillo-Larco RM, Miranda JJ, Bernabé-Ortiz A. Delivery by caesarean section and risk of childhood obesity: analysis of a Peruvian prospective cohort. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1046. [PMID: 26137427 PMCID: PMC4485704 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. We aimed to assess if Caesarean section is a risk factor for overnutrition in early- and late-childhood, and to assess the magnitude of the effect of child- versus family-related variables in these risk estimates. Methods. Longitudinal data from Peruvian children from the Young Lives Study was used. Outcomes assessed were overweight, obesity, overnutrition (overweight plus obesity), and central obesity (waist circumference) at the age 5 (first follow-up) and 7 (second follow-up) years. The exposure of interests was delivery by Caesarean section. Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using multivariable models adjusted for child-related (e.g., birth weight) and family-related (e.g., maternal nutritional status) variables. Results. At baseline, mean age was 11.7 (± 3.5) months and 50.1% were boys. Children born by Caesarean section were 15.6%. The 10.5% of the children were overweight and 2.4% were obese. For the obesity outcome, data from 6,038 and 9,625 children-years was included from baseline to the first and second follow-up, respectively. Compared to those who did not experience Caesarean delivery, the risk of having obesity was higher in the group born by Caesarean: RRs were higher at early-childhood (first follow-up: 2.25; 95% CI [1.36–3.74]) than later in life (second follow-up: 1.57; 95% CI [1.02–2.41]). Family-related variables had a greater effect in attenuating the risk estimates for obesity at the first, than at the second follow-up. Conclusion. Our results suggest a higher probability of developing obesity, but not overweight, among children born by Caesarean section delivery. The magnitude of risk estimates decreased over time, and family-related variables had a stronger effect on the risk estimates at early-childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo M Carrillo-Larco
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru ; School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru
| | - J Jaime Miranda
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru ; School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru
| | - Antonio Bernabé-Ortiz
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru ; Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas , Lima , Peru
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94
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Abstract
Purpose of review To provide an overview of the burden of norovirus disease in healthcare settings and the factors responsible for outbreaks in these institutions; to assess progress on interventions aimed at reducing the burden of norovirus disease. Recent findings Norovirus outbreaks in healthcare settings are driven by confluence of viral diversity, the built environment, and host factors. Some of these characteristics may be modifiable and the target of successful interventions. Summary Most norovirus outbreaks in hospital and residential care institutions are associated with a particular genotype, known as GII.4. The persistence of norovirus is associated with strain diversity, which is driven by immune evasion and viral adaptation to interaction with a variety of human histo-blood group antigens. The healthcare environment presents serious challenges for control, both because of the physical structure of the built space and the high levels of contact among patient populations who may have compromised hygiene. Increased vulnerability among the populations in healthcare institutions is likely to be multifactorial and may include the following: nutritional status, immunodeficiency or senescence, chronic inflammation, and microbiome alterations. Current control measures are based on general infection control principles, and treatment is mainly supportive and nonspecific. Vaccines and antiviral agents are being developed with promising results, but none are currently available.
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95
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Yuan ML, Dean SH, Longo AV, Rothermel BB, Tuberville TD, Zamudio KR. Kinship, inbreeding and fine-scale spatial structure influence gut microbiota in a hindgut-fermenting tortoise. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:2521-36. [PMID: 25809385 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herbivorous vertebrates rely on complex communities of mutualistic gut bacteria to facilitate the digestion of celluloses and hemicelluloses. Gut microbes are often convergent based on diet and gut morphology across a phylogenetically diverse group of mammals. However, little is known about microbial communities of herbivorous hindgut-fermenting reptiles. Here, we investigate how factors at the individual level might constrain the composition of gut microbes in an obligate herbivorous reptile. Using multiplexed 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we characterized the faecal microbial community of a population of gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) and examined how age, genetic diversity, spatial structure and kinship influence differences among individuals. We recovered phylotypes associated with known cellulolytic function, including candidate phylum Termite Group 3, suggesting their importance for gopher tortoise digestion. Although host genetic structure did not explain variation in microbial composition and community structure, we found that fine-scale spatial structure, inbreeding, degree of relatedness and possibly ontogeny shaped patterns of diversity in faecal microbiomes of gopher tortoises. Our findings corroborate widespread convergence of faecal-associated microbes based on gut morphology and diet and demonstrate the role of spatial and demographic structure in driving differentiation of gut microbiota in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Yuan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853-2701, USA; Archbold Biological Station, Venus, FL, 33960, USA
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96
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Presence of galactooligosaccharides and furosine in special dairy products designed for elderly people. Food Chem 2015; 172:481-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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97
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Chen H, Zheng X, Zheng Y. Age-associated loss of lamin-B leads to systemic inflammation and gut hyperplasia. Cell 2015; 159:829-43. [PMID: 25417159 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Aging of immune organs, termed as immunosenescence, is suspected to promote systemic inflammation and age-associated disease. The cause of immunosenescence and how it promotes disease, however, has remained unclear. We report that the Drosophila fat body, a major immune organ, undergoes immunosenescence and mounts strong systemic inflammation that leads to deregulation of immune deficiency (IMD) signaling in the midgut of old animals. Inflamed old fat bodies secrete circulating peptidoglycan recognition proteins that repress IMD activity in the midgut, thereby promoting gut hyperplasia. Further, fat body immunosenecence is caused by age-associated lamin-B reduction specifically in fat body cells, which then contributes to heterochromatin loss and derepression of genes involved in immune responses. As lamin-associated heterochromatin domains are enriched for genes involved in immune response in both Drosophila and mammalian cells, our findings may provide insights into the cause and consequence of immunosenescence during mammalian aging. PAPERFLICK:
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Chen
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Xiaobin Zheng
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Yixian Zheng
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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98
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Bell ET, Suchodolski JS, Isaiah A, Fleeman LM, Cook AK, Steiner JM, Mansfield CS. Faecal microbiota of cats with insulin-treated diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108729. [PMID: 25279695 PMCID: PMC4184829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms within the gastrointestinal tract significantly influence metabolic processes within their mammalian host, and recently several groups have sought to characterise the gastrointestinal microbiota of individuals affected by metabolic disease. Differences in the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota have been reported in mouse models of type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as in human patients. Diabetes mellitus in cats has many similarities to type 2 diabetes in humans. No studies of the gastrointestinal microbiota of diabetic cats have been previously published. The objectives of this study were to compare the composition of the faecal microbiota of diabetic and non-diabetic cats, and secondarily to determine if host signalment and dietary factors influence the composition of the faecal microbiota in cats. Faecal samples were collected from insulin-treated diabetic and non-diabetic cats, and Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and quantitative PCR were performed on each sample. ANOSIM based on the unweighted UniFrac distance metric identified no difference in the composition of the faecal microbiota between diabetic and non-diabetic cats, and no significant differences in the proportions of dominant bacteria by phylum, class, order, family or genus as determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing were identified between diabetic and non-diabetic cats. qPCR identified a decrease in Faecalibacterium spp. in cats aged over ten years. Cat breed or gender, dietary carbohydrate, protein or fat content, and dietary formulation (wet versus dry food) did not affect the composition of the faecal microbiota. In conclusion, the composition of the faecal microbiota was not altered by the presence of diabetes mellitus in cats. Additional studies that compare the functional products of the microbiota in diabetic and non-diabetic cats are warranted to further investigate the potential impact of the gastrointestinal microbiota on metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin T. Bell
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study (TRACTS) Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anitha Isaiah
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Audrey K. Cook
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Caroline S. Mansfield
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study (TRACTS) Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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99
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Lees H, Swann J, Poucher SM, Nicholson JK, Holmes E, Wilson ID, Marchesi JR. Age and microenvironment outweigh genetic influence on the Zucker rat microbiome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100916. [PMID: 25232735 PMCID: PMC4169429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models are invaluable tools which allow us to investigate the microbiome-host dialogue. However, experimental design introduces biases in the data that we collect, also potentially leading to biased conclusions. With obesity at pandemic levels animal models of this disease have been developed; we investigated the role of experimental design on one such rodent model. We used 454 pyrosequencing to profile the faecal bacteria of obese (n = 6) and lean (homozygous n = 6; heterozygous n = 6) Zucker rats over a 10 week period, maintained in mixed-genotype cages, to further understand the relationships between the composition of the intestinal bacteria and age, obesity progression, genetic background and cage environment. Phylogenetic and taxon-based univariate and multivariate analyses (non-metric multidimensional scaling, principal component analysis) showed that age was the most significant source of variation in the composition of the faecal microbiota. Second to this, cage environment was found to clearly impact the composition of the faecal microbiota, with samples from animals from within the same cage showing high community structure concordance, but large differences seen between cages. Importantly, the genetically induced obese phenotype was not found to impact the faecal bacterial profiles. These findings demonstrate that the age and local environmental cage variables were driving the composition of the faecal bacteria and were more deterministically important than the host genotype. These findings have major implications for understanding the significance of functional metagenomic data in experimental studies and beg the question; what is being measured in animal experiments in which different strains are housed separately, nature or nurture?
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Lees
- Section of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Swann
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Simon M. Poucher
- Cardiovascular and Gastro-Intestinal Disorders Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Alderley Park, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy K. Nicholson
- Section of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Section of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian D. Wilson
- Section of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian R. Marchesi
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centre for Digestive and Gut Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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100
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Prevention and Control of Diseases by Use of Pro- and Prebiotics (Synbiotics). FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2014.929142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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