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Lee YS, Woo JB, Ryu SI, Moon SK, Han NS, Lee SB. Glucosylation of flavonol and flavanones by Bacillus cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase to enhance their solubility and stability. Food Chem 2017; 229:75-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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52
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Jung HA, Paudel P, Seong SH, Min BS, Choi JS. Structure-related protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibition by naringenin derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2274-2280. [PMID: 28454670 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring flavonoids co-exist as glycoside conjugates, which dominate aglycones in their content. To unveil the structure-activity relationship of a naturally occurring flavonoid, we investigated the effects of the glycosylation of naringenin on the inhibition of enzyme systems related to diabetes (protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and α-glycosidase) and on glucose uptake in the insulin-resistant state. Among the tested naringenin derivatives, prunin, a single-glucose-containing flavanone glycoside, potently inhibited PTP1B with an IC50 value of 17.5±2.6µM. Naringenin, which lacks a sugar molecule, was the weakest inhibitor compared to the reference compound, ursolic acid (IC50: 5.4±0.30µM). In addition, prunin significantly enhanced glucose uptake in a dose-dependent manner in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. Regarding the inhibition of α-glucosidase, naringenin exhibited more potent inhibitory activity (IC50: 10.6±0.49µM) than its glycosylated forms and the reference inhibitor, acarbose (IC50: 178.0±0.27µM). Among the glycosides, only prunin (IC50: 106.5±4.1µM) was more potent than the positive control. A molecular docking study revealed that prunin had lower binding energy and higher binding affinity than glycosides with higher numbers of H-bonds, suggesting that prunin is the best fit to the PTP1B active site cavity. Therefore, in addition to the number of H-bonds present, possible factors affecting the protein binding and PTP1B inhibition of flavanones include their fit to the active site, hydrogen-bonding affinity, Van der Waals interactions, H-bond distance, and H-bond stability. Furthermore, this study clearly depicted the association of the intensity of bioactivity with the arrangement and characterization of the sugar moiety on the flavonoid skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ah Jung
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Pradeep Paudel
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hui Seong
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Sun Min
- College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan 712-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sue Choi
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea.
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53
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Boonpawa R, Spenkelink A, Punt A, Rietjens IMCM. Physiologically based kinetic modeling of hesperidin metabolism and its use to predict in vivo effective doses in humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28218440 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE To develop a physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model that describes the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of hesperidin in humans, enabling the translation of in vitro concentration-response curves to in vivo dose-response curves. METHODS AND RESULTS The PBK model for hesperidin in humans was developed based on in vitro metabolic parameters. Hesperidin was predicted to mainly occur in the systemic circulation as different monoglucuronides. The plasma concentrations of hesperidin aglycone (hesperetin) was predicted to be <0.02 mg/L at an oral dose of 50 mg/kg bw. The developed PBK model allowed conversion of in vitro concentration-response curves for different effects to in vivo dose-response curves. The BMD05 (benchmark dose for 5% response) values for protein kinase A inhibition ranged between 135 and 529 mg/kg bw hesperidin, and for inhibition of endothelial cell migration and prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide production ranged between 2.19 and 44 mg/kg bw hesperidin. These values are in line with reported human data showing in vivo effects by hesperidin and show that these effects may occur at Western dietary and supplementary intake of hesperidin. CONCLUSIONS The developed PBK model adequately predicts absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of hesperidin in humans and allows to evaluate the human in vivo situation without the need for human intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungnapa Boonpawa
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albertus Spenkelink
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ans Punt
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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54
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Williamson G, Clifford MN. Role of the small intestine, colon and microbiota in determining the metabolic fate of polyphenols. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 139:24-39. [PMID: 28322745 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
(Poly)phenols are a large group of compounds, found in food, beverages, dietary supplements and herbal medicines. Owing to interest in their biological activities, absorption and metabolism of the most abundant compounds in humans are well understood. Both the chemical structure of the phenolic moiety and any attached chemical groups define whether the polyphenol is absorbed in the small intestine, or reaches the colon and is subject to extensive catabolism by colonic microbiota. Untransformed substrates may be absorbed, appearing in plasma primarily as methylated, sulfated and glucuronidated derivatives, with in some cases the unchanged substrate. Many of the catabolites are well absorbed from the colon and appear in the plasma either similarly conjugated, or as glycine conjugates, or in some cases unchanged. Although many (poly)phenol catabolites have been identified in human plasma and/or urine, the exact pathways from substrate to final microbial catabolite, and the species of bacteria and enzymes involved, are still scarcely reported. While it is clear that the composition of the human gut microbiota can be modulated in vivo by supplementation with some (poly)phenol-rich commodities, such modulation is definitely not an inevitable consequence of supplementation; it depends on the treatment, length of time and on the individual metabotype, and it is not clear whether the modulation is sustained when supplementation ceases. Some catabolites have been recorded in plasma of volunteers at concentrations similar to those shown to be effective in in vitro studies suggesting that some benefit may be achieved in vivo by diets yielding such catabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Williamson
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Michael N Clifford
- School of Bioscience and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
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55
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Kay CD, Pereira-Caro G, Ludwig IA, Clifford MN, Crozier A. Anthocyanins and Flavanones Are More Bioavailable than Previously Perceived: A Review of Recent Evidence. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2017; 8:155-180. [PMID: 28125348 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030216-025636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review considers recent investigations on the bioavailability of anthocyanins and flavanones. Both flavonoids are significant dietary components and are considered to be poorly bioavailable, as only low levels of phase II metabolites appear in the circulatory system and are excreted in urine. However, when lower molecular weight phenolic and aromatic ring-fission catabolites, produced primarily by the action of the colonic microbiota, are taken into account, it is evident that anthocyanins and flavanones are much more bioavailable than previously envisaged. The metabolic events to which these flavonoids are subjected as they pass along the gastrointestinal tract and are absorbed into the circulatory system prior to their rapid elimination by renal excretion are highlighted. Studies on the impact of other food components and the probiotic intake on flavonoid bioavailability are summarized, as is the bioactivity of metabolites and catabolites assayed using a variety of in vitro model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin D Kay
- Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081
| | - Gema Pereira-Caro
- Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fishery Research and Training, IFAPA, Alameda del Obispo, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Iziar A Ludwig
- Department of Food Technology, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Michael N Clifford
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 5XH, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Crozier
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270;
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56
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Identification of Naringin Metabolites in Human Urine and Feces. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 42:647-656. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-016-0380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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57
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Van Rymenant E, Abrankó L, Tumova S, Grootaert C, Van Camp J, Williamson G, Kerimi A. Chronic exposure to short-chain fatty acids modulates transport and metabolism of microbiome-derived phenolics in human intestinal cells. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 39:156-168. [PMID: 27840292 PMCID: PMC5756543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fiber-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and phenolics produced by the gut microbiome have multiple effects on health. We have tested the hypothesis that long-term exposure to physiological concentrations of SCFA can affect the transport and metabolism of (poly)phenols by the intestinal epithelium using the Caco-2 cell model. Metabolites and conjugates of hesperetin (HT) and ferulic acid (FA), gut-derived from dietary hesperidin and chlorogenic acid, respectively, were quantified by LC-MS with authentic standards following transport across differentiated cell monolayers. Changes in metabolite levels were correlated with effects on mRNA and protein expression of key enzymes and transporters. Propionate and butyrate increased both FA transport and rate of appearance of FA glucuronide apically and basolaterally, linked to an induction of MCT1. Propionate was the only SCFA that augmented the rate of formation of basolateral FA sulfate conjugates, possibly via basolateral transporter up-regulation. In addition, propionate enhanced the formation of HT glucuronide conjugates and increased HT sulfate efflux toward the basolateral compartment. Acetate treatment amplified transepithelial transport of FA in the apical to basolateral direction, associated with lower levels of MCT1 protein expression. Metabolism and transport of both HT and FA were curtailed by the organic acid lactate owing to a reduction of UGT1A1 protein levels. Our data indicate a direct interaction between microbiota-derived metabolites of (poly)phenols and SCFA through modulation of transporters and conjugating enzymes and increase our understanding of how dietary fiber, via the microbiome, may affect and enhance uptake of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Van Rymenant
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - László Abrankó
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Sarka Tumova
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Charlotte Grootaert
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - John Van Camp
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Gary Williamson
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Asimina Kerimi
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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58
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Aschoff JK, Riedl KM, Cooperstone JL, Högel J, Bosy-Westphal A, Schwartz SJ, Carle R, Schweiggert RM. Urinary excretion of Citrus flavanones and their major catabolites after consumption of fresh oranges and pasteurized orange juice: A randomized cross-over study. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:2602-2610. [PMID: 27488098 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Orange juice contains flavanones including hesperidin and narirutin, albeit at lower concentrations as compared to orange fruit. Therefore, we compared bioavailability and colonic catabolism of flavanones from orange juice to a 2.4-fold higher dose from fresh oranges. METHODS AND RESULTS Following a randomized two-way cross-over design, 12 healthy subjects consumed a test meal comprising either fresh oranges or pasteurized orange juice, delivering 1774 and 751 μmol of total Citrus flavanones, respectively. Deglucuronidated and desulfated hesperetin, naringenin, and the flavanone catabolites 3-(3'-hydroxy-4'-methoxyphenyl)propionic acid, 3-(3'-hydroxyphenyl)hydracrylic acid, 4-hydroxyhippuric acid, and hippuric acid were quantitated in 24-h urine by UHPLC-MS/MS. Differences in urinary hesperetin excretion were found to be nonsignificant (p = 0.5209) both after consumption of orange fruit (21.6 ± 8.0 μmol) and juice (18.3 ± 7.2 μmol). By analogy, postprandial flavanone catabolite excretions were highly similar between treatments. Excretion of 3-(3'-hydroxy-4'-methoxyphenyl)propionic acid was inversely related to that of hesperetin, illustrating the catabolite/precursor relationship. CONCLUSION Despite 2.4-fold higher doses, excretion of flavanones from ingested fresh orange fruit did not differ from that following orange juice consumption, possibly due to a saturation of absorption or their entrapment in the fiber-rich matrix of the fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian K Aschoff
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ken M Riedl
- Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jessica L Cooperstone
- Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Josef Högel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Reinhold Carle
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.,Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ralf M Schweiggert
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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59
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Xiang H, Zhang L, Song J, Fan B, Nie Y, Bai D, Lei H. The Profiling and Identification of the Absorbed Constituents and Metabolites of Guizhi Decoction in Rat Plasma and Urine by Rapid Resolution Liquid Chromatography Combined with Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091409. [PMID: 27626411 PMCID: PMC5037689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Guizhi decoction (GZD), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription consisting of Ramulus Cinnamomi, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Fructus Jujubae and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens, is usually used for the treatment of common colds, influenza, and other pyretic conditions in the clinic. However, the absorbed ingredients and metabolic compounds of GZD have not been reported. In this paper, a method incorporating rapid resolution liquid chromatography (RRLC) with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS) was used to identify ingredients after oral administration of GZD. Identification of the primary components in GZD, drug-containing serum and urine samples was carried out in order to investigate the assimilation and metabolites of the decoction in vivo. By comparing the total ion chromatograms (TICs) of GZD, a total of 71 constituents were detected or characterized. By comparing TICs of blank and dosed rat plasma, a total of 15 constituents were detected and identified as prototypes according to their retention time (tR) and MS, MS/MS data. Based on this, neutral loss scans of 80 and 176 Da in samples of rat plasma and urine helped us to identify most of the metabolites. Results showed that the predominant metabolic pathways of (epi) catechin and gallic acid were sulfation, methylation, glucuronidation and dehydroxylation; the major metabolic pathways of flavone were hydrolysis, sulfation and glucuronidation. Furthermore, degradation, oxidation and ring fission were found to often occur in the metabolism process of GZD in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Xiang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Lishi Zhang
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Jiannan Song
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Bin Fan
- China Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Yinglan Nie
- China Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Dong Bai
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Haimin Lei
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
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60
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Pereira-Caro G, Ludwig IA, Polyviou T, Malkova D, García A, Moreno-Rojas JM, Crozier A. Identification of Plasma and Urinary Metabolites and Catabolites Derived from Orange Juice (Poly)phenols: Analysis by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5724-5735. [PMID: 27339035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Orange juice is a rich source of (poly)phenols, in particular, the flavanones hesperetin-7-O-rutinoside and naringenin-7-O-rutinoside. Following the acute consumption of 500 mL of orange juice containing 398 μmol of (poly)phenols by 12 volunteers, 0-24 h plasma and urine samples were analyzed by targeted high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry in order to identify flavanone metabolites and phenolic acid and aromatic catabolites. A total of 19 flavanone metabolites-comprising di-O-glucuronide, O-glucuronide, O-glucuronyl-sulfate, and sulfate derivatives of hesperetin, naringenin, and eriodictyol-and 65 microbial-derived phenolic catabolites, such as phenylpropanoid, phenylpropionic, phenylacetic, benzoic, and hydroxycarboxylic acids and benzenetriol and benzoylglycine derivatives, including free phenolics and phase II sulfate, glucuronide, and methyl metabolites, were identified or partially identified in plasma and/or urine samples. The data obtained provide a detailed evaluation of the fate of orange juice (poly)phenols as they pass through the gastrointestinal tract and are absorbed into the circulatory system prior to renal excretion. Potential pathways for these conversions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Pereira-Caro
- Postharvest Technology and Agrifood Industry Area, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fishery Research and Training (IFAPA) Alameda del Obispo, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Iziar A Ludwig
- Department of Food Technology, Universitat de Lleida , 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Thelma Polyviou
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Science, and School of Medicine, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Dalia Malkova
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Science, and School of Medicine, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Ada García
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Science, and School of Medicine, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - José Manuel Moreno-Rojas
- Postharvest Technology and Agrifood Industry Area, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fishery Research and Training (IFAPA) Alameda del Obispo, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alan Crozier
- Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis , Davis, California 95616-5270, United States
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61
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Liu D, Wu J, Xie H, Liu M, Takau I, Zhang H, Xiong Y, Xia C. Inhibitory Effect of Hesperetin and Naringenin on Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Enzymes: Implications for Herb–Drug Interactions. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:2052-2059. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University
| | - Jie Wu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University
| | - Hongbo Xie
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University
| | - Mingyi Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University
| | - Isaiah Takau
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University
| | - Hong Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University
| | - Yuqing Xiong
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University
| | - Chunhua Xia
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University
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62
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Shen C, Qian Z, Chen R, Meng X, Hu T, Chen Z, Li Y, Huang C, Hu C, Li J. Single Dose Oral and Intravenous Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of a Novel Hesperetin Derivative MTBH in Rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 41:675-688. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-015-0293-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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63
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Identification of the absorbed components and metabolites of Zhi-Zi-Da-Huang decoction in rat plasma by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 111:277-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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64
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Actis-Goretta L, Dew TP, Lévèques A, Pereira-Caro G, Rein M, Teml A, Schäfer C, Hofmann U, Schwab M, Eichelbaum M, Crozier A, Williamson G. Gastrointestinal absorption and metabolism of hesperetin-7-O
-rutinoside and hesperetin-7-O
-glucoside in healthy humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1651-62. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tristan P. Dew
- Faculty of Life Sciences; Bradford School of Pharmacy; University of Bradford; Bradford UK
| | | | - Gema Pereira-Caro
- Department of Technology; Postharvest and Food Industry; IFAPA-Alameda del Obispo; Córdoba Spain
| | - Maarit Rein
- Nestlé Research Center; Nestec Ltd; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Alexander Teml
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Christian Schäfer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Robert Bosch Hospital; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Ute Hofmann
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; University Hospital Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Michel Eichelbaum
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Alan Crozier
- Department of Nutrition; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Gary Williamson
- School of Food Science and Nutrition; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
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65
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Clemens R, Drewnowski A, Ferruzzi MG, Toner CD, Welland D. Squeezing fact from fiction about 100% fruit juice. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:236S-243S. [PMID: 25770266 PMCID: PMC4352186 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.007328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Total fruit intake in the United States is ~1 cup equivalent per day, or one-half of the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommendation for adults. Two-thirds of the fruit consumed is whole fruit and one-third is 100% juice. The nutritional value of whole fruit, with the exception of fiber and vitamin C, may be retained with appropriate juice production methods and storage conditions. One-hundred percent fruit juice consumption is associated with a number of health benefits, such as improved cardiovascular health and decreased obesity, although some of these and other potential benefits are controversial. Comprehensive analyses of the evidence by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics in 2014, the US Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee in 2010, and the Australian Dietary Guidelines of 2013 concluded that 100% fruit juice is not related to adiposity in children when consumed in appropriate amounts for age and energy needs. However, some reports suggest the consumption of fruit juice contributes to unhealthful outcomes, particularly among children. A dietary modeling study on the best ways to meet the fruit intake shortfall showed that a combination of whole fruit and 100% juice improved dietary density of potassium and vitamin C without significantly increasing total calories. Notably, 100% juice intake was capped at amounts consistent with the 2001 American Pediatric Association guidance. The preponderance of evidence supports the position that 100% fruit juice delivers essential nutrients and phytonutrients, provides year-round access to a variety of fruits, and is a cost-effective way to help people meet fruit recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Clemens
- Horn, La Mirada, CA; University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA; and California State University, Northridge, CA
| | - Adam Drewnowski
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, Seattle, WA
| | - Mario G Ferruzzi
- Department of Food Science and Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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Wang J, Gong A, Yang CF, Bao Q, Shi XY, Han BB, Wu XY, Wu FA. An effective biphase system accelerates hesperidinase-catalyzed conversion of rutin to isoquercitrin. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8682. [PMID: 25731802 PMCID: PMC4346833 DOI: 10.1038/srep08682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoquercitrin is a rare, natural ingredient with several biological activities that is a key precursor for the synthesis of enzymatically modified isoquercitrin (EMIQ). The enzymatic production of isoquercitrin from rutin catalyzed by hesperidinase is feasible; however, the bioprocess is hindered by low substrate concentration and a long reaction time. Thus, a novel biphase system consisting of [Bmim][BF4]:glycine-sodium hydroxide (pH 9) (10:90, v/v) and glyceryl triacetate (1:1, v/v) was initially established for isoquercitrin production. The biotransformation product was identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the bonding mechanism of the enzyme and substrate was inferred using circular dichroism spectra and kinetic parameters. The highest rutin conversion of 99.5% and isoquercitrin yield of 93.9% were obtained after 3 h. The reaction route is environmentally benign and mild, and the biphase system could be reused. The substrate concentration was increased 2.6-fold, the reaction time was reduced to three tenths the original time. The three-dimensional structure of hesperidinase was changed in the biphase system, which α-helix and random content were reduced and β-sheet content was increased. Thus, the developed biphase system can effectively strengthen the hesperidinase-catalyzed synthesis of isoquercitrin with high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang. 212018, P R China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang. 212018, P R China
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang. 212013, P R China
| | - An Gong
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang. 212018, P R China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang. 212018, P R China
| | - Cai-Feng Yang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang. 212018, P R China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang. 212018, P R China
| | - Qi Bao
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang. 212018, P R China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang. 212018, P R China
| | - Xin-Yi Shi
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang. 212018, P R China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang. 212018, P R China
| | - Bei-Bei Han
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang. 212018, P R China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang. 212018, P R China
| | - Xiang-Yang Wu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang. 212013, P R China
| | - Fu-An Wu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang. 212018, P R China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang. 212018, P R China
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Silveira JQ, Cesar TB, Manthey JA, Baldwin EA, Bai J, Raithore S. Pharmacokinetics of flavanone glycosides after ingestion of single doses of fresh-squeezed orange juice versus commercially processed orange juice in healthy humans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:12576-12584. [PMID: 25495754 DOI: 10.1021/jf5038163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Orange juice is a rich source of flavonoids considered beneficial to cardiovascular health in humans. The objective of this study was to analyze the pharmacokinetics of the main flavanone glycosides, hesperidin and narirutin, in humans after the consumption of two styles of orange juice, fresh-squeezed (FOJ) and commercially processed (POJ), differing in their amounts of soluble and insoluble forms of these compounds. Healthy human subjects consumed 11.5 mL/kg body weight of FOJ, and after an interval of 30 days, consumed the same quantity of POJ. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the Tmax of the pharmacokinetic curves for the metabolites of hesperidin and narirutin following the consumption of the two styles of juices, and corrected for differences in doses in the POJ and FOJ, there were also no significant differences in the AUC and Cmax values and percent absorption of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Q Silveira
- Food and Nutrition Department, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP , Rodovia Araraquara-Jau km1, Araraquara, SP 14801-902, Brazil
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68
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Naringenin (NAR) and 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN) reduce the developmental competence of porcine oocytes in vitro. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 49:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Tissue Distribution of Hesperetin in Rats after a Dietary Intake. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 75:1608-10. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Escudero-López B, Calani L, Fernández-Pachón MS, Ortega A, Brighenti F, Crozier A, Del Rio D. Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of fermented orange juice (poly)phenols in rats. Biofactors 2014; 40:327-35. [PMID: 24255025 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two milliliters of a fermented, pasteurized orange juice containing ~1% alcohol and 2.3 μmol of (poly)phenolic compounds was fed to rats by gavage after which plasma and urine collected over a 36 h period were analyzed by UHPLC-mass spectrometry. The main constituents in the juice were hesperetin and naringenin-O-glycosides, apigenin-6,8-C-diglucoside, and ferulic acid-4'-O-glucoside. Plasma contained seven flavanone glucuronides, with the principal metabolites, naringenin-7-O-glucuronide, naringenin-4'-O-glucuronide, and an isosakuranetin-O-glucuronide, peaking 6 h after intake at concentrations of ~10 nmol/L. Urinary excretion of four hesperetin glucuronides was equivalent to 0.28% of intake while that of the two naringenin glucuronides was 2.8% of intake. The plasma and urine data suggest that while some absorption occurred in the small intestine, the main site of uptake was the colon. Urine also contained dihydroferulic acid-4'-O-glucuronide and dihydroferulic acid-4'-O-sulfate which were excreted in quantities corresponding to 48.2% of the ingested ferulic acid-4'-glucoside. This indicates that the hydroxycinnamate is much more bioavailable than the flavanones in the rat model. Conversion of the ferulic acid glucoside to the dihydroferulic acid metabolites involves the action of colonic microbial glycosidases and reductases/hydrogenases followed by postabsorption phase II metabolism before renal excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Escudero-López
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Engineering, Area of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, Sevilla, Spain; Department of Food Science, The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Human Nutrition Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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71
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Seger C, Sturm S, Stuppner H. Mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy: modern high-end detectors for high resolution separation techniques--state of the art in natural product HPLC-MS, HPLC-NMR, and CE-MS hyphenations. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:970-87. [PMID: 23739842 DOI: 10.1039/c3np70015a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current natural product research is unthinkable without the use of high resolution separation techniques as high performance liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis (HPLC or CE respectively) combined with mass spectrometers (MS) or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers. These hyphenated instrumental analysis platforms (CE-MS, HPLC-MS or HPLC-NMR) are valuable tools for natural product de novo identification, as well as the authentication, distribution, and quantification of constituents in biogenic raw materials, natural medicines and biological materials obtained from model organisms, animals and humans. Moreover, metabolic profiling and metabolic fingerprinting applications can be addressed as well as pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic issues. This review provides an overview of latest technological developments, discusses the assets and drawbacks of the available hyphenation techniques, and describes typical analytical workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Seger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, CCB-Centrum of Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Bredsdorff L, Obel T, Dethlefsen C, Tjønneland A, Schmidt EB, Rasmussen SE, Overvad K. Urinary flavonoid excretion and risk of acute coronary syndrome in a nested case-control study. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:209-16. [PMID: 23697704 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.046169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies have suggested that a higher intake of flavonoids may be associated with lower risk of ischemic heart disease. However, the traditional estimation of flavonoid intake by using dietary assessment methods is affected by subjective measures. OBJECTIVE We examined whether the objective measurement of dietary flavonoids excreted in urine is associated with lower risk of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). DESIGN A case-control study was nested in the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort study. Cases were identified in participants who had received a first-time ACS diagnosis in the Danish National Patient Registry after the time of enrollment into the Diet, Cancer and Health study. The excretion of 10 flavonoids, which represent 5 subclasses, was measured in spot urine samples by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS A total of 393 eligible cases with ACS were identified and matched to 393 noncases by using incidence density sampling. For kaempferol, most of the individual ORs were statistically significant and from 42% to 61% lower when the higher 4 quintiles were compared with the lowest quintile. The P-trend was not significant. For daidzein, individual ORs were 5-38% lower. None of the individual ORs were significant, but the P-trend was 0.041. For the remaining flavonoids, there were no significant relations between urinary excretion and risk of ACS. CONCLUSIONS Except for kaempferol and daidzein, there were no significant associations between the urinary excretion of flavonoids and risk of ACS. A lack of relations may be a result of the use of short-term exposure measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Bredsdorff
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Søborg, Denmark.
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73
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Dall’Asta M, Derlindati E, Curella V, Mena P, Calani L, Ray S, Zavaroni I, Brighenti F, Del Rio D. Effects of naringenin and its phase II metabolites onin vitrohuman macrophage gene expression. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2013; 64:843-9. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2013.804039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Del Rio D, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Spencer JPE, Tognolini M, Borges G, Crozier A. Dietary (poly)phenolics in human health: structures, bioavailability, and evidence of protective effects against chronic diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1818-92. [PMID: 22794138 PMCID: PMC3619154 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1564] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human intervention trials have provided evidence for protective effects of various (poly)phenol-rich foods against chronic disease, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. While there are considerable data suggesting benefits of (poly)phenol intake, conclusions regarding their preventive potential remain unresolved due to several limitations in existing studies. Bioactivity investigations using cell lines have made an extensive use of both (poly)phenolic aglycones and sugar conjugates, these being the typical forms that exist in planta, at concentrations in the low-μM-to-mM range. However, after ingestion, dietary (poly)phenolics appear in the circulatory system not as the parent compounds, but as phase II metabolites, and their presence in plasma after dietary intake rarely exceeds nM concentrations. Substantial quantities of both the parent compounds and their metabolites pass to the colon where they are degraded by the action of the local microbiota, giving rise principally to small phenolic acid and aromatic catabolites that are absorbed into the circulatory system. This comprehensive review describes the different groups of compounds that have been reported to be involved in human nutrition, their fate in the body as they pass through the gastrointestinal tract and are absorbed into the circulatory system, the evidence of their impact on human chronic diseases, and the possible mechanisms of action through which (poly)phenol metabolites and catabolites may exert these protective actions. It is concluded that better performed in vivo intervention and in vitro mechanistic studies are needed to fully understand how these molecules interact with human physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Del Rio
- The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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75
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Lee YS, Huh JY, Nam SH, Moon SK, Lee SB. Enzymatic bioconversion of citrus hesperidin by Aspergillus sojae naringinase: Enhanced solubility of hesperetin-7-O-glucoside with in vitro inhibition of human intestinal maltase, HMG-CoA reductase, and growth of Helicobacter pylori. Food Chem 2012; 135:2253-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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76
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Chanet A, Milenkovic D, Manach C, Mazur A, Morand C. Citrus flavanones: what is their role in cardiovascular protection? JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:8809-22. [PMID: 22574825 DOI: 10.1021/jf300669s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavanones, including hesperidin and naringin, are polyphenolic compounds highly and almost exclusively present in citrus. Epidemiological studies reported an inverse relationship between their intake and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Clinical and experimental data further showed their antihypertensive, lipid-lowering, insulin-sensitizing, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory properties, which could explain their antiatherogenic action in animal models. Although flavanones may be promising compounds that are particularly active in cardiovascular disease prevention, clinical data are still scarce and most in vitro data have been obtained under nonphysiologically relevant conditions. Moreover, the mechanisms responsible for flavanone action are not fully elucidated. Therefore, further research is needed to better evaluate and understand the protective effects of flavanones in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Chanet
- INRA , UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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77
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Medina S, Domínguez-Perles R, García-Viguera C, Cejuela-Anta R, Martínez-Sanz JM, Ferreres F, Gil-Izquierdo A. Physical activity increases the bioavailability of flavanones after dietary aronia-citrus juice intake in triathletes. Food Chem 2012; 135:2133-7. [PMID: 22980781 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Control and triathlete volunteers (n=8 and n=15, respectively) were given 400 mL and 200 mL of aronia-citrus juice (AC-juice), respectively. The 24h urine samples were hydrolysed to determine the flavanones concentration by UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS. The flavanones metabolites in both groups of volunteers were glucuronides, sulfates, and sulfo-glucuronides, and the total excretion of flavanones increased fivefold in the triathletes compared with the control volunteers. The increase of ninefold in the homoeriodictyol of triathletes compared to control volunteers may suggest the overactivation of the microbiota metabolism caused by physical exercise. No differences concerning the bioavailability were detected between men and women in controlboth groups. The AC-juice could provide synergistic effects on health due to the increase in the bioavailability of flavanones, avoiding the deleterious effects caused by the overdosage of nutritional supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Medina
- Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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Soto-Vaca A, Gutierrez A, Losso JN, Xu Z, Finley JW. Evolution of phenolic compounds from color and flavor problems to health benefits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:6658-77. [PMID: 22568556 DOI: 10.1021/jf300861c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Early studies focused on the negative effects on color and flavor of foods, followed by exploration of the antioxidant properties and the associated health benefits. The growing body of evidence suggests that plant-based polyphenols may help prevent or delay the onset of a multiplicity of diseases. Newer work suggests that a variety of polyphenols can alter the expression of genes in the inflammatory pathway. Data also show that the absorption of the polyphenols is very limited. Insulin resistance and endothelial and mitochondrial dysfunction are hallmarks of the metabolic syndrome and aging and occur at the early stages of the disease. There is limited clinical evidence that certain polyphenolic metabolites by virtue of their anti-inflammatory activities can improve insulin sensitivity and endothelial and mitochondrial function, suggesting that polyphenols are good for disease prevention. The goal of this review is to summarize the evolution and emphasize the potential benefits of polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Soto-Vaca
- Department of Food Science, Agricultural Center, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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79
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Naringin, the major grapefruit flavonoid, specifically affects atherosclerosis development in diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 23:469-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Urpi-Sarda M, Rothwell J, Morand C, Manach C. Bioavailability of Flavanones. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DISEASE 2012. [DOI: 10.1201/b11872-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Takumi H, Nakamura H, Simizu T, Harada R, Kometani T, Nadamoto T, Mukai R, Murota K, Kawai Y, Terao J. Bioavailability of orally administered water-dispersible hesperetin and its effect on peripheral vasodilatation in human subjects: implication of endothelial functions of plasma conjugated metabolites. Food Funct 2012; 3:389-98. [PMID: 22307524 DOI: 10.1039/c2fo10224b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hesperetin is an aglycone of citrus flavonoids and is expected to exert a vasodilatation effect in vivo. We developed water-dispersible hesperetin by the process of micronization to enhance the bioavailability of hesperetin. This study aimed to assess the effect of this process on the bioavailability of hesperetin and to estimate its efficiency on vasodilatation-related functions using endothelial cells in vitro and a human volunteer study at a single dose in vivo. We found that water-dispersible hesperetin was absorbed rapidly, with its maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) being 10.2 ± 1.2 μM, and that the time to reach C(max), which is within 1 h if 150 mg of this preparation was orally administered in humans. LC-MS analyses of the plasma at C(max) demonstrated that hesperetin accumulated in the plasma as hesperetin 7-O-β-D-glucuronide (Hp7GA), hesperetin 3'-O-β-D-glucuronide (Hp3'GA) and hesperetin sulfate exclusively. Similar to hesperetin, Hp7GA enhanced nitric oxide (NO) release by inhibiting nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase (NADPH oxidase) activity in a human umbilical vein endothelial cell culture system, indicating that plasma hesperetin metabolites can improve vasodilatation in the vascular system. A volunteer study using women with cold sensitivity showed that a single dose of water-dispersible hesperetin was effective on peripheral vasodilatation.These results strongly suggest that rapid accumulation with higher plasma concentration enables hesperetin to exert a potential vasodilatation effect by the endothelial action of its plasma metabolites. Water-dispersible hesperetin may be useful to improve the health effect of dietary hesperetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Takumi
- Institute of Health Sciences, Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd., 4-6-5 Utajima, Nishiyodogawa, Osaka 555-8502, Japan
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Tsai SJ, Huang CS, Mong MC, Kam WY, Huang HY, Yin MC. Anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects of naringenin in diabetic mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:514-21. [PMID: 22117528 DOI: 10.1021/jf203259h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Renal protective effects of naringenin at 0.5, 1, and 2% of the diet in diabetic mice were examined. Naringenin supplemented at 1 and 2% increased its deposit in liver and kidney of diabetic mice. Compared with the diabetic control group, naringenin treatments at 1 and 2% lowered plasma levels of glucose and blood urea nitrogen, as well as increased insulin level and creatinine clearance (P < 0.05). Naringenin treatments dose-dependently reduced renal tumor necrosis factor-α level and expression (P < 0.05) but only at 1 and 2% significantly decreased production and expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (P < 0.05). Naringenin intake at 2% decreased renal formation and expression of type IV collagen, fibronectin, and transforming growth factor-β1 (P < 0.05). This compound at 1 and 2% lowered protein kinase C activity and suppressed nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 activity, mRNA expression, and protein production in kidney. However, this agent only at 2% diminished NF-κB p50 activity, mRNA expression, and protein production (P < 0.05). These results indicate that naringenin could attenuate diabetic nephropathy via its anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Jei Tsai
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
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84
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Yan Z, Chen Y, Li T, Zhang J, Yang X. Identification of metabolites of Si-Ni-San, a traditional Chinese medicine formula, in rat plasma and urine using liquid chromatography/diode array detection/triple-quadrupole spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 885-886:73-82. [PMID: 22226767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Si-Ni-San (SNS) is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine formula (TCMF) in treating various diseases. However, the in vivo integrated metabolism of its multiple components remains unknown. In this paper, a liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and triple-quadrupole spectrometry (LC-DAD-MS/MS) method was developed for detection and identification of SNS metabolites in rat plasma and urine at a normal clinical dosage. Accurate structural elucidation was performed using MS/MS, UV data and n-octanol/water partition coefficient. Based on the proposed strategy, 36 absorbed compounds and 29 metabolites in plasma and 33 metabolites in urine were detected by a highly sensitive MRM method. Our results indicated that phase II reactions (e.g., methylation, glucuronidation and sulfation) were the main metabolic pathways of gallic acid and flavanones, while phase I reactions (e.g., hydroxylation) were the major metabolic reaction for triterpenoid saponins. The metabolite profile analysis of SNS provided a comprehensive understanding of the in vivo metabolic fates of constituents in SNS. Moreover, the results in this work demonstrated the present strategy based on the combination of chromatographic, spectrophotometric, mass-spectrometric, and software prediction to detect and identify metabolites was effective and reliable. And such a strategy may also be extended to investigate the metabolism of other TCMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Yan
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
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85
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Nicolaou G, Goodall AH, Erridge C. Diverse bacteria promote macrophage foam cell formation via Toll-like receptor-dependent lipid body biosynthesis. J Atheroscler Thromb 2011; 19:137-48. [PMID: 22123216 DOI: 10.5551/jat.10249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Atherosclerotic lesions contain DNA signatures from a wide variety of bacteria, although little is known of how exposure to these organisms may modulate the accumulation of lipids in macrophages. METHODS To address this, a panel of nine bacteria representing those most frequently reported to be present in human atheroma were examined for their potential to promote lipid accumulation in human primary monocytes and murine J774 macrophages. RESULTS All bacteria examined, and defined stimulants of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2, 3, 4, 5 and 9, induced lipid body formation and cholesterol ester accumulation in a dose-dependent manner. The mechanisms of bacteria-mediated foam cell formation were found to be dependent on TLR2 and/or TLR4 signalling, but independent of lipoprotein oxidation pathways, since lipid accumulation was significantly inhibited by the TLR4 inhibitors polymyxin-B and TAK-242, or the TLR2 and TLR4 inhibitor oxidised palmitoyl-arachidonyl-phosphatidyl-choline, but not by the scavenger receptor blocker polyinosinic acid or the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene. A number of genes involved in lipid body biosynthesis, including perilipin-A, stearoyl-coenzyme-A desaturase 1, fatty acid synthase and HMG-CoA reductase were upregulated in response to TLR4 stimulation. CONCLUSIONS The bacterial debris observed in human atheroma, which is currently considered to be harmless, may have potential to contribute to disease progression via TLR-dependent lipid body formation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Nicolaou
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
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Kobayashi S, Nagai T, Konishi Y, Tanabe S, Morimoto K, Ogihara T. Transport mechanisms of flavanone aglycones across Caco-2 cell monolayers and artificial PAMPA membranes. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 64:52-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
We recently reported that flavanone aglycones (hesperetin, naringenin and eriodictyol) are efficiently absorbed via proton-coupled active transport, in addition to transcellular passive diffusion, in Caco-2 cells. Here, we aimed to evaluate in detail the absorption mechanisms of these flavanones, as well as homoeriodictyol and sakuranetin.
Methods
We evaluated the absorption mechanisms of the above compounds by means of in vitro studies in Caco-2 cells in parallel with an artificial membrane permeation assay (PAMPA) under pH-gradient and iso-pH conditions.
Key findings
Comparison of the permeability characteristics of flavanones in Caco-2 cells and in PAMPA under these conditions, as well as a consideration of the physicochemical properties, indicated that hesperetin, naringenin, eriodictyol and homoeriodictyol were efficiently transported by passive diffusion according to the pH-partition hypothesis, except in the case of sakuranetin. However, transport of all flavanones were remarkably temperature-dependent, and was significantly reduced when Caco-2 cells were treated with amino acid-modifying reagents.
Conclusions
Our data confirm that both passive diffusion and an active transport mechanism contribute to flavanone absorption through human intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Kobayashi
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshitada Nagai
- Department of Food and Life-Science, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Gumma, Japan
| | - Yutaka Konishi
- Laboratory for Core Technology Development, Kirin Beverage Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Soichi Tanabe
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kaori Morimoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takuo Ogihara
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Gunma, Japan
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88
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Lévèques A, Actis-Goretta L, Rein MJ, Williamson G, Dionisi F, Giuffrida F. UPLC-MS/MS quantification of total hesperetin and hesperetin enantiomers in biological matrices. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 57:1-6. [PMID: 21920690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hesperidin (hesperetin-7-O-rutinoside), a flavonoid affecting vascular function, is abundant in citrus fruits and derived products such as juices. After oral administration, hesperidin is hydrolyzed by the colonic microbiota producing hesperetin-7-O-glucoside, the glucoside group is further cleaved and the resulting hesperetin is absorbed and metabolized. Flavanones have a chiral carbon generating (R)- and (S)-enantiomers, with potentially different biological activities. A rapid UPLC-MS/MS method for the analysis of (R)- and (S)-hesperetin enantiomers in human plasma and urine was developed and validated. Biological matrices were incubated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase, and hesperetin was isolated by solid-phase extraction using 96-well plate mixed-mode cartridges having reversed-phase and anion-exchange functionalities. Racemic hesperetin was analyzed with a UPLC HSS T3 reversed phase column and hesperetin enantiomers with a HPLC Chiralpak IA-3 column using H(2)O with 0.1% CHOOH as solvent A and acetonitrile with 0.1% CHOOH as solvent B. The method was linear between 50 and 5000nM for racemic hesperetin in plasma and between 25 and 2500nM for (S)- and (R)-hesperetin in plasma. Linearity was achieved between 100 and 10,000nM for racemic hesperetin in urine and between 50 and 5000nM for (S)- and (R)-hesperetin in urine. Values of repeatability and intermediate reproducibility for racemic hesperetin and enantiomers in plasma and urine were below 15% of deviation in general, and maximum 20% for the lowest concentrations. In addition, the method was applied for the quantification of total hesperetin and of hesperetin enantiomers in human plasma and urine samples, obtained after oral ingestion of purified hesperetin-7-O-glucoside. In conclusion, the developed and validated method was sensitive, accurate and precise for the quantification of enantiomers of hesperetin in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Lévèques
- Nutrient Bioavailability Group-BioAnalytical Science Department, Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
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89
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Bojić M, Debeljak Z, Tomičić M, Medić-Šarić M, Tomić S. Evaluation of antiaggregatory activity of flavonoid aglycone series. Nutr J 2011; 10:73. [PMID: 21745360 PMCID: PMC3166895 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among natural compounds, present in every day diet, flavonoids have shown beneficial effect in prevention of cardiovascular diseases that can be attributed, at least partially to the described antiaggregatory activity i.e. antiplatelet effects of flavonoids. Due to the ever increasing pharmacological interest in antiplatelet agents a systematic experimental evaluation of large flavonoid series is needed. METHODS A set of thirty flavonoid aglycones has been selected for the evaluation. All measurements of aggregation were done under standardized and firmly controlled in vitro conditions. The whole blood samples, multiple platelet functional analyzer and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) as a weak agonist of aggregation were selected for this purpose. RESULTS The results were expressed as minimal concentration of flavonoid that can significantly lower the platelet aggregation compared to the corresponding untreated sample (minimal antiaggregatory concentration--MINaAC). All analyzed flavonoids exhibited antiaggregatory activity MINaAC ranging from 0.119 μM to 122 μM, while the most potent representatives were 3,6-dihydroxyflavone (0.119 μM) and syringetin (0.119 μM). CONCLUSIONS Measurable antiplatelet activity established at submicromolar flavonoid concentrations suggests that even a dietary consumption of some flavonoids can make an impact on in vivo aggregation of platelets. These findings also point out a therapeutical potential of some flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Bojić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, A, Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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90
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Proline betaine and its biotransformation products in fasting urine samples are potential biomarkers of habitual citrus fruit consumption. Br J Nutr 2011; 106:812-24. [PMID: 21736852 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511001164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The lack of robust measures of dietary exposure hinders a quantitative understanding of causal relationships between diet and health. Non-targeted metabolite fingerprinting was used to explore the relationships between citrus exposure in free-living human subjects, estimated by a FFQ, and the chemical content of urine. Volunteers (study 1, n 12; study 2, n 11) were classified into high-, medium- and low-frequency citrus consumption groups. Overnight and spot fasting urine samples were obtained after exposure to a standardised citrus-free evening meal. The urine samples were analysed by flow injection electrospray-ionisation MS followed by supervised multivariate data classification analysis to discover discriminatory features associated with the level of citrus exposure. Good separation of high and low citrus consumption classes was achieved. Deeper exploration of high-ranked explanatory mass signals revealed several correlated signals derived from proline betaine. Targeted analysis of the relative levels of proline betaine in both fasting and overnight urine samples demonstrated good correlation with FFQ exposure data. Acute exposure of volunteers to orange juice resulted in the appearance of proline betaine and several biotransformed products in postprandial urine samples. Biomarker validation showed sensitivities of 80·8-92·2 % and specificities of 74·2-94·1 % (false discovery rate-adjusted P values < 0·05) for elevated proline betaine in participants who reported high citrus consumption. Proline betaine biotransformation products displayed weaker quantitative relationships with habitual citrus exposure. Targeted screening for the presence of biotransformation products of hesperidin and narirutin, known to be abundant in oranges, revealed that they were relatively poor indicators of citrus exposure.
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91
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Stohs SJ, Preuss HG, Keith SC, Keith PL, Miller H, Kaats GR. Effects of p-synephrine alone and in combination with selected bioflavonoids on resting metabolism, blood pressure, heart rate and self-reported mood changes. Int J Med Sci 2011; 8:295-301. [PMID: 21537493 PMCID: PMC3085176 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.8.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) extract is widely used in dietary supplements for weight management and sports performance. Its primary protoalkaloid is p-synephrine. Most studies involving bitter orange extract and p-synephrine have used products with multiple ingredients. The current study assessed the thermogenic effects of p-synephrine alone and in conjunction with the flavonoids naringin and hesperidin in a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled protocol with 10 subjects per treatment group. Resting metabolic rates (RMR), blood pressure, heart rates and a self-reported rating scale were determined at baseline and 75 min after oral ingestion of the test products in V-8 juice. A decrease of 30 kcal occurred in the placebo control relative to baseline. The group receiving p-synephrine (50 mg) alone exhibited a 65 kcal increase in RMR as compared to the placebo group. The consumption of 600 mg naringin with 50 mg p-synephrine resulted in a 129 kcal increase in RMR relative to the placebo group. In the group receiving 100 mg hesperidin in addition to the 50 mg p-synephrine plus 600 mg naringin, the RMR increased by 183 kcal, an increase that was statistically significant with respect to the placebo control (p<0.02). However, consuming 1000 mg hesperidin with 50 mg p-synephrine plus 600 mg naringin resulted in a RMR that was only 79 kcal greater than the placebo group. None of the treatment groups exhibited changes in heart rate or blood pressure relative to the control group, nor there were no differences in self-reported ratings of 10 symptoms between the treatment groups and the control group. This unusual finding of a thermogenic combination of ingredients that elevated metabolic rates without corresponding elevations in blood pressure and heart-rates warrants longer term studies to assess its value as a weight control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney J. Stohs
- 1. Dean Emeritus, Creighton University Health Sciences Center, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Harry G Preuss
- 2. Department of Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Samuel C. Keith
- 3. Integrative Health Technologies, Inc., 4940 Broadway, San Antonio, TX 78209, USA
| | - Patti L. Keith
- 3. Integrative Health Technologies, Inc., 4940 Broadway, San Antonio, TX 78209, USA
| | | | - Gilbert R. Kaats
- 3. Integrative Health Technologies, Inc., 4940 Broadway, San Antonio, TX 78209, USA
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