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Carmosino I, Bonardi S, Rega M, Luppi A, Lamperti L, Ossiprandi MC, Bacci C. Evolution of β-lactams, fluroquinolones and colistin resistance and genetic profiles in <em>Salmonella</em> isolates from pork in northern Italy. Ital J Food Saf 2022; 11:9972. [PMID: 35795463 PMCID: PMC9251873 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2022.9972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Food Safety Authority and European Centre of Disease Prevention and Control antimicrobial resistance report published in 2021 shows increasing levels of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella against antibiotics of choice for human salmonellosis (s-lactams and fluoroquinolones). The aim of the study was to follow the evolution of resistance against some Critical Important Antimicrobials in Salmonella isolates from fresh pork collected in Emilia-Romagna region, northern Italy, over two decades. Emilia-Romagna region is characterized by production of well-known pork derived products, as Parma Ham. The samples were collected in three different periods, ranging from 2000 to 2003, 2012 to 2016 and 2018 to 2021. After serotyping, the isolates were phenotypically tested for resistance to three classes of antibiotics: s-lactams, fluoroquinolones and polymyxins. End-point polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCRReal Time were used for genotypical analyses. The phenotypical resistance to s-lactams and fluoroquinolones were clearly increasing when comparing the results obtained from isolates collected in the first period (16.7% and 16.7%, respectively) with those of the third period (29.7% and 32.4%, respectively). On the contrary, the resistance to colistin decreased from 33.3% to 5.4%. Genotypically, the 71.4% and 83.3% of the strains harboured s-lactams and fluoroquinolones genes, respectively, while colistin resistance genes were not detected in the phenotypically resistant strains.
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52
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Chang YJ, Chen CL, Yang HP, Chiu CH. Prevalence, Serotypes, and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Non-Typhoid Salmonella in Food in Northern Taiwan. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060705. [PMID: 35745560 PMCID: PMC9229336 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most common bacteria causing food poisoning worldwide. We evaluated the prevalence, the serotypes, and the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Salmonella isolates from many kinds of food, particularly pork and chicken in retail, in Taiwan between January 2017 and December 2019. The E-test was used to assess antimicrobial susceptibility and a polymerase chain reaction was performed for serotyping. A total of 459 different foods were investigated, and 117 Salmonella strains were isolated. Retail pork and chicken were the most common Salmonella-contaminated foods (64.1% and 29.1%, respectively). Of the 117 isolates, 23 serotypes were identified. The serotypes Derby (16.2%), Anatum (13.7%), and Agona (8.5%) were the most prevalent. The resistance rates to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and carbapenem were 41.9%, 11.1%, and 1.7%, respectively. The Derby and Anatum serotypes were prevalent in chicken and pork; the Anatum serotype had significantly higher ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone resistance rates and was highly prevalent in 2017 and 2018. Multi-locus sequence typing analysis revealed that the 58 randomly chosen Salmonella isolates belonged to 18 sequence types (STs). ST64 (Anatum, 16 out of 58, 27.6%) was the most common, followed by ST321 (Muenster, 6/58, 10.3%), ST831 (Give, 5/58, 8.6%), ST155 (London, 4/58, 6.9%) and ST314 (Kentucky, 4/58, 6.9%). Multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains were remarkably observed in the serotypes Anatum (ST64) and Goldcoast (ST358). This study revealed that retail pork was commonly contaminated with antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella. Thus, periodic investigations of Salmonella serotypes and AMR are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jung Chang
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-L.C.); (H.-P.Y.)
| | - Chyi-Liang Chen
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-L.C.); (H.-P.Y.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ping Yang
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-L.C.); (H.-P.Y.)
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-L.C.); (H.-P.Y.)
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-03-3281200
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Braley C, Fravalo P, Gaucher ML, Larivière-Gauthier G, Shedleur-Bourguignon F, Longpré J, Thibodeau A. Similar Carcass Surface Microbiota Observed Following Primary Processing of Different Pig Batches. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:849883. [PMID: 35694297 PMCID: PMC9184759 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.849883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial contamination during meat processing is a concern for both food safety and for the shelf life of pork meat products. The gut microbiota of meat-producing animals is one of the most important sources of surface contamination of processed carcasses. This microbiota is recognized to vary between pigs from different farms and could thus be reflected on the bacterial contamination of carcasses at time of processing. In this study, the microbiota of 26 carcasses of pigs originating from different farms (i.e., batches) were compared to determine if an association could be observed between carcass surface microbiota (top and bottom) and the origin of slaughtered animals. The microbiota of the top and bottom carcass surface areas was analyzed by culturing classical indicator microorganisms (mesophilic aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteria, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, and lactic bacteria), by the detection of Salmonella, and by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Culture results showed higher Enterobacteria, E. coli, and lactic bacteria counts for the bottom areas of the carcasses (neck/chest/shoulder) when compared to the top areas. Salmonella was not detected in any samples. Globally, 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed a similar composition and diversity between the top and bottom carcass areas. Despite the presence of some genera associated with fecal contamination such as Terrisporobacter, Escherichia-Shigella, Turicibacter, Clostridium sensustricto1, and Streptococcus on the carcass surface, sequencing analysis suggested that there was no difference between the different batches of samples from the top and bottom areas of the carcasses. The primary processing therefore appears to cause a uniformization of the carcass global surface microbiota, with some specific bacteria being different depending on the carcass area sampled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Braley
- Chaire de Recherche en Salubrité des Viandes (CRSV), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Charlotte Braley,
| | - Philippe Fravalo
- Groupe de Recherche et d’Enseignement en Salubrité Alimentaire (GRESA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Le Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM), Paris, France
| | - Marie-Lou Gaucher
- Chaire de Recherche en Salubrité des Viandes (CRSV), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche et d’Enseignement en Salubrité Alimentaire (GRESA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Center de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | | | - Fanie Shedleur-Bourguignon
- Chaire de Recherche en Salubrité des Viandes (CRSV), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Jessie Longpré
- Center de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- F. Ménard, Division d’Olymel s.e.c., Ange-Gardien, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Thibodeau
- Chaire de Recherche en Salubrité des Viandes (CRSV), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche et d’Enseignement en Salubrité Alimentaire (GRESA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Center de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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Mimic Pork Rinds from Plant-Based Gel: The Influence of Sweet Potato Starch and Konjac Glucomannan. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103103. [PMID: 35630579 PMCID: PMC9143635 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of sweet potato starch (SPS) and konjac glucomannan (KGM) on the textural, color, sensory, rheological properties, and microstructures of plant-based pork rinds. Plant-based gels were prepared using mixtures of soy protein isolate (SPI), soy oil, and NaHCO3 supplemented with different SPS and KGM concentrations. The texture profile analysis (TPA) results indicated that the hardness, cohesiveness, and chewiness of the samples improved significantly after appropriate SPS and KGM addition. The results obtained via a colorimeter showed no significant differences were found in lightness (L*) between the samples and natural pork rinds after adjusting the SPS and KGM concentrations. Furthermore, the rheological results showed that adding SPS and KGM increased both the storage modulus (G’) and loss modulus (G’’), indicating a firmer gel structure. The images obtained via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the SPS and KGM contributed to the formation of a more compact gel structure. A mathematical model allowed for a more objective sensory evaluation, with the 40% SPS samples and the 0.4% KGM samples being considered the most similar to natural pork rinds, which provided a comparable texture, appearance, and mouthfeel. This study proposed a possible schematic model for the gelling mechanism of plant-based pork rinds: the three-dimensional network structures of the samples may result from the interaction between SPS, SPI, and soybean oil, while the addition of KGM and NaHCO3 enabled a more stable gel structure.
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55
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Harrison OL, Gebhardt JT, Paulk CB, Plattner BL, Woodworth JC, Rensing S, Jones CK, Trinetta V. Inoculation of Weaned Pigs by Feed, Water, and Airborne Transmission of Salmonella enterica Serotype 4,[5],12:i:. J Food Prot 2022; 85:693-700. [PMID: 35076710 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serotype 4,[5],12:i:- (STM) has become an increasing problem for food safety and has been often detected in swine products. Weanling pigs were exposed to STM-contaminated feed, water, or air to determine possible STM transmission routes. A control group of pigs was included. STM was monitored daily in feces and rectal and nasal swabs. STM colonization was most prevalent in tissues from tonsil, lower intestine, and mesenteric lymph nodes. No differences in lesion severity were observed between inoculated and control pigs. Contaminated feed, water, and aerosolized particles caused infection in weaned pigs; however, no STM colonization was observed in skeletal muscle destined for human consumption. Based on the results from this study, STM contamination in pork products most likely results from cross-contamination of meat by digesta or lymph node tissue during processing. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia L Harrison
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Jordan T Gebhardt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Chad B Paulk
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Brandon L Plattner
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Susan Rensing
- Department of Gender, Women, and Sexuality Studies, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Cassandra K Jones
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Valentina Trinetta
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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56
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Harder CB, Persson S, Christensen J, Ljubic A, Nielsen EM, Hoorfar J. Molecular diagnostics of Salmonella and Campylobacter in human/animal fecal samples remain feasible after long-term sample storage without specific requirements. AIMS Microbiol 2022; 7:399-414. [PMID: 35071939 PMCID: PMC8712530 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2021024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid advances in the development of sequencing technologies, numbers of commercial providers and diminishing costs have made DNA-based identification and diagnostics increasingly accessible to doctors and laboratories, eliminating the need for local investments in expensive technology and training or hiring of skilled technicians. However, reliable and comparable molecular analyses of bacteria in stool samples are dependent on storage and workflow conditions that do not introduce post-sampling bias, the most important factor being the need to keep the DNA at a stable detectable level. For that reason, there may remain other prohibitively costly requirements for cooling or freezing equipment or special chemical additives. This study investigates the diagnostic detectability of Salmonella and Campylobacter DNA in human, pig and chicken stool samples, stored at different temperatures and with different preservation methods. Stool samples were spiked with 106 CFU/mL of both Salmonella and Campylobacter strains stored at −20 °C, 5 °C and 20 °C (Room temperature, RT) and treated with either RNAlater, EDTA or Silica/ethanol. DNA was extracted at 9 different time points within 30 days and quantified by Qubit (total DNA) and qPCR (Salmonella and Campylobacter DNA). We found no statistically significant differences among the different preservation methods, and DNA from both species was easily detected at all time points and at all temperatures, both with and without preservation. This suggests that infections by these bacteria can be diagnosed and possibly also analysed in further detail simply by taking a stool sample in any suitable sealed container that can be transported to laboratory analysis without special storage or preservation requirements. We briefly discuss how this finding can benefit infection control in both developed and developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Harder
- Statens Serum institut, Dept. Bacteriology, Parasitology and Fungi, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Molecular Ecology, Microbial Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62 Lund
| | - S Persson
- Statens Serum institut, Dept. Bacteriology, Parasitology and Fungi, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Christensen
- Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Microbiological department, Søndervang 4, 4100 Ringsted
| | - A Ljubic
- AGC Biologics, Process Transfer, Vandtårnsvej 83, 2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - E M Nielsen
- Statens Serum institut, Dept. Bacteriology, Parasitology and Fungi, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Hoorfar
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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57
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Shen W, Chen H, Geng J, Wu RA, Wang X, Ding T. Prevalence, serovar distribution, and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella spp. isolated from pork in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 361:109473. [PMID: 34768041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiological characteristics of Salmonella spp. in pork have been widely studied in China, but the results remain inconsistent. This study aimed to summarize the epidemiological characteristics of Salmonella spp. isolated from pork, including its prevalence, serovar distribution, and antibiotic resistance rate. We systematically reviewed published studies on Salmonella spp. isolated from pork in China between 2000 and 2020 in two Chinese and three English databases and quantitatively summarized its prevalence, serovar distribution, and antibiotic resistance using meta-analysis methods. Furthermore, we conducted subgroup analysis and meta-regression to explore the source of the heterogeneity from historical changes and regional difference perspectives. Ninety-one eligible studies published between 2000 and 2020 were included. The meta-analysis showed that the pooled prevalence of Salmonella isolated from pork was 0.17 (95% CI: 0.14, 0.20), with a detected growing trend over time. For the proportions of serovars, Derby (0.32, 95% CI: 0.26, 0.38), Typhimurium (0.10, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.15) and London (0.05, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.08) were dominant in these studies. The antibiotic resistance rates were high for tetracycline (0.68, 95% CI: 0.59, 0.77), sulfisoxazole (0.65, 95% CI: 0.45, 0.83), ampicillin (0.43, 95% CI: 0.34, 0.53), streptomycin (0.42, 95% CI: 0.29, 0.56), and sulfamethoxazole (0.42, 95% CI: 0.25, 0.60). The results of this study revealed a high prevalence, the regional characteristics of serovar distribution, and the severe challenges of antibiotic resistance of Salmonella originating from pork in China, suggesting the potential increasing risk and disease burden. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the prevention and control strategies of Salmonella in pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangwang Shen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Big Data in Health Science, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiawei Geng
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ricardo A Wu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Ding
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Venardou B, O’Doherty JV, Garcia-Vaquero M, Kiely C, Rajauria G, McDonnell MJ, Ryan MT, Sweeney T. Evaluation of the Antibacterial and Prebiotic Potential of Ascophyllum nodosum and Its Extracts Using Selected Bacterial Members of the Pig Gastrointestinal Microbiota. Mar Drugs 2021; 20:41. [PMID: 35049896 PMCID: PMC8778111 DOI: 10.3390/md20010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascophyllum nodosum and its extracts are promising antibacterial and prebiotic dietary supplements for pigs. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of the increasing concentrations of: (1) two whole biomass samples of A. nodosum with different harvest seasons, February (ANWB-F) and November (ANWB-N), in a weaned pig faecal batch fermentation assay, and (2) A. nodosum extracts produced using four different extraction conditions of a hydrothermal-assisted extraction methodology (ANE1-4) and conventional extraction methods with water (ANWE) and ethanol (ANEE) as solvent in individual pure culture growth assays using a panel of beneficial and pathogenic bacterial strains. In the batch fermentation assay, ANWB-F reduced Bifidobacterium spp. counts (p < 0.05) while ANWB-N increased total bacterial counts and reduced Bifidobacterium spp. and Enterobacteriaceae counts (p < 0.05). Of the ANE1-4, produced from ANWB-F, ANWE and ANEE that were evaluated in the pure culture growth assays, the most interesting extracts were the ANE1 that reduced Salmonella Typhimurium, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and B. thermophilum counts and the ANE4 that stimulated B. thermophilum growth (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the extraction method and conditions influenced the bioactivities of the A. nodosum extracts with ANE1 and ANE4 exhibiting distinct antibacterial and prebiotic properties in vitro, respectively, that merit further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigkita Venardou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland; (B.V.); (M.T.R.)
| | - John V. O’Doherty
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland; (J.V.O.); (M.G.-V.); (C.K.); (G.R.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Marco Garcia-Vaquero
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland; (J.V.O.); (M.G.-V.); (C.K.); (G.R.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Claire Kiely
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland; (J.V.O.); (M.G.-V.); (C.K.); (G.R.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Gaurav Rajauria
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland; (J.V.O.); (M.G.-V.); (C.K.); (G.R.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Mary J. McDonnell
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland; (J.V.O.); (M.G.-V.); (C.K.); (G.R.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Marion T. Ryan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland; (B.V.); (M.T.R.)
| | - Torres Sweeney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland; (B.V.); (M.T.R.)
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59
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Kuus K, Kramarenko T, Sõgel J, Mäesaar M, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Roasto M. Prevalence and Serotype Diversity of Salmonella enterica in the Estonian Meat Production Chain in 2016-2020. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121622. [PMID: 34959577 PMCID: PMC8708786 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Salmonella enterica represents a considerable public concern worldwide, with farm animals often recognised as an important reservoir. This study gives an overview of the prevalence and serotype diversity of Salmonella over a 5-year period in the meat production chain in Estonia. Data on human salmonellosis over the same period are provided. Methods: Salmonella surveillance data from 2016 to 2020 were analysed. Results: The prevalence of Salmonella at the farm level was 27.7%, 3.3% and 0.1% for fattening pigs, cattle and poultry, respectively. S. Derby was the most prevalent serotype at the farm level for fattening pigs and S. Dublin for cattle. The top three serotypes isolated at the slaughterhouse and meat cutting levels were S. Derby, monophasic S. Typhimurium and S. Typhimurium with proportions of 64.7%, 9.4% and 7.0%, respectively. These serotypes were the top five most common Salmonella serotypes responsible for human infections in Estonia. S. Enteritidis is the main cause (46.9%) of human salmonellosis cases in Estonia, but in recent years, Enteritidis has not been detected at the slaughterhouse or meat cutting level. Conclusion: In recent years, monophasic S. Typhimurium has become epidemiologically more important in Estonia, with the second-highest cause in human cases and third-highest among the most prevalent serotypes of Salmonella enterica in the meat chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Kuus
- Chair of Food Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 56-3, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (K.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Toomas Kramarenko
- Veterinary and Food Laboratory, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 30, 51006 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Jelena Sõgel
- Agriculture and Food Board, Väike-Paala 3, 11415 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Mihkel Mäesaar
- Chair of Food Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 56-3, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (K.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Mati Roasto
- Chair of Food Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 56-3, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (K.K.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +372-731-3433
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60
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Butaye P, Halliday-Simmonds I, Van Sauers A. Salmonella in Pig Farms and on Pig Meat in Suriname. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121495. [PMID: 34943707 PMCID: PMC8698551 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most important food borne zoonotic pathogens. While mainly associated with poultry, it has also been associated with pigs. Compared to the high-income countries, there is much less known on the prevalence of Salmonella in low- and middle-income countries, especially in the Caribbean area. Therefore, we investigated the prevalence of Salmonella in pigs and pig meat in Suriname. A total of 53 farms and 53 meat samples were included, and Salmonella was isolated using standard protocols. Strains were subjected to whole genome sequencing. No Salmonella was found on pig meat. Five farms were found to be positive for Salmonella, and a total of eight different strains were obtained. Serotypes were S. Anatum (n = 1), S. Ohio (n = 2), a monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium (n = 3), one S. Brandenburg, and one S. Javaniana. The monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium belonged to the ST34 pandemic clone, and the three strains were very similar. A few resistance genes, located on mobile genetic elements, were found. Several plasmids were detected, though only one was carrying resistance genes. This is the first study on the prevalence of Salmonella in pigs in the Caribbean and that used whole genome sequencing for characterization. The strains were rather susceptible. Local comparison of similar serotypes showed a mainly clonal spread of certain serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Butaye
- Department of Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, Basseterre 00334, Saint Kitts and Nevis;
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| | - Iona Halliday-Simmonds
- Department of Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, Basseterre 00334, Saint Kitts and Nevis;
| | - Astrid Van Sauers
- The Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Paramaribo, Suriname;
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Food chain information in the European pork industry: Where are we? Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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62
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Evangelista AG, Corrêa JAF, Dos Santos JVG, Matté EHC, Milek MM, Biauki GC, Costa LB, Luciano FB. Cell-free supernatants produced by lactic acid bacteria reduce Salmonella population in vitro. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2021; 167. [PMID: 34738887 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The genus Salmonella is closely associated with foodborne outbreaks and animal diseases, and reports of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella species are frequent. Several alternatives have been developed to control this pathogen, such as cell-free supernatants (CFS). Our objective here was to evaluate the use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) CFS against Salmonella in vitro. Seventeen strains of LAB were used to produce CFS, and their antimicrobial activity was screened towards six strains of Salmonella. In addition, CFS were also pH-neutralized and/or boiled. Those with the best results were lyophilized. MICs of lyophilized CFS were 11.25-22.5 g l-1. Freeze-dried CFS were also used to supplement swine and poultry feed (11.25 g kg-1) and in vitro simulated digestion of both species was performed, with Salmonella contamination of 5×106 and 2×105 c.f.u. g-1 of swine and poultry feed, respectively. In the antimicrobial screening, all acidic CFS were able to inhibit the growth of Salmonella. After pH neutralization, Lactobacillus acidophilus Llorente, Limosilactobacillus fermentum CCT 1629, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PUCPR44, Limosilactobacillus reuteri BioGaia, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 and Pediococcus pentosaceus UM116 CFS were the only strains that partially maintained their antimicrobial activity and, therefore, were chosen for lyophilization. In the simulated swine digestion, Salmonella counts were reduced ≥1.78 log c.f.u. g-1 in the digesta containing either of the CFS. In the chicken simulation, a significant reduction was obtained with all CFS used (average reduction of 0.59±0.01 log c.f.u. ml-1). In general, the lyophilized CFS of L. fermentum CCT 1629, L. rhamnosus ATCC 7469 and L. acidophilus Llorente presented better antimicrobial activity. In conclusion, CFS show potential as feed additives to control Salmonella in animal production and may be an alternative to the use of antibiotics, minimizing problems related to antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Gonçalves Evangelista
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Jessica Audrey Feijó Corrêa
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - João Vitor Garcia Dos Santos
- Undergraduate Program in Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Henrique Custódio Matté
- Undergraduate Program in Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Mônica Moura Milek
- Undergraduate Program in Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Gabrieli Camila Biauki
- Undergraduate Program in Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Leandro Batista Costa
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Fernando Bittencourt Luciano
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
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Use of Slaughterhouses as Sentinel Points for Genomic Surveillance of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Southern Vietnam. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112203. [PMID: 34835007 PMCID: PMC8624567 DOI: 10.3390/v13112203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) poses a challenge to the successful control of the disease, and it is important to identify the emergence of different strains in endemic settings. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sampling of clinically healthy livestock at slaughterhouses as a strategy for genomic FMDV surveillance. Serum samples (n = 11,875) and oropharyngeal fluid (OPF) samples (n = 5045) were collected from clinically healthy cattle and buffalo on farms in eight provinces in southern and northern Vietnam (2015-2019) to characterize viral diversity. Outbreak sequences were collected between 2009 and 2019. In two slaughterhouses in southern Vietnam, 1200 serum and OPF samples were collected from clinically healthy cattle and buffalo (2017 to 2019) as a pilot study on the use of slaughterhouses as sentinel points in surveillance. FMDV VP1 sequences were analyzed using discriminant principal component analysis and time-scaled phylodynamic trees. Six of seven serotype-O and -A clusters circulating in southern Vietnam between 2017-2019 were detected at least once in slaughterhouses, sometimes pre-dating outbreak sequences associated with the same cluster by 4-6 months. Routine sampling at slaughterhouses may provide a timely and efficient strategy for genomic surveillance to identify circulating and emerging FMDV strains.
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Bearson SMD. Salmonella in Swine: Prevalence, Multidrug Resistance, and Vaccination Strategies. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2021; 10:373-393. [PMID: 34699256 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-013120-043304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An estimated 1.3 million Salmonella infections and 420 deaths occur annually in the United States, with an estimated economic burden of $3.7 billion. More than 50% of US swine operations test positive for Salmonella according to the National Animal Health Monitoring System, and 20% of Salmonella from swine are multidrug resistant (resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial classes) as reported by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System. This review on Salmonella in swine addresses the current status of these topics by discussing antimicrobial resistance and metal tolerance in Salmonella and the contribution of horizontal gene transfer. A major challenge in controlling Salmonella is that Salmonella is a foodborne pathogen in humans but is often a commensal in food animals and thereby establishes an asymptomatic reservoir state in such animals, including swine. As food animal production systems continue to expand and antimicrobial usage becomes more limited, the need for Salmonella interventions has intensified. A promising mitigation strategy is vaccination against Salmonella in swine to limit animal, environmental, and food contamination. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 10 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M D Bearson
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA;
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Kelbert L, Stephan R, Furtwaengler C, Pinillo JA, Morach M, Nüesch-Inderbinen M. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, Hepatitis E Virus, and Salmonella Antibodies in Meat Juice Samples from Pigs at Slaughter in Switzerland. J Food Prot 2021; 84:1760-1764. [PMID: 34086887 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Toxoplasma gondii, hepatitis E virus (HEV), and Salmonella are zoonotic foodborne pathogens that may be transmitted to humans through the consumption of raw or undercooked pork. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii, anti-HEV, and anti-Salmonella antibodies from healthy pigs at slaughter in Switzerland. From August to September 2020, the diaphragm muscle of Swiss fattening pigs was collected in three Swiss abattoirs from 188 farms. Two randomly chosen pig carcasses per farm were selected. On the basis of the slaughter data, we noted the production system and the canton of origin, comparing indoor (n = 120) and free-range (n = 68) farming and regional allocation. The meat juice of these samples was analyzed for pathogen-specific antibodies by using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The seroprevalences were 1.3% for T. gondii, 71.8% for the HEV, and 5.3% for Salmonella, respectively. Comparing the origins, the results of many cantons were not meaningful due to the low number of samples. No regional accumulations were found for T. gondii and HEV. The results showed that 2.1% of the farms had least one T. gondii-seropositive animal, 80.3% had at least one HEV-seropositive animal, and 8.5% had at least one Salmonella-seropositive animal, respectively. The seropositivity of T. gondii was higher in free-range pigs than in indoor pigs, whereas anti-Salmonella antibodies were more common in pigs from indoor farming than in outdoor pigs. The seroprevalence of anti-HEV antibodies was similar in free-range and indoor farming pigs. Compared with studies from 2012, the seroprevalence of T. gondii has decreased, whereas the seroprevalence of the HEV has increased and is highly prevalent among fattening pigs in Switzerland. The low seroprevalence of Salmonella has remained stable in recent years. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien Kelbert
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Juan Antonio Pinillo
- Office for Food Safety and Animal Welfare of Canton Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marina Morach
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Midha A, Goyette-Desjardins G, Goerdeler F, Moscovitz O, Seeberger PH, Tedin K, Bertzbach LD, Lepenies B, Hartmann S. Lectin-Mediated Bacterial Modulation by the Intestinal Nematode Ascaris suum. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168739. [PMID: 34445445 PMCID: PMC8395819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascariasis is a global health problem for humans and animals. Adult Ascaris nematodes are long-lived in the host intestine where they interact with host cells as well as members of the microbiota resulting in chronic infections. Nematode interactions with host cells and the microbial environment are prominently mediated by parasite-secreted proteins and peptides possessing immunomodulatory and antimicrobial activities. Previously, we discovered the C-type lectin protein AsCTL-42 in the secreted products of adult Ascaris worms. Here we tested recombinant AsCTL-42 for its ability to interact with bacterial and host cells. We found that AsCTL-42 lacks bactericidal activity but neutralized bacterial cells without killing them. Treatment of bacterial cells with AsCTL-42 reduced invasion of intestinal epithelial cells by Salmonella. Furthermore, AsCTL-42 interacted with host myeloid C-type lectin receptors. Thus, AsCTL-42 is a parasite protein involved in the triad relationship between Ascaris, host cells, and the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Midha
- Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Guillaume Goyette-Desjardins
- Institute for Immunology & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (G.G.-D.); (B.L.)
| | - Felix Goerdeler
- Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (F.G.); (O.M.); (P.H.S.)
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oren Moscovitz
- Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (F.G.); (O.M.); (P.H.S.)
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (F.G.); (O.M.); (P.H.S.)
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Tedin
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Luca D. Bertzbach
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Lepenies
- Institute for Immunology & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (G.G.-D.); (B.L.)
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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T-Cell Cytokine Response in Salmonella Typhimurium-Vaccinated versus Infected Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080845. [PMID: 34451970 PMCID: PMC8402558 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with the live attenuated vaccine Salmoporc is an effective measure to control Salmonella Typhimurium (STM) in affected swine populations. However, the cellular immune response evoked by the Salmoporc vaccine including differences in vaccinated pigs versus non-vaccinated pigs upon STM infection have not been characterized yet. To investigate this, tissue-derived porcine lymphocytes from different treatment groups (vaccination-only, vaccination and infection, infection-only, untreated controls) were stimulated in vitro with heat-inactivated STM and abundances of IFN-γ, TNF-α and/or IL-17A-producing T-cell subsets were compared across organs and treatment groups. Overall, our results show the induction of a strong CD4+ T-cell response after STM infection, both locally and systemically. Low-level induction of STM-specific cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells, notably for the IFN-γ/TNF-α co-producing phenotype, was detected after vaccination-only. Numerous significant contrasts in cytokine-producing T-cell phenotypes were observed after infection in vaccinated and infected versus infected-only animals. These results suggest that vaccine-induced STM-specific cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells contribute to local immunity in the gut and may limit the spread of STM to lymph nodes and systemic organs. Hence, our study provides insights into the underlying immune mechanisms that account for the efficacy of the Salmoporc vaccine.
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Bassi AMG, Steiner JC, Stephan R, Nüesch-Inderbinen M. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Salmonella in Hunted Wild Boars from Two Different Regions in Switzerland. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082227. [PMID: 34438685 PMCID: PMC8388357 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Wild boars are widely distributed in the northern and southern wooded regions of Switzerland and are popular for their meat. Wild boars can carry a variety of parasites, bacteria, and viruses that could infect humans and domestic animals. In this study, we focused on two important pathogens, the parasite Toxoplasma gondii and the bacterium Salmonella. We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests to detect antibodies to these pathogens in diaphragm tissue samples from hunted wild boars from two different regions of Switzerland. While the seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies was similar for animals from the northern and southern region (29% and 37%, respectively), Salmonella seropositivity was very much higher in wild boars from the northern area (52%) than among animals from the south (5%). This may be related to the wild boar density, which may in turn be a risk factor for domestic animals and humans living in the same area. Pathogens in wild boars are of public health significance as a potential source of meat-borne diseases in humans. Abstract Toxoplasma gondii and Salmonella are zoonotic foodborne pathogens that may be transmitted to humans through the consumption of raw or undercooked meat, including game. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii and Salmonella antibodies in wild boars in two different regions in Switzerland. During the hunting season of 2020, a total of 126 diaphragm muscle samples of hunted wild boars were collected and the meat juice of these samples was analysed for pathogen-specific IgG antibodies using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The overall seroprevalences were 35% for T. gondii and 17% for Salmonella, respectively. In general, seropositivity increased with the age of the animals. Seroprevalences of T. gondii were similar for animals from the northern region (29%) to those from the southern region (36.8%), indicating that T. gondii is widespread in the sylvestrian environment. By contrast, Salmonella seropositivity was remarkably higher in wild boars from the north (52%) compared with those from the south (5.3%). The high occurrence of Salmonella may represent a risk of transmission to compatriot domestic animals such free-range farmed pigs as well as to humans. Further, meat of hunted wild boars may present a source of human toxoplasmosis or salmonellosis.
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69
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Wu B, Ed-Dra A, Pan H, Dong C, Jia C, Yue M. Genomic Investigation of Salmonella Isolates Recovered From a Pig Slaughtering Process in Hangzhou, China. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:704636. [PMID: 34305874 PMCID: PMC8298193 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.704636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The pig industry is the principal source of meat products in China, and the presence of pathogens in pig-borne meat is a crucial threat to public health. Salmonella is the major pathogen associated with pig-borne diseases. However, route surveillance by genomic platforms along the food chain is still limited in China. Here, we conducted a study to evaluate the dynamic prevalence of Salmonella in a pig slaughtering process in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. Fifty-five of 226 (24.37%) samples were positive for Salmonella; from them, 78 different isolates were selected and subjected to whole genome sequencing followed by bioinformatics analyses to determine serovar distribution, MLST patterns, antimicrobial resistance genes, plasmid replicons, and virulence factors. Moreover, phenotypic antimicrobial resistance was performed using the broth dilution method against 14 antimicrobial agents belonging to 10 antimicrobial classes. Our results showed that samples collected from the dehairing area (66.66%) and the splitting area (57.14%) were the most contaminated. Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance classified 67 of 78 isolates (85.90%) as having multidrug resistance (MDR), while the highest resistance was observed in tetracycline (85.90%; 67/78) followed by ampicillin (84.62%; 66/78), chloramphenicol (71.80%; 56/78), and nalidixic acid (61.54%; 48/78). Additionally, serovar prediction showed the dominance of Salmonella Typhimurium ST19 (51.28%; 40/78) among the 78 studied isolates, while plasmid prediction reported the dominance of IncHI2A_1 (20.51%; 16/78), followed by IncX1_1 (17.95%; 14/78) and IncHI2_1 (11.54%; 9/78). Virulence factor prediction showed the detection of cdtB gene encoding typhoid toxins in two Salmonella Goldcoast ST358 and one Salmonella Typhimurium ST19, while one isolate of Salmonella London ST155 was positive for genes encoding for the siderophore “yersiniabactin” and the gene senB encoding for enterotoxin production. From this study, we conclude that pig slaughterhouses are critical points for the dissemination of virulent and multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates along the food chain which require the implementation of management systems to control the critical points. Moreover, there is an urgent need for the implementation of the whole genome sequencing platform to monitor the emergence of virulent and multidrug-resistant clones along the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Hang Pan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenghang Dong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenghao Jia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yue
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Venardou B, O'Doherty JV, McDonnell MJ, Mukhopadhya A, Kiely C, Ryan MT, Sweeney T. Evaluation of the in vitro effects of the increasing inclusion levels of yeast β-glucan, a casein hydrolysate and its 5 kDa retentate on selected bacterial populations and strains commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Food Funct 2021; 12:2189-2200. [PMID: 33589892 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02269a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Previously, the 5 kDa retentate (5kDaR) of a casein hydrolysate (CH) and yeast β-glucan (YBG) were identified as promising anti-inflammatory dietary supplements for supporting intestinal health in pigs post-weaning. However, their direct effects on intestinal bacterial populations are less well-known. The main objectives of this study were to determine if the increasing concentrations of the CH, 5kDaR and YBG individually, can: (1) alter the bacterial and short-chain fatty acid profiles in a weaned pig faecal batch fermentation assay, and (2) directly influence the growth of selected beneficial (Lactobacillus plantarum, L. reuteri, Bifidobacterium thermophilum) and pathogenic (Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium) bacterial strains in individual pure culture growth assays. The potential of CH as a comparable 5kDaR substitute was also evaluated. The 5kDaR increased lactobacilli counts and butyrate concentration in the batch fermentation assay (P < 0.05) and increased L. plantarum (linear, P < 0.05), L. reuteri (quadratic, P < 0.05) and B. thermophilum (linear, P < 0.05) counts and reduced S. typhimurium (quadratic, P = 0.058) counts in the pure culture growth assays. CH increased butyrate concentration (P < 0.05) in the batch fermentation assay. YBG reduced Prevotella spp. counts (P < 0.05) and butyrate concentration (P < 0.05) in the batch fermentation assay. Both CH and YBG had no major effects in the pure culture growth assays. In conclusion, the 5kDaR had the most beneficial effects associated with increased counts of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera and butyrate production and reduced S. typhimurium counts in vitro indicating its potential to promote gastrointestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigkita Venardou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - John V O'Doherty
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mary J McDonnell
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Anindya Mukhopadhya
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. and Food for Health Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Claire Kiely
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Marion T Ryan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Torres Sweeney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. and Food for Health Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Ye Q, Shang Y, Chen M, Pang R, Li F, Wang C, Xiang X, Zhou B, Zhang S, Zhang J, Wu S, Xue L, Ding Y, Wu Q. Identification of new serovar-specific detection targets against salmonella B serogroup using large-scale comparative genomics. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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72
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Salmonella Bacterin Vaccination Decreases Shedding and Colonization of Salmonella Typhimurium in Pigs. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061163. [PMID: 34071310 PMCID: PMC8226585 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the occurrence of swine salmonellosis has increased over time and control strategies other than biosecurity are highly recommended, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination with Salmonella Choleraesuis and Salmonella Typhimurium bacterins in pigs. Two experimental groups were formed: G1, animals immunized with two doses of a commercial vaccine (n = 20); G2, control group (n = 20). After vaccination, all pigs were orally challenged (D0) with 108 CFU of Salmonella Typhimurium and evaluated for 40 days. Every 10 days after D0, five piglets from each experimental group were euthanized and submitted to the necroscopic examination, when organ samples were collected. Blood samples and rectal swabs were collected before the first dose of the vaccine (D−42), before the second dose (D−21), before the challenge (D0), and thereafter, every three days until D39. Blood count, serum IgG measurement by ELISA, and the excretion of Salmonella Typhimurium in feces were evaluated. While the results from blood count and serum IgG concentration did not differ, the detection and excretion of Salmonella between G1 and G2 differed (p < 0.05). Therefore, it was observed that this vaccine partially protected the animals against experimental infection with Salmonella Typhimurium, reducing the excretion of bacteria in feces.
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Assoumy MA, Bedekelabou AP, Teko-Agbo A, Ossebi W, Akoda K, Nimbona F, Zeba SH, Zobo AA, Tiecoura RCT, Kallo V, Dagnogo K, Bada-Alambédji R. Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. strains isolated from healthy poultry farms in the districts of Abidjan and Agnibilékrou (Côte d'Ivoire). Vet World 2021; 14:1020-1027. [PMID: 34083955 PMCID: PMC8167535 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1020-1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious challenge to animal and human health worldwide. Therefore, this study aims to determine levels and patterns of AMR of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. strains isolated from poultry farms in Côte d'Ivoire. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in two districts of Côte d'Ivoire with high poultry production: Abidjan and Agnibilékrou. A total of 231 fecal samples were collected in 124 poultry farms in both districts. Enterobacteria were isolated and tested for susceptibility to 14 antimicrobial agents using the disk-diffusion method. Results A total of 212 E. coli and 36 Salmonella strains were isolated. In Abidjan, 139 collected samples generated 101 E. coli and 23 Salmonella strains, whereas in Agnibilékrou, 92 collected samples generated 111 E. coli and 13 Salmonella strains. Variable resistance levels were recorded for the antibiotics tested. The resistance prevalence of E. coli and Salmonella, respectively, was high: Doxycycline (98%/94%), sulfonamide (84%/86%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (80%/41%), and streptomycin (71%/52%). Average resistance rates were recorded for flumequine (38%/66%), ampicillin (49%/33%), amoxicillin (25%/44%), colistin (26%/2%), chloramphenicol (21%/2%), and gentamicin (4%/47%). The antibiotics least affected by resistance were cefuroxime (4%/5%), ceftriaxone (2%/0.00%), and nitrofurantoin (1%/0.00%). Conclusion In this study, it was observed that resistance to important antibiotics is emerging in poultry production in Côte d'Ivoire. Policies promoting the rational use of antibiotics should be implemented to manage antibiotic resistance in animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumouni A Assoumy
- Pharmacy-toxicology service, Department of Public Health and Environment, Inter-State School of Veterinary Sciences and Medicine (EISMV), BP 5077 Dakar, Senegal
| | - André P Bedekelabou
- Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Pathology Service, Department of Public Health and Environment, EISMV of Dakar, Senegal
| | - Assiongbon Teko-Agbo
- Pharmacy-toxicology service, Department of Public Health and Environment, Inter-State School of Veterinary Sciences and Medicine (EISMV), BP 5077 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Walter Ossebi
- Rural Economy and Management Service, Department of Biological Sciences and Animal Productions, EISMV of Dakar, Senegal
| | - Komlan Akoda
- Pharmacy-toxicology service, Department of Public Health and Environment, Inter-State School of Veterinary Sciences and Medicine (EISMV), BP 5077 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Félix Nimbona
- Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Pathology Service, Department of Public Health and Environment, EISMV of Dakar, Senegal
| | - Stanislas H Zeba
- Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Pathology Service, Department of Public Health and Environment, EISMV of Dakar, Senegal
| | - Anicet A Zobo
- Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Pathology Service, Department of Public Health and Environment, EISMV of Dakar, Senegal
| | - Raoul C T Tiecoura
- Pharmacy-toxicology service, Department of Public Health and Environment, Inter-State School of Veterinary Sciences and Medicine (EISMV), BP 5077 Dakar, Senegal.,Directorate of Veterinary Services, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Vessaly Kallo
- Animal Health and Veterinary Public Hygiene Improvement Project (PASA-HPV), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Komissiri Dagnogo
- Animal Health and Veterinary Public Hygiene Improvement Project (PASA-HPV), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Rianatou Bada-Alambédji
- Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Pathology Service, Department of Public Health and Environment, EISMV of Dakar, Senegal
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Bacillus subtilis BSH has a protective effect on Salmonella infection by regulating the intestinal flora structure in chickens. Microb Pathog 2021; 155:104898. [PMID: 33878398 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease that poses a serious threat to the reproduction of livestock and poultry and the health of young animals. Probiotics including Bacillus species, have received increasing attention as a substitute for antibiotics. In this study, chicks infected with Salmonella were fed feed supplemented with the BSH to observe the pathological changes in the liver, detect the number of viable bacteria in the liver and spleen, and record the death of the chicks. The results showed that BSH could reduce the pathological changes in the liver and the invasion of Salmonella into the liver and spleen of chicks. In addition, the survival rate of chicks in the BSH experimental group was 60%, while that in the infected control group was 26%, indicating that BSH had a protective effect on chicks infected with Salmonella. Finally, the fecal microflora of 9-day-old chicks was analyzed by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that Salmonella infection could cause intestinal flora changes, while BSH could alleviate this change. In addition, BSH also promoted the proliferation of Lactobacillus salivarius in the cecum of chick. This study emphasized that BSH has anti- Salmonella infection effects in chickens and can be used as a candidate microecological preparation strain.
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75
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Olsen JV, Christensen T, Jensen JD. Pig Farmers' Perceptions of Economic Incentives to Control Salmonella Prevalence at Herd Level. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:647697. [PMID: 33937374 PMCID: PMC8086553 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.647697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper investigates how perceived costs and benefits of Salmonella control among Danish pig farmers affect the farmers' choice of action toward reducing the prevalence of Salmonella in their herds. Based on data from an online questionnaire involving 163 Danish pig farmers, we find a considerable uncertainty among pig farmers about the perceived effects of the Salmonella reducing actions. The results indicate large variations in the perceived costs of implementing different types of Salmonella reducing actions (management-, hygiene- and feed-related). For some cases, farmers associate net benefits and positive productivity effects with implementation of the actions while studies by the industry indicate net costs to the farmers. Differences among farmers support the idea of an outcome-based Salmonella penalty scheme but the large uncertainties about costs and effects of actions toward Salmonella control might hamper the effectiveness of such a penalty scheme as a regulatory instrument to affect farmer behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Vesterlund Olsen
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tove Christensen
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Dejgaard Jensen
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Modernization of Control of Pathogenic Micro-Organisms in the Food-Chain Requires a Durable Role for Immunoaffinity-Based Detection Methodology-A Review. Foods 2021; 10:foods10040832. [PMID: 33920486 PMCID: PMC8069916 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Food microbiology is deluged by a vastly growing plethora of analytical methods. This review endeavors to color the context into which methodology has to fit and underlines the importance of sampling and sample treatment. The context is that the highest risk of food contamination is through the animal and human fecal route with a majority of foodborne infections originating from sources in mass and domestic kitchens at the end of the food-chain. Containment requires easy-to-use, failsafe, single-use tests giving an overall risk score in situ. Conversely, progressive food-safety systems are relying increasingly on early assessment of batches and groups involving risk-based sampling, monitoring environment and herd/flock health status, and (historic) food-chain information. Accordingly, responsible field laboratories prefer specificity, multi-analyte, and high-throughput procedures. Under certain etiological and epidemiological circumstances, indirect antigen immunoaffinity assays outperform the diagnostic sensitivity and diagnostic specificity of e.g., nucleic acid sequence-based assays. The current bulk of testing involves therefore ante- and post-mortem probing of humoral response to several pathogens. In this review, the inclusion of immunoglobulins against additional invasive micro-organisms indicating the level of hygiene and ergo public health risks in tests is advocated. Immunomagnetic separation, immunochromatography, immunosensor, microsphere array, lab-on-a-chip/disc platforms increasingly in combination with nanotechnologies, are discussed. The heuristic development of portable and ambulant microfluidic devices is intriguing and promising. Tant pis, many new platforms seem unattainable as the industry standard. Comparability of results with those of reference methods hinders the implementation of new technologies. Whatever the scientific and technological excellence and incentives, the decision-maker determines this implementation after weighing mainly costs and business risks.
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77
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Ye Q, Shang Y, Chen M, Pang R, Li F, Xiang X, Wang C, Zhou B, Zhang S, Zhang J, Yang X, Xue L, Ding Y, Wu Q. Identification of Novel Sensitive and Reliable Serovar-Specific Targets for PCR Detection of Salmonella Serovars Hadar and Albany by Pan-Genome Analysis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:605984. [PMID: 33815306 PMCID: PMC8011537 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.605984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The accurate and rapid classification of Salmonella serovars is an essential focus for the identification of isolates involved in disease in humans and animals. The purpose of current research was to identify novel sensitive and reliable serovar-specific targets and to develop PCR method for Salmonella C2 serogroups (O:8 epitopes) in food samples to facilitate timely treatment. A total of 575 genomic sequences of 16 target serovars belonging to serogroup C2 and 150 genomic sequences of non-target serovars were analysed by pan-genome analysis. As a result, four and three specific genes were found for serovars Albany and Hadar, respectively. Primer sets for PCR targeting these serovar-specific genes were designed and evaluated based on their specificity; the results showed high specificity (100%). The sensitivity of the specific PCR was 2.8 × 101–103 CFU/mL and 2.3 × 103–104 CFU/mL for serovars Albany and Hadar, respectively, and the detection limits were 1.04 × 103–104 CFU/g and 1.16 × 104–105 CFU/g in artificially contaminated raw pork samples. Furthermore, the potential functions of these serovar-specific genes were analysed; all of the genes were functionally unknown, except for one specific serovar Albany gene known to be a encoded secreted protein and one specific gene for serovars Hadar and Albany that is a encoded membrane protein. Thus, these findings demonstrate that pan-genome analysis is a precious method for mining new high-quality serovar-targets for PCR assays or other molecular methods that are highly sensitive and can be used for rapid detection of Salmonella serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Shang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Pang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinran Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chufang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoqing Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuhong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Jinan University, Institute of Food Safety & Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Jiang Z, Anwar TM, Peng X, Biswas S, Elbediwi M, Li Y, Fang W, Yue M. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella recovered from pig-borne food products in Henan, China. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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79
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Liu Y, Jiang J, Ed-Dra A, Li X, Peng X, Xia L, Guo Q, Yao G, Yue M. Prevalence and genomic investigation of Salmonella isolates recovered from animal food-chain in Xinjiang, China. Food Res Int 2021; 142:110198. [PMID: 33773671 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen worldwide, causing serious cases of morbidity and mortality due to the consumption of contaminated foods. Animal-borne foods were considered the main source of transferring Salmonella to humans; however, route surveillance by genomic platforms along the food-chain is limited in China. Here, we proceeded to the application of whole genome sequencing in the epidemiological analysis of Salmonella isolated along the food-chain in Xinjiang, China. A total of 2408 samples were collected from farms, slaughterhouses, and markets, and subjected to the isolation of Salmonella strains. 314 (13.04%) of the samples were positive for Salmonella. Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance was conducted by the broth dilution method using 14 antimicrobial agents belonging to ten classes for all 314 isolates. A selection of representative 103 isolates was subjected to whole-genome sequencing for understanding the Salmonella diversity, including serovars, antimicrobial and virulence genes, plasmid types, multi-locus sequence types, and allelic types. We found that S. Agona was the dominant serovar and O:4(B) was the dominant serogroup. The dominant genotype was ST13 and each serovar has a unique MLST pattern. Plasmids prediction reported Col(MGD2)_1 and Col(Ye4449)_1 as the dominant plasmids, in addition to the detection of IncFII(S)_1 and IncFIB(S)_1 carried by all S. Enteritidis isolates. Importantly, virulence genes prediction showed the presence of cdtB gene encoding typhoid toxins, spv genes, and pef gene cluster encoding fimbriae in the genomes of S. Indiana and S. Enteritidis. Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance identified 92.04% of the sampled isolates as multi-drug resistance (MDR), with high resistance to tetracycline (78.03%; 245/314), amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid (75.80%; 238/314), and ampicillin (70.70%; 222/314). Together, we firstly reported the prevalence of MDR Salmonella isolates harboring critical virulence factors transmission via animal-borne food-chain in Xinjiang, hence route surveillance by whole-genome sequencing platform could facilitate recognition and project early warning for the emerging MDR clones along the food-chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jindou Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Abdelaziz Ed-Dra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianqi Peng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lining Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Qingyong Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Gang Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China.
| | - Min Yue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China.
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80
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Salmonella Infection in Nursery Piglets and Its Role in the Spread of Salmonellosis to Further Production Periods. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020123. [PMID: 33504097 PMCID: PMC7911055 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Few studies have focused on assessing Salmonella infection in the nursery and its role in further pig production periods. Mesenteric lymph nodes, intestinal content, and meat juice from 389 6-week-old male piglets intended for human consumption from five breeding farms and 191 pooled floor fecal samples from gilt development units (GDU) from the same farms were analyzed to estimate and characterize (by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and antimicrobial resistance analyses) Salmonella infection. The prevalence of infection and shedding among piglets was 36.5% and 37.3%, respectively, shedding being significantly associated with infection (Odds Ratio = 12.7; CI 7.3-22.0). Salmonella Rissen; S. 4,[5],12:i:-; and S. Derby were the most common serotypes. A low level of Salmonella-specific maternal antibodies at the beginning of the nursery period suggested it was a period of high risk of infection. Resistance to 3rd- and 4th-generation cephalosporins was detected in piglet isolates although the piglets never received antibiotics, indicating they could be vectors of antimicrobial resistance. The same Salmonella clones were detected in piglet and GDU isolates, suggesting that infected piglets play a significant role in the infection of gilts and consequently of finishing pigs in the case of production farms. The control of Salmonella infection in nursery piglets may decrease the risk of abattoir and carcass contamination.
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81
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Nale JY, Vinner GK, Lopez VC, Thanki AM, Phothaworn P, Thiennimitr P, Garcia A, AbuOun M, Anjum MF, Korbsrisate S, Galyov EE, Malik DJ, Clokie MRJ. An Optimized Bacteriophage Cocktail Can Effectively Control Salmonella in vitro and in Galleria mellonella. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:609955. [PMID: 33552020 PMCID: PMC7858669 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.609955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is a leading cause of gastrointestinal enteritis in humans where it is largely contracted via contaminated poultry and pork. Phages can be used to control Salmonella infection in the animals, which could break the cycle of infection before the products are accessible for consumption. Here, the potential of 21 myoviruses and a siphovirus to eliminate Salmonella in vitro and in vivo was examined with the aim of developing a biocontrol strategy to curtail the infection in poultry and swine. Together, the phages targeted the twenty-three poultry and ten swine prevalent Salmonella serotype isolates tested. Although individual phages significantly reduced bacterial growth of representative isolates within 6 h post-infection, bacterial regrowth occurred 1 h later, indicating proliferation of resistant strains. To curtail bacteriophage resistance, a novel three-phage cocktail was developed in vitro, and further investigated in an optimized Galleria mellonella larva Salmonella infection model colonized with representative swine, chicken and laboratory strains. For all the strains examined, G. mellonella larvae given phages 2 h prior to bacterial exposure (prophylactic regimen) survived and Salmonella was undetectable 24 h post-phage treatment and throughout the experimental time (72 h). Administering phages with bacteria (co-infection), or 2 h post-bacterial exposure (remedial regimen) also improved survival (73-100% and 15-88%, respectively), but was less effective than prophylaxis application. These pre-livestock data support the future application of this cocktail for further development to effectively treat Salmonella infection in poultry and pigs. Future work will focus on cocktail formulation to ensure stability and incorporation into feeds and used to treat the infection in target animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Y Nale
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Gurinder K Vinner
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Viviana C Lopez
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Anisha M Thanki
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Preeda Phothaworn
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Parameth Thiennimitr
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Angela Garcia
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Manal AbuOun
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Muna F Anjum
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sunee Korbsrisate
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Edouard E Galyov
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Danish J Malik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Martha R J Clokie
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Schmidt S, Sassu EL, Vatzia E, Pierron A, Lagler J, Mair KH, Stadler M, Knecht C, Spergser J, Dolezal M, Springer S, Theuß T, Fachinger V, Ladinig A, Saalmüller A, Gerner W. Vaccination and Infection of Swine With Salmonella Typhimurium Induces a Systemic and Local Multifunctional CD4 + T-Cell Response. Front Immunol 2021; 11:603089. [PMID: 33584671 PMCID: PMC7874209 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The gram-negative facultative intracellular bacteria Salmonella Typhimurium (STM) often leads to subclinical infections in pigs, but can also cause severe enterocolitis in this species. Due to its high zoonotic potential, the pathogen is likewise dangerous for humans. Vaccination with a live attenuated STM strain (Salmoporc) is regarded as an effective method to control STM infections in affected pig herds. However, information on the cellular immune response of swine against STM is still scarce. In this study, we investigated the T-cell immune response in pigs that were vaccinated twice with Salmoporc followed by a challenge infection with a virulent STM strain. Blood- and organ-derived lymphocytes (spleen, tonsils, jejunal and ileocolic lymph nodes, jejunum, ileum) were stimulated in vitro with heat-inactivated STM. Subsequently, CD4+ T cells present in these cell preparations were analyzed for the production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17A by flow cytometry and Boolean gating. Highest frequencies of STM-specific cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells were found in lamina propria lymphocytes of jejunum and ileum. Significant differences of the relative abundance of cytokine-producing phenotypes between control group and vaccinated + infected animals were detected in most organs, but dominated in gut and lymph node-residing CD4+ T cells. IL-17A producing CD4+ T cells dominated in gut and gut-draining lymph nodes, whereas IFN-γ/TNF-α co-producing CD4+ T cells were present in all locations. Additionally, the majority of cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells had a CD8α+CD27- phenotype, indicative of a late effector or effector memory stage of differentiation. In summary, we show that Salmonella-specific multifunctional CD4+ T cells exist in vaccinated and infected pigs, dominate in the gut and most likely contribute to protective immunity against STM in the pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Schmidt
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elena L Sassu
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eleni Vatzia
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alix Pierron
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Lagler
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kerstin H Mair
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Stadler
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Knecht
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlies Dolezal
- Platform for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Tobias Theuß
- Ceva Innovation Center GmbH, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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83
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Santana AM, da Silva DG, Maluta RP, Pizauro LJL, Simplício KMDMG, Santana CH, Rodrigues SDAD, Rodrigues DDP, Fagliari JJ. Comparative Analysis Using Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Highlights a Potential Transmission of Salmonella Between Asymptomatic Buffaloes and Pigs in a Single Farm. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:552413. [PMID: 33240945 PMCID: PMC7683720 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.552413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Buffaloes and pigs play an important epidemiological roll in the Salmonella infection cycle, and asymptomatic animals can act as key component in the dissemination of the disease by horizontal, vertical, and cross-species transmission. Our study aimed and was able to confirm evidences of a cross-species transmission of Salmonella Agona between asymptomatic buffaloes and pigs. Also, we described Salmonella infection within the pig production phases, involving serotypes Agona, Senftenberg and Schwarzengrund. Rectal samples were collected from Jafarabadi buffaloes (n = 25) and Piau pigs (n = 32), located on a single farm. Salmonella Agona was isolated from lactating buffaloes, gilts, pregnant sows, and weaned pigs, Salmonella Schwarzengrund from lactating sows and Salmonella Senftenberg from gilts, pregnant sows, lactating sows, and weaned pigs. Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis protocol (PFGE) was performed and revealed four different profiles. Profile 1 (Salmonella Agona), isolated from a pregnant sow, a gilt and two lactating buffaloes, revealed a indistinguishable PFGE pattern, confirming evidences of potential cross-species transmission. Profile 2 (Salmonella Agona), 3 (Salmonella Senftenberg), and 4 (Salmonella Schwarzengrund), isolated from pigs, revealed important indistinguishable PFGE patterns, evidencing Salmonella infection within the pig production phases. Considering the epidemiological relevance of buffaloes and pigs in the cycle of Salmonella infection, confirmation of a potential cross-species transmission of Salmonella Agona and potential Salmonella infection within the pig production phases highlights the importance of the correct establishment of preventive health strategies in farms, in special the importance of avoiding contact between buffaloes and pigs, since cross-species transmission can occur, increasing the risk of spreading the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Marcos Santana
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Maringá State University (UEM), Maringá, Brazil
| | - Daniela Gomes da Silva
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Pariz Maluta
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas José Luduverio Pizauro
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Clarissa Helena Santana
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Dália Dos Prazeres Rodrigues
- National Reference Laboratory Diagnosis of Enteric Bacteria, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Jurandir Fagliari
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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84
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Sevilla E, Vico JP, Delgado-Blas JF, González-Zorn B, Marín CM, Uruén C, Martín-Burriel I, Bolea R, Mainar-Jaime RC. Resistance to colistin and production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases and/or AmpC enzymes in Salmonella isolates collected from healthy pigs in Northwest Spain in two periods: 2008-2009 and 2018. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 338:108967. [PMID: 33243630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a common subclinical infection in pigs and therefore apparently healthy animals may represent a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella for humans. This study estimates and characterizes resistance to two classes of antimicrobials considered of the highest priority within the critically important antimicrobials for humans, i.e. colistin (CR) and 3rd generation cephalosporins (3GC), on a collection of Salmonella isolates from pigs from two periods: between 2008 and 09, when colistin was massively used; and in 2018, after three years under a National Plan against Antibiotic Resistance. Prevalence of CR was low (6 out of 625; 0.96%; 95%CI: 0.44-2.1) in 2008-09 and associated mostly to the mcr-1 gene, which was detected in four S. 4,5,12:i:- isolates. Polymorphisms in the pmrAB genes were detected in a S. 9,12:-:- isolate. No CR was detected in 2018 out of 59 isolates tested. Among 270 Salmonella isolates considered for the assessment of resistance to 3GC in the 2008-2009 sampling, only one Salmonella Bredeney (0.37%; 95%CI: 0.07-2.1) showed resistance to 3GC, which was associated with the blaCMY-2 gene (AmpC producer). In 2018, six isolates out of 59 (10.2%; 95%CI: 4.7-20.5) showed resistance to 3GC, but only two different strains were identified (S. 4,12:i:- and S. Rissen), both confirmed as extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producers. The blaCTX-M-3 and blaTEM-1b genes in S. 4,12:i:- and the blaTEM-1b gene in S. Rissen seemed to be associated with this resistance. Overall, the prevalence of CR in Salmonella appeared to be very low in 2008-2009 despite the considerable use of colistin in pigs at that time, and seemed to remain so in 2018. Resistance to 3GC was even lower in 2008-2009 but somewhat higher in 2018. Resistance was mostly coded by genes associated with mobile genetic elements. Most serotypes involved in these antimicrobial resistances displayed a multidrug resistance pattern and were considered zoonotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloísa Sevilla
- Dpto. de Patología Animal y, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan P Vico
- IRNASUS-CONICET-Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - José F Delgado-Blas
- Dpto. de Sanidad Animal y Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno González-Zorn
- Dpto. de Sanidad Animal y Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara M Marín
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Uruén
- Dpto. de Patología Animal y, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Martín-Burriel
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosa Bolea
- Dpto. de Patología Animal y, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raúl C Mainar-Jaime
- Dpto. de Patología Animal y, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.
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85
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Kongsoi S, Chumsing S, Satorn D, Noourai P. Serotypes and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella enterica recovered from clinical swine samples. Vet World 2020; 13:2312-2318. [PMID: 33363320 PMCID: PMC7750222 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2312-2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Salmonella enterica is an important foodborne pathogen and is recognized as a major public health issue. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. enterica represents a major challenge for national public health authorities. We investigated the distribution of serovars and antimicrobial resistance of S. enterica isolates from clinical swine samples stored at the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University from 2016 to 2017. Materials and Methods: Clinical samples were collected and subjected to standard microbiological techniques outlined in the Manual of Clinical Microbiology to identify Salmonella serovars. Susceptibility to antimicrobials was tested by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method using a panel of 14 antimicrobials. Results: A total of 144 Salmonella isolates were identified and the dominant serovar was Salmonella Choleraesuis (66.67%), followed by monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium (18.75%), S. Typhimurium (9.03%), and Rissen (5.56%). The isolates displayed high resistance rates to ampicillin (AMP [100%]), amoxicillin (AX [100%]), tetracycline (TE [100%]), cefotaxime (CTX [89.58%]), ceftriaxone (CRO [87.50%]), chloramphenicol (C [82.64%]), gentamicin (CN [79.17%]), nalidixic acid (NA [72.92%]), and ceftazidime (CAZ [71.53%]). All isolates were MDR, with 29 distinct resistance patterns. The dominant MDR pattern among serovars Choleraesuis and Rissen exhibited resistance to 9 antimicrobials: (R7-14 AMP-AX-CAZ-CRO-CTX-NA-C-CN-TE). However, all tested isolates were susceptible to AX/clavulanic acid and fosfomycin. Conclusion: High resistance levels to the third generation of cephalosporins such as CAZ, CRO, and CTX highlight the need for careful and reasonable usage of antimicrobials in animals and humans, especially for S. Choleraesuis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriporn Kongsoi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Suksun Chumsing
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Darunee Satorn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Panisa Noourai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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86
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Riess LE, Hoelzer K. Implementation of Visual-Only Swine Inspection in the European Union: Challenges, Opportunities, and Lessons Learned. J Food Prot 2020; 83:1918-1928. [PMID: 32609817 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Consumption of contaminated meat and poultry products is a major source of foodborne illness in the United States and globally. Meat inspection procedures, established more than 100 years ago to detect prevailing food safety issues of the time and largely harmonized around the world, do not effectively detect modern hazards and may inadvertently increase food safety risks by spreading contamination across carcasses. Visual-only inspection (VOI) is a significantly different, modernized meat inspection system that is data driven and minimizes physical manipulation of the carcass during inspection. It was developed based on scientific evidence and risk assessment and aims to better control current food safety hazards. In 2014, the European Union (EU) became the first supranational government in the world to require VOI for all swine herds slaughtered in member states that met certain epidemiologic and animal rearing conditions. Here, we review the implementation of this new inspection system with the goal of informing similar modernization efforts in other countries and for other commodities beyond pork. This article reports the results of a literature review and interviews conducted with nine experts in 2018 on the implementation of the EU's 2014 VOI regulation. Challenges, opportunities, and lessons learned about the implementation of the regulation are described for audiences interested in adapting inspection procedures to prevent and detect modern food safety hazards. Overall, implementation of VOI varies within and across member states, and among slaughterhouses of different sizes. This variation is due to disease risk patterns, supply chain conditions, and trade barriers. Before transitioning to a similar risk-based meat inspection system, other countries should consider the following: science-based research agendas to identify what food chain information best predicts herd health and foodborne hazards, regulatory system design that accurately reflects local hazards, and development of targeted VOI educational materials. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- L Elizabeth Riess
- The Pew Charitable Trusts, 901 East Street N.W., Washington, DC 20004, USA
| | - Karin Hoelzer
- The Pew Charitable Trusts, 901 East Street N.W., Washington, DC 20004, USA
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87
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Wilson CN, Pulford CV, Akoko J, Perez Sepulveda B, Predeus AV, Bevington J, Duncan P, Hall N, Wigley P, Feasey N, Pinchbeck G, Hinton JCD, Gordon MA, Fèvre EM. Salmonella identified in pigs in Kenya and Malawi reveals the potential for zoonotic transmission in emerging pork markets. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008796. [PMID: 33232324 PMCID: PMC7748489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a major cause of foodborne disease globally. Pigs can carry and shed non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) asymptomatically, representing a significant reservoir for these pathogens. To investigate Salmonella carriage by African domestic pigs, faecal and mesenteric lymph node samples were taken at slaughter in Nairobi, Busia (Kenya) and Chikwawa (Malawi) between October 2016 and May 2017. Selective culture, antisera testing and whole genome sequencing were performed on samples from 647 pigs; the prevalence of NTS carriage was 12.7% in Busia, 9.1% in Nairobi and 24.6% in Chikwawa. Two isolates of S. Typhimurium ST313 were isolated, but were more closely related to ST313 isolates associated with gastroenteritis in the UK than bloodstream infection in Africa. The discovery of porcine NTS carriage in Kenya and Malawi reveals potential for zoonotic transmission of diarrhoeal strains to humans in these countries, but not for transmission of clades specifically associated with invasive NTS disease in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine N. Wilson
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Caisey V. Pulford
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Blanca Perez Sepulveda
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander V. Predeus
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Bevington
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Duncan
- Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security, Irrigation and Water Development, Malawi Government
| | - Neil Hall
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Wigley
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Feasey
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jay C. D. Hinton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Melita A. Gordon
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Eric M. Fèvre
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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88
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Cargnel M, Maes D, Peeters L, Dispas M. Combining quantitative and qualitative approaches to determine viability of a potential Salmonella Typhimurium vaccination program in pigs in Belgium. Prev Vet Med 2020; 184:105132. [PMID: 32992241 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Vaccinating pigs against Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) might be a way to control ST infections at farm level and reduce human infections. Two main issues have to be addressed before such a mandatory vaccination program can be implemented: the effective reduction of attributable human incidence has to be demonstrated and all socio-economic barriers impacting the attitude and motivation of the pig sector have to be lifted. The present research used a quantitative microbial risk assessment model to estimate the effect of different hypothetical Salmonella spp. and ST mitigation strategies on the annual prevalence of human salmonellosis along the minced pork production chain. In addition, a qualitative study aimed to list the potential concerns of the pig sector about the implementation of a hypothetical future vaccination program. The following themes were the most often mentioned: awareness, vaccine cost-benefit/effectiveness, legislation, monovalent vaccine, time and labour required to vaccinate, vaccine registration and trade restriction. Cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of vaccination were cited by all the key interviewees (n = 12). However, based on the quantitative microbial risk assessment model, vaccination alone may not be sufficiently effective to reduce the annual human salmonellosis prevalence. A combination of different control measures along the food chain, with a special focus on interventions at the slaughterhouse, might be more effective in achieving the desired goal than vaccination alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cargnel
- Sciensano, Epidemiology and Public Health Directorate, Veterinary Epidemiology Service, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - D Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Peeters
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Dispas
- Sciensano, Epidemiology and Public Health Directorate, Veterinary Epidemiology Service, Brussels, Belgium
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89
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Distribution of Salmonella Serovars in Humans, Foods, Farm Animals and Environment, Companion and Wildlife Animals in Singapore. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17165774. [PMID: 32785026 PMCID: PMC7460486 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the epidemiological distribution of Salmonella serovars in humans, foods, animals and the environment as a One-Health step towards identifying risk factors for human salmonellosis. Throughout the 2012-2016 period, Salmonella ser. Enteritidis was consistently the predominating serovar attributing to >20.0% of isolates in humans. Other most common serovars in humans include Salmonella ser. Stanley, Salmonella ser. Weltevreden, Salmonella ser. Typhimurium and Salmonella ser. 4,5,12:b:-(dT+). S. Enteritidis was also the most frequent serovar found among the isolates from chicken/chicken products (28.5%) and eggs/egg products (61.5%) during the same period. In contrast, S. Typhimurium (35.2%) and Salmonella ser. Derby (18.8%) were prevalent in pork/pork products. S. Weltevreden was more frequent in seafood (19.2%) than others (≤3.0%). Most isolates (>80.0%) from farms, companion and wildlife animals belonged to serovars other than S. Enteritidis or S. Typhimurium. Findings demonstrate the significance of a One-Health investigative approach to understand the epidemiology Salmonella for more effective and integrated surveillance systems.
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90
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Clark CG, Landgraff C, Robertson J, Pollari F, Parker S, Nadon C, Gannon VPJ, Johnson R, Nash J. Distribution of heavy metal resistance elements in Canadian Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- populations and association with the monophasic genotypes and phenotype. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236436. [PMID: 32716946 PMCID: PMC7384650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- are monophasic S. Typhimurium variants incapable of producing the second-phase flagellar antigen. They have emerged since the mid-1990s to become one of the most prevalent Salmonella serotypes causing human disease world-wide. Multiple genetic events associated with different genetic elements can result in the monophasic phenotype. Several jurisdictions have reported the emergence of a Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- clone with SGI-4 and a genetic element (MREL) encoding a mercury resistance operon and antibiotic resistance loci that disrupts the second phase antigen region near the iroB locus in the Salmonella genome. We have sequenced 810 human and animal Canadian Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- isolates and determined that isolates with SGI-4 and the mercury resistance element (MREL; also known as RR1&RR2) constitute several global clades containing various proportions of Canadian, US, and European isolates. Detailed analysis of the data provides a clearer picture of how these heavy metal elements interact with bacteria within the Salmonella population to produce the monophasic phenotype. Insertion of the MREL near iroB is associated with several deletions and rearrangements of the adjacent flaAB hin region, which may be useful for defining human case clusters that could represent outbreaks. Plasmids carrying genes encoding silver, copper, mercury, and antimicrobial resistance appear to be derived from IS26 mediated acquisition of these genes from genomes carrying SGI-4 and the MREL. Animal isolates with the mercury and As/Cu/Ag resistance elements are strongly associated with porcine sources in Canada as has been shown previously for other jurisdictions. The data acquired in these investigations, as well as from the extensive literature on the subject, may aid source attribution in outbreaks of the organism and interventions to decrease the prevalence of this clone and reduce its impact on human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford G Clark
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Chrystal Landgraff
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - James Robertson
- Division of Enteric Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank Pollari
- FoodNet Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Parker
- FoodNet Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Celine Nadon
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- PulseNet Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Victor P J Gannon
- Division of Enteric Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Roger Johnson
- Division of Enteric Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Nash
- Division of Enteric Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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91
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Guillier L, Gourmelon M, Lozach S, Cadel-Six S, Vignaud ML, Munck N, Hald T, Palma F. AB_SA: Accessory genes-Based Source Attribution - tracing the source of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium environmental strains. Microb Genom 2020; 6:mgen000366. [PMID: 32320376 PMCID: PMC7478624 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The partitioning of pathogenic strains isolated in environmental or human cases to their sources is challenging. The pathogens usually colonize multiple animal hosts, including livestock, which contaminate the food-production chain and the environment (e.g. soil and water), posing an additional public-health burden and major challenges in the identification of the source. Genomic data opens up new opportunities for the development of statistical models aiming to indicate the likely source of pathogen contamination. Here, we propose a computationally fast and efficient multinomial logistic regression source-attribution classifier to predict the animal source of bacterial isolates based on 'source-enriched' loci extracted from the accessory-genome profiles of a pangenomic dataset. Depending on the accuracy of the model's self-attribution step, the modeller selects the number of candidate accessory genes that best fit the model for calculating the likelihood of (source) category membership. The Accessory genes-Based Source Attribution (AB_SA) method was applied to a dataset of strains of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium and its monophasic variant (S. enterica 1,4,[5],12:i:-). The model was trained on 69 strains with known animal-source categories (i.e. poultry, ruminant and pig). The AB_SA method helped to identify 8 genes as predictors among the 2802 accessory genes. The self-attribution accuracy was 80 %. The AB_SA model was then able to classify 25 of the 29 S. enterica Typhimurium and S. enterica 1,4,[5],12:i:- isolates collected from the environment (considered to be of unknown source) into a specific category (i.e. animal source), with more than 85 % of probability. The AB_SA method herein described provides a user-friendly and valuable tool for performing source-attribution studies in only a few steps. AB_SA is written in R and freely available at https://github.com/lguillier/AB_SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Guillier
- Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, University of Paris-EST, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Risk Assessment Department, ANSES, University of Paris-EST, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Michèle Gourmelon
- RBE–SGMM, Health, Environment and Microbiology Laboratory, IFREMER, Plouzané, France
| | - Solen Lozach
- RBE–SGMM, Health, Environment and Microbiology Laboratory, IFREMER, Plouzané, France
| | - Sabrina Cadel-Six
- Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, University of Paris-EST, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marie-Léone Vignaud
- Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, University of Paris-EST, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nanna Munck
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tine Hald
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Federica Palma
- Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, University of Paris-EST, Maisons-Alfort, France
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92
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Teng KTY, Martinez Avilés M, Ugarte-Ruiz M, Barcena C, de la Torre A, Lopez G, Moreno MA, Dominguez L, Alvarez J. Spatial Trends in Salmonella Infection in Pigs in Spain. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:345. [PMID: 32656254 PMCID: PMC7325609 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most important foodborne pathogens worldwide. Its main reservoirs are poultry and pigs, in which infection is endemic in many countries. Spain has one of the largest pig populations in the world. Even though Salmonella infection is commonly detected in pig farms, its spatial distribution at the national level is poorly understood. Here we aimed to report the spatial distribution of Salmonella-positive pig farms in Spain and investigate the presence of potential spatial trends over a 17-year period. For this, data on samples from pigs tested for Salmonella in 2002-2013, 2015, 2017, and 2019 as part of the Spanish Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance program, representing 3,730 farms were analyzed. The spatial distribution and clustering of Salmonella-positive pig farms at the province level were explored using spatial empirical Bayesian smoothing and global Moran's I, local Moran's I, and the Poisson model of the spatial scan statistics. Bayesian spatial regression using a reparameterized Besag-York-Mollié Poisson model (BYM2 model) was then performed to quantify the presence of spatially structured and unstructured effects while accounting for the effect of potential risk factors for Salmonella infection at the province level. The overall proportion of Salmonella-positive farms was 37.8% (95% confidence interval: 36.2-39.4). Clusters of positive farms were detected in the East and Northeast of Spain. The Bayesian spatial regression revealed a West-to-East increase in the risk of Salmonella infection at the province level, with 65.2% (50% highest density interval: 70-100.0%) of this spatial pattern being explained by the spatially structured component. Our results demonstrate the existence of a spatial variation in the risk of Salmonella infection in pig farms at the province level in Spain. This information can help to optimize risk-based Salmonella surveillance programs in Spain, although further research to identify farm-level factors explaining this pattern are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendy Tzu-yun Teng
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Martinez Avilés
- Center for Animal Health Research, National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Ugarte-Ruiz
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Barcena
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana de la Torre
- Center for Animal Health Research, National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Lopez
- Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente (Spain), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Moreno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Dominguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Alvarez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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93
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Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated from a Brazilian pork production chain. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109406. [PMID: 33233093 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pork products are important sources of foodborne non-typhoidal Salmonella in Brazil where antibiotics are commonly used throughout the pork production process and this has the potential to selectively favor antibiotic-resistant strains. We characterized the genotypic and phenotypic diversity of S. enterica isolates (n = 41) that were isolated in Brazil. Isolates were collected from ten swine farms and one slaughterhouse. Whole-genome sequencing and in silico serotyping demonstrated that the S. enterica serovar Typhimurium was the most common serotype (n = 17), but eight additional servoars were identified. Isolates presented high similarity based on comparison of DNA sequences (minimum of 89.6%), and sequence variation grouped according to serotype. Eight multilocus sequence types were identified with ST19 being most common (n = 21). Several plasmids replicons were detected, with Col (RNAI) the most abundant (n = 30), followed by IncR (n = 22), IncI1 (n = 10) and IncA/C2 (n = 10). Minimum inhibitory concentration assays showed that the principle resistance phenotypes were for streptomycin (90.2%), tetracycline (87.8%), ampicillin (80.5%), chloramphenicol (70.7%) and ciprofloxacin (51.2%). Only two isolates were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and no isolates were resistant to two tested carbapenems. Twenty-six unique antimicrobial-resistance genes were identified with blaTEM-1A and blaTEM-1B likely responsible for most beta-lactam resistance and floR responsible for most chloramphenicol resistance. Six strains were positive for mcr-1. At the time of collection, the sampled farms were adding ciprofloxacin to feed and this may have contributed to the high prevalence of resistance to this antibiotic. The high number of multidrug resistant Salmonella and the presence of multiple resistant genes and plasmids emphasize the diversity of Salmonella in the studied pork chain, specially from serotype Typhimurium.
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94
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Sévellec Y, Granier SA, Le Hello S, Weill FX, Guillier L, Mistou MY, Cadel-Six S. Source Attribution Study of Sporadic Salmonella Derby Cases in France. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:889. [PMID: 32477304 PMCID: PMC7240076 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Derby is one of the most frequent causes of gastroenteritis in humans. In Europe, this pathogen is one of the top five most commonly reported serovars in human cases. In France, S. Derby has been among the ten most frequently isolated serovars in humans since the year 2000. The main animal hosts of this serovar are pigs and poultry, and white meat is the main source of human contamination. We have previously shown that this serovar is polyphyletic and that three distinct genetic lineages of S. Derby cohabit in France. Two of them are associated with pork and one with poultry. In this study, we conducted a source attribution study based on single nucleotide polymorphism analysis of a large collection of 440 S. Derby human and non-human isolates collected in 2014-2015, to determine the contribution of each lineage to human contamination. In France, the two lineages associated with pork strains, and corresponding to the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) profiles ST39-ST40 and ST682 were responsible for 94% of human contaminations. Interestingly, the ST40 profile is responsible for the majority of human cases (71%). An analysis of epidemiologic data and the structure of the pork sector in France allowed us to explain the spread and the sporadic pattern of human cases that occurred in the studied period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Sévellec
- Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Université PARIS-EST, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sophie A. Granier
- Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Université PARIS-EST, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Laboratoire de Fougères, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Fougères, France
| | - Simon Le Hello
- Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - François-Xavier Weill
- Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Guillier
- Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Université PARIS-EST, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Michel-Yves Mistou
- Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Université PARIS-EST, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sabrina Cadel-Six
- Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Université PARIS-EST, Maisons-Alfort, France
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95
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Nagrodzki J, Sharrocks KE, Wong VK, Carmichael AJ. A mycotic aneurysm related to Salmonella Rissen infection: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:97. [PMID: 32005105 PMCID: PMC6995202 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4819-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella species commonly causes infection in humans and on occasion leads to serious complications, such as mycotic aneurysms. Here, we present the first case reported of a patient with a mycotic aneurysm likely secondary to Salmonella Rissen infection. Case presentation The patient presented with 4 weeks of lower back pain, chills and a single episode of diarrhoea 2 months prior during a 14-day trip to Hong Kong and Taiwan. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an aneurysmal left internal iliac artery with adjacent left iliacus rim-enhancing collection. A stool culture was positive for Salmonella Rissen ST 469 EBG 66 on whole genome sequencing. The patient underwent an emergency bifurcated graft of his internal iliac aneurysm and was successfully treated with appropriate antibiotics. Conclusions This case highlights the importance of considering the diagnosis of a mycotic aneurysm in an unusual presentation of back pain with features of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Nagrodzki
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK. .,Trinty College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1TQ, UK.
| | | | - Vanessa K Wong
- Infectious Diseases Department, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,Microbiology Department, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Andrew J Carmichael
- Infectious Diseases Department, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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96
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Silveira L, Pinto M, Isidro J, Pista Â, Themudo P, Vieira L, Machado J, Gomes JP. Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Rissen Clusters Detected in Azores Archipelago, Portugal. Int J Genomics 2019; 2019:1860275. [PMID: 31950026 PMCID: PMC6948285 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1860275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal infections caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) remain one of the main causes of foodborne illness worldwide. Within the multiple existing Salmonella enterica serovars, the serovar Rissen is rarely reported, particularly as a cause of human salmonellosis. Between 2015 and 2017, the Portuguese National Reference Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Infections observed an increase in the number of clinical cases caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. enterica serovar Rissen, particularly from the Azores archipelago. In the present study, we analyzed by whole genome sequencing (WGS) all clinical, animal, food, and environmental isolates received up to 2017 in the Portuguese Reference Laboratories. As such, through a wgMLST-based gene-by-gene analysis, we aimed to identify potential epidemiological clusters linking clinical and samples from multiple sources, while gaining insight into the genetic diversity of S. enterica serovar Rissen. We also investigated the genetic basis driving the observed multidrug resistance. By integrating 60 novel genomes with all publicly available serovar Rissen genomes, we observed a low degree of genetic diversity within this serovar. Nevertheless, the majority of Portuguese isolates showed high degree of genetic relatedness and a potential link to pork production. An in-depth analysis of these isolates revealed the existence of two major clusters from the Azores archipelago composed of MDR isolates, most of which were resistant to at least five antimicrobials. Considering the well-known spread of MDR between gastrointestinal bacteria, the identification of MDR circulating clones should constitute an alert to public health authorities. Finally, this study constitutes the starting point for the implementation of the "One Health" approach for Salmonella surveillance in Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Silveira
- National Reference Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Pinto
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Isidro
- National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Bacteriology and Micology Laboratory, Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ângela Pista
- National Reference Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Themudo
- National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Bacteriology and Micology Laboratory, Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Luís Vieira
- Technology and Innovation Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, Nova Medical School/Faculty of Medical Sciences, New University of Lisbon, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Machado
- National Reference Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Gomes
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
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97
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Zhu Z, Huang Q, Hong X, Chen X, Lu Y, Chen Z, Wang C, Meng X, Xu Q, Li S. Isolation and characterization of Salmonella in pork samples collected from retail and wholesale markets in each season from 2016 to 2018 in Wuhan, China. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 128:875-883. [PMID: 31710755 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of Salmonella in pork on sale in Wuhan, Central China. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 4744 pork samples were collected from retail or wholesale markets in each season from 2016 to 2018. The samples showed an overall Salmonella prevalence of 19·54% (927/4744), among which the samples collected in 2017 (21·67%, 428/1975) possessed a significantly higher prevalence than those collected in 2016 (18·61%, 209/1123) (P = 0·047) or 2018 (17·51%, 290/1656) (P = 0·002), and the samples collected in winter showed the lowest prevalence (15·86%, 177/1116). The Salmonella prevalence was significantly higher among samples from retail markets (25·68%, 283/1102) than wholesale markets (17·68%, 644/3642) (P = 0·000). Antimicrobial resistance of 922 Salmonella strains was tested by determining the minimal inhibitory concentrations using a broth microdilution method. The strains revealed that 98·92% (912/922) were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobial agents, and 80·04% (738/922) were resistant to three or more antimicrobials (MDR). Resistance to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (89·91%), tetracycline (87·20%) and ampicillin (71·69%) was predominant. The proportion of MDR strains in 2017 (93·62%, 396/423) was significantly higher than that in 2016 (63·16%, 132/209) (P = 0·000) or 2018 (69·66%, 202/290) (P = 0·000). No significant difference was observed in the proportions of MDR strains between wholesale markets (76·07%, 213/280) and retail markets (80·53%, 517/642) (P = 0·075). Multi-locus sequence typing for 554 of the isolates revealed 20 different sequence types (STs), among which ST40 (38·27%, 212/554), ST34 (18·41%, 102/554) and ST469 (14·46%, 79/554) were dominant. CONCLUSIONS A high risk of Salmonella prevalence and antimicrobial resistance was observed in pork in Wuhan. The risk varies between different sampling years, seasons and market types. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Providing baseline data on Salmonella contamination in pork on sale in Central China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Q Huang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - X Hong
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - X Chen
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Y Lu
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Z Chen
- Wuhan Agricultural Comprehensive Law Enforcement Inspector Corps, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - C Wang
- Wuhan Agricultural Comprehensive Law Enforcement Inspector Corps, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - X Meng
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Q Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - S Li
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
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98
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Viana C, Sereno MJ, Pegoraro K, Yamatogi RS, Call DR, dos Santos Bersot L, Nero LA. Distribution, diversity, virulence genotypes and antibiotic resistance for Salmonella isolated from a Brazilian pork production chain. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 310:108310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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99
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Cota JB, Silva VFD, Chambel L, Veloso MG, Vieira-Pinto M, Oliveira M. Pheno and genotyping of Salmonella from slaughtered pigs in a Portuguese abattoir reveal differential persistence ability. Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108457. [PMID: 31767083 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pork is one of the most common vehicles of non-typhoid foodborne Salmonella, with the slaughterhouse representing a key point for the infection of pigs and carcass contamination. By comparing matching samples taken from animals at the dirty (skin) and clean (inner and outer carcass surface) areas of the slaughterline, this study aimed to assess potential Salmonella contamination routes of pig carcasses within a Portuguese abattoir. Forty-four Salmonella isolates were retrieved from 120 pigs, and further characterized through pheno and genotypical methods. Most frequent serotypes found were Salmonella 4, [5],12:i:- (47.7%), Salmonella Rissen (40.9%) and Salmonella Derby (11.4%). Isolates were most commonly collected from the skin of pigs sampled at the dirty area (59.1%), followed by the inner (38.1%) and outer (9.1%) carcass surface sampled at the clean area. Most isolates (79.5%) were considered to be multidrug resistant and all harbored the virulence associated genes invA, invH, sopB, stn, slyA, phoP, phoQ and agfA. PFGE analysis revealed that most bacterial isolates belonging to the same serotype, recovered from animals from different farms, and slaughtered at separate days were genetically undistinguishable. Furthermore, our findings suggest that Salmonella Rissen might have an increased ability to endure on the slaughterhouse environment when compared with the other serotypes. Concluding, this study shows that the slaughterhouse may be a key point for the dissemination of resistant and virulent Salmonella strains, which stresses the importance of the implementation of good hygiene practices at the slaughterhouse and of the application of corrective measures to avoid cross-contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Bettencourt Cota
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Vanessa Ferreira da Silva
- Technology, Quality and Food Safety Lab, CECAV, Depart. Veterinary Science, UTAD, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Lélia Chambel
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Gabriela Veloso
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Madalena Vieira-Pinto
- Technology, Quality and Food Safety Lab, CECAV, Depart. Veterinary Science, UTAD, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
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100
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Cevallos-Almeida M, Fablet C, Houdayer C, Dorenlor V, Eono F, Denis M, Kerouanton A. Longitudinal study describing time to Salmonella seroconversion in piglets on three farrow-to-finish farms. Vet Rec Open 2019; 6:e000287. [PMID: 31673373 PMCID: PMC6802978 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2018-000287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigs are frequently colonised with Salmonella enterica, and this constitutes a major risk for human salmonellosis. The infection can be assessed by the serological response of pigs to S enterica. A longitudinal study was undertaken on-farm to correctly describe this serological response and investigate factors associated with age at Salmonella seroconversion. METHODS Three pig farms and in each farm three successive batches were considered. Per batch, 40 piglets were selected at random from 10 sows (four piglets per sow). Blood was sampled from sows one week after farrowing and from piglets at weeks 1, 6, 10, 14, 18 and 22 and at the slaughterhouse. Salmonella antibodies were detected in serum using a commercial ELISA test. Factors related to farm characteristics, batch management system, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome infection, and sows' Salmonella serological status were recorded to assess their effect on age at seroconversion. RESULTS At week 1 after farrowing, 96.5 per cent of the sows had antibodies against Salmonella. The serological results of piglets at weeks 1 and 6 only were positively correlated with those of the sows. The average age at Salmonella seroconversion was 137±2.2 days (confidence interval at 95 per cent). The first seroconversions occurred from weeks 10 to 14, but most of the pigs (54.6 per cent) were seropositive at the end of the fattening period, with variations between farms and batches (28.9-75.7 per cent). Herd/farm was significantly associated with age at seroconversion. CONCLUSION This longitudinal study allowed the authors to follow precisely the evolution of Salmonella seroconversion from maternity to slaughterhouse and confirm the relationship between the seroconversion of sows and serology of their piglets. Moreover, factors related to farm practices and management as a whole are more influential than individual factors (at the pig level) on age at Salmonella seroconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cevallos-Almeida
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France
- Facultad Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Christelle Fablet
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Epidemiology, Health and Welfare research unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Catherine Houdayer
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Virginie Dorenlor
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Epidemiology, Health and Welfare research unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Florent Eono
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Epidemiology, Health and Welfare research unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Martine Denis
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Annaëlle Kerouanton
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France
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