51
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Wu B, Yang S, Deng T, Wang C, Jin Y, Yu J, Xu Y, Chen L, Li Y, Ma X. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of cyano-substituted 2,4-diarylaminopyrimidines as potent JAK3 inhibitors for the treatment of B-cell lymphoma. Bioorg Chem 2021; 116:105330. [PMID: 34547646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A series of cyano-substituted 2,4-diarylaminopyrimidines was designed and synthesized as potent non-covalent JAK3 inhibitors. Among the derivatives synthesized, 9o (IC50 = 22.86 nM), 9 k (IC50 = 21.58 nM), and 9j (IC50 = 20.66 nM) demonstrated inhibitory potencies against JAK3 similar to the known JAK3 inhibitor tofacitinib (IC50 = 20.10 nM). Moreover, 9o displayed potent anti-proliferative activities against Raji and Ramos cells, with IC50 values of 0.9255 μM and 1.405 μM, respectively. In addition, 9o demonstrated low toxicity in normal HBE (human bronchial epithelial cells, IC50 > 10 μΜ) and L-02 (human liver cells, IC50 = 3.104 μΜ) cells. Analysis of the mode of action by flow cytometry indicated that 9o effectively arrested Raji cells at the G2/M phase. Taken together, these results suggested that 9o might be a promising candidate for development as a potential treatment for B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Song Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Tuo Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Yue Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Jiawen Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Haematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China
| | - Youjun Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Lixue Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China.
| | - Yanxia Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Haematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China.
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China.
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52
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Cellular model system to dissect the isoform-selectivity of Akt inhibitors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5297. [PMID: 34489430 PMCID: PMC8421423 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase Akt plays a pivotal role in cellular processes. However, its isoforms' distinct functions have not been resolved to date, mainly due to the lack of suitable biochemical and cellular tools. Against this background, we present the development of an isoform-dependent Ba/F3 model system to translate biochemical results on isoform specificity to the cellular level. Our cellular model system complemented by protein X-ray crystallography and structure-based ligand design results in covalent-allosteric Akt inhibitors with unique selectivity profiles. In a first proof-of-concept, the developed molecules allow studies on isoform-selective effects of Akt inhibition in cancer cells. Thus, this study will pave the way to resolve isoform-selective roles in health and disease and foster the development of next-generation therapeutics with superior on-target properties.
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53
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Zaidman D, Gehrtz P, Filep M, Fearon D, Gabizon R, Douangamath A, Prilusky J, Duberstein S, Cohen G, Owen CD, Resnick E, Strain-Damerell C, Lukacik P, Barr H, Walsh MA, von Delft F, London N. An automatic pipeline for the design of irreversible derivatives identifies a potent SARS-CoV-2 M pro inhibitor. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:1795-1806.e5. [PMID: 34174194 PMCID: PMC8228784 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Designing covalent inhibitors is increasingly important, although it remains challenging. Here, we present covalentizer, a computational pipeline for identifying irreversible inhibitors based on structures of targets with non-covalent binders. Through covalent docking of tailored focused libraries, we identify candidates that can bind covalently to a nearby cysteine while preserving the interactions of the original molecule. We found ∼11,000 cysteines proximal to a ligand across 8,386 complexes in the PDB. Of these, the protocol identified 1,553 structures with covalent predictions. In a prospective evaluation, five out of nine predicted covalent kinase inhibitors showed half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values between 155 nM and 4.5 μM. Application against an existing SARS-CoV Mpro reversible inhibitor led to an acrylamide inhibitor series with low micromolar IC50 values against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. The docking was validated by 12 co-crystal structures. Together these examples hint at the vast number of covalent inhibitors accessible through our protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zaidman
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Paul Gehrtz
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mihajlo Filep
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Daren Fearon
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Ronen Gabizon
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alice Douangamath
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Jaime Prilusky
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shirly Duberstein
- Wohl Institute for Drug Discovery of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Galit Cohen
- Wohl Institute for Drug Discovery of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - C David Owen
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK; Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Efrat Resnick
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Claire Strain-Damerell
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK; Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Petra Lukacik
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK; Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
| | | | - Haim Barr
- Wohl Institute for Drug Discovery of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Martin A Walsh
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK; Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Frank von Delft
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK; Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK; Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington OX3 7DQ, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Nir London
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel.
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Remenyi J, Naik RJ, Wang J, Razsolkov M, Verano A, Cai Q, Tan L, Toth R, Raggett S, Baillie C, Traynor R, Hastie CJ, Gray NS, Arthur JSC. Generation of a chemical genetic model for JAK3. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10093. [PMID: 33980892 PMCID: PMC8115619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Janus Kinases (JAKs) have emerged as an important drug target for the treatment of a number of immune disorders due to the central role that they play in cytokine signalling. 4 isoforms of JAKs exist in mammalian cells and the ideal isoform profile of a JAK inhibitor has been the subject of much debate. JAK3 has been proposed as an ideal target due to its expression being largely restricted to the immune system and its requirement for signalling by cytokine receptors using the common γ-chain. Unlike other JAKs, JAK3 possesses a cysteine in its ATP binding pocket and this has allowed the design of isoform selective covalent JAK3 inhibitors targeting this residue. We report here that mutating this cysteine to serine does not prevent JAK3 catalytic activity but does greatly increase the IC50 for covalent JAK3 inhibitors. Mice with a Cys905Ser knockin mutation in the endogenous JAK3 gene are viable and show no apparent welfare issues. Cells from these mice show normal STAT phosphorylation in response to JAK3 dependent cytokines but are resistant to the effects of covalent JAK3 inhibitors. These mice therefore provide a chemical-genetic model to study JAK3 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Remenyi
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Building, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Rangeetha Jayaprakash Naik
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Building, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Momchil Razsolkov
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Building, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Alyssa Verano
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Quan Cai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Rachel Toth
- MRC PPU Reagents and Services, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Samantha Raggett
- MRC PPU Reagents and Services, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Carla Baillie
- MRC PPU Reagents and Services, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Ryan Traynor
- MRC PPU Reagents and Services, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - C James Hastie
- MRC PPU Reagents and Services, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - J Simon C Arthur
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Building, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.
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55
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Wang Q, Zhou X, Yang L, Zhao Y, Chew Z, Xiao J, Liu C, Zheng X, Zheng Y, Shi Q, Liang Q, Wang Y, Wang H. The Natural Compound Notopterol Binds and Targets JAK2/3 to Ameliorate Inflammation and Arthritis. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108158. [PMID: 32937124 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional Chinese medicinal herb Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H.T. Chang has anti-rheumatism activity, and a mass spectrometry assay of patients' serum after administration of the herb revealed that notopterol is the most abundant component enriched. However, the functions of notopterol and its molecular target in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment remain unknown. Here, we show in different RA mouse strains that both oral and intraperitoneal administration of notopterol result in significant therapeutic effects. Mechanistically, notopterol directly binds Janus kinase (JAK)2 and JAK3 kinase domains to inhibit JAK/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) activation, leading to reduced production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Critically, combination therapy using both notopterol and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) blocker results in enhanced therapeutic effects compared to using TNF blocker alone. We demonstrate that notopterol ameliorates RA pathology by targeting JAK-STAT signaling, raising the possibility that notopterol could be effective in treating other diseases characterized by aberrant JAK-STAT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Long Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Yongjian Zhao
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhihuan Chew
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yuxiao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qi Shi
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qianqian Liang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Hongyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
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Zhu J, Yang T, Tang M, Yang Z, Pei H, Ye H, Tang Y, Cheng Z, Lin P, Chen L. Studies on the anti-psoriasis effects and its mechanism of a dual JAK2/FLT3 inhibitor flonoltinib maleate. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111373. [PMID: 33761599 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disease mediated by T cells, and characterized with abnormal proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes, and inflammatory infiltration. The Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway has been identified to play essential roles in mediating various of biological processes, and is closely related to autoimmune diseases. Dendritic cells (DCs) are important antigen presenting cells and play an important regulatory role in T cells. The proliferation, differentiation and function of DCs are regulated by JAK and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) signal pathways. Flonoltinib maleate (FM), a high selectivity dual JAK2/FLT3 inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.8 nM and 15 nM for JAK2 and FLT3, respectively, was developed by our laboratory. Moreover, FM was a potent JAK2 inhibitor with 863-fold and 696-fold selectivity over JAK1 and JAK3, respectively. In this study, the anti-psoriasis activity of FM was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. FM effectively inhibited the proliferation of HaCaT, the inflammatory keratinocyte induced by M5 and markedly suppressed the generation and differentiation of DCs from bone marrow (BM), and inhibited the expression of FLT3 in DCs in vitro. FM effectively inhibited the ear thickening and improved the pathological changes of the ear in interleukin (IL)-23-induced psoriasis-like acanthosis mouse model. Further in keratin 14-vascular endothelial growth factor (K14-VEGF) transgenic homozygous mice model, FM could obviously improve the psoriatic symptom and pathological changes, significantly inhibit the generations of Th1 and Th17 cells in the spleen, and the accumulations of DCs in the ears. FM could also significantly reduce the expression of various inflammatory factors both in C57BL/6 and K14-VEGF mice ears, and the serum of K14-VEGF mice. Mechanism revealed that FM effectively suppressed the phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT3 and STAT5 in inflammatory keratinocytes and the mice ears of C57BL/6 and K14-VEGF, as well as the phosphorylation of FLT3 in K14-VEGF mice ears. In conclusion, FM plays an excellent anti-psoriasis activity, including inhibiting keratinocyte proliferation and regulating inflammatory response through inhibiting JAK2 and FLT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Minghai Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Heying Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Haoyu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhixuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ping Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Dai Z, Chen J, Chang Y, Christiano AM. Selective inhibition of JAK3 signaling is sufficient to reverse alopecia areata. JCI Insight 2021; 6:142205. [PMID: 33830087 PMCID: PMC8119218 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.142205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) are key intracellular mediators in the signal transduction of many cytokines and growth factors. Common γ chain cytokines and interferon-γ that use the JAK/STAT pathway to induce biological responses have been implicated in the pathogenesis of alopecia areata (AA), a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease of the hair follicle. We previously showed that therapeutic targeting of JAK/STAT pathways using the first-generation JAK1/2 inhibitor, ruxolitinib, and the pan-JAK inhibitor, tofacitinib, was highly effective in the treatment of human AA, as well as prevention and reversal of AA in the C3H/HeJ mouse model. To better define the role of individual JAKs in the pathogenesis of AA, in this study, we tested and compared the efficacy of several next-generation JAK-selective inhibitors in the C3H/HeJ mouse model of AA, using both systemic and topical delivery. We found that JAK1-selective inhibitors as well as JAK3-selective inhibitors robustly induced hair regrowth and decreased AA-associated inflammation, whereas several JAK2-selective inhibitors failed to restore hair growth in treated C3H/HeJ mice with AA. Unlike JAK1, which is broadly expressed in many tissues, JAK3 expression is largely restricted to hematopoietic cells. Our study demonstrates inhibiting JAK3 signaling is sufficient to prevent and reverse disease in the preclinical model of AA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Angela M. Christiano
- Department of Dermatology and
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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A phase 2a randomized, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the oral Janus kinase inhibitors ritlecitinib and brepocitinib in alopecia areata: 24-week results. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 85:379-387. [PMID: 33757798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune form of hair loss with limited treatments. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the Janus kinase inhibitors ritlecitinib and brepocitinib in patients who have AA with ≥ 50% scalp hair loss. METHODS Patients were randomized to once-daily ritlecitinib, brepocitinib, or placebo. The primary efficacy endpoint was a 24-week change from baseline in the Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score. The key secondary efficacy endpoint was the proportion of patients achieving 30% improvement in SALT score (SALT30). RESULTS The ritlecitinib, brepocitinib, and placebo groups included 48, 47, and 47 patients, respectively. At week 24, least-squares mean difference from placebo in SALT score change from baseline was 31.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 18.8-43.5) for ritlecitinib and 49.2 (95% CI, 36.6-61.7) for brepocitinib (P < .0001 for both comparisons with placebo). SALT30 was achieved by 50% (90% CI, 38%-62%) of patients receiving ritlecitinib, 64% (90% CI, 51%-75%) receiving brepocitinib, and 2% (90% CI, 0%-9%) receiving placebo. Two patients experienced a serious adverse event (rhabdomyolysis) in the brepocitinib group only. LIMITATIONS Only a single-dosage regimen of each study drug was included. CONCLUSION Treatment with ritlecitinib or brepocitinib for 24 weeks was efficacious and generally well tolerated.
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59
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Small molecule approaches to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases (Part I): Kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 38:127862. [PMID: 33609659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases place a huge burden on the healthcare system. Small molecule (SM) therapeutics provide much needed complementary treatment options for these diseases. This digest series highlights the latest progress in the discovery and development of safe and efficacious SMs to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases with each part representing a class of SMs, namely: 1) protein kinases; 2) nucleic acid-sensing pathways; and 3) soluble ligands and receptors on cell surfaces. In this first part of the series, the focus is on kinase inhibitors that emerged between 2018 and 2020, and which exhibit increased target and tissue selectivity with the aim of increasing their therapeutic index.
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Meier K, Arús‐Pous J, Reymond J. A Potent and Selective Janus Kinase Inhibitor with a Chiral 3D‐Shaped Triquinazine Ring System from Chemical Space. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kris Meier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Josep Arús‐Pous
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Jean‐Louis Reymond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
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61
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Forster M, Liang XJ, Schröder M, Gerstenecker S, Chaikuad A, Knapp S, Laufer S, Gehringer M. Discovery of a Novel Class of Covalent Dual Inhibitors Targeting the Protein Kinases BMX and BTK. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9269. [PMID: 33291717 PMCID: PMC7730235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonreceptor tyrosine TEC kinases are key regulators of the immune system and play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of diverse hematological malignancies. In contrast to the substantial efforts in inhibitor development for Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), specific inhibitors of the other TEC kinases, including the bone marrow tyrosine kinase on chromosome X (BMX), remain sparse. Here we present a novel class of dual BMX/BTK inhibitors, which were designed from irreversible inhibitors of Janus kinase (JAK) 3 targeting a cysteine located within the solvent-exposed front region of the ATP binding pocket. Structure-guided design exploiting the differences in the gatekeeper residues enabled the achievement of high selectivity over JAK3 and certain other kinases harboring a sterically demanding residue at this position. The most active compounds inhibited BMX and BTK with apparent IC50 values in the single digit nanomolar range or below showing moderate selectivity within the TEC family and potent cellular target engagement. These compounds represent an important first step towards selective chemical probes for the protein kinase BMX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Forster
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (M.F.); (X.J.L.); (S.G.); (S.L.)
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) ‘Image-Guided & Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies’, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Xiaojun Julia Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (M.F.); (X.J.L.); (S.G.); (S.L.)
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) ‘Image-Guided & Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies’, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Schröder
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Straße 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.S.); (A.C.); (S.K.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Gerstenecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (M.F.); (X.J.L.); (S.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Apirat Chaikuad
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Straße 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.S.); (A.C.); (S.K.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Straße 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.S.); (A.C.); (S.K.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI) and German Translational Cancer Network (DKTK) Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (M.F.); (X.J.L.); (S.G.); (S.L.)
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) ‘Image-Guided & Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies’, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery (TüCAD2), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Gehringer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (M.F.); (X.J.L.); (S.G.); (S.L.)
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) ‘Image-Guided & Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies’, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Hernandez-Rocha C, Vande Casteele N. JAK inhibitors: current position in treatment strategies for use in inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 55:99-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Meier K, Arús‐Pous J, Reymond J. A Potent and Selective Janus Kinase Inhibitor with a Chiral 3D‐Shaped Triquinazine Ring System from Chemical Space. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:2074-2077. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kris Meier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Josep Arús‐Pous
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Jean‐Louis Reymond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
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The advantages of describing covalent inhibitor in vitro potencies by IC 50 at a fixed time point. IC 50 determination of covalent inhibitors provides meaningful data to medicinal chemistry for SAR optimization. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 29:115865. [PMID: 33285410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a resurgence in drug discovery efforts aimed at the identification of covalent inhibitors which has led to an explosion of literature reports in this area and most importantly new approved therapies. These reports and breakthroughs highlight the significant investments made across the industry in SAR campaigns to optimize inhibitors. The potency of covalent inhibitors is generally considered to be more accurately described by the time-independent kinetic parameter kinact/Ki rather than a by a simple IC50 since the latter is a time-dependent parameter. Enzyme substrate concentrations are an additional important factor to consider when attempting to translate parameters derived from enzymology experiments to phenotypic behavior in a physiologically relevant cell-based system. Theoretical and experimental investigations into the relationship between IC50, time, substrate concentration and Kinact/Ki provided us with an effective approach to provide meaningful data for SAR optimization. The data we generated for our JAK3 irreversible covalent inhibitor program using IC50 values provided by enzyme assays with long incubations (>1h) coupled with physiological substrate concentration provided the medicinal chemist with optimal information in a rapid and efficient manner. We further document the wide applicability of this method by applying it to other enzymes systems where we have run covalent inhibitor programs.
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Development of JAK inhibitors for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases: kinase-targeted inhibitors and pseudokinase-targeted inhibitors. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 43:1173-1186. [PMID: 33161563 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
JAKs are a family of intracellular tyrosine kinases consisting of four members, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2. They are key components of the JAK-STAT pathway that transmit signals of many cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of numerous immune-mediated diseases and have been major molecular targets in developing new drugs for the treatment of such diseases. Some small-molecule inhibitors of JAKs have been approved by the FDA for rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Now, newer JAK inhibitors with isoform-selectivity among the four different JAKs are being developed, with the aim of improving clinical outcomes compared with earlier developed drugs with pan-JAK inhibition. Most of these selective inhibitors target the kinase domains of JAKs, functioning through the traditional inhibition mode of kinases; but recently those that target their pseudokinase domains, allosterically inhibiting the enzymes, have been under development. In this review, key characteristics, efficacy, and safety of FDA-approved and representative drugs in late stages of development are briefly described in order to provide clinical implications with respect to JAK inhibitor selectivity and future development perspectives. The recent development of pseudokinase-targeted inhibitors of JAKs is also included.
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De Vries LCS, Ghiboub M, van Hamersveld PHP, Welting O, Verseijden C, Bell MJ, Rioja I, Prinjha RK, Koelink PJ, Strobl B, Müller M, D’Haens GR, Wildenberg ME, De Jonge WJ. Tyrosine Kinase 2 Signalling Drives Pathogenic T cells in Colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 15:617-630. [PMID: 33005945 PMCID: PMC8023831 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Tyrosine kinase 2 [TYK2] is required for the signalling of key cytokines in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. We assessed the efficacy of a novel selective TYK2 inhibitor [TYK2i] in experimental colitis, using pharmacological and genetic tools. METHODS At onset of T cell transfer colitis, RAG1-/- mice received vehicle or TYK2i daily by oral gavage. T cells lacking TYK2 kinase activity [TYK2KE] were used to confirm selectivity of the inhibitor. To this end, RAG1-/- or RAG1-/-TYK2KE animals were transferred with either wild type [WT] or TYK2KE-CD45RBhigh colitogenic T cells. Loss of body weight, endoscopic disease, the disease activity index [DAI], and histopathology scores were recorded. Tissues were analysed ex vivo for lymphocyte populations by flow cytometry. The impact of TYK2 inhibition on human DC-T cell interactions were studied using autologous Revaxis specific T cell assays. RESULTS TYK2i [70 mg/kg] prevented weight loss and limited endoscopic activity during T cell transfer colitis. TYK2i [70 mg/kg] decreased DAI. Whereas transfer of WT T cells into RAG-/-TYK2KE hosts induced colitis, TYK2KE T cells transferred into RAG1-/-TYK2KErecipients failed to do so. Ex vivo analysis showed a decrease in colon tissue Th1 cells and an increase in Th17 cells upon transfer of TYK2KE-CD45RBhigh cells. In human antigen-triggered T cells, TYK2i displayed reduced Th1 differentiation, similar to murine Th1 cells. CONCLUSIONS Oral administration of TYK2i, as well as transfer of T cells lacking TYK2 activity, reduced human Th1 differentiation and ameliorated the course of murine T cell transfer colitis. We conclude that TYK2 is a promising drug target for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie C S De Vries
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammed Ghiboub
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia H P van Hamersveld
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf Welting
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Verseijden
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew J Bell
- Epigenetics RU, Oncology Therapy Area, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Inmaculada Rioja
- Epigenetics RU, Oncology Therapy Area, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Rabinder K Prinjha
- Epigenetics RU, Oncology Therapy Area, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Pim J Koelink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Birgit Strobl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics and Biomodels Austria, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics and Biomodels Austria, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Geert R D’Haens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manon E Wildenberg
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J De Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Corresponding author: Wouter de Jonge, PhD, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69–71, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Tel.: +31205668163;
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Petri L, Egyed A, Bajusz D, Imre T, Hetényi A, Martinek T, Ábrányi-Balogh P, Keserű GM. An electrophilic warhead library for mapping the reactivity and accessibility of tractable cysteines in protein kinases. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112836. [PMID: 32971426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Targeted covalent inhibitors represent a viable strategy to block protein kinases involved in different disease pathologies. Although a number of computational protocols have been published for identifying druggable cysteines, experimental approaches are limited for mapping the reactivity and accessibility of these residues. Here, we present a ligand based approach using a toolbox of fragment-sized molecules with identical scaffold but equipped with diverse covalent warheads. Our library represents a unique opportunity for the efficient integration of warhead-optimization and target-validation into the covalent drug development process. Screening this probe kit against multiple kinases could experimentally characterize the accessibility and reactivity of the targeted cysteines and helped to identify suitable warheads for designed covalent inhibitors. The usefulness of this approach has been confirmed retrospectively on Janus kinase 3 (JAK3). Furthermore, representing a prospective validation, we identified Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK), as a tractable covalent target. Covalently labelling and biochemical inhibition of MELK would suggest an alternative covalent strategy for MELK inhibitor programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Petri
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Krt 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Egyed
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Krt 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Bajusz
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Krt 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tímea Imre
- MS Metabolomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Krt 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anasztázia Hetényi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 8, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Martinek
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 8, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Ábrányi-Balogh
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Krt 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György M Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Krt 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary.
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Robinson MF, Damjanov N, Stamenkovic B, Radunovic G, Kivitz A, Cox L, Manukyan Z, Banfield C, Saunders M, Chandra D, Vincent MS, Mancuso J, Peeva E, Beebe JS. Efficacy and Safety of PF-06651600 (Ritlecitinib), a Novel JAK3/TEC Inhibitor, in Patients With Moderate-to-Severe Rheumatoid Arthritis and an Inadequate Response to Methotrexate. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:1621-1631. [PMID: 32419304 PMCID: PMC7589242 DOI: 10.1002/art.41316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of PF‐06651600 (ritlecitinib), an irreversible inhibitor of JAK3 and the tyrosine kinase expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (TEC) kinase family, in comparison with placebo in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods An 8‐week, phase II, double‐blind, parallel‐group study was conducted. Seventy patients who were seropositive for anti–citrullinated protein antibodies and/or rheumatoid factor were randomized 3:2 to receive oral PF‐06651600 (200 mg once daily) or placebo for 8 weeks. Eligible patients had an inadequate response to methotrexate, and the study design allowed up to 50% of patients to have previously received 1 tumor necrosis factor inhibitor that was inadequately effective and/or not tolerated. The primary end point was change from baseline in the Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI) score at week 8, assessed by Bayesian analysis using an informative prior distribution for placebo response. Results Mean change from baseline in the SDAI score at week 8 was greater in the PF‐06651600 group (−26.1 [95% credible interval −29.7, −22.4]) than in the placebo group (−16.8 [95% credible interval −20.9, −12.7]; P < 0.001). Most adverse events (AEs) were mild in severity, and no treatment‐related serious AEs, severe AEs, or deaths were reported. The most common classes of AE were infections and infestations as well as skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders; there was 1 mild case of herpes simplex in the PF‐06651600 group that was considered to be treatment related, which resolved within 3 days without study treatment discontinuation or antiviral therapy. Conclusion Treatment with the oral JAK3/TEC inhibitor PF‐06651600 (200 mg once daily) was associated with significant improvements in RA disease activity and was generally well‐tolerated in this small 8‐week study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bojana Stamenkovic
- Institute for Treatment and Rehabilitation Niska Banja and Nis University School of Medicine, Nis, Serbia
| | | | - Alan Kivitz
- Altoona Center for Clinical Research, Duncansville, Pennsylvania
| | - Lori Cox
- Pfizer, Inc., New York, New York
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Janus kinases inhibitors (JAKi) are new small molecules recently introduced in the armamentarium of treatments for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Janus Kinases (JAK) are tyrosine kinases that act by linkage with different intracellular receptors, regulating cytokines gene transcription implicated in the inflammatory burden seen in IBD patients. AREAS COVERED A comprehensive literature search was performed to retrieve studies on JAKi and IBD to discuss the latest developments and how the selectivity of these drugs is changing the natural course of IBD. EXPERT OPINION Available data on efficacy and safety of JAKi in IBD are highly encouraging and because of their selectivity, these drugs might become among the foremost options in the treatment algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Roda
- IBD Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS - , Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Dal Buono
- IBD Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS - , Milan, Italy
| | - Marjorie Argollo
- Gastroenterology, Universidade Federal De São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvio Danese
- IBD Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS - , Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University , Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract which are characterised, in part, by an imbalance in the production of several pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Although various agents are effective for inducing and maintaining remission, approximately 20% of patients are treatment-refractory and require surgery. Parenterally administered monoclonal antibody-based biologics are associated with adverse effects resulting in treatment discontinuation and/or immunogenicity, leading to loss of response to therapy. Approximately 50% of patients who initially respond to treatment with tumour necrosis factor antagonists lose response to therapy within the 1st year of treatment. Incidence of immunogenicity tends to decrease over time, but once present can persist for years, even after treatment discontinuation. Nonimmunogenic oral small molecule therapies, including Janus kinase inhibitors, are currently being developed and have demonstrated efficacy in early phase clinical trials, which has already led to regulatory approval of tofacitinib for the treatment of patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Differentiation of T cells into T helper cells, which are mediators of the inflammatory response in inflammatory bowel disease, is mediated by the Janus kinase signal transducer and activator of the transcription signalling pathway. Absorption and distribution of Janus kinase inhibitors occurs at the site of action in the gastrointestinal tract, and newer compounds are being developed with limited systemic absorption, potentially reducing the risk of adverse effects. The current review describes the clinical pharmacology of approved Janus kinase inhibitors, as well as those in clinical development for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niels Vande Casteele
- Robarts Clinical Trials, Inc., London, ON, Canada,IBD Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Corresponding author: Niels Vande Casteele, PharmD, PhD, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, IBD Center, 9,500 Gilman Drive #0956, La Jolla, CA 92093. Tel.: +1 858 345 5932; fax: +1 858 768 0645; email
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71
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Vinogradova EV, Zhang X, Remillard D, Lazar DC, Suciu RM, Wang Y, Bianco G, Yamashita Y, Crowley VM, Schafroth MA, Yokoyama M, Konrad DB, Lum KM, Simon GM, Kemper EK, Lazear MR, Yin S, Blewett MM, Dix MM, Nguyen N, Shokhirev MN, Chin EN, Lairson LL, Melillo B, Schreiber SL, Forli S, Teijaro JR, Cravatt BF. An Activity-Guided Map of Electrophile-Cysteine Interactions in Primary Human T Cells. Cell 2020; 182:1009-1026.e29. [PMID: 32730809 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrophilic compounds originating from nature or chemical synthesis have profound effects on immune cells. These compounds are thought to act by cysteine modification to alter the functions of immune-relevant proteins; however, our understanding of electrophile-sensitive cysteines in the human immune proteome remains limited. Here, we present a global map of cysteines in primary human T cells that are susceptible to covalent modification by electrophilic small molecules. More than 3,000 covalently liganded cysteines were found on functionally and structurally diverse proteins, including many that play fundamental roles in immunology. We further show that electrophilic compounds can impair T cell activation by distinct mechanisms involving the direct functional perturbation and/or degradation of proteins. Our findings reveal a rich content of ligandable cysteines in human T cells and point to electrophilic small molecules as a fertile source for chemical probes and ultimately therapeutics that modulate immunological processes and their associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David Remillard
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniel C Lazar
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Radu M Suciu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Giulia Bianco
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yu Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
| | - Vincent M Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael A Schafroth
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Minoru Yokoyama
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David B Konrad
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kenneth M Lum
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gabriel M Simon
- Vividion Therapeutics, 5820 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Esther K Kemper
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael R Lazear
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sifei Yin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Megan M Blewett
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Melissa M Dix
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nhan Nguyen
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maxim N Shokhirev
- Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Emily N Chin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Luke L Lairson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bruno Melillo
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Stefano Forli
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John R Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Salas A, Hernandez-Rocha C, Duijvestein M, Faubion W, McGovern D, Vermeire S, Vetrano S, Vande Casteele N. JAK-STAT pathway targeting for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:323-337. [PMID: 32203403 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-0273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are involved in intestinal homeostasis and pathological processes associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The biological effects of cytokines, including several involved in the pathology of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, occur as a result of receptor-mediated signalling through the Janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) DNA-binding families of proteins. Although therapies targeting cytokines have revolutionized IBD therapy, they have historically targeted individual cytokines, and an unmet medical need exists for patients who do not respond to or lose response to these treatments. Several small-molecule inhibitors of JAKs that have the potential to affect multiple pro-inflammatory cytokine-dependent pathways are in clinical development for the treatment of IBD, with one agent, tofacitinib, already approved for ulcerative colitis and several other agents with demonstrated efficacy in early phase trials. This Review describes the current understanding of JAK-STAT signalling in intestinal homeostasis and disease and the rationale for targeting this pathway as a treatment for IBD. The available evidence for the efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of JAK inhibitors in IBD as well as the potential approaches to optimize treatment with these agents, such as localized delivery or combination therapy, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azucena Salas
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristian Hernandez-Rocha
- Zane Cohen Center for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital Inflammatory Bowel Disease Group, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marjolijn Duijvestein
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - William Faubion
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Dermot McGovern
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Severine Vermeire
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefania Vetrano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,IBD Center, Laboratory of Immunology in Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Niels Vande Casteele
- Robarts Clinical Trials, London, ON, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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73
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Yin Y, Chen CJ, Yu RN, Shu L, Wang ZJ, Zhang TT, Zhang DY. Novel 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6-amino derivatives as potent selective Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) inhibitors. Evaluation of their improved effect for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Bioorg Chem 2020; 98:103720. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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74
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Xu P, Shen P, Yu B, Xu X, Ge R, Cheng X, Chen Q, Bian J, Li Z, Wang J. Janus kinases (JAKs): The efficient therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases and myeloproliferative disorders. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 192:112155. [PMID: 32120325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Janus kinases or JAKs are a family of intracellular tyrosine kinases that play an essential role in the signaling of numerous cytokines that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and myeloproliferative disorders. JAKs are activated upon ligand induced receptor homo- or heterodimerization, which results in the immediate phosphorylation of tyrosine residues and the phosphotyrosines then serve as docking sites for cytoplasmic signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins which become phosphorylated by the JAKs upon recruitment to the receptor complex. The phosphorylated STAT proteins dimerize and travel to the cellular nucleus, where they act as transcription factors. Interfering in the JAK-STAT pathway has yielded the only approved small molecule kinase inhibitors for immunological indications. Numerous medicinal chemistry studies are currently aimed at the design of novel and potent inhibitors for JAKs. Additionally, whether the second-generation inhibitors which possessed selectivity for JAKs are more efficient are under research. This Perspective summarizes the progress in the discovery and development of JAKs inhibitors, including the potential binding site and approaches for identifying small-molecule inhibitors, as well as future therapeutic perspectives in autoimmune diseases and myeloproliferative disorders are also put forward in order to provide reference and rational for the drug discovery of novel and potent JAKs inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Pei Shen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Xi Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Raoling Ge
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Xinying Cheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Qiuyu Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Jinlei Bian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 21009, China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 21009, China.
| | - JuBo Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 21009, China.
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75
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Shu L, Chen C, Huan X, Huang H, Wang M, Zhang J, Yan Y, Liu J, Zhang T, Zhang D. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of 4- or 6-phenyl-pyrimidine derivatives as novel and selective Janus kinase 3 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 191:112148. [PMID: 32097841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As non-receptor tyrosine kinases, Janus kinases (JAKs) have become an attractive target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and cancers. JAKs play a pivotal role in innate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis by mediating the signaling of numerous cytokines, growth factors, and interferons (IFNs). Selective inhibitors of a variety of JAK members are expected to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine-mediated inflammation and immune responses, while preventing targeting other subtypes of JAKs. In this work, poorly selective compounds based on 4- or 6-phenyl-pyrimidine derivatives have been improved to highly potent and selective compounds by designing a covalent binding tether, which attaches to the unique cysteine (Cys909) residue in JAK3. Compound 12 exhibited potent JAK3 inhibitory activity (IC50 = 1.7 nM) with an excellent selectivity profile when compared to the other JAK isoforms (>588-fold). In a cellular assay, compound 12 strongly inhibited JAK3-dependent signaling and T cell proliferation. Moreover, in vivo data revealed that compound 12 significantly suppressed oxazolone (OXZ)-induced delayed hypersensitivity responses in Balb/c mice. Compound 12 also displayed decent pharmacokinetic properties and was suitable for in vivo use. Taken together, these results indicated that compound 12 may be a promising tool compound as a selective JAK3 inhibitor for treating autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Chengjuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Xueting Huan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Hao Huang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Manman Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Jianqiu Zhang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Yile Yan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Jianming Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Tiantai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China.
| | - Dayong Zhang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
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76
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Abdeldayem A, Raouf YS, Constantinescu SN, Moriggl R, Gunning PT. Advances in covalent kinase inhibitors. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:2617-2687. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00720b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This comprehensive review details recent advances, challenges and innovations in covalent kinase inhibition within a 10 year period (2007–2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayah Abdeldayem
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences
- University of Toronto
- Mississauga
- Canada
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Yasir S. Raouf
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences
- University of Toronto
- Mississauga
- Canada
- Department of Chemistry
| | | | - Richard Moriggl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics
- University of Veterinary Medicine
- 1210 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Patrick T. Gunning
- Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences
- University of Toronto
- Mississauga
- Canada
- Department of Chemistry
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77
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Ren J, Shi W, Zhao D, Wang Q, Chang X, He X, Wang X, Gao Y, Lu P, Zhang X, Xu H, Zhang Y. Design and synthesis of boron-containing diphenylpyrimidines as potent BTK and JAK3 dual inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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78
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Dai J, Yang L, Addison G. Current Status in the Discovery of Covalent Janus Kinase 3 (JAK3) Inhibitors. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:1531-1543. [PMID: 31288716 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190617152011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The search for inhibitors of the Janus kinase family (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2) has been ongoing for several decades and has resulted in a number of JAK inhibitors being approved for use in patients, such as tofacitinib for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Although initially thought to be a JAK3 selective inhibitor, tofacitinib was subsequently found to possess significant activity to inhibit JAK1 and JAK2 which has contributed to some adverse side effects. A selective JAK3 inhibitor should only have an effect within the immune system since JAK3 is solely expressed in lymphoid tissue; this makes JAK3 a target of interest in the search for treatments of autoimmune diseases. A method to obtain selectivity for JAK3 over the other JAK family members, which has attracted more scientific attention recently, is the targeting of the active site cysteine residue, unique in JAK3 within the JAK family, with compounds containing electrophilic warheads which can form a covalent bond with the nucleophilic thiol of the cysteine residue. This review encompasses the historical search for a covalent JAK3 inhibitor and the most recently published research which hasn't been reviewed to date. The most important compounds from the publications reviewed the activity and selectivity of these compounds together with some of the more important biological results are condensed in to an easily digested form that should prove useful for those interested in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dai
- Changzhou Fangyuan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Changzhou, Jiangsu, PC 213125, China
| | - LiXi Yang
- Changzhou Fangyuan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Changzhou, Jiangsu, PC 213125, China
| | - Glynn Addison
- Changzhou Fangyuan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Changzhou, Jiangsu, PC 213125, China
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79
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Danese S, Argollo M, Le Berre C, Peyrin-Biroulet L. JAK selectivity for inflammatory bowel disease treatment: does it clinically matter? Gut 2019; 68:1893-1899. [PMID: 31227590 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic immune-mediated conditions characterised by an increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that act as critical drivers of intestinal inflammation. Anti-cytokine therapy has been shown to improve clinical outcomes in IBD. Janus kinases (JAKs) are tyrosine kinases that bind different intracellular cytokine receptors, leading to phosphorylation of signal transducer and activation of transcription molecules implicated on targeted gene transcription. Four isoforms of JAKs have been described: JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2. Oral JAK inhibitors (JAKi) have been developed as synergic anti-cytokine therapy in IBD, showing different selectivity towards JAK isoforms. Tofacitinib, a pan-JAK inhibitor, has been recently approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe UC. With the aim of improving the benefit: risk ratio of this drug class, several second-generation subtype-selective JAKi are under development. However, whether selective inhibition of JAK isoforms is associated with an increased clinical efficacy and/or a better safety profile remains debatable. The aim of this review is to critically review the preclinical and clinical data for the differential selectivity of JAK inhibitors and to summarise the potential clinical implications of the selective JAK inhibitors under development for UC and CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Danese
- IBD Centre, Humanitas Clinical Research Centre, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marjorie Argollo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Gastroenterology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Inserm U954 and Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Nancy-Brabois, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Université Henri Poincaré 1, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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80
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Spolski R, Li P, Leonard WJ. Biology and regulation of IL-2: from molecular mechanisms to human therapy. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 18:648-659. [PMID: 30089912 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-018-0046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
IL-2 was first identified as a growth factor capable of driving the expansion of activated human T cell populations. In the more than 40 years since its discovery, a tremendous amount has been learned regarding the mechanisms that regulate the expression of both IL-2 and its cell surface receptor, its mechanisms of signalling and its range of biological actions. More recently, the mechanisms by which IL-2 regulates CD4+ T cell differentiation and function have been elucidated. IL-2 also regulates the effector and memory responses of CD8+ T cells, and the loss of IL-2 or responsiveness to IL-2 at least in part explains the exhausted phenotype that occurs during chronic viral infections and in tumour responses. These basic mechanistic studies have led to the therapeutic ability to manipulate the action of IL-2 on regulatory T (Treg) cells for the treatment of autoimmune disease and on CD8+ T cells for immunotherapy of cancer. IL-2 can have either positive or deleterious effects, and we discuss here recent ideas and approaches for manipulating the actions and overall net effects of IL-2 in disease settings, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne Spolski
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and The Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and The Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and The Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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81
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Marshall N, Hutchinson K, Marron TU, Aleynick M, Hammerich L, Upadhyay R, Svensson-Arvelund J, Brown BD, Merad M, Brody JD. Antitumor T-cell Homeostatic Activation Is Uncoupled from Homeostatic Inhibition by Checkpoint Blockade. Cancer Discov 2019; 9:1520-1537. [PMID: 31375522 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
T-cell transfer into lymphodepleted recipients induces homeostatic activation and potentiates antitumor efficacy. In contrast to canonical T-cell receptor-induced activation, homeostatic activation yields a distinct phenotype and memory state whose regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we show in patients and murine models that, following transfer into lymphodepleted bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients, CD8+ T cells undergo activation but also simultaneous homeostatic inhibition manifested by upregulation of immune-checkpoint molecules and functional suppression. T cells transferred into BMT recipients were protected from homeostatic inhibition by PD-1/CTLA4 dual checkpoint blockade (dCB). This combination of dCB and BMT-"immunotransplant"-increased T-cell homeostatic activation and antitumor T-cell responses by an order of magnitude. Like homeostatic activation, homeostatic inhibition is IL7/IL15-dependent, revealing mechanistic coupling of these two processes. Marked similarity in ex vivo modulation of post-BMT T cells in mice and patients is promising for the clinical translation of immunotransplant (NCT03305445) and for addressing homeostatic inhibition in T-cell therapies. SIGNIFICANCE: For optimal anticancer effect, T-cell therapies including chimeric antigen receptor T-cell, tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte, and transgenic T-cell therapies require transfer into lymphodepleted recipients and homeostatic activation; however, concomitant homeostatic inhibition mitigates T-cell therapies' efficacy. Checkpoint blockade uncouples homeostatic inhibition from activation, amplifying T-cell responses. Conversely, tumors nonresponsive to checkpoint blockade or BMT are treatable with immunotransplant.See related commentary by Ansell, p. 1487.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1469.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netonia Marshall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Keino Hutchinson
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Thomas U Marron
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Mark Aleynick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Linda Hammerich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Ranjan Upadhyay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Judit Svensson-Arvelund
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Brian D Brown
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Miriam Merad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Joshua D Brody
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York.
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82
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Small-molecule agents for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2034-2041. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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83
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Musumeci F, Greco C, Giacchello I, Fallacara AL, Ibrahim MM, Grossi G, Brullo C, Schenone S. An Update on JAK Inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1806-1832. [PMID: 29589523 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180327093502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Janus kinases (JAKs) are a family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases, composed by four members, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2. JAKs are involved in different inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, as well as in malignancies, through the activation of the JAK/STAT signalling pathway. Furthermore, the V617F mutation in JAK2 was identified in patients affected by myeloproliferative neoplasms. This knowledge prompted researchers from academia and pharmaceutical companies to investigate this field in order to discover small molecule JAK inhibitors. These efforts recently afforded to the market approval of four JAK inhibitors. Despite the fact that all these drugs are pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives, many compounds endowed with different heterocyclic scaffolds have been reported in the literature as selective or multi-JAK inhibitors, and a number of them is currently being evaluated in clinical trials. In this review we will report many representative compounds that have been published in articles or patents in the last five years (period 2013-2017). The inhibitors will be classified on the basis of their chemical structure, focusing, when possible, on their structure activity relationships, selectivity and biological activity. For every class of derivatives, compounds disclosed before 2013 that have entered clinical trials will also be briefly reported, to underline the importance of a particular chemical scaffold in the search for new inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Musumeci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Greco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Giacchello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Lucia Fallacara
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Munjed M Ibrahim
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955-Makkah Al- Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Giancarlo Grossi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Brullo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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84
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Zhang WJ, Li PH, Zhao MC, Gu YH, Dong CZ, Chen HX, Du ZY. Synthesis and identification of quinoline derivatives as topoisomerase I inhibitors with potent antipsoriasis activity in an animal model. Bioorg Chem 2019; 88:102899. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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85
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Xu H, Jesson MI, Seneviratne UI, Lin TH, Sharif MN, Xue L, Nguyen C, Everley RA, Trujillo JI, Johnson DS, Point GR, Thorarensen A, Kilty I, Telliez JB. PF-06651600, a Dual JAK3/TEC Family Kinase Inhibitor. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:1235-1242. [PMID: 31082193 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PF-06651600 was developed as an irreversible inhibitor of JAK3 with selectivity over the other three JAK isoforms. A high level of selectivity toward JAK3 is achieved by the covalent interaction of PF-06651600 with a unique cysteine residue (Cys-909) in the catalytic domain of JAK3, which is replaced by a serine residue in the other JAK isoforms. Importantly, 10 other kinases in the kinome have a cysteine at the equivalent position of Cys-909 in JAK3. Five of those kinases belong to the TEC kinase family including BTK, BMX, ITK, RLK, and TEC and are also inhibited by PF-06651600. Preclinical data demonstrate that inhibition of the cytolytic function of CD8+ T cells and NK cells by PF-06651600 is driven by the inhibition of TEC kinases. On the basis of the underlying pathophysiology of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, alopecia areata, and vitiligo, the dual activity of PF-06651600 toward JAK3 and the TEC kinase family may provide a beneficial inhibitory profile for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xu
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael I. Jesson
- Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Uthpala I. Seneviratne
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tsung H. Lin
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - M. Nusrat Sharif
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Liang Xue
- Integrative Biology, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chuong Nguyen
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Robert A. Everley
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John I. Trujillo
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Douglas S. Johnson
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gary R. Point
- Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Atli Thorarensen
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Iain Kilty
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jean-Baptiste Telliez
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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86
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Chakraborty S, Inukai T, Fang L, Golkowski M, Maly DJ. Targeting Dynamic ATP-Binding Site Features Allows Discrimination between Highly Homologous Protein Kinases. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:1249-1259. [PMID: 31038916 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
ATP-competitive inhibitors that demonstrate exquisite selectivity for specific members of the human kinome have been developed. Despite this success, the identification of highly selective inhibitors is still very challenging, and it is often not possible to rationally engineer selectivity between the ATP-binding sites of kinases, especially among closely related family members. Src-family kinases (SFKs) are a highly homologous family of eight multidomain, nonreceptor tyrosine kinases that play general and specialized roles in numerous cellular processes. The high sequence and functional similarities between SFK members make it hard to rationalize how selectivity can be gained with inhibitors that target the ATP-binding site. Here, we describe the development of a series of inhibitors that are highly selective for the ATP-binding sites of the SFKs Lyn and Hck over other SFKs. By biochemically characterizing how these selective ATP-competitive inhibitors allosterically influence the global conformation of SFKs, we demonstrate that they most likely interact with a binding pocket created by the movement of the conformationally flexible helix αC in the ATP-binding site. With a series of sequence swap experiments, we show that sensitivity to this class of selective inhibitors is due to the identity of residues that control the conformational flexibility of helix αC rather than any specific ATP-binding site interactions. Thus, the ATP-binding sites of highly homologous kinases can be discriminated by targeting heterogeneity within conformationally flexible regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takayuki Inukai
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
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87
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Backus KM, Cao J, Maddox SM. Opportunities and challenges for the development of covalent chemical immunomodulators. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3421-3439. [PMID: 31204229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Compounds that react irreversibly with cysteines have reemerged as potent and selective tools for altering protein function, serving as chemical probes and even clinically approved drugs. The exquisite sensitivity of human immune cell signaling pathways to oxidative stress indicates the likely, yet still underexploited, general utility of covalent probes for selective chemical immunomodulation. Here, we provide an overview of immunomodulatory cysteines, including identification of electrophilic compounds available to label these residues. We focus our discussion on three protein classes essential for cell signaling, which span the 'druggability' spectrum from amenable to chemical probes (kinases), somewhat druggable (proteases), to inaccessible (phosphatases). Using existing inhibitors as a guide, we identify general strategies to guide the development of covalent probes for selected undruggable classes of proteins and propose the application of such compounds to alter immune cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keriann M Backus
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Jian Cao
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sean M Maddox
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, USA
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88
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Sailliet N, Brosseau C, Robert JM, Brouard S. Role of JAK inhibitors and immune cells in transplantation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 47:62-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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89
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Fernández-Clotet A, Castro-Poceiro J, Panés J. JAK Inhibition: The Most Promising Agents in the IBD Pipeline? Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:32-40. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190405141410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Under current therapeutic algorithms, half of the patients with moderate-severe ulcerative colitis or
Crohn’s disease fail in achieving a sustained remission. New drugs with different mechanisms of action are
needed. After two decades of new drug avenues in inflammatory bowel disease dominated by the development of
monoclonal antibodies, in recent years we are witnessing promising developments of small molecules for these
conditions. Their intrinsic characteristics make them attractive compared to the monoclonal antibodies based on
their oral administration, short plasma half-life, lack of immunogenicity and predictable pharmacokinetics.
Among them, Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are a promising new class that have demonstrated efficacy with a
favorable safety profile in clinical trials. Tofacitinib has been the first JAK inhibitor approved for the treatment of
ulcerative colitis. This review discusses the molecular aspects of the JAK-STAT pathway, its role in the pathogenesis
of inflammatory bowel disease, and the rational use of JAK inhibitors in these conditions. The different
compounds with JAK inhibitory activity tested are reviewed and we provide an overview of recent evidence from
clinical trials. Finally, we consider the positioning of these drugs in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Fernández-Clotet
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biometiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Castro-Poceiro
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biometiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julián Panés
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biometiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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90
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Abstract
Cytokines are secreted or otherwise released polypeptide factors that exert autocrine and/or paracrine actions, with most cytokines acting in the immune and/or hematopoietic system. They are typically pleiotropic, controlling development, cell growth, survival, and/or differentiation. Correspondingly, cytokines are clinically important, and augmenting or attenuating cytokine signals can have deleterious or therapeutic effects. Besides physiological fine-tuning of cytokine signals, altering the nature or potency of the signal can be important in pathophysiological responses and can also provide novel therapeutic approaches. Here, we give an overview of cytokines, their signaling and actions, and the physiological mechanisms and pharmacologic strategies to fine-tune their actions. In particular, the differential utilization of STAT proteins by a single cytokine or by different cytokines and STAT dimerization versus tetramerization are physiological mechanisms of fine-tuning, whereas anticytokine and anticytokine receptor antibodies and cytokines with altered activities, including cytokine superagonists, partial agonists, and antagonists, represent new ways of fine-tuning cytokine signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674, USA; ,
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674, USA; ,
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91
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Are peptides a solution for the treatment of hyperactivated JAK3 pathways? Inflammopharmacology 2019; 27:433-452. [PMID: 30929155 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00589-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
While the inactivation mutations that eliminate JAK3 function lead to the immunological disorders such as severe combined immunodeficiency, activation mutations, causing constitutive JAK3 signaling, are known to trigger various types of cancer or are responsible for autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, or inflammatory bowel diseases. Treatment of hyperactivated JAK3 is still an obstacle, due to different sensibility of mutation types to conventional drugs and unwanted side effects, because these drugs are not absolutely specific for JAK3, thus inhibiting other members of the JAK family, too. Lack of information, in which way sole inhibition of JAK3 is necessary for elimination of the disease, calls for the development of isoform-specific JAK3 inhibitors. Beside this strategy, up to date peptides are a rising alternative as chemo- or immunotherapeutics, but still sparsely represented in drug development and clinical trials. Beyond a possible direct inhibition function, crossing the cancer cell membrane and interfering in disease-causing pathways or triggering apoptosis, peptides could be used in future as adjunct remedies to potentialize traditional therapy and preserve non-affected cells. To discuss such feasible topics, this review deals with the knowledge about the structure-function of JAK3 and the actual state-of-the-art of isoform-specific inhibitor development, as well as the function of currently approved drugs or those currently being tested in clinical trials. Furthermore, several strategies for the application of peptide-based drugs for cancer therapy and the physicochemical and structural relations to peptide efficacy are discussed, and an overview of peptide sequences, which were qualified for clinical trials, is given.
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92
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Yu RN, Chen CJ, Shu L, Yin Y, Wang ZJ, Zhang TT, Zhang DY. Structure-based design and synthesis of pyrimidine-4,6-diamine derivatives as Janus kinase 3 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1646-1657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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93
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Spergel SH, Mertzman ME, Kempson J, Guo J, Stachura S, Haque L, Lippy JS, Zhang RF, Galella M, Pitt S, Shen G, Fura A, Gillooly K, McIntyre KW, Tang V, Tokarski J, Sack JS, Khan J, Carter PH, Barrish JC, Nadler SG, Salter-Cid LM, Schieven GL, Wrobleski ST, Pitts WJ. Discovery of a JAK1/3 Inhibitor and Use of a Prodrug To Demonstrate Efficacy in a Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:306-311. [PMID: 30891131 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The four members of the Janus family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases play a significant role in immune function. The JAK family kinase inhibitor, tofacitinib 1, has been approved in the United States for use in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. A number of JAK inhibitors with a variety of JAK family selectivity profiles are currently in clinical trials. Our goal was to identify inhibitors that were functionally selective for JAK1 and JAK3. Compound 22 was prepared with the desired functional selectivity profile, but it suffered from poor absorption related to physical properties. Use of the phosphate prodrug 32 enabled progression to a murine collagen induced arthritis (CIA) model. The demonstration of a robust efficacy in the CIA model suggests that use of phosphate prodrugs may resolve issues with progressing this chemotype for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H. Spergel
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Provinceline Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Michael E. Mertzman
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Provinceline Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - James Kempson
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Provinceline Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Junqing Guo
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Provinceline Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Sylwia Stachura
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Provinceline Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Lauren Haque
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Provinceline Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lippy
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Provinceline Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Rosemary F. Zhang
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Provinceline Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Michael Galella
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Provinceline Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Sidney Pitt
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Provinceline Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Guoxiang Shen
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Provinceline Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Aberra Fura
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Provinceline Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Kathleen Gillooly
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Provinceline Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Kim W. McIntyre
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Provinceline Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Vicky Tang
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Provinceline Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - John Tokarski
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Provinceline Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - John S. Sack
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Provinceline Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Javed Khan
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Provinceline Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Percy H. Carter
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Provinceline Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Joel C. Barrish
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Provinceline Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Steven G. Nadler
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Provinceline Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Luisa M. Salter-Cid
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Provinceline Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Gary L. Schieven
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Provinceline Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Stephen T. Wrobleski
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Provinceline Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - William J. Pitts
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Provinceline Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
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94
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Rachman M, Scarpino A, Bajusz D, Pálfy G, Vida I, Perczel A, Barril X, Keserű GM. DUckCov: a Dynamic Undocking-Based Virtual Screening Protocol for Covalent Binders. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1011-1021. [PMID: 30786178 PMCID: PMC6593427 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to recent guidelines, the design of safe and effective covalent drugs has gained significant interest. Other than targeting non‐conserved nucleophilic residues, optimizing the noncovalent binding framework is important to improve potency and selectivity of covalent binders toward the desired target. Significant efforts have been made in extending the computational toolkits to include a covalent mechanism of protein targeting, like in the development of covalent docking methods for binding mode prediction. To highlight the value of the noncovalent complex in the covalent binding process, here we describe a new protocol using tethered and constrained docking in combination with Dynamic Undocking (DUck) as a tool to privilege strong protein binders for the identification of novel covalent inhibitors. At the end of the protocol, dedicated covalent docking methods were used to rank and select the virtual hits based on the predicted binding mode. By validating the method on JAK3 and KRas, we demonstrate how this fast iterative protocol can be applied to explore a wide chemical space and identify potent targeted covalent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira Rachman
- Facultat de Farmàcia and Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Scarpino
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Bajusz
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gyula Pálfy
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology & MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Vida
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology & MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Perczel
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology & MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Xavier Barril
- Facultat de Farmàcia and Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - György M Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
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95
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Jain D, Udhwani T, Sharma S, Gandhe A, Reddy PB, Nayarisseri A, Singh SK. Design of novel JAK3 Inhibitors towards Rheumatoid Arthritis using molecular docking analysis. Bioinformation 2019; 15:68-78. [PMID: 31435152 PMCID: PMC6677909 DOI: 10.6026/97320630015068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple cytokines play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis by inducing intracellular signaling and it is known that the members of the Janus kinase (JAK) family are essential for such signal transduction. Janus kinase 3 is a tyrosine kinase that belongs to the Janus family of kinases. Drugs targeting JAK3 in the treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis is relevant. Therefore, it is of interest to design suitable inhibitors for JAK3 dimer using molecular docking with Molegro Virtual Docker. The compound possessing the highest affinity score is subjected to virtual screening to retrieve inhibitors. The compound SCHEMBL19100243 (PubChem CID- 76749591) displays a high affinity with the target protein. The affinity scores of this compound are more than known drugs. ADMET analysis and BOILED Egg plot provide insights into this compound as a potent inhibitor of JAK3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Jain
- In silico Research Laboratory,Eminent Biosciences,Mahalakshmi Nagar,Indore-452010,Madhya Pradesh,India
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology,Government PG Arts and Science College, Ratlam-457001, Madhya Pradesh,India
| | - Trishang Udhwani
- In silico Research Laboratory,Eminent Biosciences,Mahalakshmi Nagar,Indore-452010,Madhya Pradesh,India
| | - Shreshtha Sharma
- In silico Research Laboratory,Eminent Biosciences,Mahalakshmi Nagar,Indore-452010,Madhya Pradesh,India
| | - Aishwarya Gandhe
- In silico Research Laboratory,Eminent Biosciences,Mahalakshmi Nagar,Indore-452010,Madhya Pradesh,India
| | - Palugulla Bhaskar Reddy
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology,Government PG Arts and Science College, Ratlam-457001, Madhya Pradesh,India
| | - Anuraj Nayarisseri
- In silico Research Laboratory,Eminent Biosciences,Mahalakshmi Nagar,Indore-452010,Madhya Pradesh,India
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory,LeGene Biosciences Pvt Ltd., Mahalakshmi Nagar,Indore-452010, Madhya Pradesh,India
- Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Lab,Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University,Karaikudi-630 003,Tamil Nadu,India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Lab,Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University,Karaikudi-630 003,Tamil Nadu,India
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96
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de Oliveira JK, Williams DL, Bollmann C, de Seabra NM, Bortolini M, Montiani-Ferreira F. Comparative efficacy of topical oclacitinib 0.1% and tacrolimus 0.01% in canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 22:633-643. [PMID: 30724448 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of 0.1% oclacitinib as a single agent, and in combination with tacrolimus 0.01%, for the control of ophthalmic signs of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) in dogs. ANIMALS STUDIED Thirty-two dogs (57 eyes) diagnosed with idiopathic KCS were included. Inclusion criteria were Schirmer Tear Test 1 (STT-1) values <15 mm/min and concurrent clinical signs such as ocular hyperemia and discharge. PROCEDURES The animals were submitted to a randomized, open-label, 5-week study and divided into 3 treatment groups treated with the following ophthalmic solutions: (a) 0.1% oclacitinib, (b) 0.1% oclacitinib +0.01% tacrolimus, and (c) 0.01% tacrolimus. Eye drops were instilled twice daily (12-hour intervals). At each follow-up examination, STT-1, clinical signs, and potential drug side effects were assessed. RESULTS Oclacitinib did not significantly improve STT-1 values or clinical scores. Tacrolimus alone and in combination with oclacitinib increased mean STT-1 values by 11.84 ± 5.2 and 12.46 ± 5.3 mm/min, respectively (P = 0.0001). Clinical scores of ocular discharge and hyperemia also improved significantly in both groups receiving treatment with tacrolimus (P < 0.05). However, addition of oclacitinib to tacrolimus provided no additional improvement over tacrolimus alone. CONCLUSIONS Topical 0.1% oclacitinib twice daily is not effective in controlling the ocular signs of KCS in dogs. 0.01% tacrolimus increased STT-1 values significantly and could potentially be used as a treatment for mild-to-moderate cases of KCS. Synergism between drugs did not occur, and therefore the use of oclacitinib is not justified in cases of canine KCS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David L Williams
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Camila Bollmann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Mariza Bortolini
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, Veterinary Medical Center, East Lansing, Michigan
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97
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T Virtanen A, Haikarainen T, Raivola J, Silvennoinen O. Selective JAKinibs: Prospects in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases. BioDrugs 2019; 33:15-32. [PMID: 30701418 PMCID: PMC6373396 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-019-00333-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines, many of which signal through the JAK-STAT (Janus kinase-Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) pathway, play a central role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Currently three JAK inhibitors have been approved for clinical use in USA and/or Europe: tofacitinib for rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and ulcerative colitis, baricitinib for rheumatoid arthritis, and ruxolitinib for myeloproliferative neoplasms. The clinical JAK inhibitors target multiple JAKs at high potency and current research has focused on more selective JAK inhibitors, almost a dozen of which currently are being evaluated in clinical trials. In this narrative review, we summarize the status of the pan-JAK and selective JAK inhibitors approved or in clinical trials, and discuss the rationale for selective targeting of JAKs in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anniina T Virtanen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Teemu Haikarainen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juuli Raivola
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Silvennoinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland.
- Fimlab Laboratories, 33520, Tampere, Finland.
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, (Viikinkaari 5), 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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98
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Shi L, Zhong Z, Li X, Zhou Y, Pan Z. Discovery of an Orally Available Janus Kinase 3 Selective Covalent Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2019; 62:1054-1066. [PMID: 30615446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
JAK family kinases are important mediators of immune cell signaling and Janus Kinase 3 (JAK3) has long been indicated as a potential target for autoimmune disorders. Intensive efforts to develop highly selective JAK3 inhibitors have been underway for many years. However, because of JAK3's strong binding preference to adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), a number of inhibitors exhibit large gaps between enzymatic and cellular potency, which hampers efforts to dissect the roles of JAK3 in cellular settings. Using a targeted covalent inhibitor approach, we discovered compound 32, which overcame ATP competition (1 mM) in the enzymatic assay, and demonstrated significantly improved inhibitory activity for JAK3-dependent signaling in mouse CTLL-2 and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Compound 32 also exhibited high selectivity within the JAK family and good pharmacokinetic properties. Thus, it may serve as a highly valuable tool molecule to study the overlapping roles of JAK family kinases in complex biological settings. Our study also suggested that for covalent kinase inhibitors, especially those targeting kinases with low Km ATP values, the reversible interactions between molecules and proteins should be carefully optimized to improve the overall potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Engineering Laboratory for Chiral Drug Synthesis, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School , Peking University , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Zhenpeng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Engineering Laboratory for Chiral Drug Synthesis, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School , Peking University , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Xitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Engineering Laboratory for Chiral Drug Synthesis, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School , Peking University , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Yiqing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Engineering Laboratory for Chiral Drug Synthesis, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School , Peking University , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Zhengying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Engineering Laboratory for Chiral Drug Synthesis, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School , Peking University , Shenzhen 518055 , China
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99
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Serhal L, Edwards CJ. Upadacitinib for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2018; 15:13-25. [DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2019.1544892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Serhal
- Department of Rheumatology, Royal Hampshire County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Winchester, UK
| | - Christopher J. Edwards
- Department of Rheumatology and NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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100
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Casimiro-Garcia A, Trujillo JI, Vajdos F, Juba B, Banker ME, Aulabaugh A, Balbo P, Bauman J, Chrencik J, Coe JW, Czerwinski R, Dowty M, Knafels JD, Kwon S, Leung L, Liang S, Robinson RP, Telliez JB, Unwalla R, Yang X, Thorarensen A. Identification of Cyanamide-Based Janus Kinase 3 (JAK3) Covalent Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10665-10699. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John I. Trujillo
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Felix Vajdos
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Mary Ellen Banker
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ann Aulabaugh
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Jonathan Bauman
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jill Chrencik
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jotham W. Coe
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Martin Dowty
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 1 Burtt Road, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - John D. Knafels
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Soojin Kwon
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Louis Leung
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sidney Liang
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ralph P. Robinson
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | | | - Xin Yang
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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