51
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Liu CF, Li XL, Zhang ZL, Qiu L, Ding SX, Xue JX, Zhao GP, Li J. Antiaging Effects of Urolithin A on Replicative Senescent Human Skin Fibroblasts. Rejuvenation Res 2019; 22:191-200. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2018.2066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-feng Liu
- Technical Center for Animal, Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine, Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-lin Li
- Technical Center for Animal, Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine, Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-long Zhang
- Shanghai International Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Qiu
- Technical Center for Animal, Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine, Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-xuan Ding
- Technical Center for Animal, Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine, Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-xin Xue
- Technical Center for Animal, Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine, Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-ping Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Li
- Technical Center for Animal, Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine, Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, China
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52
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Histological study of the possible protective effect of pomegranate juice on bisphenol-A induced changes of the caput epididymal epithelium and sperms of adult albino rats. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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53
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Yang X, Tomás-Barberán FA. Tea Is a Significant Dietary Source of Ellagitannins and Ellagic Acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5394-5404. [PMID: 30339026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The ellagitannin composition and the total content of ellagitannins in different types of tea were studied by high-performance liquid chromatography/ion-trap mass spectrometry. Strictinin and seven other isomers, tellimagrandin I, and ellagic acid were identified from tea infusions. The ellagitannin content in tea infusions was determined after acid hydrolysis and ranged from 0.15 to 4.46 mg of ellagic acid equivalent/g of tea in the infusions. The intake of ellagic acid after drinking a cup of tea brewed with 4 g of tea could range between 0.59 and 17.89 mg. These results indicate that tea can be a significant contributor to the dietary intake of ellagitannins. Urolithins, the gut microbiota metabolites produced in vivo from ellagic acid and ellagitannins, were detected in human urine after dietary tea beverage intake. Urolithin metabotypes A, B, and 0 were identified in volunteers after tea intake. These results suggest that the daily intake of ellagitannins from tea can have a role in tea health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Center for Applied Soil Science and Biology of the Segura (CEBAS) , Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) , Post Office Box 164, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia , Spain
- School of Agriculture and Biology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , People's Republic of China
| | - Francisco A Tomás-Barberán
- Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Center for Applied Soil Science and Biology of the Segura (CEBAS) , Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) , Post Office Box 164, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia , Spain
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54
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Andrade MA, Lima V, Sanches Silva A, Vilarinho F, Castilho MC, Khwaldia K, Ramos F. Pomegranate and grape by-products and their active compounds: Are they a valuable source for food applications? Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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55
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Hou C, Zhang W, Li J, Du L, Lv O, Zhao S, Li J. Beneficial Effects of Pomegranate on Lipid Metabolism in Metabolic Disorders. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1800773. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hou
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional ScienceShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
- University Key Laboratory of Food Processing Byproducts for Advanced Development and High Value Utilization Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional ScienceShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
- University Key Laboratory of Food Processing Byproducts for Advanced Development and High Value Utilization Xi'an 710119 China
- School of Public HealthShaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xianyang 712046 China
| | - Jianke Li
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional ScienceShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
- University Key Laboratory of Food Processing Byproducts for Advanced Development and High Value Utilization Xi'an 710119 China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Lin Du
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional ScienceShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
- University Key Laboratory of Food Processing Byproducts for Advanced Development and High Value Utilization Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Ou Lv
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional ScienceShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
- University Key Laboratory of Food Processing Byproducts for Advanced Development and High Value Utilization Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Shengjuan Zhao
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional ScienceShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
- University Key Laboratory of Food Processing Byproducts for Advanced Development and High Value Utilization Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Jia Li
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional ScienceShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
- University Key Laboratory of Food Processing Byproducts for Advanced Development and High Value Utilization Xi'an 710119 China
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56
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Fu X, Gong LF, Wu YF, Lin Z, Jiang BJ, Wu L, Yu KH. Urolithin A targets the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathways and prevents IL-1β-induced inflammatory response in human osteoarthritis: in vitro and in vivo studies. Food Funct 2019; 10:6135-6146. [PMID: 31497826 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01332f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease, whose progression is closely related to the inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou
- China
- The Second School of Medicine
| | - Lan-Fang Gong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- The First Medical School of the Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou
- China
| | - Yi-Fan Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou
- China
- The Second School of Medicine
| | - Zeng Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou
- China
- The Second School of Medicine
| | - Bing-Jie Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou
- China
- The Second School of Medicine
| | - Long Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou
- China
- The Second School of Medicine
| | - Ke-He Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou
- China
- The Second School of Medicine
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57
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Urolithin A Is a Dietary Microbiota-Derived Human Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Antagonist. Metabolites 2018; 8:metabo8040086. [PMID: 30501068 PMCID: PMC6315438 DOI: 10.3390/metabo8040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Urolithins (e.g., UroA and B) are gut microbiota-derived metabolites of the natural polyphenol ellagic acid. Urolithins are associated with various health benefits, including attenuation of inflammatory signaling, anti-cancer effects and repression of lipid accumulation. The molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of urolithins remain unclear. We hypothesize that some of the human health benefits of urolithins are mediated through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Utilizing a cell-based reporter system, we tested urolithins for the capacity to modulate AHR activity. Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) mRNA levels were assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Competitive ligand binding assays were performed to determine whether UroA is a direct ligand for the AHR. Subcellular AHR protein levels were examined utilizing immunoblotting analysis. AHR expression was repressed in Caco-2 cells by siRNA transfection to investigate AHR-dependency. UroA and B were able to antagonize 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced AHR-mediated transcriptional activity. Furthermore, UroA and B attenuated TCDD-mediated stimulation of CYP1A1 mRNA levels. In addition, competitive ligand binding assays characterized UroA as a direct AHR ligand. Consistent with other AHR antagonists, UroA failed to induce AHR retention in the nucleus. AHR is necessary for UroA-mediated attenuation of cytokine-induced interleukin 6 (IL6) and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) expression in Caco-2 cells. Here we identified UroA as the first dietary-derived human selective AHR antagonist produced by the gut microbiota through multi-step metabolism. Furthermore, previously reported anti-inflammatory activity of UroA may at least in part be mediated through AHR.
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58
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Li K, Dai Y, Chen W, Yu K, Xiao G, Richardson JJ, Huang W, Guo J, Liao X, Shi B. Self-Assembled Metal-Phenolic Nanoparticles for Enhanced Synergistic Combination Therapy against Colon Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 3:e1800241. [PMID: 32627378 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Engineering functional nanomaterials to have both high therapeutic efficacy and minimal side-effects has become a promising strategy for next-generation cancer treatments. Herein, an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion and reactive oxygen species-enhanced combination chemotherapy platform is introduced whereby therapeutic samarium (Sm3+ ) ions and (-)-epicatechin (EC) are integrated via a metal-phenolic network (SmIII -EC). The independent pathway between Sm3+ and EC can achieve a synergistic therapeutic effect through the mitochondrial dysfunction process. SmIII -EC nanoparticles cause a significant reduction of viability of C26 murine colon carcinoma cells while with lower systemic toxic effects on normal cell lines. SmIII -EC nanoparticles are used to directly compare with a clinic anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil. SmIII -EC nanoparticles not only decrease the tumor volume but also do not affect the body weight of mice and normal organs, showing significant advantages over clinic counterpart. These facts suggest that SmIII -EC nanoparticles represent a clinically promising candidate for colon cancer treatment with a targeted therapeutic effect and minimum side toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Department of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yunlu Dai
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kang Yu
- Department of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Gao Xiao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Joseph J Richardson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Wen Huang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Junling Guo
- Department of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Xuepin Liao
- Department of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Bi Shi
- Department of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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59
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Natural Products to Fight Cancer: A Focus on Juglans regia. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10110469. [PMID: 30441778 PMCID: PMC6266065 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Even if cancer represents a burden for human society, an exhaustive cure has not been discovered yet. Low therapeutic index and resistance to pharmacotherapy are two of the major limits of antitumour treatments. Natural products represent an excellent library of bioactive molecules. Thus, tapping into the natural world may prove useful in identifying new therapeutic options with favourable pharmaco-toxicological profiles. Juglans regia, or common walnut, is a very resilient tree that has inhabited our planet for thousands of years. Many studies correlate walnut consumption to beneficial effects towards several chronic diseases, such as cancer, mainly due to the bioactive molecules stored in different parts of the plant. Among others, polyphenols, quinones, proteins, and essential fatty acids contribute to its pharmacologic activity. The present review aims to offer a comprehensive perspective about the antitumour potential of the most promising compounds stored in this plant, such as juglanin, juglone, and the ellagitannin-metabolites urolithins or deriving from walnut dietary intake. All molecules and a chronic intake of the fruit provide tangible anticancer effects. However, the scarcity of studies on humans does not allow results to be conclusive.
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60
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Yue W, Sun W, Rao RSP, Ye N, Yang Z, Chen M. Non-targeted metabolomics reveals distinct chemical compositions among different grades of Bai Mudan white tea. Food Chem 2018; 277:289-297. [PMID: 30502147 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.10.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
So far, the chemical quality of different grades of white tea has largely remained unexplored. The objective of this study was to establish a model for quality evaluation of different grades of Bai Mudan white tea. We applied non-targeted ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry in combination with multivariate analysis and analyzed four different grades of Bai Mudan white tea. We found that the metabolite composition from the super-grade and the first-grade shared higher similarity compared to the second-grade or the third-grade white tea, and the Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis model showed high capability to explain the sample variation (R2Y = 0.998, Q2 = 0.95 in negative ionization modes). In total, 93 metabolites were structurally identified, wherein 21 low abundant metabolites showed distinct changes in abundance that were closely correlated with tea grade variation. These findings suggested their potential as markers to discriminate different grades of Bai Mudan white tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Yue
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Jinshan College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; FAFU-UCR Joint Center/Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Weijiang Sun
- Anxi College of Tea Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - R Shyama Prasad Rao
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Division, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya University, Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Naixing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; FAFU-UCR Joint Center/Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Mingjie Chen
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center/Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
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61
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Tuppo L, Giangrieco I, Alessandri C, Ricciardi T, Rafaiani C, Ciancamerla M, Ferrara R, Zennaro D, Bernardi ML, Tamburrini M, Mari A, Ciardiello MA. Pomegranate chitinase III: Identification of a new allergen and analysis of sensitization patterns to chitinases. Mol Immunol 2018; 103:89-95. [PMID: 30241023 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Allergy to pomegranate is often associated with severe symptoms. Two allergens have previously been described: 9k-LTP Pun g 1 and pommaclein Pun g 7. This study describes the isolation of a chitinase III, identified by direct protein sequencing and mass spectrometry. It is a 29-kDa protein showing 69% sequence identity with the latex hevamine and IgE binding in dot blotting, immunoblotting and FABER®test. Chitinase-specific IgE were detected in 69 of 357 patients sensitized to one or more pomegranate allergenic preparations present on the FABER®test. Using this test, 19.2% of the patients sensitized to kiwifruit chitinase IV were also sensitized to pomegranate chitinase III, rather than to latex chitinase I (7.2%) with which it shares the N-terminal hevein-like domain. In conclusion, a new allergen has been identified, contributing to improving food allergy diagnosis. This study reveals the important role of chitinases III and IV as allergy sensitizers and prompts further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Tuppo
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, CNR, I-80131 Naples, Italy; Allergy Data Laboratories s.r.l., Latina, Italy
| | - Ivana Giangrieco
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, CNR, I-80131 Naples, Italy; Allergy Data Laboratories s.r.l., Latina, Italy
| | - Claudia Alessandri
- Allergy Data Laboratories s.r.l., Latina, Italy; Associated Centers for Molecular Allergology, Rome, Italy; Center for Molecular Allergology, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Ricciardi
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, CNR, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Rafaiani
- Allergy Data Laboratories s.r.l., Latina, Italy; Center for Molecular Allergology, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Rosetta Ferrara
- Allergy Data Laboratories s.r.l., Latina, Italy; Associated Centers for Molecular Allergology, Rome, Italy; Center for Molecular Allergology, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Danila Zennaro
- Allergy Data Laboratories s.r.l., Latina, Italy; Associated Centers for Molecular Allergology, Rome, Italy; Center for Molecular Allergology, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Livia Bernardi
- Allergy Data Laboratories s.r.l., Latina, Italy; Associated Centers for Molecular Allergology, Rome, Italy; Center for Molecular Allergology, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Adriano Mari
- Allergy Data Laboratories s.r.l., Latina, Italy; Associated Centers for Molecular Allergology, Rome, Italy; Center for Molecular Allergology, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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62
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Đurđević S, Šavikin K, Živković J, Böhm V, Stanojković T, Damjanović A, Petrović S. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of fatty oil isolated by supercritical fluid extraction from microwave pretreated seeds of wild growing Punica granatum L. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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63
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Tao J, Li Y, Li S, Li HB. Plant foods for the prevention and management of colon cancer. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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64
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Rupiani S, Guidotti L, Manerba M, Di Ianni L, Giacomini E, Falchi F, Di Stefano G, Roberti M, Recanatini M. Synthesis of natural urolithin M6, a galloflavin mimetic, as a potential inhibitor of lactate dehydrogenase A. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:10981-10987. [PMID: 27827510 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01977c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycolysis is the main route for energy production in tumors. LDH-A is a key enzyme of this process and its inhibition represents an attractive strategy to hamper cancer cell metabolism. Galloflavin is a reliable LDH-A inhibitor as previously identified by us; however, its poor physicochemical properties and chemical tractability render it unsuitable for further development. Therefore, a rational design was undertaken with the aim to reproduce the pharmacophore of galloflavin on simpler, potentially more soluble and synthetic accessible scaffolds. Following a process of structural simplification, natural urolithin M6 (UM6), which is an ellagitannin metabolite produced by gut microbiota, was identified as a putative galloflavin mimetic. In the present study, the synthesis of UM6 is described for the first time. An efficient synthetic pathway has been developed, which involved five steps from readily accessible starting materials. The key reaction steps, a Suzuki coupling and an intramolecular C-H oxygenation, have been optimized to improve the synthetic feasibility and provide the best conditions in terms of reaction time and yield. Moreover, this route would be suitable to obtain other analogs for SAR studies. Preliminary biological tests revealed that UM6 was able to smoothly reproduce the behavior of galloflavin, confirming that our approach was successful in providing a new and accessible structure in the search for new LDH-A inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Rupiani
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Laura Guidotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marcella Manerba
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenza Di Ianni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Giacomini
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Federico Falchi
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Di Stefano
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marinella Roberti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Recanatini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
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65
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Zhao W, Shi F, Guo Z, Zhao J, Song X, Yang H. Metabolite of ellagitannins, urolithin A induces autophagy and inhibits metastasis in human sw620 colorectal cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2017; 57:193-200. [PMID: 28976622 PMCID: PMC5814919 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway in which cytoplasmic contents are degraded and recycled. This study found that submicromolar concentrations of urolithin A, a major polyphenol metabolite, induced autophagy in SW620 colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Exposure to urolithin A also dose‐dependently decreased cell proliferation, delayed cell migration, and decreased matrix metalloproteinas‐9 (MMP‐9) activity. In addition, inhibition of autophagy by Atg5‐siRNA, caspases by Z‐VAD‐FMK suppressed urolithin A‐stimulated cell death and anti‐metastatic effects. Micromolar urolithin A concentrations induced both autophagy and apoptosis. Urolithin A suppressed cell cycle progression and inhibited DNA synthesis. These results suggest that dietary consumption of urolithin A could induce autophagy and inhibit human CRC cell metastasis. Urolithins may thus contribute to CRC treatment and offer an alternative or adjunct chemotherapeutic agent to combat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengqiang Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhikun Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaojie Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueying Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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66
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Tortora K, Femia AP, Romagnoli A, Sineo I, Khatib M, Mulinacci N, Giovannelli L, Caderni G. Pomegranate By-Products in Colorectal Cancer Chemoprevention: Effects in Apc-Mutated Pirc Rats and Mechanistic Studies In Vitro and Ex Vivo. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 62. [PMID: 28948694 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE To investigate the effect of pomegranate mesocarp, a polyphenol-rich by-product of juice production, in colorectal cancer (CRC) chemoprevention. METHODS AND RESULTS A mesocarp decoction (PMD) is administered for 6 weeks in the diet to Pirc rats, mutated in Apc, a key-gene in CRC. Mucin-depleted foci (MDFs), as CRC biomarkers, are reduced in PMD-fed rats compared to controls (MDF/colon: 34 ± 4 versus 47 ± 3, p = 0.02). There is an increase in apoptosis in MDFs from PMD-treated rats compared to controls (2.5 ± 0.2 versus 1.6 ± 0.2, p < 0.01). To elucidate the involved mechanisms, two colon-relevant metabolites of the polyphenolic and fiber PMD components, urolithin-A (u-A) and sodium butyrate (SB), are tested alone or in combination in vitro (colon cancer cells), and ex vivo in adenoma (AD) and normal mucosa (NM) from Pirc rats. u-A 25 μm plus SB 2.5 mm (USB) causes a significant reduction in COX-2 protein expression compared to untreated controls (about -70% in cancer cell cultures, AD, and NM), and a strong increase in C-CASP-3 expression in cells (about ten times), in AD and NM (+74 and +69%). CONCLUSION These data indicate a chemopreventive activity of PMD due, at least in part, to pro-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory action of its metabolites that could be exploited in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Tortora
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Angelo Pietro Femia
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Romagnoli
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Sineo
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mohamad Khatib
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Nadia Mulinacci
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lisa Giovannelli
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanna Caderni
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Landete JM, Gaya P, Rodríguez E, Langa S, Peirotén Á, Medina M, Arqués JL. Probiotic Bacteria for Healthier Aging: Immunomodulation and Metabolism of Phytoestrogens. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5939818. [PMID: 29109959 PMCID: PMC5646295 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5939818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Age-related degeneration gives rise to a number of pathologies, many of them associated with imbalances of the microbiota and the gut-associated immune system. Thus, the intestine is considered a key target organ to improve the quality of life in senescence. Gut microbiota can have a powerful impact in the deterioration linked to aging by its nutritional and immunomodulatory activity. Reduced numbers of beneficial species and low microbial biodiversity in the elderly have been linked with pathogenesis of many diseases. A healthy lifestyle with an elderly customized diet including probiotics can contribute to reducing the chronic proinflammatory status and other age-related pathologies. Beneficial effects of probiotic lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria to alleviate some of these disorders based on their immunomodulatory properties as well as their capacity to produce bioactive metabolites from dietary phytoestrogens are summarized. On one hand, the preservation of gut barrier integrity and an increased ability to fight infections are the main reported immune benefits of probiotics. On the other hand, the intake of a diet rich in phytoestrogens along with the presence of selected probiotic bacteria may lead to the production of equol, enterolignans, and urolithins, which are considered protective against chronic diseases related to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Landete
- Departamento Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Gaya
- Departamento Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Rodríguez
- Departamento Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Langa
- Departamento Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Peirotén
- Departamento Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Medina
- Departamento Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan L. Arqués
- Departamento Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Wu S, Tian L. Diverse Phytochemicals and Bioactivities in the Ancient Fruit and Modern Functional Food Pomegranate (Punica granatum). Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101606. [PMID: 28946708 PMCID: PMC6151597 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Having served as a symbolic fruit since ancient times, pomegranate (Punica granatum) has also gained considerable recognition as a functional food in the modern era. A large body of literature has linked pomegranate polyphenols, particularly anthocyanins (ATs) and hydrolyzable tannins (HTs), to the health-promoting activities of pomegranate juice and fruit extracts. However, it remains unclear as to how, and to what extent, the numerous phytochemicals in pomegranate may interact and exert cooperative activities in humans. In this review, we examine the structural and analytical information of the diverse phytochemicals that have been identified in different pomegranate tissues, to establish a knowledge base for characterization of metabolite profiles, discovery of novel phytochemicals, and investigation of phytochemical interactions in pomegranate. We also assess recent findings on the function and molecular mechanism of ATs as well as urolithins, the intestinal microbial derivatives of pomegranate HTs, on human nutrition and health. A better understanding of the structural diversity of pomegranate phytochemicals as well as their bioconversions and bioactivities in humans will facilitate the interrogation of their synergistic/antagonistic interactions and accelerate their applications in dietary-based cancer chemoprevention and treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China.
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China.
| | - Li Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China.
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China.
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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CS-PEG decorated PLGA nano-prototype for delivery of bioactive compounds: A novel approach for induction of apoptosis in HepG2 cell line. Adv Med Sci 2017; 62:357-367. [PMID: 28521254 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polymer-based nanoparticles are used as vectors for cancer drug delivery. The bioactive compounds (quercetin, ellagic acid and gallic acid) are well known to be not only antioxidants but also chemopreventive candidates against various types of cancers. To circumvent the low bioavailability and the short half-life time obstacles, we hypothesized a novel PLGA nano-platform functionalized with CS and PEG to encapsulate these phytochemicals. This encapsulation will protect the compounds from the phagocytic uptake and deliver PLGA-CS-PEG nano-prototype with high biodegradability and biosafety. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three consequent types of PLGA-based nanocomposites were prepared and characterized. Furthermore, we investigated the newly synthesized nano-formulations against human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and colorectal cancer (HCT 116) cell lines using cell growth inhibition assays, followed by apoptosis and necrosis assays using flow cytometry to detect the underlying mechanism of HepG2 cell death. RESULTS Through Malvern Zeta Sizer, we recorded that the average diameters of the nano-prototypes ranged from 150 to 300nm. The cytotoxic activity of quercetin, ellagic acid, and gallic acid-encapsulated PLGA, PLGA-CS, and PLGA-CS-PEG nano-prototypes it has been found that they reduce the IC50s of the HepG2 cells values by 2.2, 2.9, 2.8-folds, 1, 1.5, 2.7-folds, and 0.9, 0.7, 1.5-folds, respectively. Mechanistically, the nano-platforms of quercetin seem to be dependent on both apoptosis and necrosis, while those of ellagic acid and gallic acid are mainly dependent on apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS CS-PEG-blended PLGA nano-delivery system of quercetin, ellagic acid and gallic acid can potentiate apoptosis-mediated cell death in HepG2 cell line.
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Teixeira LL, Costa GR, Dörr FA, Ong TP, Pinto E, Lajolo FM, Hassimotto NMA. Potential antiproliferative activity of polyphenol metabolites against human breast cancer cells and their urine excretion pattern in healthy subjects following acute intake of a polyphenol-rich juice of grumixama (Eugenia brasiliensis Lam.). Food Funct 2017; 8:2266-2274. [PMID: 28541359 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00076f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The bioavailability and metabolism of anthocyanins and ellagitannins following acute intake of grumixama fruit, native Brazilian cherry, by humans, and its in vitro antiproliferative activity against breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) were investigated. A single dose of grumixama juice was administered to healthy women (n = 10) and polyphenol metabolites were analyzed in urine and plasma samples collected over 24 h. The majority of the metabolites circulating and excreted in urine were phenolic acids and urolithin conjugates, the gut microbiota catabolites of both classes of polyphenols, respectively. According to pharmacokinetic parameters, the subjects were divided into two distinct groups, high and low urinary metabolite excretors. The pool of polyphenol metabolites found in urine samples showed a significant inhibition of cell proliferation and G2/M cell cycle arrest in MDA-MB-231 cells. Our findings demonstrate the large interindividual variability concerning the polyphenol metabolism, which possibly could reflect in health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Teixeira
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes 580, Bloco 14, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Qin G, Xu C, Ming R, Tang H, Guyot R, Kramer EM, Hu Y, Yi X, Qi Y, Xu X, Gao Z, Pan H, Jian J, Tian Y, Yue Z, Xu Y. The pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) genome and the genomics of punicalagin biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 91:1108-1128. [PMID: 28654223 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a perennial fruit crop grown since ancient times that has been planted worldwide and is known for its functional metabolites, particularly punicalagins. We have sequenced and assembled the pomegranate genome with 328 Mb anchored into nine pseudo-chromosomes and annotated 29 229 gene models. A Myrtales lineage-specific whole-genome duplication event was detected that occurred in the common ancestor before the divergence of pomegranate and Eucalyptus. Repetitive sequences accounted for 46.1% of the assembled genome. We found that the integument development gene INNER NO OUTER (INO) was under positive selection and potentially contributed to the development of the fleshy outer layer of the seed coat, an edible part of pomegranate fruit. The genes encoding the enzymes for synthesis and degradation of lignin, hemicelluloses and cellulose were also differentially expressed between soft- and hard-seeded varieties, reflecting differences in their accumulation in cultivars differing in seed hardness. Candidate genes for punicalagin biosynthesis were identified and their expression patterns indicated that gallic acid synthesis in tissues could follow different biochemical pathways. The genome sequence of pomegranate provides a valuable resource for the dissection of many biological and biochemical traits and also provides important insights for the acceleration of breeding. Elucidation of the biochemical pathway(s) involved in punicalagin biosynthesis could assist breeding efforts to increase production of this bioactive compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaihua Qin
- Institute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Ecophysiology of Horticultural Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230031, China
| | - Chunyan Xu
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Ray Ming
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign School of Integrative Biology Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61822, USA
| | - Haibao Tang
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign School of Integrative Biology Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Romain Guyot
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Diversité, Adaptation et Développement des Plantes, Montpellier, 34394, France
| | - Elena M Kramer
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Yudong Hu
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Xingkai Yi
- Institute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Ecophysiology of Horticultural Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230031, China
| | - Yongjie Qi
- Institute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Ecophysiology of Horticultural Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230031, China
| | - Xiangyang Xu
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Zhenghui Gao
- Institute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Ecophysiology of Horticultural Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230031, China
| | - Haifa Pan
- Institute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Ecophysiology of Horticultural Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230031, China
| | - Jianbo Jian
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Yinping Tian
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Zhen Yue
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Yiliu Xu
- Institute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Ecophysiology of Horticultural Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230031, China
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Adaramoye O, Erguen B, Nitzsche B, Höpfner M, Jung K, Rabien A. Punicalagin, a polyphenol from pomegranate fruit, induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in human PC-3 and LNCaP cells. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 274:100-106. [PMID: 28709945 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is an international health problem and search for its effective treatment is in progress. Punicalagin (PN), polyphenol from pomegranate fruit, is known to exhibit potent anticancer activity in lung, breast and cervical cells. However, there is paucity of information on its effect in PCa. This study evaluated anti-proliferative effects of PN and its effects on extrinsic pathway of apoptosis in PCa cells, and angiogenesis in chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Antioxidant activities of PN were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and inhibition of lipid peroxidation (LPO) methods. PCa (PC-3 and LNCaP) and normal prostate (BPH-1) cells were cultured and treated with PN (10, 50 and 100 μM). Cytotoxicity and viability effects of PN were determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and XTT assays, respectively. Antiangiogenic effects were measured using CAM assay, while apoptosis was assessed by DNA fragmentation, enrichment factor by Cell Death Detection ELISA kit and expressions of caspases-3 and -8. Results showed that PN (10-200 μM) significantly scavenged DPPH and inhibited LPO in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, PN (10-100 μM) concentration-dependently inhibited viability in PC-3 and LNCaP, while viability in BPH-1 was insignificantly affected. PN had low toxicity on cells in vitro at concentrations tested. Also, PN (100 μM) increased enrichment factor in PC-3 (2.34 ± 0.05) and LNCaP (2.31 ± 0.26) relative to control (1.00 ± 0.00). In addition, PN (50 μM) decreased the network of vessels in CAM, suggesting its anti-angiogenic effect. Moreso, PN increased the expressions of caspases-3 and -8 in PC-3. Overall, PN exerts anti-proliferative activity in PCa cells via induction of apoptosis and anti-angiogenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatosin Adaramoye
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Section, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Bettina Erguen
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bianca Nitzsche
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Höpfner
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Rabien
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany
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Urolithins impair cell proliferation, arrest the cell cycle and induce apoptosis in UMUC3 bladder cancer cells. Invest New Drugs 2017. [PMID: 28631098 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-017-0483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ellagitannins have been gaining attention as potential anticancer molecules. However, the low bioavailability of ellagitannins and their extensive metabolization in the gastrointestinal tract into ellagic acid and urolithins suggest that the health benefits of consuming ellagitannins rely on the direct effects of their metabolites. Recently, chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activities were ascribed to urolithins. Nonetheless, there is still a need to screen and evaluate the selectivity of these molecules and to elucidate their cellular mechanisms of action. Therefore, this work focused on the antiproliferative effects of urolithins A, B and C and ellagic acid on different human tumor cell lines. The evaluation of cell viability and the determination of the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations indicated that the sensitivity to the studied urolithins varied markedly between the different cell lines, with the bladder cancer cells (UMUC3) being the most susceptible. In UMUC3 cells, urolithin A was the most active molecule, promoting cell cycle arrest at the G2/M checkpoint, increasing apoptotic cell death and inhibiting PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling. Overall, the present study emphasizes the chemopreventive/chemotherapeutic potential of urolithins, highlighting the stronger effects of urolithin A and its potential to target transitional bladder cancer cells.
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74
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Tuppo L, Alessandri C, Pasquariello MS, Petriccione M, Giangrieco I, Tamburrini M, Mari A, Ciardiello MA. Pomegranate Cultivars: Identification of the New IgE-Binding Protein Pommaclein and Analysis of Antioxidant Variability. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:2702-2710. [PMID: 28290690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of pomegranate is increasing as it is considered a health-promoting food. Nevertheless, it can trigger allergic reactions, sometimes severe. The LTP Pun g 1 is the only pomegranate allergen so far reported. Based on preliminary clinical observations, the main aim of this study was the investigation of still unknown allergens contained in this fruit. Pommaclein, a homologue of peamaclein, the peach allergen Pru p 7, was isolated, identified by protein sequencing, and characterized as an IgE-binding protein by different test systems. RP-HPLC protein profiles revealed significant variations of LTP and pommaclein content in the red pulp of selected cultivars and accessions. Conversely, the mesocarp appeared free of proteins and much richer in antioxidants. In conclusion, a new allergen has been identified, and it could contribute to improving allergy diagnosis. The study highlights that pomegranate mesocarp could represent a rich and safe source of nutraceuticals also for allergic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Tuppo
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, CNR , I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Alessandri
- Associated Centers for Molecular Allergology , Rome, Italy
- Center for Molecular Allergology, IDI-IRCCS , Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Ivana Giangrieco
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, CNR , I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Adriano Mari
- Associated Centers for Molecular Allergology , Rome, Italy
- Center for Molecular Allergology, IDI-IRCCS , Rome, Italy
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Williamson G, Clifford MN. Role of the small intestine, colon and microbiota in determining the metabolic fate of polyphenols. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 139:24-39. [PMID: 28322745 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
(Poly)phenols are a large group of compounds, found in food, beverages, dietary supplements and herbal medicines. Owing to interest in their biological activities, absorption and metabolism of the most abundant compounds in humans are well understood. Both the chemical structure of the phenolic moiety and any attached chemical groups define whether the polyphenol is absorbed in the small intestine, or reaches the colon and is subject to extensive catabolism by colonic microbiota. Untransformed substrates may be absorbed, appearing in plasma primarily as methylated, sulfated and glucuronidated derivatives, with in some cases the unchanged substrate. Many of the catabolites are well absorbed from the colon and appear in the plasma either similarly conjugated, or as glycine conjugates, or in some cases unchanged. Although many (poly)phenol catabolites have been identified in human plasma and/or urine, the exact pathways from substrate to final microbial catabolite, and the species of bacteria and enzymes involved, are still scarcely reported. While it is clear that the composition of the human gut microbiota can be modulated in vivo by supplementation with some (poly)phenol-rich commodities, such modulation is definitely not an inevitable consequence of supplementation; it depends on the treatment, length of time and on the individual metabotype, and it is not clear whether the modulation is sustained when supplementation ceases. Some catabolites have been recorded in plasma of volunteers at concentrations similar to those shown to be effective in in vitro studies suggesting that some benefit may be achieved in vivo by diets yielding such catabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Williamson
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Michael N Clifford
- School of Bioscience and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
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76
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Panth N, Manandhar B, Paudel KR. Anticancer Activity ofPunica granatum(Pomegranate): A Review. Phytother Res 2017; 31:568-578. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Panth
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health and Allied Science; Pokhara University; PO Box 427, Dhungepatan Kaski Nepal
| | - Bikash Manandhar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health and Allied Science; Pokhara University; PO Box 427, Dhungepatan Kaski Nepal
| | - Keshav Raj Paudel
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health and Allied Science; Pokhara University; PO Box 427, Dhungepatan Kaski Nepal
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77
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Yin P, Zhang J, Yan L, Yang L, Sun L, Shi L, Ma C, Liu Y. Urolithin C, a gut metabolite of ellagic acid, induces apoptosis in PC12 cells through a mitochondria-mediated pathway. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01548h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Urolithin C includes apoptosis in PC12 cells through a mitochondria-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Linlin Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Lingguang Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Liwei Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Lingling Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Chao Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Yujun Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
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Ceci C, Tentori L, Atzori MG, Lacal PM, Bonanno E, Scimeca M, Cicconi R, Mattei M, de Martino MG, Vespasiani G, Miano R, Graziani G. Ellagic Acid Inhibits Bladder Cancer Invasiveness and In Vivo Tumor Growth. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8110744. [PMID: 27879653 PMCID: PMC5133127 DOI: 10.3390/nu8110744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ellagic acid (EA) is a polyphenolic compound that can be found as a naturally occurring hydrolysis product of ellagitannins in pomegranates, berries, grapes, green tea and nuts. Previous studies have reported the antitumor properties of EA mainly using in vitro models. No data are available about EA influence on bladder cancer cell invasion of the extracellular matrix triggered by vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), an angiogenic factor associated with disease progression and recurrence, and tumor growth in vivo. In this study, we have investigated EA activity against four different human bladder cancer cell lines (i.e., T24, UM-UC-3, 5637 and HT-1376) by in vitro proliferation tests (measuring metabolic and foci forming activity), invasion and chemotactic assays in response to VEGF-A and in vivo preclinical models in nude mice. Results indicate that EA exerts anti-proliferative effects as a single agent and enhances the antitumor activity of mitomycin C, which is commonly used for the treatment of bladder cancer. EA also inhibits tumor invasion and chemotaxis, specifically induced by VEGF-A, and reduces VEGFR-2 expression. Moreover, EA down-regulates the expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), an immune checkpoint involved in immune escape. EA in vitro activity was confirmed by the results of in vivo studies showing a significant reduction of the growth rate, infiltrative behavior and tumor-associated angiogenesis of human bladder cancer xenografts. In conclusion, these results suggest that EA may have a potential role as an adjunct therapy for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ceci
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00173, Italy.
| | - Lucio Tentori
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00173, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Atzori
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00173, Italy.
| | - Pedro M Lacal
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, "Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata"-IRCCS, Rome 00167, Italy.
| | - Elena Bonanno
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00173, Italy.
| | - Manuel Scimeca
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00173, Italy.
| | - Rosella Cicconi
- "Centro di Servizi Interdipartimentale, Stazione per la Tecnologia Animale", Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00173, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Mattei
- "Centro di Servizi Interdipartimentale, Stazione per la Tecnologia Animale", Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00173, Italy.
| | - Maria Gabriella de Martino
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00173, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Vespasiani
- Urology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00173, Italy.
| | - Roberto Miano
- Urology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00173, Italy.
| | - Grazia Graziani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00173, Italy.
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79
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Bayle M, Roques C, Marion B, Audran M, Oiry C, Bressolle-Gomeni FM, Cros G. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of urolithin C in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 131:33-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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80
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The anti-proliferative and anti-androgenic activity of different pomegranate accessions. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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81
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Landete JM, Arqués J, Medina M, Gaya P, de Las Rivas B, Muñoz R. Bioactivation of Phytoestrogens: Intestinal Bacteria and Health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 56:1826-43. [PMID: 25848676 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.789823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are polyphenols similar to human estrogens found in plants or derived from plant precursors. Phytoestrogens are found in high concentration in soya, flaxseed and other seeds, fruits, vegetables, cereals, tea, chocolate, etc. They comprise several classes of chemical compounds (stilbenes, coumestans, isoflavones, ellagitannins, and lignans) which are structurally similar to endogenous estrogens but which can have both estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects. Although epidemiological and experimental evidence indicates that intake of phytoestrogens in foods may be protective against certain chronic diseases, discrepancies have been observed between in vivo and in vitro experiments. The microbial transformations have not been reported so far in stilbenes and coumestans. However, isoflavones, ellagitanins, and lignans are metabolized by intestinal bacteria to produce equol, urolithins, and enterolignans, respectively. Equol, urolithin, and enterolignans are more bioavailable, and have more estrogenic/antiestrogenic and antioxidant activity than their precursors. Moreover, equol, urolithins and enterolignans have anti-inflammatory effects and induce antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing activities. The transformation of isoflavones, ellagitanins, and lignans by intestinal microbiota is essential to be protective against certain chronic diseases, as cancer, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and menopausal symptoms. Bioavailability, bioactivity, and health effects of dietary phytoestrogens are strongly determined by the intestinal bacteria of each individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Landete
- a Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos , Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) . Madrid , Spain
| | - J Arqués
- a Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos , Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) . Madrid , Spain
| | - M Medina
- a Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos , Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) . Madrid , Spain
| | - P Gaya
- a Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos , Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) . Madrid , Spain
| | - B de Las Rivas
- b Departamento de Biotecnología Bacteriana , Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - R Muñoz
- b Departamento de Biotecnología Bacteriana , Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
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82
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Zhang W, Chen JH, Aguilera-Barrantes I, Shiau CW, Sheng X, Wang LS, Stoner GD, Huang YW. Urolithin A suppresses the proliferation of endometrial cancer cells by mediating estrogen receptor-α-dependent gene expression. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:2387-2395. [PMID: 27342949 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Obese and overweight women are at high risk of developing endometrial cancer; indeed, many of endometrial cancer patients are obese. The increased number and size of adipocytes due to obesity elevate levels of circulating estrogens that stimulate cell proliferation in the endometrium. However, black raspberries are a promising approach to preventing endometrial cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined 17 black raspberry constituents and metabolites (10 μM or 10 μg/mL, 48 h) for their ability to prevent endometrial cancer cells from proliferating. Urolithin A (UA) was most able to suppress proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). It arrested the G2/M phase of the cell cycle by upregulating cyclin-B1, cyclin-E2, p21, phospho-cdc2, and CDC25B. UA also acted as an estrogen agonist by modulating estrogen receptor-α (ERα) dependent gene expression in ER-positive endometrial cancer cells. UA enhanced the expression of ERβ, PGR, pS2, GREB1 while inhibiting the expression of ERα and GRIP1. Coincubating UA-treated cells with the estrogen antagonist ICI182,780 abolished UA's estrogenic effects. Knocking down ERα suppressed PGR, pS2, and GREB gene expression but increased GRIP1 expression. Thus, UA's actions appear to be mediated through ERα. CONCLUSION This study suggests that UA modulates ERα-dependent gene expression, thereby inhibiting endometrial cancer proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- School of Medicine and life Science, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Gynecology Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jo-Hsin Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Chung-Wai Shiau
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xiugui Sheng
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Li-Shu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Gary D Stoner
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Yi-Wen Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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83
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El-Sheshtawy RI, El-Sisy GA, El-Nattat WS. Effects of pomegranate juice in Tris-based extender on cattle semen quality after chilling and cryopreservation. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjr.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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84
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Tomás-Barberán FA, González-Sarrías A, García-Villalba R, Núñez-Sánchez MA, Selma MV, García-Conesa MT, Espín JC. Urolithins, the rescue of “old” metabolites to understand a “new” concept: Metabotypes as a nexus among phenolic metabolism, microbiota dysbiosis, and host health status. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rocío García-Villalba
- Research Group on Quality; Safety; and Bioactivity of Plant Foods; CEBAS-CSIC; Murcia Spain
| | - María A. Núñez-Sánchez
- Research Group on Quality; Safety; and Bioactivity of Plant Foods; CEBAS-CSIC; Murcia Spain
| | - María V. Selma
- Research Group on Quality; Safety; and Bioactivity of Plant Foods; CEBAS-CSIC; Murcia Spain
| | - María T. García-Conesa
- Research Group on Quality; Safety; and Bioactivity of Plant Foods; CEBAS-CSIC; Murcia Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Research Group on Quality; Safety; and Bioactivity of Plant Foods; CEBAS-CSIC; Murcia Spain
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85
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Ismail T, Calcabrini C, Diaz AR, Fimognari C, Turrini E, Catanzaro E, Akhtar S, Sestili P. Ellagitannins in Cancer Chemoprevention and Therapy. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8050151. [PMID: 27187472 PMCID: PMC4885066 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8050151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is universally accepted that diets rich in fruit and vegetables lead to reduction in the risk of common forms of cancer and are useful in cancer prevention. Indeed edible vegetables and fruits contain a wide variety of phytochemicals with proven antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, and chemopreventive activity; moreover, some of these phytochemicals also display direct antiproliferative activity towards tumor cells, with the additional advantage of high tolerability and low toxicity. The most important dietary phytochemicals are isothiocyanates, ellagitannins (ET), polyphenols, indoles, flavonoids, retinoids, tocopherols. Among this very wide panel of compounds, ET represent an important class of phytochemicals which are being increasingly investigated for their chemopreventive and anticancer activities. This article reviews the chemistry, the dietary sources, the pharmacokinetics, the evidence on chemopreventive efficacy and the anticancer activity of ET with regard to the most sensitive tumors, as well as the mechanisms underlying their clinically-valuable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Ismail
- Institute of Food Science & Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Bosan Road, Multan 60800, Punjab, Pakistan; (T.I.); (S.A.)
| | - Cinzia Calcabrini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via I Maggetti 26, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy;
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini (RN), Italy; (C.C.); (C.F.); (E.T.); (E.C.)
| | - Anna Rita Diaz
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via I Maggetti 26, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy;
| | - Carmela Fimognari
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini (RN), Italy; (C.C.); (C.F.); (E.T.); (E.C.)
| | - Eleonora Turrini
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini (RN), Italy; (C.C.); (C.F.); (E.T.); (E.C.)
| | - Elena Catanzaro
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini (RN), Italy; (C.C.); (C.F.); (E.T.); (E.C.)
| | - Saeed Akhtar
- Institute of Food Science & Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Bosan Road, Multan 60800, Punjab, Pakistan; (T.I.); (S.A.)
| | - Piero Sestili
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via I Maggetti 26, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(0)-722-303-414
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86
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Núñez-Sánchez MÁ, Karmokar A, González-Sarrías A, García-Villalba R, Tomás-Barberán FA, García-Conesa MT, Brown K, Espín JC. In vivo relevant mixed urolithins and ellagic acid inhibit phenotypic and molecular colon cancer stem cell features: A new potentiality for ellagitannin metabolites against cancer. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 92:8-16. [PMID: 26995228 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer stem cells (CSCs) offer a novel paradigm for colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment and dietary polyphenols may contribute to battle these cells. Specifically, polyphenol-derived colon metabolites have the potential to interact with and affect colon CSCs. We herein report the effects against colon CSCs of two mixtures of ellagitannin (ET) metabolites, ellagic acid (EA) and the gut microbiota-derived urolithins (Uro) at concentrations detected in the human colon tissues following the intake of ET-containing products (pomegranate, walnuts). These mixtures reduce phenotypic and molecular features in two models of colon CSCs: Caco-2 cells and primary tumour cells from a patient with CRC. The mixture containing mostly Uro-A (85% Uro-A, 10% Uro-C, 5% EA) was most effective at inhibiting the number and size of colonospheres and aldehyde dehydrogenase activity (ALDH, a marker of chemoresistance) whereas the mixture containing less Uro-A but IsoUro-A and Uro-B (30% Uro-A, 50% IsoUro-A, 10% Uro-B, 5% Uro-C, 5% EA) had some effects on the number and size of colonospheres but not on ALDH. These data support a role for polyphenols metabolites in the control of colon cancer chemoresistance and relapse and encourage the research on the effects of polyphenols against CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Núñez-Sánchez
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ankur Karmokar
- Cancer Chemoprevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Antonio González-Sarrías
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rocío García-Villalba
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco A Tomás-Barberán
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Teresa García-Conesa
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Karen Brown
- Cancer Chemoprevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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87
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Cho H, Jung H, Lee H, Yi HC, Kwak HK, Hwang KT. Chemopreventive activity of ellagitannins and their derivatives from black raspberry seeds on HT-29 colon cancer cells. Food Funct 2016; 6:1675-83. [PMID: 25906041 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00274e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Black raspberry (BRB) seeds are a major waste product after fruit processing. The seeds are abundant in ellagitannins (ET), a class of hydrolysable tannins, which are hydrolyzed to ellagic acid (EA) and further metabolized to urolithin A (UA) and urolithin B (UB), known to be bioavailable in the colon and the prostate. In this study, the anti-cancer activities of these compounds were evaluated on HT-29 colon cancer cells. ET, EA, UA and UB inhibited the proliferation of the cancer cells. EA caused a slight, but significant cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, and urolithins caused cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and upregulated p21 expression. Apoptotic cells were detected by Annexin V-FITC/PI assay when treated with the compounds. Disruption in mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of caspases 8 and 9 suggest that both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways may be involved. Activation of caspase 3 and cleavage of PARP further confirmed the induction of the apoptosis. ET, EA, UA and UB showed anti-cancer activity by arresting the cell cycle and inducing apoptosis on HT-29 human colon cancer cells. This study suggests that the BRB seeds could be a potential source of anti-cancer ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunnho Cho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea.
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88
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González-Sarrías A, Núñez-Sánchez MÁ, Tomé-Carneiro J, Tomás-Barberán FA, García-Conesa MT, Espín JC. Comprehensive characterization of the effects of ellagic acid and urolithins on colorectal cancer and key-associated molecular hallmarks: MicroRNA cell specific induction of CDKN1A (p21) as a common mechanism involved. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 60:701-16. [PMID: 26634414 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Ellagitannins, ellagic acid, and the colonic metabolites urolithins (Uros) exhibit anticancer effects against colon cells, but a comprehensive molecular analysis has not been done. Herein, we used a panel of cell lines to first time evaluate the antiproliferative properties and accompanying molecular responses of two ellagitannin metabolites mixtures mimicking the situation in vivo and of each individual metabolite. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined cell growth, cell cycle, apoptosis, and the expression of related genes and microRNAs (miRs) in a panel of nonmalignant and malignant colon cell lines. Regardless of the composition, the mixed metabolites similarly inhibited proliferation, induced cycle arrest, and apoptosis. All the metabolites contributed to these effects, but Uro-A, isourolithin A, Uro-C, and Uro-D were more potent than Uro-B and ellagic acid. Despite molecular differences between the cell lines, we discerned relevant changes in key cancer markers and corroborated the induction of CDKN1A (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A gene (p21, Cip1); encoding p21) as a common step underlying the anticancer properties of Uros. Interestingly, cell-unique downregulation of miR-224 or upregulation of miR-215 was found associated with CDKN1A induction. CONCLUSION Physiologically relevant mixtures of Uros exert anticancer effects against colon cancer cells via a common CDKN1A upregulatory mechanism. Other associated molecular responses are however heterogeneous and mostly cell-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio González-Sarrías
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Núñez-Sánchez
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Joao Tomé-Carneiro
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco A Tomás-Barberán
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Teresa García-Conesa
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
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89
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González-Sarrías A, Núñez-Sánchez MÁ, García-Villalba R, Tomás-Barberán FA, Espín JC. Antiproliferative activity of the ellagic acid-derived gut microbiota isourolithin A and comparison with its urolithin A isomer: the role of cell metabolism. Eur J Nutr 2015; 56:831-841. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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90
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Huang W, Lin J, Zhang H. miR-126: A novel regulator in colon cancer. Biomed Rep 2015; 4:131-134. [PMID: 26893826 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the most common, lethal diseases worldwide. Tumor metastasis and chemotherapy resistance are the main reasons for its poor prognosis and high fatality rate. Tumor development is thought of as one of the most complex cellular events as it is a multi-step cascading process involving infinite proliferation, invasion and immigration. Recently, increasing studies have demonstrated that microRNA-126 (miR-126) has an important role in colon cancer. The expression of miR-126 decreased significantly in colon cancer, particularly in highly metastatic cell lines. miR-126 controls tumor cell growth, metastasis and survival via inactivation of the oncogene signaling pathway, indicating that miR-126 may serve as a therapeutic target for anticancer therapy. Potentially, miR-126 was also reported to be an ideal molecular target as a novel biomarker for liver metastasis from colorectal cancer due to its changeable expression level. In the present review, the current knowledge regarding regulatory function of miR-126 is summarized along with its underlying mechanisms in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Huang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Hongxuan Zhang
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangdong Geriatric Institute, Guangzhou, Guandong 510080, P.R. China
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Spilmont M, Léotoing L, Davicco MJ, Lebecque P, Miot-Noirault E, Pilet P, Rios L, Wittrant Y, Coxam V. Pomegranate Peel Extract Prevents Bone Loss in a Preclinical Model of Osteoporosis and Stimulates Osteoblastic Differentiation in Vitro. Nutrients 2015; 7:9265-84. [PMID: 26569295 PMCID: PMC4663593 DOI: 10.3390/nu7115465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The nutritional benefits of pomegranate have attracted great scientific interest. The pomegranate, including the pomegranate peel, has been used worldwide for many years as a fruit with medicinal activity, mostly antioxidant properties. Among chronic diseases, osteoporosis, which is associated with bone remodelling impairment leading to progressive bone loss, could eventually benefit from antioxidant compounds because of the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of osteopenia. In this study, with in vivo and ex vivo experiments, we investigated whether the consumption of pomegranate peel extract (PGPE) could limit the process of osteopenia. We demonstrated that in ovariectomized (OVX) C57BL/6J mice, PGPE consumption was able to significantly prevent the decrease in bone mineral density (-31.9%; p < 0.001 vs. OVX mice) and bone microarchitecture impairment. Moreover, the exposure of RAW264.7 cells to serum harvested from mice that had been given a PGPE-enriched diet elicited reduced osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption, as shown by the inhibition of the major osteoclast markers. In addition, PGPE appeared to substantially stimulate osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity at day 7, mineralization at day 21 and the transcription level of osteogenic markers. PGPE may be effective in preventing the bone loss associated with ovariectomy in mice, and offers a promising alternative for the nutritional management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Spilmont
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, UMR 1019, INRA, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont Université, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- GREENTECH SA Biopôle Clermont-Limagne, F-63360 Saint-Beauzire, France.
| | - Laurent Léotoing
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, UMR 1019, INRA, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont Université, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Marie-Jeanne Davicco
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, UMR 1019, INRA, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont Université, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Patrice Lebecque
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, UMR 1019, INRA, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont Université, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Elisabeth Miot-Noirault
- Imagerie Moléculaire et Thérapie Vectorisée, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont Université, UMR 990, INSERM, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Paul Pilet
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie Ostéo-Articulaire et Dentaire-LIOAD, Université de Nantes, UMR 791, INSERM, F-44042 Nantes, France.
| | - Laurent Rios
- GREENTECH SA Biopôle Clermont-Limagne, F-63360 Saint-Beauzire, France.
| | - Yohann Wittrant
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, UMR 1019, INRA, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont Université, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Véronique Coxam
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, UMR 1019, INRA, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont Université, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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92
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Mena P, Dall’Asta M, Calani L, Brighenti F, Del Rio D. Gastrointestinal stability of urolithins: an in vitro approach. Eur J Nutr 2015; 56:99-106. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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93
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García-Niño WR, Zazueta C. Ellagic acid: Pharmacological activities and molecular mechanisms involved in liver protection. Pharmacol Res 2015; 97:84-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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94
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Teixeira LDL, Bertoldi FC, Lajolo FM, Hassimotto NMA. Identification of Ellagitannins and Flavonoids from Eugenia brasilienses Lam. (Grumixama) by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:5417-5427. [PMID: 25990484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The grumixama (Eugenia brasiliensis Lam.), also known as Brazilian cherry, is a fruit native to Brazil. This study identified the flavonoids in the flesh and seeds and ellagitannin in the flesh of purple and yellow varieties. The physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant capacity of these fruits were also evaluated. Anthocyanins and flavonols were found in high levels in the flesh of purple (32-180 mg 100 g(-1) FW) and yellow grumixama (13-41 mg 100 g(-1) FW), respectively. The major flavonoids identified were cyanidin 3-glucoside and quercetin aglycone. Furthermore, ellagitannins were found in high levels in the flesh of purple (82-243 mg ellagic acid equiv 100 g(-1) FW) and yellow grumixama (92 mg ellagic acid equiv 100 g(-1) FW) and seeds (2220-2905 mg ellagic acid equiv 100 g(-1) FW). The ellagitannin profiles of both varieties were first characterized in which pedunculagin isomers, strictinin isomers, and ellagic acid galloyl hexoside were the major ellagitannins identified. In summary, both varieties of the grumixama fruit as well as the seeds could be good sources of bioactive compounds, mainly ellagitannins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabiano Cleber Bertoldi
- §Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Experimental Station of Itajai, Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina (Epagri), Rod. Antonio Heil, 6800, 88318-112 Itajaí, SC, Brazil
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95
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Potential Effects of Pomegranate Polyphenols in Cancer Prevention and Therapy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:938475. [PMID: 26180600 PMCID: PMC4477247 DOI: 10.1155/2015/938475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death and is becoming the leading one in old age. Vegetable and fruit consumption is inversely associated with cancer incidence and mortality. Currently, interest in a number of fruits high in polyphenols has been raised due to their reported chemopreventive and/or chemotherapeutic potential. Pomegranate has been shown to exert anticancer activity, which is generally attributed to its high content of polyphenols. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of known targets and mechanisms along with a critical evaluation of pomegranate polyphenols as future anticancer agents. Pomegranate evokes antiproliferative, anti-invasive, and antimetastatic effects, induces apoptosis through the modulation of Bcl-2 proteins, upregulates p21 and p27, and downregulates cyclin-cdk network. Furthermore, pomegranate blocks the activation of inflammatory pathways including, but not limited to, the NF-κB pathway. The strongest evidence for its anticancer activity comes from studies on prostate cancer. Accordingly, some exploratory clinical studies investigating pomegranate found a trend of efficacy in increasing prostate-specific antigen doubling time in patients with prostate cancer. However, the genotoxicity reported for pomegranate raised certain concerns over its safety and an accurate assessment of the risk/benefit should be performed before suggesting the use of pomegranate or its polyphenols for cancer-related therapeutic purposes.
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96
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Bioprospecting Davidson's plum and quandong: Cytoprotective and proapoptotic activities. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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97
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Zhao W, Wang Y, Hao W, Yang H, Song X, Zhao M, Peng S. Preparative isolation and purification of urolithins from the intestinal metabolites of pomegranate ellagitannins by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 990:111-7. [PMID: 25864012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Urolithins were separated from the intestinal metabolites of pomegranate ellagitannins by high-speed counter current chromatography in two steps using two solvent systems composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-acetic acid-water (2.5:2:0.25:5, v/v/v/v/v) and n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-acetic acid-water (2.5:0. 8:0.25:5, v/v/v/v/v) for the first time. Each injection of 100mg extract yielded 21mg of pure urolithin A and 10mg of pure urolithin B. High-performance liquid chromatography analyses revealed that the purity of urolithin A and urolihtin B was over 98.5%. The structures of urolithin A and urolitihn B were identified by high resolution-MS, NMR and single crystal x-ray analysis. Urolithins reduced the oxidative stress status in colon cancer by decreasing the intracellular ROS and malondialdehyde levels, and increasing SOD activity in H2O2 treated Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Zhao
- Beijing area major laboratory of peptide and small molecular drugs; Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yuji Wang
- Beijing area major laboratory of peptide and small molecular drugs; Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Weijia Hao
- Beijing area major laboratory of peptide and small molecular drugs; Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Beijing area major laboratory of peptide and small molecular drugs; Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xueying Song
- Beijing area major laboratory of peptide and small molecular drugs; Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Beijing area major laboratory of peptide and small molecular drugs; Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Faculty of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Shiqi Peng
- Beijing area major laboratory of peptide and small molecular drugs; Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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98
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Ramírez de Molina A, Vargas T, Molina S, Sánchez J, Martínez-Romero J, González-Vallinas M, Martín-Hernández R, Sánchez-Martínez R, Gómez de Cedrón M, Dávalos A, Calani L, Del Rio D, González-Sarrías A, Espín JC, Tomás-Barberán FA, Reglero G. The ellagic acid derivative 4,4'-di-O-methylellagic acid efficiently inhibits colon cancer cell growth through a mechanism involving WNT16. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 353:433-44. [PMID: 25758919 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.221796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ellagic acid (EA) and some derivatives have been reported to inhibit cancer cell proliferation, induce cell cycle arrest, and modulate some important cellular processes related to cancer. This study aimed to identify possible structure-activity relationships of EA and some in vivo derivatives in their antiproliferative effect on both human colon cancer and normal cells, and to compare this activity with that of other polyphenols. Our results showed that 4,4'-di-O-methylellagic acid (4,4'-DiOMEA) was the most effective compound in the inhibition of colon cancer cell proliferation. 4,4'-DiOMEA was 13-fold more effective than other compounds of the same family. In addition, 4,4'-DiOMEA was very active against colon cancer cells resistant to the chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluoracil, whereas no effect was observed in nonmalignant colon cells. Moreover, no correlation between antiproliferative and antioxidant activities was found, further supporting that structure differences might result in dissimilar molecular targets involved in their differential effects. Finally, microarray analysis revealed that 4,4'-DiOMEA modulated Wnt signaling, which might be involved in the potential antitumor action of this compound. Our results suggest that structural-activity differences between EA and 4,4'-DiOMEA might constitute the basis for a new strategy in anticancer drug discovery based on these chemical modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ramírez de Molina
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food Institute, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Universidad Autónoma de Madrid + Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain (A.R.d.M., T.V., S.M., J.S., J.M.-R., M.G.-V., R.M.-H., R.S.-M., M.G.d.C., A.D., G.R.); LS9 Interlab Group, Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (L.C., D.D.R.); and Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain (A.G.-S., J.C.E., F.A.T.-B.)
| | - Teodoro Vargas
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food Institute, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Universidad Autónoma de Madrid + Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain (A.R.d.M., T.V., S.M., J.S., J.M.-R., M.G.-V., R.M.-H., R.S.-M., M.G.d.C., A.D., G.R.); LS9 Interlab Group, Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (L.C., D.D.R.); and Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain (A.G.-S., J.C.E., F.A.T.-B.)
| | - Susana Molina
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food Institute, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Universidad Autónoma de Madrid + Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain (A.R.d.M., T.V., S.M., J.S., J.M.-R., M.G.-V., R.M.-H., R.S.-M., M.G.d.C., A.D., G.R.); LS9 Interlab Group, Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (L.C., D.D.R.); and Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain (A.G.-S., J.C.E., F.A.T.-B.)
| | - Jenifer Sánchez
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food Institute, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Universidad Autónoma de Madrid + Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain (A.R.d.M., T.V., S.M., J.S., J.M.-R., M.G.-V., R.M.-H., R.S.-M., M.G.d.C., A.D., G.R.); LS9 Interlab Group, Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (L.C., D.D.R.); and Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain (A.G.-S., J.C.E., F.A.T.-B.)
| | - Jorge Martínez-Romero
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food Institute, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Universidad Autónoma de Madrid + Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain (A.R.d.M., T.V., S.M., J.S., J.M.-R., M.G.-V., R.M.-H., R.S.-M., M.G.d.C., A.D., G.R.); LS9 Interlab Group, Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (L.C., D.D.R.); and Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain (A.G.-S., J.C.E., F.A.T.-B.)
| | - Margarita González-Vallinas
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food Institute, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Universidad Autónoma de Madrid + Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain (A.R.d.M., T.V., S.M., J.S., J.M.-R., M.G.-V., R.M.-H., R.S.-M., M.G.d.C., A.D., G.R.); LS9 Interlab Group, Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (L.C., D.D.R.); and Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain (A.G.-S., J.C.E., F.A.T.-B.)
| | - Roberto Martín-Hernández
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food Institute, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Universidad Autónoma de Madrid + Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain (A.R.d.M., T.V., S.M., J.S., J.M.-R., M.G.-V., R.M.-H., R.S.-M., M.G.d.C., A.D., G.R.); LS9 Interlab Group, Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (L.C., D.D.R.); and Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain (A.G.-S., J.C.E., F.A.T.-B.)
| | - Ruth Sánchez-Martínez
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food Institute, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Universidad Autónoma de Madrid + Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain (A.R.d.M., T.V., S.M., J.S., J.M.-R., M.G.-V., R.M.-H., R.S.-M., M.G.d.C., A.D., G.R.); LS9 Interlab Group, Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (L.C., D.D.R.); and Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain (A.G.-S., J.C.E., F.A.T.-B.)
| | - Marta Gómez de Cedrón
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food Institute, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Universidad Autónoma de Madrid + Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain (A.R.d.M., T.V., S.M., J.S., J.M.-R., M.G.-V., R.M.-H., R.S.-M., M.G.d.C., A.D., G.R.); LS9 Interlab Group, Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (L.C., D.D.R.); and Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain (A.G.-S., J.C.E., F.A.T.-B.)
| | - Alberto Dávalos
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food Institute, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Universidad Autónoma de Madrid + Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain (A.R.d.M., T.V., S.M., J.S., J.M.-R., M.G.-V., R.M.-H., R.S.-M., M.G.d.C., A.D., G.R.); LS9 Interlab Group, Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (L.C., D.D.R.); and Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain (A.G.-S., J.C.E., F.A.T.-B.)
| | - Luca Calani
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food Institute, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Universidad Autónoma de Madrid + Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain (A.R.d.M., T.V., S.M., J.S., J.M.-R., M.G.-V., R.M.-H., R.S.-M., M.G.d.C., A.D., G.R.); LS9 Interlab Group, Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (L.C., D.D.R.); and Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain (A.G.-S., J.C.E., F.A.T.-B.)
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food Institute, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Universidad Autónoma de Madrid + Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain (A.R.d.M., T.V., S.M., J.S., J.M.-R., M.G.-V., R.M.-H., R.S.-M., M.G.d.C., A.D., G.R.); LS9 Interlab Group, Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (L.C., D.D.R.); and Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain (A.G.-S., J.C.E., F.A.T.-B.)
| | - Antonio González-Sarrías
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food Institute, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Universidad Autónoma de Madrid + Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain (A.R.d.M., T.V., S.M., J.S., J.M.-R., M.G.-V., R.M.-H., R.S.-M., M.G.d.C., A.D., G.R.); LS9 Interlab Group, Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (L.C., D.D.R.); and Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain (A.G.-S., J.C.E., F.A.T.-B.)
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food Institute, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Universidad Autónoma de Madrid + Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain (A.R.d.M., T.V., S.M., J.S., J.M.-R., M.G.-V., R.M.-H., R.S.-M., M.G.d.C., A.D., G.R.); LS9 Interlab Group, Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (L.C., D.D.R.); and Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain (A.G.-S., J.C.E., F.A.T.-B.)
| | - Francisco A Tomás-Barberán
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food Institute, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Universidad Autónoma de Madrid + Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain (A.R.d.M., T.V., S.M., J.S., J.M.-R., M.G.-V., R.M.-H., R.S.-M., M.G.d.C., A.D., G.R.); LS9 Interlab Group, Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (L.C., D.D.R.); and Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain (A.G.-S., J.C.E., F.A.T.-B.)
| | - Guillermo Reglero
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food Institute, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Universidad Autónoma de Madrid + Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEI UAM+CSIC), Madrid, Spain (A.R.d.M., T.V., S.M., J.S., J.M.-R., M.G.-V., R.M.-H., R.S.-M., M.G.d.C., A.D., G.R.); LS9 Interlab Group, Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (L.C., D.D.R.); and Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain (A.G.-S., J.C.E., F.A.T.-B.)
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Shirode AB, Bharali DJ, Nallanthighal S, Coon JK, Mousa SA, Reliene R. Nanoencapsulation of pomegranate bioactive compounds for breast cancer chemoprevention. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:475-84. [PMID: 25624761 PMCID: PMC4296962 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s65145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pomegranate polyphenols are potent antioxidants and chemopreventive agents but have low bioavailability and a short half-life. For example, punicalagin (PU), the major polyphenol in pomegranates, is not absorbed in its intact form but is hydrolyzed to ellagic acid (EA) moieties and rapidly metabolized into short-lived metabolites of EA. We hypothesized that encapsulation of pomegranate polyphenols into biodegradable sustained release nanoparticles (NPs) may circumvent these limitations. We describe here the development, characterization, and bioactivity assessment of novel formulations of poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA-PEG) NPs loaded with pomegranate extract (PE) or individual polyphenols such as PU or EA. Monodispersed, spherical 150-200 nm average diameter NPs were prepared by the double emulsion-solvent evaporation method. Uptake of Alexa Fluor-488-labeled NPs was evaluated in MCF-7 breast cancer cells over a 24-hour time course. Confocal fluorescent microscopy revealed that PLGA-PEG NPs were efficiently taken up, and the uptake reached the maximum at 24 hours. In addition, we examined the antiproliferative effects of PE-, PU-, and/or EA-loaded NPs in MCF-7 and Hs578T breast cancer cells. We found that PE, PU, and EA nanoprototypes had a 2- to 12-fold enhanced effect on cell growth inhibition compared to their free counterparts, while void NPs did not affect cell growth. PU-NPs were the most potent nanoprototype of pomegranates. Thus, PU may be the polyphenol of choice for further chemoprevention studies with pomegranate nanoprototypes. These data demonstrate that nanotechnology-enabled delivery of pomegranate polyphenols enhances their anticancer effects in breast cancer cells. Thus, pomegranate polyphenols are promising agents for nanochemoprevention of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit B Shirode
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA ; Cancer Research Center, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Dhruba J Bharali
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Sameera Nallanthighal
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA ; Cancer Research Center, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Justin K Coon
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA ; Cancer Research Center, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Shaker A Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Ramune Reliene
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA ; Cancer Research Center, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, USA
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González-Sarrías A, Tomé-Carneiro J, Bellesia A, Tomás-Barberán FA, Espín JC. The ellagic acid-derived gut microbiota metabolite, urolithin A, potentiates the anticancer effects of 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy on human colon cancer cells. Food Funct 2015; 6:1460-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00120j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ellagic acid-derived gut microbiota metabolite, urolithin A, at concentrations achievable in the human colorectum, enhances the anticancer effects of 5-FU-chemotherapy on three different colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio González-Sarrías
- Research Group on Quality
- Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods
- Dept. Food Science and Technology
- CEBAS-CSIC
- Murcia
| | - Joao Tomé-Carneiro
- Research Group on Quality
- Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods
- Dept. Food Science and Technology
- CEBAS-CSIC
- Murcia
| | - Andrea Bellesia
- Department of Life Sciences
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
- 42122 Reggio Emilia
- Italy
| | - Francisco A. Tomás-Barberán
- Research Group on Quality
- Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods
- Dept. Food Science and Technology
- CEBAS-CSIC
- Murcia
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Research Group on Quality
- Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods
- Dept. Food Science and Technology
- CEBAS-CSIC
- Murcia
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