51
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Fichna J, do-Rego JC, Chung NN, Costentin J, Schiller PW, Janecka A. [Dmt1, d-1-Nal3]morphiceptin, a novel opioid peptide analog with high analgesic activity. Peptides 2008; 29:633-8. [PMID: 18234394 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2007] [Revised: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The morphiceptin-derived peptide [Dmt1, d-1-Nal3]morphiceptin, labeled mu-opioid receptor (MOP) with very high affinity and selectivity in the receptor binding assays. In the mouse hot plate test, [Dmt1, d-1-Nal3]morphiceptin given intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) produced profound supraspinal analgesia, being approximately 100-fold more potent than the endogenous MOP receptor ligand, endomorphin-2. The antinociceptive effect of this new analog lasted up to 120min. Thus, [Dmt1, d-1-Nal3]morphiceptin is an interesting and extraordinarily potent analgesic, raising the possibility of novel approaches in the design of clinically useful drugs for pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Fichna
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Chemistry, Institute of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
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52
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Salvadori S, Fiorini S, Trapella C, Porreca F, Davis P, Sasaki^ Y, Ambo A, Ewa DM, Lazarus LH, Balboni G. Role of benzimidazole (Bid) in the delta-opioid agonist pseudopeptide H-Dmt-Tic-NH-CH(2)-Bid (UFP-502). Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:3032-8. [PMID: 18178091 PMCID: PMC2390930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
H-Dmt-Tic-NH-CH(2)-Bid (UFP-502) was the first delta-opioid agonist prepared from the Dmt-Tic pharmacophore. It showed interesting pharmacological properties, such as stimulation of mRNA BDNF expression and antidepression. To evaluate the importance of 1H-benzimidazol-2-yl (Bid) in the induction of delta-agonism, it was substituted by similar heterocycles: The substitution of NH(1) by O or S transforms the reference delta-agonist into delta-antagonists. Phenyl ring of benzimidazole is not important for delta-agonism; in fact 1H-imidazole-2-yl retains delta-agonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severo Salvadori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stella Fiorini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudio Trapella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Frank Porreca
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Peg Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Yusuke Sasaki^
- Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-1, Komatsushima 4-chome, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ambo
- Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-1, Komatsushima 4-chome, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - D Marczak Ewa
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Lawrence H. Lazarus
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Gianfranco Balboni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Toxicology, University of Cagliari, I-09124, Cagliari, Italy
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53
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Ryu EK, Wu Z, Chen K, Lazarus LH, Marczak ED, Sasaki Y, Ambo A, Salvadori S, Ren C, Zhao H, Balboni G, Chen X. Synthesis of a potent and selective (18)F-labeled delta-opioid receptor antagonist derived from the Dmt-Tic pharmacophore for positron emission tomography imaging. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1817-23. [PMID: 18311909 DOI: 10.1021/jm7014765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Identification and pharmacological characterization of two new selective delta-opioid receptor antagonists, derived from the Dmt-Tic pharmacophore, of potential utility in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging are described. On the basis of its high delta selectivity, H-Dmt-Tic--Lys(Z)-OH (reference compound 1) is a useful starting point for the synthesis of (18)F-labeled compounds prepared by the coupling of N-succinimidyl 4-[ (18)F]fluorobenzoate ([(18)F]SFB) with Boc-Dmt-Tic--Lys(Z)-OH under slightly basic conditions at 37 degrees C for 15 min, deprotection with TFA, and HPLC purification. The total synthesis time was 120 min, and the decay-corrected radiochemical yield of [(18)F]- 1 was about 25-30% ( n = 5) starting from [(18)F]SFB ( n = 5) with an effective specific activity about 46 GBq/micromol. In vitro autoradiography studies showed prominent uptake of [ (18)F]- 1 in the striatum and cortex with significant blocking by 1 and UFP-501 (selective delta-opioid receptor antagonist), suggesting high specific binding of [(18)F]- 1 to delta-opioid receptors. Noninvasive microPET imaging studies revealed the absence of [(18)F]- 1 in rat brain, since it fails to cross the blood-brain barrier. This study demonstrates the suitability of [ (18)F]- 1 for imaging peripheral delta-opioid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kyoung Ryu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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54
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55
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Vergura R, Balboni G, Spagnolo B, Gavioli E, Lambert DG, McDonald J, Trapella C, Lazarus LH, Regoli D, Guerrini R, Salvadori S, Caló G. Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like activities of H-Dmt-Tic-NH-CH(CH2-COOH)-Bid (UFP-512), a novel selective delta opioid receptor agonist. Peptides 2008; 29:93-103. [PMID: 18069089 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Knockout and pharmacological studies have shown that delta opioid peptide (DOP) receptor signalling regulates emotional responses. In the present study, the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological profile of the DOP ligand, H-Dmt-Tic-NH-CH(CH2-COOH)-Bid (UFP-512) was investigated. In receptor binding experiments performed on membranes of CHO cells expressing the human recombinant opioid receptors, UFP-512 displayed very high affinity (pKi 10.20) and selectivity (>150-fold) for DOP sites. In functional studies ([35S]GTP gamma S binding in CHOhDOP membranes and electrically stimulated mouse vas deferens) UFP-512 behaved as a DOP selective full agonist showing potency values more than 100-fold higher than DPDPE. In vivo, in the mouse forced swimming test, UFP-512 reduced immobility time both after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration. Similar effects were recorded in rats. Moreover, UFP-512 evoked anxiolytic-like effects in the mouse elevated plus maze and light-dark aversion assays. All these in vivo actions of UFP-512 were fully prevented by the selective DOP antagonist naltrindole (3 mg/kg, s.c.). In conclusion, the present findings demonstrate that UFP-512 behaves as a highly potent and selective agonist at DOP receptors and corroborate the proposal that the selective activation of DOP receptors elicits robust anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Vergura
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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56
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Salvadori S, Trapella C, Fiorini S, Negri L, Lattanzi R, Bryant SD, Jinsmaa Y, Lazarus LH, Balboni G. A new opioid designed multiple ligand derived from the micro opioid agonist endomorphin-2 and the delta opioid antagonist pharmacophore Dmt-Tic. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:6876-81. [PMID: 17851080 PMCID: PMC2084217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Opioid compounds with mixed micro agonist/delta antagonist properties could be used as analgesics with low propensity to induce tolerance and dependence. Here we report the synthesis of a new designed multiple ligand deriving from the micro selective agonist endomorphin-2 and the delta selective antagonist pharmacophore Dmt-Tic. As predicted, the resulting bivalent ligand showed a micro agonist/delta antagonist profile deriving from the corresponding activities of each pharmacophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severo Salvadori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudio Trapella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stella Fiorini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lucia Negri
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, University La Sapienza, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Lattanzi
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, University La Sapienza, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sharon D. Bryant
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yunden Jinsmaa
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Lawrence H. Lazarus
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Gianfranco Balboni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Toxicology, University of Cagliari, I-09126 Cagliari, Italy
- *Corresponding author. Tel.: +39-532-291-275; fax: +39-532-291-296; e-mail address: ;
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57
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Further studies on the effect of lysine at the C-terminus of the Dmt-Tic opioid pharmacophore. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:3143-51. [PMID: 17339114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of activities are induced by Lys when introduced at C-terminus of the delta-opioid Dmt-Tic pharmacophore through the alpha-amine group, including: improved delta-antagonism, mu-agonism and mu-antagonism. Here we report the synthesis of a new series of compounds with the general formula H-Dmt-Tic-NH-(CH(2))(4)-CH(R)-R' (R=-NH(2), -NH-Ac, -NH-Z; R'=CO-NH-Ph, -CO-NH-CH(2)-Ph, -Bid) in which Lys is linked to Dmt-Tic through its side-chain amine group. All new compounds (1-9) displayed potent and selective delta-antagonism (MVD, pA(2)=7.81-8.27), which was independent of the functionalized alpha-amine and carboxylic groups of C-terminal Lys. This behaviour suggests a direct application as a prototype intermediate, such as Boc-Dmt-Tic-epsilon-Lys(Z)-OMe, which could be successfully applied in the synthesis (after Z or methyl ester removal) of unique designed multiple ligands containing the pharmacophore of the quintessential delta-antagonist Dmt-Tic and another opioid or biologically active non-opioid ligand.
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58
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Vergura R, Valenti E, Hebbes CP, Gavioli EC, Spagnolo B, McDonald J, Lambert DG, Balboni G, Salvadori S, Regoli D, Calo' G. Dmt-Tic-NH-CH2-Bid (UFP-502), a potent DOP receptor agonist: in vitro and in vivo studies. Peptides 2006; 27:3322-30. [PMID: 16963157 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Knockout and pharmacological studies demonstrated that the activation of delta opioid peptide (DOP) receptors produces antidepressant-like effects in rodents. Here we report the results obtained with the novel DOP ligand H-Dmt-Tic-NH-CH(2)-Bid (UFP-502). UFP-502 bound with high affinity (pK(i) 9.43) to recombinant DOP receptors displaying moderate selectivity over MOP and KOP. In CHO(hDOP) [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding and mouse vas deferens experiments, UFP-502 behaved as a potent (pEC(50) 10.09 and 10.70, respectively) full agonist. In these preparations, naloxone, naltrindole and N,N(CH(3))(2)Dmt-Tic-OH showed similar pA(2) values against UFP-502 and DPDPE and the same rank order of potency. In vivo in mice, UFP-502 mimicked DPDPE actions, producing a significant reduction of immobility time after intracerebroventricular administration in the forced swimming test and a clear antinociceptive effect after intrathecal injection in the tail withdrawal assay. However, while the effects of DPDPE were fully prevented by naltrindole those evoked by UFP-502 were unaffected (tail withdrawal assay) or only partially reversed (forced swimming test). In conclusion, UFP-502 represents a novel and useful chemical template for the design of selective agonists for the DOP receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Vergura
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, and Neuroscience Centre, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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59
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Balboni G, Onnis V, Congiu C, Zotti M, Sasaki Y, Ambo A, Bryant SD, Jinsmaa Y, Lazarus LH, Trapella C, Salvadori S. Effect of lysine at C-terminus of the Dmt-Tic opioid pharmacophore. J Med Chem 2006; 49:5610-7. [PMID: 16942034 PMCID: PMC2533050 DOI: 10.1021/jm060741w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Substitution of Gly with side-chain-protected or unprotected Lys in lead compounds containing the opioid pharmacophore Dmt-Tic [H-Dmt-Tic-Gly-NH-CH(2)-Ph, mu agonist/delta antagonist; H-Dmt-Tic-Gly-NH-Ph, mu agonist/delta agonist; and H-Dmt-Tic-NH-CH(2)-Bid, delta agonist (Bid = 1H-benzimidazole-2-yl)] yielded a new series of compounds endowed with distinct pharmacological activities. Compounds (1-10) included high delta- (Ki(delta) = 0.068-0.64 nM) and mu-opioid affinities (Ki(mu) = 0.13-5.50 nM), with a bioactivity that ranged from mu-opioid agonism {10, H-Dmt-Tic-NH-CH[(CH2)4-NH2]-Bid (IC50 GPI = 39.7 nM)} to a selective mu-opioid antagonist [3, H-Dmt-Tic-Lys-NH-CH2-Ph (pA2(mu) = 7.96)] and a selective delta-opioid antagonist [5, H-Dmt-Tic-Lys(Ac)-NH-Ph (pA2(delta) = 12.0)]. The presence of a Lys linker provides new lead compounds in the formation of opioid peptidomimetics containing the Dmt-Tic pharmacophore with distinct agonist and/or antagonist properties.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Dipeptides/chemical synthesis
- Dipeptides/chemistry
- Dipeptides/pharmacology
- Electric Stimulation
- Guinea Pigs
- Ileum/drug effects
- Ileum/physiology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Ligands
- Male
- Mice
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/physiology
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Tetrahydroisoquinolines/chemical synthesis
- Tetrahydroisoquinolines/chemistry
- Tetrahydroisoquinolines/pharmacology
- Vas Deferens/drug effects
- Vas Deferens/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Balboni
- Department of Toxicology, University of Cagliari, I-09124, Cagliari, Italy.
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60
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Kim IH, Nishi K, Tsai HJ, Bradford T, Koda Y, Watanabe T, Morisseau C, Blanchfield J, Toth I, Hammock BD. Design of bioavailable derivatives of 12-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)dodecanoic acid, a potent inhibitor of the soluble epoxide hydrolase. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 15:312-23. [PMID: 17046265 PMCID: PMC2040326 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) plays an important role in the metabolism of endogenous chemical mediators involved in blood pressure regulation and vascular inflammation. 12-(3-Adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-dodecanoic acid (AUDA, 1) is a very active inhibitor of sEH both in vitro and in vivo. However, its relatively high melting point and limited solubility in either water or oil-based solvents leads to difficulties in formulating the compound and often results in poor in vivo availability. We investigated the effect of derivatization of the acid functional group of inhibitor 1 on the inhibition potencies, physical properties, and pharmacokinetic properties. For human sEH, similar inhibition potency was obtained when the acid of compound 1 was modified to esters (2-15). The resulting compounds exhibited improved physical properties (23-66 degrees C lower melting point and 5-fold better solubility in oil). Pharmacokinetic studies showed that the esters possess improved oral bioavailability in mice. On the other hand, amide derivatives of AUDA 1 did not show significant improvement in inhibition potencies or physical properties (higher melting points and lower solubility). The esterification of 1 results in compounds that are easier to formulate in animal food and in triglycerides for gavage and other routes of administration, making it easier to study the biological effects of sEH inhibition in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Hae Kim
- Department of Entomology and University of California Davis Cancer Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kosuke Nishi
- Department of Entomology and University of California Davis Cancer Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hsing-Ju Tsai
- Department of Entomology and University of California Davis Cancer Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tanya Bradford
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Yasuko Koda
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Takaho Watanabe
- Department of Entomology and University of California Davis Cancer Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and University of California Davis Cancer Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- *Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 530 752 6571; fax: +1 530 752 1537; e-mail:
| | - Joanne Blanchfield
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and University of California Davis Cancer Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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61
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Tourwé D, Salvadori S, Bryant SD, Jinsmaa Y, Lazarus LH, Negri L, Giannini E, Lattanzi R, Balboni G. New 2',6'-dimethyl-L-tyrosine (Dmt) opioid peptidomimetics based on the Aba-Gly scaffold. Development of unique mu-opioid receptor ligands. J Med Chem 2006; 49:3990-3. [PMID: 16789756 PMCID: PMC2983084 DOI: 10.1021/jm0603264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Aba-Gly scaffold, incorporated into Dmt-Tic ligands (H-Dmt-Tic-Gly-NH-CH2-Ph, H-Dmt-Tic-Gly-NH-Ph, H-Dmt-Tic-NH-CH2-Bid), exhibited mixed micro/delta or delta opioid receptor activities with micro agonism. Substitution of Tic by Aba-Gly coupled to -NH-CH2-Ph (1), -NH-Ph (2), or -Bid (Bid=1H-benzimidazole-2-yl) (3) shifted affinity (Ki(micro)=0.46, 1.48, and 19.9 nM, respectively), selectivity, and bioactivity to micro-opioid receptors. These compounds represent templates for a new class of lead opioid agonists that are easily synthesized and suitable for therapeutic pain relief.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/chemical synthesis
- Analgesics, Opioid/chemistry
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Benzazepines/chemical synthesis
- Benzazepines/pharmacology
- Glycine/analogs & derivatives
- Glycine/chemical synthesis
- Glycine/pharmacology
- Guinea Pigs
- In Vitro Techniques
- Ligands
- Molecular Mimicry
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/innervation
- Muscle, Smooth/physiology
- Myenteric Plexus/physiology
- Peptides/chemistry
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Synaptosomes/drug effects
- Synaptosomes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Tourwé
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Severo Salvadori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sharon D. Bryant
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yunden Jinsmaa
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Lawrence H. Lazarus
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Lucia Negri
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer,” University La Sapienza, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Giannini
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer,” University La Sapienza, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Lattanzi
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer,” University La Sapienza, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Balboni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Toxicology, University of Cagliari, I-09124, Cagliari, Italy
- To whom Correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: +39-532-291-275; Fax: +39-532-291-296; E-mail: ;
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62
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Ananthan S. Opioid ligands with mixed mu/delta opioid receptor interactions: an emerging approach to novel analgesics. AAPS JOURNAL 2006; 8:E118-25. [PMID: 16584118 PMCID: PMC2751430 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj080114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Opioids are widely used in the treatment of severe pain. The clinical use of the opioids is limited by serious side effects such as respiratory depression, constipation, development of tolerance, and physical dependence and addiction liabilities. Most of the currently available opioid analgesics exert their analgesic and adverse effects primarily through the opioid mu receptors. A large number of biochemical and pharmacological studies and studies using genetically modified animals have provided convincing evidence regarding the existence of modulatory interactions between opioid mu and delta receptors. Several studies indicate that delta receptor agonists as well as delta receptor antagonists can provide beneficial modulation to the pharmacological effects of mu agonists. For example, delta agonists can enhance the analgesic potency and efficacy of mu agonists, and delta antagonists can prevent or diminish the development of tolerance and physical dependence by mu agonists. On the basis of these observations, the development of new opioid ligands possessing mixed mu agonist/delta agonist profile and mixed mu agonist/delta antagonist profile has emerged as a promising new approach to analgesic drug development. A brief overview of mu-delta interactions and recent developments in identification of ligands possessing mixed mu agonist/delta agonist and mu agonist/delta antagonist activities is provided in this report.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/chemical synthesis
- Analgesics, Opioid/metabolism
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Drugs, Investigational/chemical synthesis
- Drugs, Investigational/metabolism
- Drugs, Investigational/pharmacology
- Humans
- Ligands
- Opioid Peptides/chemistry
- Opioid Peptides/metabolism
- Opioid Peptides/pharmacology
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Technology, Pharmaceutical/trends
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63
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Balboni G, Guerrini R, Salvadori S, Negri L, Giannini E, Bryant SD, Jinsmaa Y, Lazarus LH. Conversion of the potent delta-opioid agonist H-Dmt-Tic-NH-CH(2)-bid into delta-opioid antagonists by N(1)-benzimidazole alkylation(1). J Med Chem 2006; 48:8112-4. [PMID: 16366592 PMCID: PMC2597450 DOI: 10.1021/jm058259l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
N(1)-Alkylation of 1H-benzimidizole of the delta agonist H-Dmt-Tic-NH-CH(2)-Bid with hydrophobic, aromatic, olefinic, acid, ethyl ester, or amide (1-6) became delta antagonists (pA(2)=8.52-10.14). delta- and micro-Opioid receptor affinities were high (K(i)delta=0.12-0.36 nM and K(i)micro=0.44-1.42 nM). Only delta antagonism (pA(2)=8.52-10.14) was observed; micro agonism (IC(50)=30-450 nM) was not correlated with changes in alkylating agent or delta antagonism, and some compounds yielded mixed delta antagonism/micro agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Balboni
- Department of Toxicology, University of Cagliari, I-09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Remo Guerrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Severo Salvadori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lucia Negri
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer,” University La Sapienza, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Giannini
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer,” University La Sapienza, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sharon D. Bryant
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yunden Jinsmaa
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Lawrence H. Lazarus
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- To whom Correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: +1-919-541-3238; Fax:+1-919-541-0696. E-mail:
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64
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Torregrossa MM, Jutkiewicz EM, Mosberg HI, Balboni G, Watson SJ, Woods JH. Peptidic delta opioid receptor agonists produce antidepressant-like effects in the forced swim test and regulate BDNF mRNA expression in rats. Brain Res 2005; 1069:172-81. [PMID: 16364263 PMCID: PMC1780167 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Systemically active, nonpeptidic delta opioid receptor agonists have been shown to produce antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in animal models in rodents. In addition, delta agonists have been shown to increase expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA, an effect of some antidepressants, which may be important for the clinical efficacy of antidepressant drugs. The present study examined whether a variety of peptidic delta agonists, DPDPE, JOM-13, a systemically active derivative of DPDPE, deltorphin II, and H-Dmt-Tic-NH-CH2-Bid could produce convulsions and antidepressant-like effects in the forced swim test. In addition, some of these compounds were examined for their influence on BDNF mRNA expression. All four agonists dose-dependently decreased immobility in the forced swim test, indicating an antidepressant-like effect. Only JOM-13 produced convulsions at doses required for antidepressant-like effects. In addition, DPDPE increased BDNF mRNA expression, as measured by in situ hybridization, in the frontal cortex. The antidepressant-like effect of the agonists in the forced swim test and the increase in BDNF mRNA expression produced by DPDPE were blocked by the delta antagonist naltrindole. Therefore, activation of the delta receptor by centrally administered peptidic agonists and intravenously administered JOM-13 produces behavioral antidepressant-like effects without producing convulsions, and some peptidic agonists can increase BDNF mRNA expression, however, not as consistently as the systemically active nonpeptidic agonists.
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MESH Headings
- Adamantane/administration & dosage
- Adamantane/analogs & derivatives
- Animals
- Antidepressive Agents/administration & dosage
- Autoradiography/methods
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism
- Depression/drug therapy
- Dipeptides/administration & dosage
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Administration Routes
- Drug Interactions
- Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-/administration & dosage
- Enkephalins/administration & dosage
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Immobility Response, Tonic/drug effects
- In Situ Hybridization/methods
- Male
- Oligopeptides/administration & dosage
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Swimming
- Tetrahydroisoquinolines/administration & dosage
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65
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Abstract
Structure and function are intimately related. Nowhere is this more important than the area of bioactive molecules. It has been shown that the enantioselectivity of an enzyme is directly related to its chirality. X-ray crystallography is the only method for determining the "absolute" configuration of a molecule and is the most comprehensive technique available to determine the structure of any molecule at atomic resolution. Results from crystallographic studies provide unambiguous, accurate, and reliable 3-dimensional structural parameters, which are prerequisites for rational drug design and structure-based functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Deschamps
- Laboratory for the Structure of Matter, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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66
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Li T, Shiotani K, Miyazaki A, Fujita Y, Tsuda Y, Ambo A, Sasaki Y, Jinsmaa Y, Marczak E, Bryant SD, Lazarus LH, Okada Y. New series of potent delta-opioid antagonists containing the H-Dmt-Tic-NH-hexyl-NH-R motif. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:5517-20. [PMID: 16183273 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2005] [Revised: 08/20/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Heterodimeric compounds H-Dmt-Tic-NH-hexyl-NH-R (R=Dmt, Tic, and Phe) exhibited high affinity to delta- (K(i)delta=0.13-0.89nM) and mu-opioid receptors (K(i)mu=0.38-2.81nM) with extraordinary potent delta antagonism (pA(2)=10.2-10.4). These compounds represent the prototype for a new class of structural homologues lacking mu-opioid receptor-associated agonism (IC(50)=1.6-5.8muM) based on the framework of bis-[H-Dmt-NH]-alkyl (Okada, Y.; Tsuda, Y.; Fujita, Y.; Yokoi, T.; Sasaki, Y.; Ambo, A.; Konishi, R.; Nagata, M.; Salvadori, S.; Jinsmaa, Y.; Bryant, S. D.; Lazarus, L. H. J. Med. Chem.2003, 46, 3201), which exhibited both high mu affinity and bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyou Li
- The Graduate School of Food and Medicinal Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2180, Japan
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67
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Kim IH, Heirtzler FR, Morisseau C, Nishi K, Tsai HJ, Hammock BD. Optimization of amide-based inhibitors of soluble epoxide hydrolase with improved water solubility. J Med Chem 2005; 48:3621-9. [PMID: 15887969 PMCID: PMC1450255 DOI: 10.1021/jm0500929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) plays an important role in the metabolism of endogenous chemical mediators involved in the regulation of blood pressure and inflammation. 1,3-Disubstituted ureas with a polar group located on the fifth atom from the carbonyl group of urea function are active inhibitors of sEH both in vitro and in vivo. However, their limited solubility in water and relatively high melting point lead to difficulties in formulating the compounds and poor in vivo efficacy. To improve these physical properties, the effect of structural modification of the urea pharmacophore on the inhibition potencies, water solubilities, octanol/water partition coefficients (log P), and melting points of a series of compounds was evaluated. For murine sEH, no loss of inhibition potency was observed when the urea pharmacophore was modified to an amide function, while for human sEH 2.5-fold decreased inhibition was obtained in the amide compounds. In addition, a NH group on the right side of carbonyl group of the amide pharmacophore substituted with an adamantyl group (such as compound 14) and a methylene carbon present between the adamantyl and amide groups were essential to produce potent inhibition of sEH. The resulting amide inhibitors have 10-30-fold better solubility and lower melting point than the corresponding urea compounds. These findings will facilitate synthesis of sEH inhibitors that are easier to formulate and more bioavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Hae Kim
- Department of Entomology and University of California Davis Cancer Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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68
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Fujita Y, Tsuda Y, Motoyama T, Li T, Miyazaki A, Yokoi T, Sasaki Y, Ambo A, Niizuma H, Jinsmaa Y, Bryant SD, Lazarus LH, Okada Y. Studies on the structure–activity relationship of 2′,6′-dimethyl-l-tyrosine (Dmt) derivatives: bioactivity profile of H–Dmt–NH–CH3. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:599-602. [PMID: 15664820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2004] [Revised: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The 2',6'-dimethyl-l-tyrosine (Dmt) enhances receptor affinity, functional bioactivity and in vivo analgesia of opioid peptides. To further investigate its direct influence on these opioid parameters, we developed a series of compounds (H-Dmt-NH-X). Among them, H-Dmt-NH-CH(3) showed the highest affinity (K(i)mu=7.45 nM) equal to that of morphine, partial mu-opioid agonism (E(max)=66.6%) in vitro and a moderate antinociception in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Fujita
- The Graduate School of Food and Medicinal Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2180, Japan
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69
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Charton J, Girault-Mizzi S, Sergheraert C. Conversion of Sterically Hindered Diacylated 1,2-Phenylenediamines into 2-Substituted Benzimidazoles. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2005; 53:492-7. [PMID: 15863918 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.53.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of bulky 2-substituted benzimidazoles was designed in order to find new leads for several biological targets. Formation by cyclodehydration from their monoacylated counterparts was shown to be strongly dependent upon the nature of the acyl group. In the case of a dicyclohexylmethyl group, cyclization was only observed in a p-toluenesulfonic acid/toluene mixture from the symmetrical diacylated precursor. Analysis of the mechanism was begun starting from mixed diacylated derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Charton
- UMR CNRS 8525, Universite de Lille II, Institut de Biologie et Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, B.P. 447, 59021 Lille cedex, France.
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70
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Balboni G, Salvadori S, Guerrini R, Negri L, Giannini E, Bryant SD, Jinsmaa Y, Lazarus LH. Synthesis and opioid activity of N,N-dimethyl-Dmt-Tic-NH-CH(R)-R' analogues: acquisition of potent delta antagonism. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 11:5435-41. [PMID: 14642588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
N,N-Dimethylation of the H-Dmt-Tic-NH-CH(R)-R' series of compounds produced no significant affect on the high delta-opioid receptor affinity (K(i)=0.035-0.454 nM), but dramatically decreased that for the micro-opioid receptor. The effect of N-methylation was independent of the length of the linker (R); however, the bioactivities were affected by the chemical composition of the third aromatic group (R'): phenyl (Ph) (5'-8') elicited a greater reduction in micro-affinity (40-70-fold) compared to analogues containing 1H-benzimidazole-2-yl (Bid) (9-fold). The major consequences of N,N-dimethylation on in vitro bioactivity were: (i). a loss of delta-agonism coupled with the appearance of potent delta antagonism (4'-7') (pA(2)=8.14-9.47), while 1 exhibited only a 160-fold decreased delta agonism (1') and the delta antagonism of 8 enhanced >10-fold (pA(2)=10.62, 8'); and (ii). a consistent loss of micro-affinity resulted in enhanced delta-opioid receptor selectivity. With the exception of compound 1', the change in the hydrophobic environment at the N-terminus and formation of a tertiary amine by N,N-dimethylation in analogues of the Dmt-Tic pharmacophore produced potent delta-selective antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Balboni
- Department of Toxicology, University of Cagliary, I-09126, Cagliary, Italy
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71
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Bryant SD, Jinsmaa Y, Salvadori S, Okada Y, Lazarus LH. Dmt and opioid peptides: a potent alliance. Biopolymers 2004; 71:86-102. [PMID: 12767112 DOI: 10.1002/bip.10399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of the Dmt (2',6'-dimethyl-L-tyrosine)-Tic pharmacophore into the design of opioid ligands produced an extraordinary family of potent delta-opioid receptor antagonists and heralded a new phase in opioid research. First reviewed extensively in 1998, the incorporation of Dmt into a diverse group of opioid molecules stimulated the opioid field leading to the development of unique analogues with remarkable properties. This overview will document the crucial role played by this residue in the proliferation of opioid peptides with high receptor affinity (K(i) equal to or less than 1 nM) and potent bioactivity. The discussion will include the metamorphosis between delta-opioid receptor antagonists to delta-agonists based solely on subtle structural changes at the C-terminal region of the Dmt-Tic pharmacophore as well as their behavior in vivo. Dmt may be considered promiscuous due to the acquisition of potent mu-agonism by dermorphin and endomorphin derivatives as well as by a unique class of opioidmimetics containing two Dmt residues separated by alkyl or pyrazinone linkers. Structural studies on the Dmt-Tic compounds were enhanced tremendously by x-ray diffraction data for three potent and biologically diverse Dmt-Tic opioidmimetics that led to the development of pharmacophores for both delta-opioid receptor agonists and antagonists. Molecular modeling studies of other unique Dmt opioid analogues illuminated structural differences between delta- and mu-receptor ligand interactions. The future of these compounds as therapeutic applications for various medical syndromes including the control of cancer-associated pain is only a matter of time and perseverance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon D Bryant
- Peptide Neurochemistry, LCBRA, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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72
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Abstract
This paper is the twenty-fifth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It summarizes papers published during 2002 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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73
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Pagé D, Nguyen N, Bernard S, Coupal M, Gosselin M, Lepage J, Adam L, Brown W. New scaffolds in the development of mu opioid-receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:1585-9. [PMID: 12699761 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00194-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A new class of mu selective receptor antagonists has been developed using a combinatorial approach based on previously reported Dmt-Tic dipeptide ligands. Modified tetrahydroisoquinoline (Tiq) residues were reacted with different electrophiles in order to create novel molecules that would mimic the original dipeptide. A specific class of thioureas bearing basic pyrrolidine residues were shown to give good binding affinities. Further alkylation of the pyrrolidine ring with benzyl derivatives also proved to increase the mu binding affinity. In addition, it was demonstrated that mu binding was enhanced by the presence of polar groups around the benzyl ring having hydrogen-bonding character (donor/acceptor). This new class of ligands represents a novel scaffold in the development of opioid analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pagé
- Department of Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Montreal, 7171 Frederick-Banting, Saint-Laurent, Quebec, Canada H4S 1Z9.
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74
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Okada Y, Fujita Y, Motoyama T, Tsuda Y, Yokoi T, Li T, Sasaki Y, Ambo A, Jinsmaa Y, Bryant SD, Lazarus LH. Structural studies of [2',6'-dimethyl-L-tyrosine1]endomorphin-2 analogues: enhanced activity and cis orientation of the Dmt-Pro amide bond. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:1983-94. [PMID: 12670649 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Analogues of endomorphin-2 (EM-2: Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH(2)) (1) were designed to examine the importance of each residue on mu-opioid receptor interaction. Replacement of Tyr(1) by 2',6'-dimethyl-L-tyrosine (Dmt) (9-12) exerted profound effects: [Dmt(1)]EM-2 (9) elevated mu-opioid affinity 4.6-fold (K(i mu=0.15 nM) yet selectivity fell 330-fold as delta-affinity rose (K(i)delta=28.2 nM). This simultaneous increased mu- and delta-receptor bioactivities resulted in dual agonism (IC(50)=0.07 and 1.87 nM, respectively). While substitution of Phe(4) by a phenethyl group (4) decreased mu affinity (K(i)mu=13.3 nM), the same derivative containing Dmt (12) was comparable to EM-2 but also acquired weak delta antagonism (pA(2)=7.05). 1H NMR spectroscopy revealed a trans configuration (1:2 to 1:3, cis/trans) in the Tyr-Pro amide bond, but a cis configuration (5:3 to 13:7, cis/trans) with Dmt-Pro analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Okada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kobe Gakuin University, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2180, Japan.
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75
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Abstract
Advances in x-ray crystallographic data collection, structure solution, and refinement/validation have reduced the time required and expanded the range of samples amenable to x-ray crystallographic studies. Consequently, we can now collect complete atomic resolution data sets on physically smaller crystals and solve larger problems by direct methods beyond what could have been accomplished even five years ago. Applying these improved methods to the study of opioid ligands has enhanced our knowledge of the opioid pharmacophore. Despite considerable progress, it is still difficult to define the pharmacophoric parameters required for highly selective and potent opioid peptides. In part this is due to the conformational flexibility remaining even in conformationally constrained peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Deschamps
- Laboratory for the Structure of Matter, Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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76
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Abstract
Opioid analgesics provide outstanding benefits for relief of severe pain. The mechanisms of the analgesia accompanied with some side effects have been investigated by many scientists to shed light on the complex biological processes at the molecular level. New opioid drugs and therapies with more desirable properties can be developed on the bases of accurate insight of the opioid ligand-receptor interaction and clear knowledge of the pharmacological behavior of opioid receptors and the associated proteins. Toward this goal, recent advances in selective opioid receptor agonists and antagonists including opioid ligand-receptor interactions are summarized in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakatsu Eguchi
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, 720 Broadway, Seattle, Washington 98122, USA.
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