Role of oxygen radicals in DNA damage and cancer incidence

The Role of Natural Antioxidant Products That Optimize Redox Status in the Prevention and Management of Type 2 Diabetes

The worldwide prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and prediabetes is rapidly increasing, particularly in children, adolescents, and young adults. Oxidative stress (OxS) has emerged as a likely initiating factor in T2D. Natural antioxidant products may act to slow or prevent T2D by multiple mechanisms, i.e., (1) reducing mitochondrial oxidative stress, (2) preventing the damaging effects of lipid peroxidation, and (3) acting as essential cofactors for antioxidant enzymes. Natural antioxidant products should also be evaluated in the context of the complex physiological processes that modulate T2D-OxS such as glycemic control, postprandial OxS, the polyol pathway, high-calorie, high-fat diets, exercise, and sleep. Minimizing processes that induce chronic damaging OxS and maximizing the intake of natural antioxidant products may provide a means of preventing or slowing T2D progression. This "optimal redox" (OptRedox) approach also provides a framework in which to discuss the potential benefits of natural antioxidant products such as vitamin E, vitamin C, beta-carotene, selenium, and manganese. Although there is a consensus that early effective intervention is critical for preventing or reversing T2D progression, most research has focused on adults. It is critical, therefore, that future research include pediatric populations.

The Synergy between Glutathione and Phenols-Phenolic Antioxidants Repair Glutathione: Closing the Virtuous Circle-A Theoretical Insight

Glutathione (GSH) and phenols are well-known antioxidants, and previous research has suggested that their combination can enhance antioxidant activity. In this study, we used Quantum Chemistry and computational kinetics to investigate how this synergy occurs and elucidate the underlying reaction mechanisms. Our results showed that phenolic antioxidants could repair GSH through sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET) in aqueous media, with rate constants ranging from 3.21 × 10⁶ M^-1 s^-1 for catechol to 6.65 × 10⁸ M^-1 s^-1 for piceatannol, and through proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) in lipid media with rate constants ranging from 8.64 × 10⁶ M^-1 s^-1 for catechol to 5.53 × 10⁷ M^-1 s^-1 for piceatannol. Previously it was found that superoxide radical anion (O₂^•-) can repair phenols, thereby completing the synergistic circle. These findings shed light on the mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of combining GSH and phenols as antioxidants.

Immunomodulatory, Antioxidant, Anticancer, and Pharmacokinetic Activity of Ulvan, a Seaweed-Derived Sulfated Polysaccharide: An Updated Comprehensive Review

Cancer is one of the most worldwide spread diseases and causes maximum death. Treatment of cancer depends on the host immune system and the type of drugs. The inefficiency of conventional cancer treatments as a result of drug resistance, nontargeted delivery, and chemotherapy-related negative side effects has caused bioactive phytochemicals to come into focus. As a result, recent years have seen an increase in research into screening and identifying natural compounds with anticancer properties. Recent studies on the isolation and use of polysaccharides derived from various marine algal species have revealed a variety of biological activities, including antioxidant and anticancer properties. Ulvan is a polysaccharide derived from various green seaweeds of the Ulva species in the family Ulvaceae. It has been demonstrated to have potent anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties through the modulation of antioxidants. It is vital to understand the mechanisms underlying the biotherapeutic activities of Ulvan in cancer and its role in immunomodulation. In this context, we reviewed the anticancer effects of ulvan based on its apoptotic effects and immunomodulatory activity. Additionally, we also focused on its pharmacokinetic studies in this review. Ulvan is the most conceivable candidate for use as a cancer therapeutic agent and could be used to boost immunity. Moreover, it may be established as an anticancer drug once its mechanisms of action are understood. Due to its high food and nutritive values, it can be used as a possible dietary supplement for cancer patients in the near future. This review may provide fresh perspectives on the potential novel role of ulvan, reveal a brand-new cancer-prevention strategy, and improve human health.

Antioxidant Activity in Extracts from Zingiberaceae Family: Cardamom, Turmeric, and Ginger

An increase in life expectancy leads to a greater impact of chronic non-communicable diseases. This is even more remarkable in elder populations, to whom these become main determinants of health status, affecting mental and physical health, quality of life, and autonomy. Disease appearance is closely related to the levels of cellular oxidation, pointing out the importance of including foods in one's diet that can prevent oxidative stress. Previous studies and clinical data suggest that some plant-based products can slow and reduce the cellular degradation associated with aging and age-related diseases. Many plants from one family present several applications that range from the food to the pharmaceutical industry due to their characteristic flavor and scents. The Zingiberaceae family, which includes cardamom, turmeric, and ginger, has bioactive compounds with antioxidant activities. They also have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antiemetic activities and properties that help prevent cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. These products are abundant sources of chemical substances, such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and diarylheptanoids. The main bioactive compounds found in this family (cardamom, turmeric, and ginger) are 1,8-cineole, α-terpinyl acetate, β-turmerone, and α-zingiberene. The present review gathers evidence surrounding the effects of dietary intake of extracts of the Zingiberaceae family and their underlying mechanisms of action. These extracts could be an adjuvant treatment for oxidative-stress-related pathologies. However, the bioavailability of these compounds needs to be optimized, and further research is needed to determine appropriate concentrations and their antioxidant effects in the body.

Piperlongumine treatment impacts heart and liver development and causes developmental delay in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos

Piperlongumine (PL) and piperine (PP) are alkaloids presented in long pepper (Piper longum), and they exhibit various biological activities, especially anti-cancer properties. With these regards, they are considered as future medicines with high potential. Even they are exposed to humans such a long time, their potential toxicities in the environment have not been studied. Therefore, their ecological toxicities were assessed using zebrafish embryos. PP showed low mortality and no abnormal phenotype up to 10 µM. However, PL exhibited strong acute toxicity at the concentration of 5-10 µM ranges, and abnormal development were frequently found in the range of 1-2.5 µM with pericardial and yolk sac edemas. In transgenic zebrafish embryos, PL induced an increase in the number of intersegmental vessels and delayed the early-stage development. PL treatment affected heart formation and heart rate. The presence of PL induced the expression of cytokines, inflammatory markers, and inflammasome in the embryos. The PL treatment changed the mRNA levels of the ER stress and apoptosis-related genes. In addition, ROS production was observed during early-stage development of PL-treated zebrafish embryos. These results indicate that developing PL as a medicine would require extremely meticulous strategies to prevent potential toxicity.

From liver fibrosis to hepatocarcinogenesis: Role of excessive liver H2O2 and targeting nanotherapeutics

Liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been worldwide threats nowadays. Liver fibrosis is reversible in early stages but will develop precancerosis of HCC in cirrhotic stage. In pathological liver, excessive H₂O₂ is generated and accumulated, which impacts the functionality of hepatocytes, Kupffer cells (KCs) and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), leading to genesis of fibrosis and HCC. H₂O₂ accumulation is associated with overproduction of superoxide anion (O₂^•−) and abolished antioxidant enzyme systems. Plenty of therapeutics focused on H₂O₂ have shown satisfactory effects against liver fibrosis or HCC in different ways. This review summarized the reasons of liver H₂O₂ accumulation, and the role of H₂O₂ in genesis of liver fibrosis and HCC. Additionally, nanotherapeutics targeting H₂O₂ were summarized for further consideration of antifibrotic or antitumor therapy.

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Liver fibrosis and HCC are closely related because ROS induced liver damage and inflammation, especially over-cumulated H₂O₂.

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Excess H₂O₂ diffusion in pathological liver was due to increased metabolic rate and diminished cellular antioxidant systems.

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Freely diffused H₂O₂ damaged liver-specific cells, thereby leading to fibrogenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis.

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Nanotherapeutics targeting H₂O₂ are summarized for treatment of liver fibrosis and HCC, and also challenges are proposed.

Cadmium, Lead, Chronic Physiological Stress and Endometrial Cancer: How Environmental Policy Can Alter the Exposure of At-Risk Women in the United States

The health and life outcomes of individuals are intertwined with the context in which they grow and live. The totality of exposures one experiences affects health in the short term and throughout the life course. Environmental exposure to multiple contaminants can increase stress levels in individuals and neighborhoods with psychosocial stressors such as crime, drug and alcohol misuse, and violence also taking a toll on individual and neighborhood wellbeing. In addition, the availability, organization, and quality of local institutions and infrastructure all affect health in the short and long term. The role of these factors in endometrial cancer will be explored in this paper. In addition, policy implications regarding lead, chronic physiological stress, and endometrial cancer will be explored to ascertain the impact of these factors on at-risk women.

Natural antioxidants from some fruits, seeds, foods, natural products, and associated health benefits: An update

Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit the oxidation of other molecules and protect the body from the effects of free radicals, produced either by normal cell metabolism or as an effect of pollution and exposure to other external factors and are responsible for premature aging and play a role in cardiovascular disease. degenerative diseases such as cataracts, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer. While many antioxidants are found in nature, others are obtained in synthetic form and reduce oxidative stress in organisms. This review highlights the pharmacological relevance of antioxidants in fruits, plants, and other natural sources and their beneficial effect on human health through the analysis and in-depth discussion of studies that included phytochemistry and their pharmacological effects. The information obtained for this review was collected from several scientific databases (ScienceDirect, TRIP database, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science), professional websites, and traditional medicine books. Current pharmacological studies and evidence have shown that the various natural antioxidants present in some fruits, seeds, foods, and natural products have different health-promoting effects. Adopting functional foods with high antioxidant potential will improve the effective and affordable management of free radical diseases while avoiding the toxicities and unwanted side effects caused by conventional medication.

FOXO signaling pathway participates in oxidative stress-induced histone deacetylation

High concentrations of antioxidants can exert pro-oxidative effects, elevate the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cause oxidative stress in cells. We previously found that high concentrations of curcumin, a natural polyphenol antioxidant, elevated ROS levels and upregulated the expression of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) in human gastric cancer cells (hGCCs); however, its potential mechanisms and subsequent functions have not been elucidated. In the present study, we treated hGCCs with high concentrations of curcumin, detected several indicators of oxidative stress, and investigated the mechanism of curcumin-treatment-mediated HDAC1 upregulation and its effect on histone acetylation. The results showed that curcumin treatment caused oxidative stress in hGCCs and upregulated HDAC1/2 expression via the forkhead box O (FOXO) signaling pathway, ultimately leading to the deacetylation of histones in hGCCs. Moreover, HDAC1/2 mediates the deacetylation of FOXOs and promotes their transcription activities, implying a positive feedback loop between FOXOs and HDAC1/2. These findings present a mechanism by which oxidative stress induces histone deacetylation in hGCCs.

Nutriepigenomics in Environmental-Associated Oxidative Stress

Complex molecular mechanisms define our responses to environmental stimuli. Beyond the DNA sequence itself, epigenetic machinery orchestrates changes in gene expression induced by diet, physical activity, stress and pollution, among others. Importantly, nutrition has a strong impact on epigenetic players and, consequently, sustains a promising role in the regulation of cellular responses such as oxidative stress. As oxidative stress is a natural physiological process where the presence of reactive oxygen-derived species and nitrogen-derived species overcomes the uptake strategy of antioxidant defenses, it plays an essential role in epigenetic changes induced by environmental pollutants and culminates in signaling the disruption of redox control. In this review, we present an update on epigenetic mechanisms induced by environmental factors that lead to oxidative stress and potentially to pathogenesis and disease progression in humans. In addition, we introduce the microenvironment factors (physical contacts, nutrients, extracellular vesicle-mediated communication) that influence the epigenetic regulation of cellular responses. Understanding the mechanisms by which nutrients influence the epigenome, and thus global transcription, is crucial for future early diagnostic and therapeutic efforts in the field of environmental medicine.

Amplification of Lipid Peroxidation by Regulating Cell Membrane Unsaturation To Enhance Chemodynamic Therapy

Lipid peroxidation (LPO) is one of the most damaging processes in chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Although it is well known that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are much more susceptible than saturated or monounsaturated ones to LPO, there is no study exploring the effect of cell membrane unsaturation degree on CDT. Here, we report a self-reinforcing CDT agent (denoted as OA@Fe-SAC@EM NPs), consisting of oleanolic acid (OA)-loaded iron single-atom catalyst (Fe-SAC)-embedded hollow carbon nanospheres encapsulated by an erythrocyte membrane (EM), which promotes LPO to improve chemodynamic efficacy via modulating the degree of membrane unsaturation. Upon uptake of OA@Fe-SAC@EM NPs by cancer cells, Fe-SAC-catalyzed conversion of endogenous hydrogen peroxide into hydroxyl radicals, in addition to initiating the chemodynamic therapeutic process, causes the dissociation of the EM shell and the ensuing release of OA that can enrich cellular membranes with PUFAs, enabling LPO amplification-enhanced CDT.

Edible Seaweeds Extracts: Characterization and Functional Properties for Health Conditions

Seaweeds are popular foods due to claimed beneficial health effects, but for many there is a lack of scientific evidence. In this study, extracts of the edible seaweeds Aramé, Nori, and Fucus are compared. Our approach intends to clarify similarities and differences in the health properties of these seaweeds, thus contributing to target potential applications for each. Additionally, although Aramé and Fucus seaweeds are highly explored, information on Nori composition and bioactivities is scarce. The aqueous extracts of the seaweeds were obtained by decoction, then fractionated and characterized according to their composition and biological activity. It was recognized that fractioning the extracts led to bioactivity reduction, suggesting a loss of bioactive compounds synergies. The Aramé extract showed the highest antioxidant activity and Nori exhibited the highest potential for acetylcholinesterase inhibition. The identification of the bioactive compounds in the extracts allowed to see that these contained a mixture of phloroglucinol polymers, and it was suggested that Nori’s effect on acetylcholinesterase inhibition may be associated with a smaller sized phlorotannins capable of entering the enzyme active site. Overall, these results suggest a promising potential for the use of these seaweed extracts, mainly Aramé and Nori, in health improvement and management of diseases, namely those associated to oxidative stress and neurodegeneration.

Pennisetum glaucum Protein Extract Protects RBC, Liver, Kidney, Small Intestine from Oxidative Damage and Exhibits Anticoagulant, Antiplatelet Activity

High level of exogenous ROS in the circulation affects RBC membrane integrity which facilitates the generation of endogenous RBC ROS, implicated in series of physiological changes primarily associated with thrombosis and vital tissue damage. Although, Pennisetum glaucum (pearl millet) stores abundance of proteins, their therapeutic potential is least explored. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the role of Pennisetum Glaucum Protein Extract (PGE) on oxidative stress induced cell/tissue damage and thrombosis. In this investigation, protein characterization was done by using SDS-PAGE, Native-PAGE, PAS-staining and HPLC. In-vitro oxidative stress was induced in RBC using sodium nitrite. While, in-vivo oxidative stress was induced in experimental rats using diclofenac. Stress markers and biochemical parameters were evaluated. Role of PGE on thrombosis was assessed by using, in-vitro plasma recalcification time, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, mouse tail bleeding time (In-vivo) and platelet aggregation. PGE revealed varied range of molecular weight proteins on SDS-PAGE. PGE normalized the sodium nitrite induced oxidative damage of RBC and diclofenac induced oxidative damage in liver, kidney and small intestine. PGE exhibited anticoagulant effect by increasing the coagulation time of both PRP and PPP and mouse tail bleeding time. Furthermore, PGE prolonged the clotting time of only APTT but did not affect PT. PGE inhibited agonists ADP and epinephrine induced platelet aggregation. Our findings suggest, PGE could be a better contender in the management of oxidative stress and its associated diseases.

ABBREVIATIONS

PGEPennisetum Glaucum protein ExtractAPPTActivated Partial Thromboplastin TimePTProthrombin TimeROSReactive Oxygen SpeciesPRPPlatelet Rich PlasmaPPPPlatelet Poor PlasmaSDS-PAGESodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel ElectrophoresisPASPeriodic Acid-schiff StainingODOptical DensityINRInternational Normalized RatioPBSPhosphate Buffered SalineSODSuperoxide DismutaseTCATrichloro Acetatic AcidDTNBDi-Thio-bis-NitroBenzoic acidSGOTSerum Glutamate Oxaloacetate TransaminaseSGPTSerum Glutamate Pyruvate TransaminaseALPAlkaline PhosphataseDFCDiclofenacSylSilymarinMEDMinimum Edema DoseMHDMinimum Hemorrhagic Dose.

Influence of the Mediterranean Diet on Healthy Aging

The life expectancy of the global population has increased. Aging is a natural physiological process that poses major challenges in an increasingly long-lived and frail population. Several molecular mechanisms are involved in aging. Likewise, the gut microbiota, which is influenced by environmental factors such as diet, plays a crucial role in the modulation of these mechanisms. The Mediterranean diet, as well as the components present in it, offer some proof of this. Achieving healthy aging should be focused on the promotion of healthy lifestyle habits that reduce the development of pathologies that are associated with aging, in order to increase the quality of life of the aging population. In this review we analyze the influence of the Mediterranean diet on the molecular pathways and the microbiota associated with more favorable aging patterns, as well as its possible role as an anti-aging treatment.

Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Neurodegenerative Disorders

Neurodegenerative disorders constitute a substantial proportion of neurological diseases with significant public health importance. The pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases is characterized by a complex interplay of various general and disease-specific factors that lead to the end point of neuronal degeneration and loss, and the eventual clinical manifestations. Oxidative stress is the result of an imbalance between pro-oxidant species and antioxidant systems, characterized by an elevation in the levels of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species, and a reduction in the levels of endogenous antioxidants. Recent studies have increasingly highlighted oxidative stress and associated mitochondrial dysfunction to be important players in the pathophysiologic processes involved in neurodegenerative conditions. In this article, we review the current knowledge of the general effects of oxidative stress on the central nervous system, the different specific routes by which oxidative stress influences the pathophysiologic processes involved in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Huntington's disease, and how oxidative stress may be therapeutically reversed/mitigated in order to stall the pathological progression of these neurodegenerative disorders to bring about clinical benefits.

Dual-channel nanoelectrochemical sensor for monitoring intracellular ROS and NADH kinetic variations of their concentrations

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) are important intracellular redox-active molecules involved in various pathological processes including inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. However, the fast dynamic changes and mutual regulatory kinetic relationship between intracellular ROS and NADH in these biological processes are still hard to simultaneously investigate. A dual-channel nanowire electrode (DC-NWE) integrating two conductive nanowires, one functionalized with platinum nanoparticles and the other with conductive polymer, was nanofabricated for the selective and simultaneous real-time monitoring of intracellular ROS and NADH release by mitochondria in single living MCF-7 tumoral cells stimulated by resveratrol. The production of ROS was observed to occur tenths of a second before the release of NADH, a significant new piece of information suggesting a mechanism of action of resveratrol. Beyond the importance of the specific data gathered in this study, this work established the feasibility of simultaneously monitoring multiple species and analyzing their kinetics relationships over sub-second time scales thanks to dual-channel nanowire electrodes. It is believed that this concept and its associated nanoelectrochemical tools might benefit to a deeper understanding of mutual regulatory relationship between intracellular crucial molecular markers during physiological and pathological processes as well as for evaluating medical treatments.

Human health risks and hepatotoxicity associated with exposure to atrazine surveyed in drinking water from Ijebu-North, Southwest, Nigeria

No recognized study has been conducted in rural agricultural areas in Nigeria to monitor atrazine in drinking water and its potential health implications. Here, a total of 69 hand-dug wells (HDW), 40 boreholes (BH), and 4 streams were collected from the six (6) communities in Ijebu-North Local Government Area, Southwest Nigeria and analyzed for atrazine residue using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Values of atrazine obtained were further used to evaluate the non-carcinogenic risk associated with ingestion and dermal routes in children and adults using the standard US EPA protocols. Sub-chronic hepatotoxicity of the atrazine residue in the water sample was assessed using standard methods. A total of 41 HDW, 22 BH, and the 4 streams tested positive for atrazine. The highest concentration of atrazine recorded in the HDW water from Ijebu-North ranged from 0.01 to 0.08 mg/L. Hazard index (HI) values associated with the exposure routes in both adults and children were less than 1 for all the communities. Although atrazine at 0.01, 0.03, and 0.04 mg/L concentrations appear to trigger defense mechanisms capable of protecting the structural integrity of the liver, significant (p < 0.05) changes in hepatic markers, oxidative stress parameters, mixed-function oxygenases, ATPase enzymes, and mild structural lesions were seen in the liver of rats exposed to atrazine at 0.08 mg/L. Atrazine at 0.01, 0.03, and 0.04 mg/L concentrations found in water from Ijebu-North may not pose any threat to liver function, but concern should be raised at 0.08 mg/L.

Vagal Nerve Activity Predicts Prognosis in Diffused Large B-Cell Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma

This study examined the prognostic role of vagal nerve activity in patients with relapsed/refractory diffused large B-cell lymphoma (R/R-DLBCL) treated with chimeric antigen receptor cell therapy (CAR-T) and in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) undergoing an autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AutoHCT). Participants included 29 patients with R/R-DLBCL and 37 patients with MM. Inclusion criteria were: (1) age over 18; (2) diagnosed with DLBCL or MM; (3) being treated with CAR-T or AutoHCT; and (4) having an ECG prior to cell transfusion. The predictor was vagal nerve activity indexed by heart rate variability (HRV) and obtained retroactively from 10 s ECGs. The main endpoint for R/R-DLBCL was overall survival (OS), and for MM the endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Data of 122 patients were obtained, 66 of whom were included in the study. In DLBCL, HRV significantly predicted OS independently of confounders (e.g., performance status, disease status at cell therapy), hazard ratio (HR), and 95% confidence interval (HR = 0.20; 95%CI: 0.06-0.69). The prognostic role of disease severity was moderated by HRV: among severely disease patients, 100% died with low HRV, while only 37.5% died with high HRV. In MM, HRV significantly predicted PFS (HR = 0.19; 95%CI: 0.04-0.90) independently of confounders. Vagal nerve activity independently predicts prognosis in patients with R/R-DLBCL and with MM undergoing cell therapy. High vagal activity overrides the prognostic role of disease severity. Testing the effects of vagal nerve activation on prognosis in blood cancers is recommended.

Oxidative Stress in the Anterior Ocular Diseases: Diagnostic and Treatment

The eye is a metabolically active structure, constantly exposed to solar radiations making its structure vulnerable to the high burden of reactive oxygen species (ROS), presenting many molecular interactions. The biomolecular cascade modification is caused especially in diseases of the ocular surface, cornea, conjunctiva, uvea, and lens. In fact, the injury in the anterior segment of the eye takes its origin from the perturbation of the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance and leads to increased oxidative damage, especially when the first line of antioxidant defence weakens with age. Furthermore, oxidative stress is related to mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, protein modification, apoptosis, and inflammation, which are involved in anterior ocular disease progression such as dry eye, keratoconus, uveitis, and cataract. The different pathologies are interconnected through various mechanisms such as inflammation, oxidative stress making the diagnostics more relevant in early stages. The end point of the molecular pathway is the release of different antioxidant biomarkers offering the potential of predictive diagnostics of the pathology. In this review, we have analysed the oxidative stress and inflammatory processes in the front of the eye to provide a better understanding of the pathomechanism, the importance of biomarkers for the diagnosis of eye diseases, and the recent treatment of anterior ocular diseases.

miRNAs Participate in the Regulation of Oxidative Stress-Related Gene Expression in Endometrioid Endometrial Cancer

Reactive oxygen species are formed as by-products of normal cell metabolism. They are needed to maintain cell homeostasis and signaling, which is possible due to defense systems. Disruption of this balance leads to oxidative stress that can induce cancer. Redox regulation by miRNAs may be a potential therapeutic target. The aim of the study was to assess the activity of genes associated with oxidative stress in endometrial cancer and to determine their relationship with miRNAs. The study included 45 patients with endometrioid endometrial cancer and 45 without neoplastic changes. The expression profile of genes associated with oxidative stress was determined with mRNA microarrays, RT-qPCR and ELISA. The miRNA prediction was performed based on the miRNA microarray experiment and the mirDB tool. PRDX2 and AQP1 showed overexpression that was probably not related to miRNA activity. A high level of PKD2 may be the result of a decrease in the activity of miR-195-3p, miR-20a, miR-134. A SOD3 level reduction can be caused by miR-328, miR-363. In addition, miR-363 can also regulate KLF2 expression. In the course of endometrial cancer, the phenomenon of oxidative stress is observed, the regulation of which may be influenced by miRNAs.

An endophytic Schizophyllum commune possessing antioxidant activity exhibits genoprotective and organprotective effects in fresh water fish Channa punctatus exposed to bisphenol A

BACKGROUND

Oxidative stress is responsible for the onset of several chronic and degenerative diseases. Exogenous supply of antioxidants is reported to neutralize the effects of oxidative stress. Several synthetic antioxidants suffer from various side effects which necessitates the exploration of antioxidant compounds from natural sources. Endophytic fungi residing in the plants are gaining the attention of researchers as a source of novel antioxidants. Majority of the research conducted so far on endophytic fungi has been restricted to the members of phylum ascomycota. Basidiomycota, inspite of their immense bioactive potential remain relatively unexploited. This study aimed to assess the ameliorative effects of an endophytic Schizophyllum commune (basidiomycetous fungus) against oxidative stress associated altered antioxidant levels, genotoxicity and cellular damage to different organs in bisphenol A exposed fresh water fish Channa punctatus.

RESULTS

Good antioxidant and genoprotective potential was exhibited by S. commune extract in in vitro studies conducted using different antioxidant, DNA damage protection, and cytokinesis blocked micronuclei assays. In vivo studies were performed in fresh water fish Channa punctatus exposed to bisphenol A. A significant decrease in the considered parameters for DNA damage (% micronuclei and comet assay) were recorded in fish treated with S. commune extract on comparison with untreated bisphenol A exposed group. The S. commune extract treated fish also exhibited an increase in the level of antioxidant enzymes viz. catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase as well as histoprotective effect on various organs. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 3-n-propyl-2,4-pentanedione, n-heptadecanol-1, trans-geranylgeraniol, 3-ethyl-2-pentadecanone, 1-heneicosanol and squalene as some of the compounds in S. commune extract.

CONCLUSION

The study highlights the significance of an endophytic basidiomycetous fungus S. commune as a source of antioxidant compounds with possible therapeutic potential.

Acute and sublethal effects of acrylamide on the freshwater fish Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792)

Acrylamide, a synthetic compound, has a wide range of industrial applications that find multiple ways to reach aquatic ecosystem. The median lethal concentration of acrylamide determined using probit analysis in the fish Anabas testudineus was 132 µg L^-1 concentration together with altered behavioral patterns. Hematological and antioxidant status was evaluated at a sublethal concentration (one-tenth of LC₅₀-96 h), i.e., 13.2 µg L^-1 concentration for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. A reduction in erythrocytes count, hemoglobin content, and packed cell volume with a significant (P < 0.05) increase in leukocyte counts and differential counts were observed. Erythrocyte indices like mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) increased, whereas the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease when compared with control groups. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase in gill tissues showed significant (P < 0.05) reduction, whereas the levels of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation increased significantly (P < 0.05) indicating oxidative stress. The findings suggest that acrylamide at sublethal concentration caused alteration in hematological parameters and induced oxidative stress in gill tissue of the fish A. testudineus. Hence, restrictions on the use of acrylamide in food and industrial products are recommended since humans are the direct consumer of fish products.

Protective effect of plant compounds in pesticides toxicity

INTRODUCTION

The relationship between pesticide exposure and the occurrence of many chronic diseases, including cancer, is confirmed by literature data.

METHODS

In this review, through the analysis of more than 70 papers, we explore an increase in oxidative stress level caused by exposure to environmental pollutants and the protective effects of plant-origin antioxidants.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

One of the molecular mechanisms, by which pesticides affect living organisms is the induction of oxidative stress. However, recently many plant-based dietary ingredients with antioxidant properties have been considered as a chemopreventive substances due to their ability to remove free radicals. Such a food component must meet several conditions: eliminate free radicals, be easily absorbed and function at an appropriate physiological level. Its main function is to maintain the redox balance and minimize the cellular damage caused by ROS. Therefore, it should be active in aqueous solutions and membrane domains. These properties are characteristic for phenolic compounds and selected plant hormones. Phenolic compounds have proven antioxidant properties, while increasing number of compounds from the group of plant hormones with a very diverse chemical structure turn out to act as antioxidants, being potential food ingredients that can eliminate negative effects of pesticides.

Prolonged Use of Carnitine-Orotate Complex (Godex®) Is Associated with Improved Mortality: A Nationwide Cohort Study

Despite its hepatoprotective effects and favorable metabolic effects, the association between carnitine-orotate complex (Godex®) intake and mortality has never been investigated. We enrolled 13,413 adults who underwent national health examination and were prescribed the carnitine-orotate complex. Subjects were classified into three groups based on duration of using carnitine-orotate complex: <30, 30−180, and ≥180 days and were followed-up until 2019. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause mortality were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression. During the follow-up period, 708 deaths were documented. Adjusted HR of mortality was 0.69 (95% CI 0.51−0.92) in those who used carnitine-orotate complex for ≥180 days compared to those who used it for <30 days. Use of carnitine-orotate complex for ≥180 days was associated with significantly reduced mortality in individuals with metabolic risk factors such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, and fatty liver than the shorter period of use. A significant interaction was observed in individuals with type 2 diabetes (HR 0.43, 95% CI 0.29−0.63, p-value 0.001). In this nationwide study, longer use of carnitine-orotate complex was associated with improved mortality compared to a shorter period of use, and the risk reductions were prominent in individuals with metabolic risk factors.

The Importance of Dietary Antioxidants on Oxidative Stress, Meat and Milk Production, and Their Preservative Aspects in Farm Animals: Antioxidant Action, Animal Health, and Product Quality-Invited Review

The biological effects of oxidative stress and associated free radicals on farm animal performance, productivity, and product quality may be managed via dietary interventions-specifically, the provision of feeds, supplements, and forages rich in antioxidants. To optimize this approach, it is important first to understand the development of free radicals and their contributions to oxidative stress in tissue systems of farm animals or the human body. The interactions between prooxidants and antioxidants will impact redox homeostasis and, therefore, the well-being of farm animals. The impact of free radical formation on the oxidation of lipids, proteins, DNA, and biologically important macromolecules will likewise impact animal performance, meat and milk quality, nutritional value, and longevity. Dietary antioxidants, endogenous antioxidants, and metal-binding proteins contribute to the 'antioxidant defenses' that control free radical formation within the biological systems. Different bioactive compounds of varying antioxidant potential and bio-accessibility may be sourced from tailored feeding systems. Informed and successful provision of dietary antioxidants can help alleviate oxidative stress. However, knowledge pertaining to farm animals, their unique biological systems, and the applications of novel feeds, specialized forages, bioactive compounds, etc., must be established. This review summarized current research to direct future studies towards more effective controls for free radical formation/oxidative stress in farm animals so that productivity and quality of meat and milk can be optimized.

From hormone replacement therapy to regenerative scaffolds: A review of current and novel primary hypothyroidism therapeutics

Primary hypothyroidism severely impacts the quality of life of patients through a decrease in the production of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4, leading to symptoms affecting cardiovascular, neurological, cognitive, and metabolic function. The incidence rate of primary hypothyroidism is expected to increase in the near future, partially due to increasing survival of patients that have undergone radiotherapy for head and neck cancer, which induces this disease in over half of those treated. The current standard of care encompasses thyroid hormone replacement therapy, traditionally in the form of synthetic T4. However, there is mounting evidence that this is unable to restore thyroid hormone signaling in all tissues due to often persistent symptoms. Additional complications are also present in the form of dosage difficulties, extensive drug interactions and poor patience compliance. The alternative therapeutic approach employed in the past is combination therapy, which consists of administration of both T3 and T4, either synthetic or in the form of desiccated thyroid extract. Here, issues are present regarding the lack of regulation concerning formulation and lack of data regarding safety and efficacy of these treatment methods. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have been applied in conjunction with each other to restore function of various tissues. Recently, these techniques have been adapted for thyroid tissue, primarily through the fabrication of regenerative scaffolds. Those currently under investigation are composed of either biopolymers or native decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) in conjunction with either primary thyrocytes or stem cells which have undergone directed thyroid differentiation. Multiple of these scaffolds have successfully restored an athyroid phenotype in vivo. However, further work is needed until clinical translation can be achieved. This is proposed in the form of exploration and combination of materials used to fabricate these scaffolds, the addition of peptides which can aid restoration of tissue homeostasis and additional in vivo experimentation providing data on safety and efficacy of these implants.

Internal Wireless Electrical Stimulation from Piezoelectric Barium Titanate Nanoparticles as a New Strategy for the Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive BC subtype with a higher metastatic rate and a worse 5-year survival ratio than the other BC. It is an urgent need to develop a noninvasive treatment with high efficiency to resist TNBC cell proliferation and invasion. Internal wireless electric stimulation (ES) based on piezoelectric materials is an emerging noninvasive strategy, with adjustable ES intensity and excellent biosafety. In this study, three different barium titanate nanoparticles (BTNPs) with different crystal phases and piezoelectric properties were studied. Varying intensities of internal ES were generated from the three BTNPs (i.e., BTO, U-BTO, P-BTO). In vitro tests revealed that the internal ES from BTNPs was efficient at reducing the proliferative potential of cancer cells, particularly BC cells. In vitro experiments on MDA-MB-231, a typical TNBC cell line, further revealed that the internal wireless ES from BTNPs significantly inhibited cell growth and migration up to about 82% and 60%, respectively. In vivo evaluation of MDA-MB-231 tumor-bearing mice indicated that internal ES not only resisted almost 70% tumor growth but also significantly inhibited lung metastasis. More importantly, in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated a favorable correlation between the anticancer impact and the intensities of ES. The underlying mechanism of MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation and metastasis inhibition caused by internal ES was also investigated. In summary, our results revealed the effect and mechanism of internal ES from piezoelectric nanoparticles on TNBC cell proliferation and migration regulation and proposed a promising noninvasive therapeutic strategy for TNBC with minimal side effects while exhibiting good therapeutic efficiency.

An extracellular matrix biosensing mimetic for evaluating cathepsin as a host target for COVID-19

To combat the new virus currently ravaging the whole world, every possible anti-virus strategy should be explored. As the main strategy of targeting the virus itself is being frustrated by the rapid mutation of the virus, people are seeking an alternative "host targeting" strategy: neutralizing proteins in the human body that cooperate with the virus. The cathepsin family is such a group of promising host targets, the main biological function of which is to digest the extracellular matrix (ECM) to clear a path for virus spreading. To evaluate the potential of cathepsin as a host target, we have constructed a biosensing interface mimicking the ECM, which can detect cathepsin from 3.3 pM to 33 nM with the limit of detection of 1 pM. Based on our quantitative analysis enabled by this biosensing interface, it is clear that patients with background diseases such as chronic inflammation and tumor, tend to have higher cathepsin activity, confirming the potential of cathepsin to serve as a host target for combating COVID-19 virus.

High level of γH2AX phosphorylation in the cord-blood cells of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) newborns

Newborns can experience adverse effects as a consequence of maternal or in utero exposure, altered growth of the fetus, or placental dysfunctions. Accurate characterization of gestational age allows monitoring of fetal growth, identification of deviations from the normal growth trajectory, and classification of babies as adapted, small, or large for gestational age (AGA, SGA, or LGA). The aim of this work was to evaluate nuclear and oxidative damage in umbilical cord-blood cells of newborns (sampled at birth), by applying the γH2AX assay and the fluorescent probe BODIPY^581/591 C¹¹, to detect DNA DSB and cell membrane oxidation, respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed in the proportion of oxidized cord-blood cells among the groups of newborns, although the LGA group showed the highest value. With regard to genome damage, elevated levels of γH2AX foci were detected in the cell nuclei from LGA newborns as compared to AGA or SGA babies, whose values did not differ from each other. Considering that the observed DNA damage, although still repairable, can represent a risk factor for obesity, metabolic diseases, or other pathologies, monitoring genome and cell integrity at birth can provide useful information for prevention of diseases later in life.

Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Prognosis

Oxidative stress describes the state of a cell where there is an imbalance between free radical formation and antioxidants due to either excess formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or inadequate antioxidant defence. It is very well known that oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathophysiology of various diseases through impaired intracellular redox homeostasis. To evaluate and imply the excess production of ROS, various biomarkers are used and suggested, yet it is also known that there is a lack of standardization and validation for these methods. It is almost very difficult to measure ROS directly because of their short half-life, yet it is still possible with a suitable technique. The most frequently used biomarkers are represented by oxidized macromolecules such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, which are modified via ROS, and also the amounts or activities of antioxidant molecules and enzymes, respectively. There are also various genetic biomarkers measuring the susceptibility of modification due to oxidative stress. However, the preferred biomarker would be dependent on the aim of the study and the clinical relevance.

Hydrazide-manganese coordinated multifunctional nanoplatform for potentiating immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB)-based immunotherapy is a revolutionary therapeutic strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, tumor immune tolerance and escape severely restrict the therapeutic efficacy of ICB therapy. It is urgent to explore new strategies to potentiate ICB therapy in HCC. Herein, we developed manganese oxide-crosslinked bovine albumin/hyaluronic acid nanoparticles (BHM) by an innovative hydrazide-manganese coordination and desolvation process. Successive loading of doxorubicin (DOX) and indocyanine green (ICG) was achieved via hydrazone linkage and electrostatic interactions, respectively, obtaining DOX/ICG-coloaded BHM nanoplatform (abbreviated as BHMDI). The BHMDI nanoplatform exhibited a high drug content (>46%) and pH/reduction dual-responsive drug release behavior. The nanoplatform could efficiently alleviate tumor hypoxia by catalytic decomposition of intracellular H₂O₂ to O₂ and significantly improve BHMDI-based photodynamic chemotherapy efficacy. The BHMDI nanoplatform downregulated the proportion of alternatively activated (M2) macrophages in tumors and simultaneously induced immunogenic death of HCC cells, thus promoting the maturation of dendritic cells and ensuing priming of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells. Importantly, programmed death-1 (PD-1) blockade in combination with BHMDI nanoplatform not only eradicated primary tumors but inhibited tumor recurrence, abscopal tumor growth and lung metastasis of HCC by triggering robust systemic antitumor immunity. This work proved the feasibility of BHMDI-based photodynamic chemotherapy for potentiating PD-1 blockade immunotherapy by reversing hypoxic and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.

HBM4EU Chromates Study-Genotoxicity and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Workers Exposed to Hexavalent Chromium

A study was conducted within the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU) to characterize occupational exposure to Cr(VI). Herein we present the results of biomarkers of genotoxicity and oxidative stress, including micronucleus analysis in lymphocytes and reticulocytes, the comet assay in whole blood, and malondialdehyde and 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine in urine. Workers from several Cr(VI)-related industrial activities and controls from industrial (within company) and non-industrial (outwith company) environments were included. The significantly increased genotoxicity (p = 0.03 for MN in lymphocytes and reticulocytes; p < 0.001 for comet assay data) and oxidative stress levels (p = 0.007 and p < 0.001 for MDA and 8-OHdG levels in pre-shift urine samples, respectively) that were detected in the exposed workers over the outwith company controls suggest that Cr(VI) exposure might still represent a health risk, particularly, for chrome painters and electrolytic bath platers, despite the low Cr exposure. The within-company controls displayed DNA and chromosomal damage levels that were comparable to those of the exposed group, highlighting the relevance of considering all industry workers as potentially exposed. The use of effect biomarkers proved their capacity to detect the early biological effects from low Cr(VI) exposure, and to contribute to identifying subgroups that are at higher risk. Overall, this study reinforces the need for further re-evaluation of the occupational exposure limit and better application of protection measures. However, it also raised some additional questions and unexplained inconsistencies that need follow-up studies to be clarified.

Formamidine-Based Thiuram Disulfides as Efficient Inhibitors of Acid Corrosion of Mild Steel: Electrochemical, Surface, and Density Functional Theory/Monte Carlo Simulation Studies

Electrochemical, surface, and density functional theory (DFT)/Monte Carlo (MC) simulation studies were used in investigating the characteristics of N,N'-(disulfanne-1,2-dicarbonothioyl)bis(N,N'-bis(2,6-dimethylphenyl)formimidamide) (DS1), N,N'-(disulfanne-1,2-dicarbonothioyl)bis(N,N'-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)formimidamide) (DS2), N,N'-(disulfanne-1,2-dicarbonothioyl)bis(N,N'-dimesitylformimidamide) (DS3), and N,N'-(disulfanne-1,2-dicarbonothioyl)bis(N,N'-bis(2,6-dichlorophenyl)formimidamide) (DS4) as inhibitors of acid corrosion of mild steel. The inhibitors were found to effectively reduce the rates of steel dissolution at the anode as well as cathodic hydrogen evolution. The order of inhibition efficiencies of studied compounds is DS1 (PDP/LPR/EIS: 98.60/97.98/96.94%) > DS2 (PDP/LPR/EIS: 98.36/96.86/96.90%) > DS3 (PDP/LPR/EIS: 94.66/87.44/94.30%) > DS4 (PDP/LPR/EIS: 83.57/77.02/75.17%) at 1.00 mM, and the overall efficiencies appeared to depend on the molecular and electronic structures of the compounds. The compounds offered high resistance to charge transfer across the electrode/electrolyte system by forming adsorbed film whose resistance increased with an increase in concentration. Findings suggested that the adsorption process involved combined chemisorption and physisorption. DFT calculations and MC simulations provided theoretical justifications for the experimental results.

A Pilot Study on the Association of Lead, 8-Hydroxyguanine, and Malondialdehyde Levels in Opium Addicts' Blood Serum with Illicit Drug Use and Non-Addict Persons

While a large body of literature has shown the health problems of illicit drug use, research is needed on how substance abuse impacts DNA damage and contaminants in blood, especially given Pb-contaminated opium. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the levels of lead (Pb), 8-hydroxy di-guanine (8-oxo-Gua), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the blood serum of opium addicts and non-addict people. The current study is a case–control study with a cross-sectional design. A sample of 50 opium-addicted and non-addict adults were chosen for this study using convenience and random sampling methods. Participants were divided into two groups: addicts and non-addicts. The atomic absorption spectroscopy method was used to measure the quantity of Pb, and the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method was used to measure the amount of 8-oxo-Gua and MDA. The data were analyzed using an independent t-test. The results show that the amount of Pb in the blood serum of addicted women and men was higher than levels in non-addict men and women, for the study participants (p-value = 0.001). Blood levels were not significantly different between addicts and non-addicts for men or women for 8-oxo-Gua (p-value = 0.647 for women and p-value = 0.785 for men) and MDA (p-value = 0.867 for women and p-value = 0.995 for men). In general, addicts’ blood Pb levels were found to be substantially higher than those of normal non-addict persons in this pilot study. As a result, testing for blood Pb levels in addicts may be informative in instances when symptoms are inconclusive.

Tribulus terrestris can suppress the adverse effect of toluene on bovine and equine ovarian granulosa cells

Influence of oil-related product toluene and herbal remedy puncturevine Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) on female reproduction is known. However, mechanisms of their action on ovaries in different species and potential protective effect of TT against adverse toluene action remain to be established. We studied effect of toluene, TT, and their combination on ovarian granulosa cells from two mammalian species (cows and horses). Viability, markers of proliferation (PCNA) and apoptosis (bax), steroid hormones, IGF-I, oxytocin, and prostaglandin F (PGF) release were analyzed by trypan blue exclusion test, quantitative immunocytochemistry, and EIA/ELISA. Toluene suppressed all analyzed parameters. In both species, TT stimulated proliferation and reduced progesterone, oxytocin, and PGF. In horses, TT inhibited testosterone and IGF-I. In both species, TT supported toluene effect on viability, steroids, IGF-I, and PGF, inverted its action on apoptosis. In cows, TT promoted toluene effect on proliferation. In horses, TT supported toluene effect on oxytocin but suppressed its influence on proliferation. In both species, toluene induced inhibitory action of TT on viability, steroids, IGF-I, and PGF, prevented its stimulatory action on proliferation. In cows, toluene supported inhibitory action of TT on oxytocin and prevented its stimulatory action on apoptosis. In horses, toluene induced stimulatory effect of TT on apoptosis. Our results indicate potential toxic toluene effect on farm animal ovaries, applicability of TT as a biostimulator of farm animal reproduction and as a protector against adverse influence of toluene on female reproduction.

The Assessment of Meloxicam Phototoxicity in Human Normal Skin Cells: In Vitro Studies on Dermal Fibroblasts and Epidermal Melanocytes

Meloxicam (MLX), which belongs to the oxicam nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug derivatives, is an inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme. Cutaneous adverse effects caused by interaction between UVA radiation and exogenous factors can manifest as phototoxic reactions. Phototoxicity may be a reason for the accumulation of genetic and molecular changes in long-lived cells with low proliferation potential, leading to tumor development. There are several potentially phototoxic drugs, the active component of which is meloxicam. The research aimed to evaluate the influence of MLX and UVAR on skin cells—fibroblasts and melanocytes homeostasis. The obtained results indicated that co-treatment with MLX and UVAR inhibited skin cell proliferation, proportionally to the drug concentration. The observation was confirmed by cytometric analysis of the cell number and viability. The phototoxic effect of MLX was revealed in morphological changes. It was stated that MLX with UVAR lowered the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and changed the cell cycle profile. Additionally, MLX and UVAR caused the disruption of redox homeostasis by lowering the intracellular level of reduced thiols. The presented study revealed that the phototoxic activity of MLX is associated with oxidative stress induction and disruptions in cell homeostasis. The differences in the phototoxic effects of MLX at the cellular level may be related to the different content of melanin pigments.

A triphenylphosphine coordinated cinnamaldehyde-derived copper(I) Fenton-like agent with mitochondrial aggregation damage for chemodynamic therapy

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT), which uses agents to induce cell death by decomposing endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) into highly toxic hydroxyl radicals (˙OH), has been recognized as a promising approach to treat cancer. However, improving the efficiency of ˙OH production is considered one of the biggest challenges that limits the therapeutic efficacy of CDT. Herein, to controllably and efficiently induce oxidative damage through the production of ˙OH, we developed a new metal complex CDT agent with atomically precise structural characteristics as a deviation from traditional nanomaterial-CDT agents. The obtained CDT agent, a cinnamaldehyde derived copper(I) complex (denoted Cin-OD-Cu), was found to be continuously enriched in the mitochondria of A2780 ovarian carcinoma cells, which was accompanied by the generation of large amounts of ˙OH via Cu(I)-mediated Fenton-like reactions of H₂O₂, thereby stimulating oxidative stress in the mitochondria and eventually leading to cell death. Moreover, in vivo experiments showed that Cin-OD-Cu was capable of effectively inhibiting tumor growth with excellent biocompatibility. We believe this research enriches the limited selection of atomically precise metal complex CDT agents in particular for reactive oxygen species-mediated treatments aimed at inducing mitochondria oxidative damage; we anticipate that it will provide new insights into the development of novel, atomically precise agents for CDT.

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Escherichia coli B Strains Deficient in Genes of the Antioxidant Defence

The detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the analysis of oxidative stress are frequent applications of functional flow cytometry. Identifying and quantifying the ROS species generated during oxidative stress are crucial steps for the investigation of molecular mechanisms underlying stress responses. Currently, there is a wide availability of fluorogenic substrates for such purposes, but limitations in their specificity and sensitivity may affect the accuracy of the analysis. The aim of our work was to validate a new experimental model based in different strains of Escherichia coli B deficient in key genes for antioxidant defense, namely oxyR, sodA and sodB. We applied this model to systematically assess issues of specificity in fluorescent probes and the involvement of different ROS in a bacterial model of oxidative stress, as the probes can react with a variety of oxidants and free radical species. Our results confirm the higher sensitivity and specificity of the fluorescent probe mitochondrial peroxy yellow 1 (MitoPY1) for the detection of H₂O₂, and its very low capacity for organic hydroperoxides, thus extending MitoPY1's specificity for H₂O₂ in mammalian cells to a bacterial model. On the contrary, the fluorescent probe 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H₂DCF-DA) is more sensitive to organic peroxides than to H₂O₂, confirming the lack of selectivity of H₂DCF-DA to H₂O₂. Treatment with organic peroxides and H₂O₂ suggests a superoxide-independent oxidation of the fluorescent probe Hydroethidine (HE). We found a positive correlation between the lipophilicity of the peroxides and their toxicity to E. coli, suggesting greater quantitative importance of the peroxidative effects on the bacterial membrane and/or greater efficiency of the protection systems against the intracellular effects of H₂O₂ than against the membrane oxidative stress induced by organic peroxides. Altogether, our results may aid in preventing or minimizing experimental errors and providing recommendations for the proper design of cytometric studies of oxidative stress, in accordance with current recommendations and guidelines.

Pathological Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species in Male Reproduction

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are free radicals that have at least one unpaired electron and play specific roles in the human body. An imbalance of ROS and antioxidant levels gives rise to a condition called oxidative stress. High levels of ROS in the male reproductive tract can interfere with its normal functioning and can even pose as toxic to the sperm, inhibiting sperm functioning (including motility) and metabolism. Oxidative stress resulting from ROS and lipid peroxidation is one of the major causes of male infertility including infertility in varicocele patients. These may cause DNA and peroxidative damage and apoptosis. Production of ROS in excess also leads to erectile dysfunction (ED). In recent years, studies have also linked oxidative stress with the development, progress, and therapy response of prostate cancer patients. The present study summarizes the pathological roles of ROS in male reproductive problems such as infertility, ED, and prostate cancer and also provide an insight into the probable mechanism through which ROS exert their pathological impact.

Neuroprotective Effects and Therapeutic Potential of the Citrus Flavonoid Hesperetin in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neurodegenerative disorders affect more than fifty million Americans each year and represent serious health threats as the population ages. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are critical in the onset, progression, and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s (AD), Parkinson’s (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A wide range of natural compounds has been investigated because of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. The citrus flavonoid hesperetin (HPT), an aglycone of hesperidin found in oranges, mandarins, and lemons, has been extensively reported to exert neuroprotective effects in experimental models of neurogenerative diseases. This review has compiled multiple studies on HPT in both in vivo and in vitro models to study neurodegeneration. We focused on the modulatory effects of hesperetin on the release of cellular anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress mediators. Additionally, this review discusses the hesperetin effect in maintaining the levels of microRNA (miRNA) and modulating autophagy as it relates to hesperetin’s protective mechanisms against neurodegeneration. Moreover, this review is focused on providing experimental data for hesperetin’s potential as a neuroprotective compound and discusses reported evidence that HPT crosses the blood–brain barrier. In summary, this review shows the evidence available in the literature to indicate the efficacy of hesperetin in delaying the onset of neurodegenerative diseases.

Toxicological and chemoprevention studies of Dalbergia ecastaphyllum (L.) Taub. stem, the botanical source of Brazilian red propolis

OBJECTIVES

Dalbergia ecastaphyllum (L.) Taub. is a semi-prostrate species associated with estuaries, mangroves and dunes. This plant species has great ecological and economic importance, especially concerning apiculture pasture and Brazilian red propolis production. In this study, non-clinical toxicological evaluations of the hydroalcoholic extract of D. ecastaphyllum stems (DEHE), the resin production source, were conducted. In addition, the action of DEHE on genomic instability and colon carcinogenesis was investigated.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The extract's chemical profile was analysed by HPLC, and medicarpin, vestitol and neovestitol were found as major compounds. DEHE showed an IC50 equivalent to 373.2 µg/ml and LC50 equal 24.4 mg/L, when evaluated using the XTT colorimetric test and the zebrafish acute toxicity assay, respectively. DEHE was neither genotoxic nor cytotoxic at the highest dose, 2000 mg/kg, by peripheral blood micronucleus test. The treatments DEHE (6 and 24 mg/kg) led to the reduction of micronuclei induced by doxorubicin (DXR) in mice. Furthermore, significantly higher serum levels of reduced glutathione were observed in animals treated with DEHE plus DXR, revealing an antioxidant effect. Treatments with DEHE (48 mg/kg) led to a significant reduction in pre-neoplastic lesions induced by the 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) carcinogen in the rat colon. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed significantly lower levels of expression of COX-2 (86%) and PCNA (83%) in the colon of rats treated with DEHE plus DMH, concerning those treated with the carcinogen.

CONCLUSIONS

These results indicate the involvement of anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative pathways in the protective effect of DEHE.

Understanding Complex Electron Radiolysis in Saline Solution by Big Data Analysis

In this article, we developed a new method to analyze the complex chemical reactions induced by electron beam radiolysis based on big data analysis. At first, we built an element transport network to show the chemical reactions. Furthermore, the linearity between the species was quantified by Pearson correlation coefficient analysis. Based on the analysis, the mechanism of the high linearity between the special species pairs was interpreted by the element transport roadmap and chemical equations. The time variation of the pH of the solution and bubble formation in the solution were analyzed by simulation and data analysis. The simulation indicates that O₂ and H₂ can easily oversaturate and form bubbles. Finally, the radiolysis of high-energy electrons in pure water was analyzed as a reference for the radiolysis of high-energy electrons in saline solution. This work provides a new method for investigating a high-energy electron radiolysis process and for simplifying a complex chemical reaction based on quantitative analysis of the species variation in the reaction.