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Attachment Styles, Perceived Stress and Social Support in a Malaysian Young Adults Sample. Psychol Belg 2016; 56:65-79. [PMID: 30479429 PMCID: PMC5854139 DOI: 10.5334/pb.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to examine the validity of an adult attachment style questionnaire, to understand the relationships between the type of attachment style in relation to self-perceived stress and social support, and to investigate the influence of gender, ethnicity and religion on the above constructs. The participants were 308 university students from Malaysia. A demographic questionnaire and three self-report inventories were administrated in this study. The data indicated that the Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ) is a multidimensional construct with nine factors: "dismissing," "preoccupied with romance," "preoccupied with close relationships," "fearful," "preoccupied with dependency," "secure emotional," "comfortable depending," "preoccupied with mistrust" and "mutual secure." Different attachment styles were positively or negatively correlated at a significant level with perceived stress and social support. Attachment styles were explained by 20 and 33% of the total variance in self-perceived stress and perceived social support, respectively. There were significant gender, ethnic and religious differences in attachment styles, perceived stress and social support.
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Pfeifer AC, Amelung D, Gerigk C, Schroeter C, Ehrenthal J, Neubauer E, Schiltenwolf M. Study protocol - efficacy of an attachment-based working alliance in the multimodal pain treatment. BMC Psychol 2016; 4:10. [PMID: 26883622 PMCID: PMC4756452 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-016-0114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concept of attachment is relevant for the onset and development of chronic pain. Insecure attachment styles negatively affect therapeutic outcome. Insecurely attached patients seem to be less able to sustain positive effects of a multimodal treatment program. However, it has never been tested before if an attachment-oriented approach can improve treatment results of insecurely attached patients in a multimodal outpatient setting. To test this assumption, we compare the short- and long-term outcomes for pain patients who will receive multidisciplinary, attachment-oriented treatment with the outcomes for patients in a control group, who will receive the multidisciplinary state-of-the-art treatment. METHODS Two patient groups (baseline, attachment intervention) are assessed before treatment, after treatment, and at a 6 month follow-up. The study is conducted in a block design: After data collection of the first block (controls) and before as well as during data collection for the second block (treatment group), the health care personnel of the outpatient pain clinic receives training on attachment theory and its use in the therapeutic context. Pain intensity as measured with visual analogue scales and physical functioning will serve as the primary outcome measures. DISCUSSION The design of our study allows for a continuous exchange of experienced team members, which may help bring about concrete attachment related guidelines for the enhancement of therapeutic outcome. This would be the first attempt at an attachment-oriented improvement of multimodal pain programs. CONCLUSION An attachment-based approach may be a promising way to enhance long-term treatment outcomes for insecurely attached pain patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION DRKS00008715 (registered on the 3(rd) of June 2015).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christin Pfeifer
- />Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstr 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Amelung
- />University of Heidelberg, Grabengasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carina Gerigk
- />Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstr 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Corinna Schroeter
- />Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstr 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Ehrenthal
- />Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Thibautstr 2, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Neubauer
- />Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstr 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Schiltenwolf
- />Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstr 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
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Elklit A. Treatment of Danish Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse-A Cohort Study. Behav Sci (Basel) 2015; 5:589-601. [PMID: 26690484 PMCID: PMC4695781 DOI: 10.3390/bs5040589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the changes in psychological and social domains associated with treatment in survivors of child sexual abuse. Method: Participants from four centers were assessed at baseline and were followed up after six and 12 months. The battery covered posttraumatic and general distress symptoms, attachment, coping styles, self-worth, and social support. Results: The estimated prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was 78% at baseline; this rate declined to 40% after one year. There were no differences in outcome measures across the different centers or between the individual and group treatments. Half of the PTSD variation at 12 months was explained by four factors: education, avoidance attachment, emotional coping, and social support. Conclusion: The findings in this study indicated a substantial reduction in mental health problems in survivors following 12 months of treatment and identified personality and social factors important for recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ask Elklit
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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Haggerty G, Bornstein RF, Khalid M, Sharma V, Riaz U, Blanchard M, Siefert CJ, Sinclair SJ. Construct Validity of the Relationship Profile Test: Links With Measures of Psychopathology and Adult Attachment. J Pers Assess 2015; 98:82-7. [PMID: 26620463 PMCID: PMC4703550 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2015.1110824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the construct validity of the Relationship Profile Test (RPT; Bornstein & Languirand, 2003 ) with a substance abuse sample. One hundred-eight substance abuse patients completed the RPT, Experiences in Close Relationships Scale-Short Form (Wei, Russell, Mallinckrodt, & Vogel, 2007 ), Personality Assessment Inventory (Morey, 1991 ), and Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (Derogatis, 1983 ). Results suggest that the RPT has good construct validity when compared against theoretically related broadband measures of personality, psychopathology, and adult attachment. Overall, health dependency was negatively related to measures of psychopathology and insecure attachment, and overdependence was positively related to measures of psychopathology and attachment anxiety. Many of the predictions regarding RPT detachment and the criterion measures were not supported. Implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Haggerty
- a Von Tauber Institute for Global Psychiatry, Nassau University Medical Center
| | - Robert F Bornstein
- b Derner Institute of Advanced Psychological Studies, Adelphi University
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- a Von Tauber Institute for Global Psychiatry, Nassau University Medical Center
| | - Vishal Sharma
- a Von Tauber Institute for Global Psychiatry, Nassau University Medical Center
| | - Usman Riaz
- a Von Tauber Institute for Global Psychiatry, Nassau University Medical Center
| | - Mark Blanchard
- b Derner Institute of Advanced Psychological Studies, Adelphi University
| | - Caleb J Siefert
- c Department of Behavioral Sciences , University of Michigan-Dearborn
| | - Samuel J Sinclair
- d Psychological Evaluation and Research Laboratory (PEaRL), Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School
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Jang B, Rim HD, Woo J. Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of the Modified Adult Attachment Scale for the Use of Medically Ill Patients. Psychiatry Investig 2015; 12:483-90. [PMID: 26508959 PMCID: PMC4620305 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2015.12.4.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Modified Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR-M36) scale was developed for medically ill, older individuals in 2008 (Toronto, Canada, department of psychosocial oncology and palliative care, Princess Margaret Hospital). The scale has displayed satisfactory reliability and validity. This study aimed to test the reliability and validity of the Korean version of Modified Experiences in Close Relationships (K-ECR-M36) questionnaire in female patients with breast cancer. METHODS A total of 199 post-operative breast cancer patients completed the K-ECR-M36 as well as other psychological measures including the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS), World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Abbreviated Version (WHOQOL-BREF), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The reliability and validity of the K-ECR-M36 were evaluated. Explorative factor analysis was conducted to identify the factor structure of the K-ECR-M36. RESULTS The K-ECR-M36 showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's α=0.87) and reasonable test-retest reliability (r=0.752, p<0.001). The total as well as avoidance and anxiety subscales demonstrated construct validity with the RAAS, the HADS, and the WHOQOL-BREF. Factor analysis revealed four-factor structure which was originally proposed by Brennan, Clark, and Shaver (1998). CONCLUSION These findings support that the K-ECR-M36 has satisfactory reliability, validity and factor structure among patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byunggu Jang
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Deog Rim
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungmin Woo
- Department of Psychiatry, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Calvo V, Bianco F. Influence of adult attachment insecurities on parenting self-esteem: the mediating role of dyadic adjustment. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1461. [PMID: 26441811 PMCID: PMC4585223 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parenting self-esteem includes two global components, parents' self-efficacy and satisfaction with their parental role, and has a crucial role in parent-child interactions. The purpose of this study was to develop an integrative model linking adult attachment insecurities, dyadic adjustment, and parenting self-esteem. METHODS The study involved 118 pairs (236 subjects) of heterosexual parents of a firstborn child aged 0-6 years. They were administered the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) questionnaire, the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, and the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale. RESULTS Path analysis was used to design and test a theoretical integrative model, achieving a good fit with the data. Findings showed that dyadic adjustment mediates the negative influence on parenting self-efficacy of both attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance. Parenting satisfaction is positively influenced by parenting self-efficacy and negatively affected by child's age. Attachment anxiety negatively influences parenting satisfaction. CONCLUSION Our findings are in line with the theoretical expectations and have promising implications for future research and intervention programs designed to improve parenting self-esteem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Calvo
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Pedagogy and Applied Psychology, University of Padova Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Bianco
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Pedagogy and Applied Psychology, University of Padova Padova, Italy
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Pace CS, Cavanna D, Guiducci V, Bizzi F. When parenting fails: alexithymia and attachment states of mind in mothers of female patients with eating disorders. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1145. [PMID: 26321978 PMCID: PMC4532914 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years alexithymia and attachment theory have been recognized as two parallel research lines trying to improve the information on the development and maintenance of eating disorders (EDs). However, no research has analyzed these constructs among patients' families. In this study we compared alexithymia and attachment in mothers of patients with EDs and a control group. Further, we hypothesized that mothers of daughters with EDs with insecure and unresolved states of mind will reported high levels of alexithymia. Lastly, we explored the daughters' evaluations of maternal alexithymia. METHODS 45 mothers of ED women and 48 mothers of healthy controls (N = 93) matched for age and socio-demographic variables were administered by the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20) (S), while two sub-groups of "ED" mothers (n = 20) and "non-ED" ones (n = 22) were assessed by the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). Moreover, the Observer Alexithymia Scale (OAS) was administered to the daughters for evaluating maternal alexithymia. RESULTS Regarding alexithymia, no differences were found between ED and non-ED mothers according to the TAS-20, while ED mothers showed more unresolved AAI classifications than non-ED mothers. No correlations were found between the TAS-20 and the AAI. Lastly, ED mothers were evaluated more alexithymic by their daughters with the OAS than those in the control group, and their alexithymic traits were significantly correlated with dismissing states of mind (idealization and lack of memory) in the AAIs. DISCUSSION Our results highlighted an interesting discrepancy among mothers with ED daughters between the low level of alexithymia provided by their self-reports and the high level of alexithymia observed by their daughters, although the OAS showed severe methodological limitations. Maternal attachment states of mind characterized by the lack of resolution of past losses could be connected to a confusing and incoherent quality of parenting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donatella Cavanna
- Department of Educational Science, University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Fabiola Bizzi
- Department of Educational Science, University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy
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Rodriguez LM, DiBello AM, Øverup CS, Neighbors C. The Price of Distrust: Trust, Anxious Attachment, Jealousy, and Partner Abuse. PARTNER ABUSE 2015; 6:298-319. [PMID: 28386379 PMCID: PMC5380380 DOI: 10.1891/1946-6560.6.3.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trust is essential to the development of healthy, secure, and satisfying relationships (Simpson, 2007a). Attachment styles provide a theoretical framework for understanding how individuals respond to partner behaviors that either confirm or violate trust (Hazan & Shaver, 1994). The current research aimed to identify how trust and attachment anxiety might interact to predict different types of jealousy and physical and psychological abuse. We expected that when experiencing lower levels of trust, anxiously attached individuals would report higher levels of both cognitive and behavioral jealousy as well as partner abuse perpetration. Participants in committed romantic relationships (N = 261) completed measures of trust, attachment anxiety and avoidance, jealousy, and physical and psychological partner abuse in a cross-sectional study. Moderation results largely supported the hypotheses: Attachment anxiety moderated the association between trust and jealousy, such that anxious individuals experienced much higher levels of cognitive and behavioral jealousy when reporting lower levels of trust. Moreover, attachment anxiety moderated the association between trust and nonphysical violence. These results suggest that upon experiencing distrust in one's partner, anxiously attached individuals are more likely to become jealous, snoop through a partner's belongings, and become psychologically abusive. The present research illustrates that particularly for anxiously attached individuals, distrust has cascading effects on relationship cognitions and behavior, and this should be a key area of discussion during therapy.
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KARABEKİROĞLU K, AKMAN İ, KUŞÇU ORHAN Ş, KUŞÇU K, ALTUNCU E, KARABEKİROĞLU A, YÜCE M. Mother-Child Interactions of Preterm Toddlers. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2015; 52:157-162. [PMID: 28360697 PMCID: PMC5353191 DOI: 10.5152/npa.2015.7343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We aimed to investigate the mother-toddler relationship in preterm toddlers. METHODS The sample consisted of 18 mothers and their preterm toddlers (group 1) and 20 mothers and their fullterm toddlers (group 2). Anxiety and depressive symptom levels, attachment pattern, and parental attitudes of mothers and social-emotional problems and developmental level of the toddlers were explored to assess possible confounding factors in the mother-toddler relationship. Two researchers rated the Parent Infant Relationship Global Assessment Scales (PIRGAS). RESULTS Both the mothers in group 1 and group 2 had similar Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scores. However, the mothers who gave birth before 32 weeks of gestation had higher trait anxiety scores than others (46±2.4 vs. 42.3±5.4, p=0.01). The groups had similar Brief Infant Toddler Social Emotional Assessment Scale (BITSEA) problem and competency scores. The parenting style of group 1 revealed that they had higher scores on the Parenting Attitude Research Instrument (PARI) subscale 5 (excessive discipline) (39.6 vs. 32.1; p=0.02). CONCLUSION Mother-toddler interaction and attachment security were found to be similar in fullterm and moderately preterm healthy toddlers. Our findings suggest that not the preterm birth itself but the medical, developmental, and/or neurological consequences of prematurity may affect the mother-toddler interaction. To explore the independent effect of prematurity in mother-toddler dyadic relationship, longitudinally designed studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koray KARABEKİROĞLU
- Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine, Samsun, Turkey
| | - İpek AKMAN
- Unit of Pediatry, LIV Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Kemal KUŞÇU
- Department of Psychiatry, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Emel ALTUNCU
- Unit of Pediatry, Emsey Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Murat YÜCE
- Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine, Samsun, Turkey
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Trombello JM, Schoebi D, Bradbury TN. PERSONAL VULNERABILITIES AND ASSORTATIVE MATE SELECTION AMONG NEWLYWED SPOUSES. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 34:529-553. [PMID: 29081579 PMCID: PMC5659621 DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2015.34.6.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Assortative-mating theories propose that individuals select romantic relationship partners who are similar to them on positive and negative qualities. Furthermore, stress-generation and intergenerational transmission of divorce models argue that one's depression history or family-of-origin relationship problems predict qualities of a marital partner that predispose them to relationship distress. We analyzed data from 172 newlywed couples to examine predictors and mediators of a marital partner's risk index. First, an index of one's own and one's partner risk was created through factor analysis and was comprised of measures that indicate insecurity about oneself. This index was significantly correlated with baseline marital satisfaction and, among men, steps toward divorce at follow-up. Then, structural equation modeling tested direct and indirect pathways predicting partner's risk index, analyzing prior depression history and family-of-origin relational impairment as predictors and one's own risk index as the mediator. Results demonstrated that own risk index reliably predicted partner's risk, while own risk index also mediated the relationship between own family-of-origin relational dysfunction/depression history and partner's risk index. These results support assortative mating theories and suggest that the association between adverse family-of-origin relationships or depression history and the risk profile in one's marital partner is explained by one's own risk profile.
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Monti JD, Rudolph KD. Emotional awareness as a pathway linking adult attachment to subsequent depression. J Couns Psychol 2015; 61:374-82. [PMID: 25019541 DOI: 10.1037/cou0000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although research links insecure adult attachment with depression, the emotional processes accounting for this association over time remain relatively unexplored. To address this gap, this study investigated whether deficits in emotional awareness serve as one explanatory process. Adult female caregivers (N = 417, Mage = 37.83) completed questionnaires annually for 3 years. As anticipated, attachment avoidance exerted an indirect effect on depression via emotional awareness. Attachment anxiety directly predicted subsequent depression, but the indirect effect through emotional awareness was nonsignificant. These results suggest that an avoidant attachment style interferes with the effective processing of emotions, thereby placing women at risk for depression. This research implicates emotional awareness as a potential target for interventions aimed at reducing depressive symptoms in mothers with avoidant attachment styles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Monti
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Karen D Rudolph
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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Winham KM, Engstrom M, Golder S, Renn T, Higgins GE, Logan TK. Childhood victimization, attachment, psychological distress, and substance use among women on probation and parole. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2015; 85:145-158. [PMID: 25822606 DOI: 10.1037/ort0000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The present analysis was guided by a gendered pathways-based theoretical model and examined relationships between childhood victimization and current attachment, psychological distress, and substance use among 406 women with histories of victimization who were on probation and parole in an urban Kentucky county. Structural equation modeling examined relationships among childhood victimization, attachment, psychological distress, and substance use. Additionally, we examined the mediational role that attachment plays in relationships between childhood victimization and both psychological distress and substance use. The data fit the models properly. Psychological distress was significantly predicted by childhood victimization, and adult attachment partially mediated this relationship. Childhood victimization did not significantly predict substance use; however, attachment did. The findings suggest that attachment may be an important factor to further understand and address in relation to psychological distress and substance use among women with histories of victimization who are involved in the criminal justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malitta Engstrom
- School of Social Policy and Practice, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Seana Golder
- Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville
| | - Tanya Renn
- Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville
| | | | - T K Logan
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky
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Konok V, Kosztolányi A, Rainer W, Mutschler B, Halsband U, Miklósi Á. Influence of owners' attachment style and personality on their dogs' (Canis familiaris) separation-related disorder. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118375. [PMID: 25706147 PMCID: PMC4338184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has suggested that owners’ attitude to their family dogs may contribute to a variety of behaviour problems in the dog, and authors assume that dogs with separation-related disorder (SRD) attach differently to the owner than typical dogs do. Our previous research suggested that these dogs may have an insecure attachment style. In the present study we have investigated whether owners’ attachment style, personality traits and the personality of the dog influence the occurrence of SRD in the dog. In an internet-based survey 1508 (1185 German and 323 Hungarian) dog-owners filled in five questionnaires: Demographic questions, Separation Behaviour Questionnaire (to determine SRD), Human and Dog Big Five Inventory and Adult Attachment Scale. We found that with owners’ higher score on attachment avoidance the occurrence of SRD in the dog increases. Dogs scoring higher on the neuroticism scale were more prone to develop SRD. Our results suggest that owners’ attachment avoidance may facilitate the development of SRD in dogs. We assume that avoidant owners are less responsive to the dog’s needs and do not provide a secure base for the dog when needed. As a result dogs form an insecure attachment and may develop SRD. However, there may be alternative explanations of our findings that we also discuss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Konok
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. s. 1/c, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - András Kosztolányi
- MTA-DE “Lendület” Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Wohlfarth Rainer
- Freiburg University of Education, Department of Public Health / Health Education, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Animal-Assisted Therapy, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Ulrike Halsband
- University of Freiburg, Department of Psychology, Neuropsychology, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ádám Miklósi
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. s. 1/c, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
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Ináncsi T, Láng A, Bereczkei T. Machiavellianism and Adult Attachment in General Interpersonal Relationships and Close Relationships. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 11:139-54. [PMID: 27247647 PMCID: PMC4873099 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v11i1.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Up to the present, the relationship between Machiavellianism and adult attachment has remained a question to be answered in the psychological literature. That is why this study focused on the relationship between Machiavellianism and attachment towards significant others in general interpersonal relationships and in intimate-close relationships. Two attachment tests (Relationship Questionnaire and long-form of Experiences in Close Relationship) and the Mach-IV test were conducted on a sample consisting of 185 subjects. Results have revealed that Machiavellian subjects show a dismissing-avoidant attachment style in their general interpersonal relationships, while avoidance is further accompanied by some characteristics of attachment anxiety in their intimate-close relationships. Our findings further refine the relationship between Machiavellianism and dismissing-avoidant attachment. Machiavellian individuals not only have a negative representation of significant others, but they also tend to seek symbiotic closeness in order to exploit their partners. This ambitendency in distance regulation might be particularly important in understanding the vulnerability of Machiavellian individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Ináncsi
- Department of General and Evolutionary Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - András Láng
- Department of Personality, Development and Clinical Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bereczkei
- Department of General and Evolutionary Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Whitton SW, Rhoades GK, Whisman MA. Fluctuation in Relationship Quality Over Time and Individual Well-Being: Main, Mediated, and Moderated Effects. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2014; 40:858-871. [PMID: 24727811 DOI: 10.1177/0146167214528988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined how the degree of within-person variation (or temporal fluctuation) in relationship quality over time was associated with well-being (psychological distress and life satisfaction). A national sample of 18- to 34-year-old men and women in unmarried, opposite-sex relationships completed six waves of surveys every 4 months (N = 748). Controlling for initial levels of and linear changes in relationship quality, greater temporal fluctuation in relationship quality over time was associated with increasing psychological distress and decreasing life satisfaction over time. Decreased confidence in one's relationship partially mediated these associations. Moderation analyses revealed that the association between fluctuations in relationship quality and change in life satisfaction was stronger for women, participants cohabiting with their partners, and those with greater anxious attachment, whereas the association between fluctuations in relationship quality and change in psychological distress was stronger for people with greater avoidant attachment.
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Verbeke W, Bagozzi RP, van den Berg WE. The role of attachment styles in regulating the effects of dopamine on the behavior of salespersons. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:32. [PMID: 24550811 PMCID: PMC3912551 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Two classic strategic orientations have been found to pervade the behavior of modern salespersons: a sales orientation (SO) where salespersons use deception or guile to get customers to buy even if they do not need a product, and a customer orientation (CO) where salespersons first attempt to discover the customer's needs and adjust their product and selling approach to meet those needs. Study 1 replicates recent research and finds that the Taq A1 variant of the DRD2 gene is not related to either sales or CO, whereas the 7-repeat variant of the DRD4 gene is related to CO but not SO. Study 2 investigates gene × phenotype explanations of orientation of salespersons, drawing upon recent research in molecular genetics and biological/psychological attachment theory. The findings show that attachment style regulates the effects of DRD2 on CO, such that greater avoidant attachment styles lead to higher CO for persons with the A2/A2 variant but neither the A1/A2 nor A1/A1 variants. Likewise, attachment style regulates the effects of DRD4 on CO, such that greater avoidant attachment styles lead to higher CO for persons with the 7-repeat variant but not other variants. No effects were found on a SO, and secure and anxious attachment styles did not function as moderators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Verbeke
- Department of Business Economics, Erasmus School of Economics Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Wouter E van den Berg
- Department of Business Economics, Erasmus School of Economics Rotterdam, Netherlands
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67
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Zarbo C, Compare A, Baldassari E, Bonardi A, Romagnoni C. In Sickness and in Health: a Literature Review about Function of Social Support within Anxiety and Heart Disease Association. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2013; 9:255-62. [PMID: 24403952 PMCID: PMC3884151 DOI: 10.2174/1745017901309010255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A narrative review of the major evidence concerning the relationship between anxiety, social support and cardiac disease was conducted. Literature demonstrates that a strict relationship between anxiety, social support and cardiac disease outcomes subsists. However, the function of social support within anxiety and heart disease association remains unclear and needs to further researches to be established. Moreover evidence suggests that it's the quality of close relationships to play an important role in affecting psychological and physiological health status. The main components that the literature suggests for a better quality of social support and close relationship, and the main assessment measure are presented. Evidence about cardiac rehabilitation programs and the need to assess and intervene on psychological and psychosocial factors is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Zarbo
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Angelo Compare
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Elena Baldassari
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Alberto Bonardi
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Claudia Romagnoni
- Cardiovascular Division, "L. Sacco" University General Hospital, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
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68
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Segel Karpas D, Bamberger PA, Bacharach SB. Income decline and retiree well-being: the moderating role of attachment. Psychol Aging 2013; 28:1098-107. [PMID: 24364411 PMCID: PMC4026173 DOI: 10.1037/a0034672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Given that it influences the appraisal of situations and the utilization of coping resources, attachment orientation may condition the effects of retirement-related stressors on retiree well-being. Focusing on depression, psychosomatic complaints and health, as well as income decline as a retirement-related stressor, we followed a sample of workers from just before retirement to up to 7 years postretirement. Results indicate that attachment avoidance-but not anxiety-moderates the adverse effects of income decline on well-being, with such effects more pronounced among individuals reporting higher levels of attachment avoidance. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikla Segel Karpas
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
| | - Peter A. Bamberger
- Faculty of Management, Tel Aviv University
- Smithers Institute, School of Industrial & Labor Relations, Cornell University
| | - Samuel B. Bacharach
- Smithers Institute, School of Industrial & Labor Relations, Cornell University
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69
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Beck LA, Pietromonaco PR, DeBuse CJ, Powers SI, Sayer AG. Spouses' attachment pairings predict neuroendocrine, behavioral, and psychological responses to marital conflict. J Pers Soc Psychol 2013; 105:388-424. [PMID: 23773048 DOI: 10.1037/a0033056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This research investigated how spouses' attachment styles jointly contributed to their stress responses. Newlywed couples discussed relationship conflicts. Salivary cortisol indexed physiological stress; observer-rated behaviors indexed behavioral stress; self-reported distress indexed psychological stress. Multilevel modeling tested predictions that couples including 1 anxious and 1 avoidant partner or 2 anxious partners would show distinctive stress responses. As predicted, couples with anxious wives and avoidant husbands showed physiological reactivity in anticipation of conflict: Both spouses showed sharp increases in cortisol, followed by rapid declines. These couples also showed distinctive behaviors during conflict: Anxious wives had difficulty recognizing avoidant husbands' distress, and avoidant husbands had difficulty approaching anxious wives for support. Contrary to predictions, couples including 2 anxious partners did not show distinctive stress responses. Findings suggest that the fit between partners' attachment styles can improve understanding of relationships by specifying conditions under which partners' attachment characteristics jointly influence individual and relationship outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Beck
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, 135Hicks Way, Tobin Hall, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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70
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Connor C, Birchwood M. Through the looking glass: self-reassuring meta-cognitive capacity and its relationship with the thematic content of voices. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:213. [PMID: 23734118 PMCID: PMC3659289 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To examine the self-critical thoughts and self-reassuring meta-cognitive capacity of those who hear voices and explore whether they are associated with the theme of voice content and appraisals of voice power and voice expressed emotion. METHOD A cross-sectional design was used, combining semi-structured interviews and self-report measures. Data on symptomatology, self-critical thoughts and self-reassuring meta-cognitive capacity, thematic voice content, and appraisals of voice power and expressed emotion were collected from 74 voice-hearers in Birmingham, UK. RESULTS Common themes of voice content reflected issues of shame, control, and affiliation. Controlling content was the most prevalent theme, however, no significant predictor of this theme was found; shaming thematic voice content linked with reduced capacity to self-reassure following self-critical thoughts. Voice-hearers with the greatest level of self-critical thoughts appraised their voices as powerful and high in voice expressed emotion. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that voice-hearers self-critical thoughts are reflected in the type of relationship they have with their voice. However, access to self-reassuring meta-cognitive capacity may serve as a protective factor for those who hear voices, resulting in more benign voice content. These findings highlight the importance of this specific meta-cognitive capacity and will inform future therapeutic interventions for the management of voices in this vulnerable group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Connor
- Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health Foundation Trust, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
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71
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Andersen TE, Elklit A, Brink O. PTSD Symptoms Mediate the Effect of Attachment on Pain and Somatisation after Whiplash Injury. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2013; 9:75-83. [PMID: 23802016 PMCID: PMC3680991 DOI: 10.2174/1745017901309010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The development of persistent pain post-whiplash injury is still an unresolved mystery despite the fact that approximately 50% of individuals reporting whiplash develop persistent pain. There is agreement that high initial pain and PTSD symptoms are indicators of a poor prognosis after whiplash injury. Recently attachment insecurity has been proposed as a vulnerability factor for both pain and PTSD. In order to guide treatment it is important to examine possible mechanisms which may cause persistent pain and medically unexplained symptoms after a whiplash injury. AIM The present study examines attachment insecurity and PTSD symptoms as possible vulnerability factors in relation to high levels of pain and somatisation after sub-acute whiplash injury. METHODS Data were collected from 327 patients (women = 204) referred consecutively to the emergency unit after acute whiplash injury. Within 1-month post injury, patients answered a questionnaire regarding attachment insecurity, pain, somatisation, and PTSD symptoms. Multiple mediation analyses were performed to assess whether the PTSD symptom clusters mediated the association between attachment insecurity, pain, and somatisation. RESULTS A total of 15% fulfilled the DSM-IV symptom cluster criteria for a possible PTSD diagnosis and 11.6% fulfilled the criteria for somatisation. PTSD increased the likelihood of belonging to the moderate-severe pain group three-fold. In relation to somatisation the likelihood of belonging to the group was almost increased four-fold. The PTSD symptom clusters of avoidance and hyperarousal mediated the association between the attachment dimensions, pain, and somatisation. CONCLUSION Acknowledging that PTSD is part of the aetiology involved in explaining persistent symptoms after whiplash, may help sufferers to gain early and more suited treatment, which in turn may prevent the condition from becoming chronic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ask Elklit
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern, Denmark
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72
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Starr LR, Hammen C, Brennan PA, Najman JM. Relational security moderates the effect of serotonin transporter gene polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) on stress generation and depression among adolescents. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 41:379-88. [PMID: 23080078 PMCID: PMC3568231 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-012-9682-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous research demonstrates that carriers of the short allele of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) show both greater susceptibility to depression in response to stressful life events and higher rates of generation of stressful events in response to depression. The current study examines relational security (i.e., self-reported beliefs about attachment security) as a moderator of these effects, building on emerging research suggesting that the short allele acts as a marker of sensitivity to the social environment. Participants were 354 Caucasian adolescents oversampled for maternal depression (137 male, 217 female), assessed at ages 15 and 20. Results indicated that the short allele predicted increased stress generation at age 20 among those with low age 15 security but decreased stress generation among those with high security, and revealed a three-way interaction between age 15 depression, age 15 security, and genotype, where depression predicted stress generation only among short allele carriers with low security. Further, among boys only, security interacted with genotype to predict longitudinal changes in depression diagnosis, with the s-allele predicting relative increases in probability of depression among boys with low security but decreases among boys with high security. Results support the notion of the short allele as a marker of social reactivity, and suggest that attachment security may buffer against the genetic vulnerability introduced by the short allele, in line with predictions of the differential susceptibility theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Starr
- Department of Psychology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1563, USA.
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73
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Ferenczi N, Marshall TC. Exploring attachment to the "homeland" and its association with heritage culture identification. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53872. [PMID: 23372673 PMCID: PMC3553116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Conceptualisations of attachment to one's nation of origin reflecting a symbolic caregiver can be found cross-culturally in literature, art, and language. Despite its prevalence, the relationship with one's nation has not been investigated empirically in terms of an attachment theory framework. Two studies employed an attachment theory approach to investigate the construct validity of symbolic attachment to one's nation of origin, and its association with acculturation (operationalized as heritage and mainstream culture identification). Results for Study 1 indicated a three-factor structure of nation attachment; the factors were labelled secure-preoccupied, fearful, and dismissive nation attachment. Hierarchical linear modelling was employed to control for differing cultures across participants. Secure-preoccupied nation attachment was a significant predictor of increased heritage culture identification for participants residing in their country of birth, whilst dismissive nation attachment was a significant predictor of decreased heritage culture identification for international migrants. Secure-preoccupied nation attachment was also associated with higher levels of subjective-wellbeing. Study 2 further confirmed the validity of the nation attachment construct through confirmatory factor analysis; the three-factor model adequately fit the data. Similar to the results of Study 1, secure-preoccupied nation attachment was associated with increased levels of heritage culture identification and psychological well-being. Implications of the tripartite model of nation attachment for identity and well-being will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelli Ferenczi
- Department of Psychology, Brunel University, London, United Kingdom.
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74
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Forsythe LP, Romano JM, Jensen MP, Thorn BE. Attachment style is associated with perceived spouse responses and pain-related outcomes. Rehabil Psychol 2012; 57:290-300. [PMID: 23148713 DOI: 10.1037/a0030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE Attachment theory can provide a heuristic model for examining factors that may influence the relationship of social context to adjustment in chronic pain. This study examined the associations of attachment style with self-reported pain behavior, pain intensity, disability, depression, and perceived spouse responses to pain behavior. We also examined whether attachment style moderates associations between perceived spouse responses and self-reported pain behavior and depressive symptoms, as well as perceived spouse responses as a mediator of these associations. METHOD Individuals with chronic pain (N = 182) completed measures of self-reported attachment style, perceived spouse responses, and pain-related criterion variables. RESULTS Secure attachment was inversely associated with self-reported pain behaviors, pain intensity, disability, depressive symptoms, and perceived negative spouse responses; preoccupied and fearful attachment scores were positively associated with these variables. In multivariable regression models, both attachment style and perceived spouse responses were uniquely associated with self-reported pain behavior and depressive symptoms. Attachment style did not moderate associations between perceived spouse responses to self-reported pain behavior and pain criterion variables, but negative spouse responses partially mediated some relationships between attachment styles and pain outcomes. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS Findings suggest that attachment style is associated with pain-related outcomes and perceptions of spouse responses. The hypothesized moderation effects for attachment were not found; however, mediation analyses showed that perceived spouse responses may partially explain associations between attachment and adjustment to pain. Future research is needed to clarify how attachment style and the social environment affect the pain experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura P Forsythe
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
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75
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Van Ryzin MJ, Leve LD. Validity evidence for the Security Scale as a measure of perceived attachment security in adolescence. J Adolesc 2012; 35:425-31. [PMID: 21803412 PMCID: PMC3210904 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the validity of a self-report measure of children's perceived attachment security (the Kerns Security Scale) was tested using adolescents. With regards to predictive validity, the Security Scale was significantly associated with (1) observed mother-adolescent interactions during conflict and (2) parent- and teacher-rated social competence. With regards to convergent validity, the Security Scale was significantly associated with all subscales of the Adult Attachment Scale (i.e., Depend, Anxiety, and Close) as measured 3 years later. Further, these links were found even after controlling for mother-child relationship quality as assessed by the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA), and chi-square difference tests indicated that the Security Scale was generally a stronger predictor as compared to the IPPA. These results suggest that the Security Scale can be used to assess perceived attachment security across both childhood and adolescence, and thus could contribute significantly to developmental research during this period.
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76
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Austin DW, Jamieson RS, Richards JC, Winkelman J. The Relationship Between Attachment Style, Anxiety Sensitivity and Interpretive Bias Among Adolescent Nonclinical Panickers. BEHAVIOUR CHANGE 2012. [DOI: 10.1375/bech.23.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractElevated anxiety sensitivity and the tendency to catastrophically misinterpret ambiguous bodily sensations has been demonstrated in people who experience nonclinical levels of panic (Richards, Austin, & Alvarenga, 2001), and anxiety sensitivity has been shown to be associated with insecure attachment in adolescents and young adults (Weems, Berman, Silverman, & Saavedra, 2001). This study investigated the relationship between attachment style, anxiety sensitivity and catastrophic misinterpretation among 11 nonclinical panickers and 58 nonanxious controls aged 18 to 19 years. Participants completed the Brief Bodily Sensations Interpretation Questionnaire (BBSIQ), Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) and an attachment questionnaire. The hypothesis that insecurely attached individuals would demonstrate greater catastrophic misinterpretation and higher anxiety sensitivity than securely attached individuals was not supported; however, nonclinical panickers gave more anxiety-related interpretations of ambiguous internal stimuli than nonanxious controls. Results do not support the notion that attachment style is related to anxiety sensitivity or catastrophic misinterpretation (regardless of panic experience). Results do, however, support the notion that anxiety-related misinterpretation of ambiguous somatic sensations precedes the onset of panic disorder.
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77
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Chavis JM, Kisley MA. Adult Attachment and Motivated Attention to Social Images: Attachment-Based Differences in Event-Related Brain Potentials to Emotional Images. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2012; 46:55-62. [PMID: 22639475 PMCID: PMC3359649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Differences in adult attachment may concord with differences in social perception. The present study aimed to measure neural activity associated with the presentation of visual social stimuli. In an affective oddball paradigm, event-related brain potentials were recorded while participants viewed negative, positive, and neutral images of people and categorized them according to valence. Brain response amplitudes were examined across valence categories and across attachment groups. Results revealed differences between anxious and avoidant groups in "emotion bias." The avoidant group displayed a bias towards more neural activation in response to negative compared to positive images. The anxious group trended in the opposite direction. Results are discussed in terms of possible attachment-based differences in motivated attention to social stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Chavis
- University of Colorado at Colorado Springs
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78
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Arnold A, Lewis J, Maximovich A, Ickovics J, Kershaw T. Antecedents and consequences of caregiving structure on young mothers and their infants. Matern Child Health J 2011; 15:1037-45. [PMID: 20680671 PMCID: PMC3061973 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-010-0650-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the multigenerational caregiving structure of infants born to young women, the prenatal predictors of caregiving structure, and the effects of caregiving structure on the health of young mothers and their infants 6 months postpartum. The sample consisted of 784 young mothers involved in a longitudinal study in two U.S. cities. Women were classified into eight caregiving structure groups based on the mother's report of herself as a caregiver and her selection of the baby's father and/or grandparents as caregivers. ANCOVA analyses identified predictors and 6 month postpartum outcomes of caregiving structure. Planned comparisons explored the relationships among caregiving structure groups. A majority of women reported caregiving structures other than herself and the father as caregivers (87.1%). Grandparents were indicated as caregivers by most women (62.2%). Postpartum caregiving groups differed on prenatal social support, self-esteem, attachment avoidance and anxiety, relationship status, and living with the baby's father. While mother's self esteem significantly predicted father involvement, there were no differences on predictors between when the mother and father were caregivers, versus when the mother and grandparents were caregivers. Differences existed between groups on mother and child outcomes, including parenting stress, distress, and child dysfunction. Women reported significantly less parenting stress, child dysfunction, and negative child emotions when she and the father were caregivers, versus when she and grandparents were caregivers. The family system and the intergenerational dynamics within a multigenerational caregiving structure are critical to the health and well-being of both mothers and their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Arnold
- Yale School of Public Health, PO Box 208034, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jessica Lewis
- Yale School of Public Health, PO Box 208034, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | | - Trace Kershaw
- Yale School of Public Health, PO Box 208034, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Morse JQ, Shaffer DR, Williamson GM, Dooley WK, Schulz R. Models of self and others and their relation to positive and negative caregiving responses. Psychol Aging 2011; 27:211-8. [PMID: 21604890 DOI: 10.1037/a0023960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The burden of providing informal care to a family member can lead to caregiver depression and potentially harmful caregiving behavior. Given the interpersonal nature of caregiving, the relationship between caregivers and care recipients may impact caregiver responses. We applied attachment theory to understanding caregiver depression, and both potentially harmful and exemplary caregiving responses. We present data from 430 caregivers in the Family Relationships in Late Life (FRILL 2) Project, a multisite, longitudinal study of caregiving. Age, gender, and model of self were related to caregiving responses, suggesting that model of self may help identify caregivers at risk for poor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Q Morse
- Western Psychiatric Institute & Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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80
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Stephenson KR, Meston CM. When are sexual difficulties distressing for women? The selective protective value of intimate relationships. J Sex Med 2011; 7:3683-94. [PMID: 20701676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies have shown that sexual functioning and sexually related personal distress are weakly related in women, with only a minority of sexual difficulties resulting in significant levels of distress. However, there has been little systematic research to date on which factors moderate the relationship between sexual functioning and sexual distress. AIM To assess the degree to which relational intimacy and attachment anxiety moderate the association between sexual functioning and sexual distress in college-age women. METHODS Two hundred women (mean age=20.25) completed surveys assessing sexual functioning, relational intimacy, attachment anxiety, and sexual distress. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Participants completed the Sexual Satisfaction Scale for Women, the Female Sexual Function Index, the Dimensions of Relationship Quality Scale, and the Revised Experiences in Close Relationships Measure of Adult Romantic Attachment. RESULTS Relational intimacy and attachment anxiety moderated the association between multiple aspects of sexual functioning and sexual distress. For lubrication and sexual pain, functioning was more strongly associated with distress in low-intimacy vs. high-intimacy relationships, but only for women with high levels of attachment anxiety. Results regarding desire were mixed and neither intimacy nor attachment anxiety interacted with subjective arousal or orgasm in predicting distress. CONCLUSION Both relational intimacy and attachment anxiety are important moderators of the association between sexual functioning and subjective sexual distress in women. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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81
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Andersen TE, Elklit A, Vase L. The relationship between chronic whiplash-associated disorder and post-traumatic stress: attachment-anxiety may be a vulnerability factor. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2011; 2:EJPT-2-5633. [PMID: 22893825 PMCID: PMC3402155 DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.5633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In more than 90% of whiplash accidents a good explanation regarding the association between trauma mechanism, organic pathology, and persistent symptoms has failed to be provided. OBJECTIVE We predicted that the severity of chronic whiplash-associated disorder (WAD), measured as number of whiplash symptoms, pain duration, pain-related disability, and degree of somatisation would be associated with the number of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms (PTSD). Secondly, we expected attachment-anxiety to be a vulnerability factor in relation to both PTSD and WAD. DESIGN Data were collected from 1,349 women and 360 men suffering from WAD from the Danish Society for Polio, Traffic, and Accident Victims. The PTSD symptoms were measured by the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire. All three core PTSD clusters were included: re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal. Attachment security was measured along the two dimensions, attachment-anxiety and attachment-avoidance, by the Revised Adult Attachment Scale. RESULTS PTSD symptoms were significantly related to the severity of WAD. In particular, the PTSD clusters of avoidance and hyperarousal were associated with the number of whiplash symptoms, disability, and somatisation. Attachment-anxiety was significantly related to PTSD symptoms and somatisation but not to pain and disability. A co-morbidity of 38.8% was found between the PTSD diagnosis and WAD, and about 20% of the sample could be characterised as securely attached. CONCLUSIONS The PTSD clusters of avoidance and hyperarousal were significantly associated with severity of WAD. The study emphasises the importance of assessing PTSD symptomatology after whiplash injury. Furthermore, it highlights that attachment theory may facilitate the understanding of why some people are more prone to develop PTSD and WAD than others.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ask Elklit
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Lene Vase
- Department of Psychology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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82
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Schoenfelder EN, Sandler IN, Wolchik S, MacKinnon D. Quality of social relationships and the development of depression in parentally-bereaved youth. J Youth Adolesc 2011; 40:85-96. [PMID: 20119668 PMCID: PMC2941702 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-009-9503-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fear of abandonment has been found to be associated with mental health problems for youth who have experienced a parent's death. This article examines how youth's fears of abandonment following the death of a parent lead to later depressive symptoms by influencing relationships with caregivers, peers, and romantic partners. Participants were 109 youth ages 7-16 (50% male), assessed 4 times over a 6-year period. The ethnic composition of the sample was non-Hispanic Caucasian (67%), Hispanic (16%), African American (7%), Native American (3%), Asian (1%), and Other (6%). Youth's fears of abandonment by their surviving caregiver during the first year of data collection were related to their anxiety in romantic relationships 6 years later, which, in turn, was associated with depressive symptoms measured at 6 years. Youth's caregiver, peer, and romantic relationships at the 6-year follow-up were related to their concurrent depressive symptoms. The relationship between youth's attachment to their surviving caregiver and their depressive symptoms was stronger for younger participants. Implications of these findings for understanding the development of mental health problems following parental bereavement are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N Schoenfelder
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 900 S. McAllister St., Rm. 205 Tempe, Phoenix, AZ 85287-6005, USA.
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Armour C, Elklit A, Shevlin M. Attachment typologies and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and anxiety: a latent profile analysis approach. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2011; 2:EJPT-2-6018. [PMID: 22893805 PMCID: PMC3402106 DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.6018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bartholomew (1990) proposed a four category adult attachment model based on Bowlby's (1973) proposal that attachment is underpinned by an individual's view of the self and others. Previous cluster analytic techniques have identified four and two attachment styles based on the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS). In addition, attachment styles have been proposed to meditate the association between stressful life events and subsequent psychiatric status. OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to empirically test the attachment typology proposed by Collins and Read (1990). Specifically, LPA was used to determine if the proposed four styles can be derived from scores on the dimensions of closeness/dependency and anxiety. In addition, we aimed to test if the resultant attachment styles predicted the severity of psychopathology in response to a whiplash trauma. METHOD A large sample of Danish trauma victims (N=1577) participated. A Latent Profile Analysis was conducted, using Mplus 5.1, on scores from the RAAS scale to ascertain if there were underlying homogeneous attachment classes/subgroups. Class membership was used in a series of one-way ANOVA tests to determine if classes were significantly different in terms of mean scores on measures of psychopathology. RESULTS The three class solution was considered optimal. Class one was termed Fearful (18.6%), Class two Preoccupied (34.5%), and Class three Secure (46.9%). The secure class evidenced significantly lower mean scores on PTSD, depression, and anxiety measures compared to other classes, whereas the fearful class evidenced significantly higher mean scores compared to other classes. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated evidence of three discrete classes of attachment styles, which were labelled secure, preoccupied, and fearful. This is in contrast to previous cluster analytic techniques which have identified four and two attachment styles based on the RAAS.In addition, Securely attached individuals display lower levels of psychopathology post whiplash trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherie Armour
- National Centre of Psychotraumatology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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84
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Monin JK, Schulz R, Feeney BC, Cook TB. Attachment Insecurity and Perceived Partner Suffering as Predictors of Personal Distress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 46:1143-1147. [PMID: 21057662 PMCID: PMC2968751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the extent to which perceptions of partner suffering mediate the association between attachment insecurity (anxiety and avoidance) and personal distress among spouses of older adults with osteoarthritis. Fifty-three spouses watched two videos of targets (their partner and an opposite sex stranger) perform a pain-eliciting household task, and spouses were asked to rate their own distress and perceptions of the targets' pain. Spouses also completed self-report measures of trait attachment. Results revealed that attachment anxiety was associated with greater personal distress in reaction to the partner's suffering, and heightened perceptions of partner pain mediated this association. Avoidant attachment was associated with less distress in reaction to the partner's suffering, but not with less perceived pain. The results of this study identify an important mechanism linking attachment insecurity and heightened distress responses when observing the suffering of a significant other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan K Monin
- University Center for Social and Urban Research, University of Pittsburgh
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85
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Petrowski K, Berth H, Paul S, Grande G, Stöbel-Richter Y, Brähler E. Standard values and relationship-specific validity of the Bielefeld Relationship Expectations Questionnaire (BFPE). BMC Med Res Methodol 2010; 10:92. [PMID: 20942905 PMCID: PMC2964732 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-10-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Bielefeld Partnership Expectations Questionnaire (BFPE) is a tool to assess attachment in the romantic relationships of adults. The attachment styles are operationalized as configuration patterns of scale scores. While convergent validity has already been investigated, discriminant validity is still lacking confirmation. METHODS The present sample (n = 1509) is representative for the German population aged 18 to 50. The mean age was 34.6 years. Most of the participants lived in a relationship (77.3 %). Discriminant validity was analyzed using a marital quality questionnaire (PFB), a social support questionnaire (F-Soz-U K-14), and a life satisfaction questionnaire (FLZ). RESULTS All the BFPE scales have a satisfying internal consistency between r = .79 and .86. Those individuals who showed a secure pattern, i.e. increased "Readiness for Self-Disclosure" and "Conscious Need for Care" as well as reduced "Fear of Rejection" experienced their partner as socially supportive, reported higher marital quality in all of its facets, and were more satisfied within the life-domains "family/children" and "relationship/sexuality". Standard values for each scale are presented. CONCLUSIONS The BFPE has repeatedly been verified as a short, reliable, and valid instrument applicable to research practice with healthy individuals as well as within clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Petrowski
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstr 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
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86
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Khooshabi K, Ameneh-Forouzan S, Ghassabian A, Assari S. Is there a gender difference in associates of adolescents' lifetime illicit drug use in Tehran, Iran? Arch Med Sci 2010; 6:399-406. [PMID: 22371778 PMCID: PMC3282519 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2010.14263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 04/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Information regarding gender differences in drug use of adolescents is essential for designing gender-specific drug prevention policies. This study was conducted in high school students in Tehran, Iran, in 2007. Here, we report the gender differences in lifetime prevalence as well as psychosocial associates of drug use. MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a gender analysis of the data collected in a drug use survey conducted in a random sample of high school adolescents (573 boys and 551 girls) in Tehran, Iran, 2007. Demographic characteristics, parental and peers' substance use, school performance, religious beliefs, attachment, self-esteem and emotional intelligence (EI) were entered in logistic regression analyses to predict the lifetime illicit drug use in boy and girls, separately. RESULTS Boys were more likely to report lifetime illicit drug use than girls (10.1% vs. 6.4%, p = 0.023). Differences in the risk profile associated with lifetime illicit drug use by gender included history of substance use in the family, higher score of attachment, and having an employed mother as predictors of substance use in boys, but not girls. CONCLUSIONS Understanding this gender difference in predictors of lifetime use of illicit drugs in high school adolescents facilitates the design of gender-sensitive drug use preventive programmes. It seems that family variables may have more value in prevention of illicit drug use in male adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoon Khooshabi
- Iranian Research Centre for Substance Abuse and Dependence (IRCSAD), University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setareh- Ameneh-Forouzan
- Iranian Research Centre for Substance Abuse and Dependence (IRCSAD), University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akhgar Ghassabian
- Department for Drug Abuse Research, Medicine and Health Promotion Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shervin Assari
- Department for Drug Abuse Research, Medicine and Health Promotion Institute, Tehran, Iran
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87
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Bylsma WH, Cozzarelli C, Sumer N. Relation Between Adult Attachment Styles and Global Self-Esteem. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1207/s15324834basp1901_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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88
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[Adult mother-daughter relationships and psychological well-being: attachment to mothers, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem]. SHINRIGAKU KENKYU : THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2008; 79:116-24. [PMID: 18678061 DOI: 10.4992/jjpsy.79.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study examined how daughter's reported quality of their mother-daughter relationships during childhood and adulthood is related to their psychological well-being (depressive symptoms and self-esteem). A cross-sectional sample of 363 women, age 26 to 35 years, completed questionnaires. The association between the quality of daughters' relationships with their mothers and their psychological well-being depended on the daughters' marital and parental status. Regression estimates suggested that among single daughters and married daughters with children, childhood attachment dimensions (avoidance and anxiety) significantly contributed to psychological well-being, even after controlling for the effects of current closeness and excessive dependence. Current closeness, and excessive care seeking and care giving to their mother contributed to the psychological well-being of single daughters and married daughters without children, even after controlling for the effects of childhood attachment.
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89
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Davila J. Depressive Symptoms and Adolescent Romance: Theory, Research, and Implications. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2008.00037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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90
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Tanaka N, Hasui C, Uji M, Hiramura H, Chen Z, Shikai N, Kitamura T. Correlates of the categories of adolescent attachment styles: Perceived rearing, family function, early life events, and personality. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008; 62:65-74. [PMID: 18289143 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01777.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To identify the psychosocial correlates of adolescents. METHODS Unmarried university students (n = 4226) aged 18-23 years were examined in a questionnaire survey. RESULTS Four clusters of people (indifferent, secure, fearful, and preoccupied) identified by cluster analysis were plotted in 2-D using discriminant function analysis with the first function (father's and mother's Care, Cooperativeness, and family Cohesion on the positive end and Harm Avoidance and father's and mother's Overprotection on the negative end) representing the Self-model and the second function (Reward Dependence and experience of Peer Victimization on the positive end and Self-directedness on the negative end) representing the Other model. CONCLUSIONS These findings partially support Bartholomew's notion that adult attachment is based on the good versus bad representations of the self and the other and that it is influenced by psychosocial environments experienced over the course of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Behavioral Sciences (Psychological Medicine), Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
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91
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Furman W, Simon VA. Actor and partner effects of adolescents' romantic working models and styles on interactions with romantic partners. Child Dev 2006; 77:588-604. [PMID: 16686790 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined how adolescents' and their romantic partners' romantic working models and relational styles were related to their interactions with each other. Sixty-five couples (M age = 18.1 years) were observed interacting. Romantic working models were assessed in interviews about their romantic experiences; romantic styles were assessed by self-report. Data were analyzed using the Actor Partner Interdependence Model. Working models of romantic relationships, especially girls' models, were predictive of their behavior, the partners' behavior, and the dyads' behavior. Fewer links were found between relational styles and observed behavior. The present study extends past work by showing that representations of romantic relationships influence or are influenced by romantic interactions, even as these representations and relationships are just developing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyndol Furman
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, CO 80208, USA.
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92
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Mcbride C, Zuroff DC, Bacchiochi J, Bagby RM. DEPRESSIVE EXPERIENCES QUESTIONNAIRE: DOES IT MEASURE MALADAPTIVE AND ADAPTIVE FORMS OF DEPENDENCY? SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND PERSONALITY 2006. [DOI: 10.2224/sbp.2006.34.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the distinction between neediness and connectedness as measured by the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ; Blatt, D'Afflitti, & Quinlan, 1976) by examining the association between these personality scales and: (1) depression severity, (2) the
domains and facets of the Five Factor Model of Personality (FFM; Costa & McCrae, 1985, 1992), and (3) attachment style in a university student sample and in a clinical sample of depressed patients. In the student sample, both neediness and connectedness were related to depression severity;
however, the association was stronger for neediness. No relation was found between these personality scales and symptom severity in the clinical sample. Differences between neediness and connectedness emerged in their relationship to personality and attachment style. In both samples, neediness
was predictive of a more psychopathological personality profile and attachment style than was connectedness. The results support the argument that DEQ connectedness assesses a less maladaptive form of dependency than does neediness.
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93
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Marcoen A. Parent care: the core component of intergenerational relationships in middle and late adulthood. Eur J Ageing 2005; 2:208-212. [PMID: 28794734 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-005-0009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alfons Marcoen
- Centrum voor Ontwikkelingspsychologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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94
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Abstract
This study investigated the relation between the internal representation of attachment and the perception of the actual exchange of intergenerational support within 100 dyads of adult daughters and their elderly mothers in Germany. Results showed relations between the daughters' preoccupation and avoidance with their perception of receiving emotional support from their parents and providing instrumental support to them. No relations were found between the mothers' attachment and the support they provided to the daughters. These results are discussed with respect to different conditions for emotional and instrumental support of adult daughters and their elderly mothers, and a relationship specific approach to attachment.
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95
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Sabatier C, Lannegrand-Willems L. Transmission of Family Values and Attachment: A French Three-Generation Study. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW-PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE-REVUE INTERNATIONALE 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2005.00216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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96
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Bornstein RF, Ng HM, Gallagher HA, Kloss DM, Regier NG. Contrasting Effects of Self-Schema Priming on Lexical Decisions and Interpersonal Stroop Task Performance: Evidence for a Cognitive/Interactionist Model of Interpersonal Dependency. J Pers 2005; 73:731-61. [PMID: 15854012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Four experiments tested a key tenet of Bornstein's (1992, 1993) cognitive/interactionist (C/I) model of interpersonal dependency: that priming the helpless self-schema (HSS) alters processing of dependency-related information in dependent--but not nondependent--individuals. Experiments 1 and 2 assessed the effects of subliminal lexical priming and an emotional priming manipulation on lexical decision (LD) judgments for dependency-related words and control words. Experiments 3 and 4 assessed the effects of these same priming procedures on Interpersonal Stroop Task (IST) performance. As predicted, priming the HSS produced contrasting effects on different outcome measures, decreasing LD latencies, but increasing IST response times. Results are discussed in the context of the C/I model, and suggestions for future studies are offered.
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97
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Berant E, Mikulincer M, Shaver PR, Segal Y. Rorschach Correlates of Self-Reported Attachment Dimensions: Dynamic Manifestations of Hyperactivating and Deactivating Strategies. J Pers Assess 2005; 84:70-81. [PMID: 15639770 DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa8401_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
We examined associations between self-reported attachment anxiety and avoidance and responses to the Rorschach test. Seventy-two, nonpatient Israeli adults participated in a 2-session study. In the first session, they completed a self-report scale tapping the dimensions of attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance. In the second session, they completed the Rorschach test. The Rorschach was administered and coded according to Exner's (2001) Comprehensive System scoring. We found that self-reports of attachment anxiety were associated with Rorschach scores thought to indicate difficulties in regulating and controlling emotions and self-perceptions of being relatively helpless and unworthy. Self-reports of attachment avoidance were associated with Rorschach scores thought to reflect lack of acknowledgment of need states and maintenance of a grandiose self. We discuss the findings in terms of implicit psychodynamic processes inherent in attachment-system functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ety Berant
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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98
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Ciesla JA, Roberts JE, Hewitt RG. Adult Attachment and High-Risk Sexual Behavior Among HIV-Positive Patients. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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99
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Williams NL, Riskind JH. Adult Romantic Attachment and Cognitive Vulnerabilities to Anxiety and Depression: Examining the Interpersonal Basis of Vulnerability Models. J Cogn Psychother 2004. [DOI: 10.1891/jcop.18.1.7.28047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bowlby’s attachment theory contends that all individuals develop working models of self and significant others, based on early experiences, that have important implications for understanding adult psychopathology. From a social cognitive perspective these “working models” can be conceptualized in terms of relational schemas that have the same functions as other types of schemas (e.g., organizing information, guiding future behavior, etc.). Cognitive vulnerability models have proposed a pessimistic explanatory style that confers vulnerability to depression and a looming maladaptive style that confers vulnerability to anxiety. The present study examines the pattern of relationships between adult romantic attachment, cognitive vulnerabilities to anxiety and depression, self-reported anxious and depressive symptoms, and both general and specific relationship outcomes. Results suggest that higher levels of attachment insecurity were associated with increased psychological symptoms, higher levels of cognitive vulnerabilities, and greater general and relationship impairments. Moreover, cognitive vulnerabilities partially mediated the relationship between adult attachment and anxious and depressive symptoms, suggesting that insecure attachments may represent a developmental antecedent to cognitive vulnerabilities to anxiety and depression.
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100
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Rogers GM, Reinecke MA, Setzer NJ. Childhood Attachment Experience and Adulthood Cognitive Vulnerability: Testing State Dependence and Social Desirability Hypotheses. J Cogn Psychother 2004. [DOI: 10.1891/jcop.18.1.79.28048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Childhood attachment experiences correlate with personality and cognitive factors associated with vulnerability to depression. The majority of the research in this area, however, relies on self-report measures which may be influenced by mood state and individual differences in social desirability. The present study examines whether mood and social desirability confound the association between attachment experience and cognitive vulnerability in a sample of clinically depressed adults. Regression analyses revealed a strong link between the two domains that is almost entirely independent of mood state and social desirability. The findings suggest that the association between early interpersonal experience and dysfunctional cognitive processes can not be attributed to current depression or willingness to present oneself in an unfavorable light. Limitations and clinical implications of the results and future directions are discussed.
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