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Savary KW, Miller RL, Arteaga-Solis E, Hoepner L, Acosta LM, Perera FP, Rundle AG, Goldstein IF, Perzanowski MS. Infant rhinitis and watery eyes predict school-age exercise-induced wheeze, emergency department visits and respiratory-related hospitalizations. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 120:278-284.e2. [PMID: 29508714 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhinitis and conjunctivitis are often linked to asthma development through an allergic pathway. However, runny nose and watery eyes can result from nonallergic mechanisms. These mechanisms can also underlie exercise-induced wheeze (EIW), which has been associated with urgent medical visits for asthma, independent of other indicators of asthma severity or control. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that rhinitis or watery eyes without cold symptoms (RWWC) in infancy predict development of EIW and urgent respiratory-related medical visits at school age, independent of seroatopy. METHODS Within a prospective birth cohort of low-income, urban children (n = 332), RWWC was queried during the first year of life. Relative risks (RRs) for EIW, emergency department (ED) visits, and hospitalizations for asthma and other breathing difficulties at 5 to 7 years of age were estimated with multivariable models. Seroatopy was determined at 7 years of age. RESULTS Infant RWWC was common (49% of children) and predicted school-age EIW (RR, 2.8; P < .001), ED visits (RR, 1.8; P = .001), and hospitalizations (RR, 9.8; P = .002). These associations were independent of infant wheeze. They were also independent of birth order, an indicator of increased risk of exposure to viruses in infancy, and infant ear infections, an indicator of sequelae of upper airway infections. The association between infant RWWC and ED visits at 5 to 7 years of age was attenuated (RR, 1.2; P = .23) when EIW at 5 to 7 years of age was included in the model, suggesting EIW mediates the association. Adjustment for seroatopy did not diminish the magnitudes of any of these associations. CONCLUSION These findings suggest a nonallergic connection between infant nonwheeze symptoms and important consequences of urban respiratory health by school age through EIW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil W Savary
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Rachel L Miller
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Emilio Arteaga-Solis
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Lori Hoepner
- Data Coordinating Center, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, SUNY Downstate School of Public Health, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Luis M Acosta
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Frederica P Perera
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Andrew G Rundle
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Inge F Goldstein
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Matthew S Perzanowski
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York.
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Arhami M, Shahne MZ, Hosseini V, Roufigar Haghighat N, Lai AM, Schauer JJ. Seasonal trends in the composition and sources of PM 2.5 and carbonaceous aerosol in Tehran, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:69-81. [PMID: 29649761 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Currently PM2.5 is a major air pollution concern in Tehran, Iran due to frequent high levels and possible adverse impacts. In this study, which is the first of its kind to take place in Tehran, composition and sources of PM2.5 and carbonaceous aerosol were determined, and their seasonal trends were studied. In this regard, fine PM samples were collected every six days at a residential station for one year and the chemical constituents including organic marker species, metals, and ions were analyzed by chemical analysis. The source apportionment was performed using organic molecular marker-based CMB receptor modeling. Carbonaceous compounds were the major contributors to fine particulate mass in Tehran, as OC and EC together comprised on average 29% of PM2.5 mass. Major portions of OC in Tehran were water insoluble and are mainly attributed to primary sources. Higher levels of several PAHs, which are organic tracers of incomplete combustion, and hopanes and steranes as organic tracers of mobile sources were obtained in cold months and compared to the warm months. The major contributing source to particulate OC was identified as vehicles, which contributed about 72% of measured OC. Among mobile sources, gasoline-fueled vehicles had the highest impact with a mean contribution of 48% to the measured OC. Mobile sources also were the largest contributor to total PM2.5 (40%), followed by dust (24%) and sulfate (11%). In addition to primary emissions, mobile sources also directly and indirectly played an important role in another 27% of fine particulate mass (secondary organics and ions), which highlights the impact of vehicles in Tehran. Our results highlighted and quantified the role of motor vehicles in fine PM production, particularly during winter time. The results of this study could be used to set more effective regulations and control strategies particularly upon mobile sources.
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Cho CC, Hsieh WY, Tsai CH, Chen CY, Chang HF, Lin CS. In Vitro and In Vivo Experimental Studies of PM 2.5 on Disease Progression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1380. [PMID: 29966381 PMCID: PMC6068560 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is a very critical issue worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Particulate matter (PM) is a type of air pollution that comprises a heterogeneous mixture of different particle sizes and chemical compositions. There are various sources of fine PM (PM2.5), and the components may also have different effects on people. The pathogenesis of PM2.5 in several diseases remains to be clarified. There is a long history of epidemiological research on PM2.5 in several diseases. Numerous studies show that PM2.5 can induce a variety of chronic diseases, such as respiratory system damage, cardiovascular dysfunction, and diabetes mellitus. However, the epidemiological evidence associated with potential mechanisms in the progression of diseases need to be proved precisely through in vitro and in vivo investigations. Suggested mechanisms of PM2.5 that lead to adverse effects and chronic diseases include increasing oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and genotoxicity. The aim of this review is to provide a brief overview of in vitro and in vivo experimental studies of PM2.5 in the progression of various diseases from the last decade. The summarized research results could provide clear information about the mechanisms and progression of PM2.5-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chang Cho
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Boai Street, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Yeh Hsieh
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, 690 Section 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Chin-Hung Tsai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Boai Street, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tungs' Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, 699 Section 8, Taiwan Blvd., Taichung 435, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Yi Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Boai Street, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, 690 Section 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Fang Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Boai Street, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, 690 Section 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Sheng Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Boai Street, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
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Holm SM, Balmes J, Gillette D, Hartin K, Seto E, Lindeman D, Polanco D, Fong E. Cooking behaviors are related to household particulate matter exposure in children with asthma in the urban East Bay Area of Northern California. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197199. [PMID: 29874253 PMCID: PMC5991365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a common childhood disease that leads to many missed days of school and parents' work. There are multiple environmental contributors to asthma symptoms and understanding the potential factors inside children's homes is crucial. METHODS This is a dual cohort study measuring household particulate matter (PM2.5), behaviors, and factors that influence air quality and asthma symptoms in the urban homes of children (ages 6-10) with asthma; one cohort had cigarette smoke exposure in the home (n = 13) and the other did not (n = 22). Exposure data included measurements every 5 minutes for a month. RESULTS In the entire study population, a large contributor to elevations in indoor PM2.5 above 35 μg/m3 was not using the stove hood when cooking (8.5% higher, CI 3.1-13.9%, p<0.005). Median PM values during cooking times were 0.88 μg/m3 higher than those during non-cooking times (95% CI 0.33-1.42). Mean monthly household PM2.5 level was significantly related to the presence of a cigarette smoker in the home (10.1 μg/m3 higher, 95% CI 5.2-15.1, p<0.001) when controlling for use of the stove hood and proximity to major roadway. There was a trend toward increased odds of persistent asthma with increases in average monthly PM2.5 (OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.97-1.3, p = 0.16). CONCLUSIONS Consideration of only outdoor PM2.5 may obscure potentially modifiable risks for asthma symptoms. Specifically, this preliminary study suggests that cooking behaviors may contribute to the burden of PM2.5 in the homes of children with asthma and thus to asthma symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Holm
- UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland, Oakland, CA, United States of America
- University of California Berkeley, School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- University of California San Francisco, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - John Balmes
- University of California San Francisco, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- University of California Berkeley, School of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Dan Gillette
- University of California Berkeley, Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Kris Hartin
- University of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Edmund Seto
- University of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - David Lindeman
- University of California Berkeley, Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Dianna Polanco
- University of California Berkeley, Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Edward Fong
- Department of Pediatrics, Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
- University of Hawaii-Manoa John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
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Gaffin JM, Hauptman M, Petty CR, Sheehan WJ, Lai PS, Wolfson JM, Gold DR, Coull BA, Koutrakis P, Phipatanakul W. Nitrogen dioxide exposure in school classrooms of inner-city children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141:2249-2255.e2. [PMID: 28988796 PMCID: PMC5886827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambient and home exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) causes asthma symptoms and decreased lung function in children with asthma. Little is known about the health effects of school classroom pollution exposure. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the effect of indoor classroom NO2 on lung function and symptoms in inner-city school children with asthma. METHODS Children enrolled in the School Inner-City Asthma Study were followed for 1 academic year. Subjects performed spirometry and had fraction of exhaled nitric oxide values measured twice during the school year at school. Classroom NO2 was collected by means of passive sampling for 1-week periods twice per year, coinciding with lung function testing. Generalized estimating equation models assessed lung function and symptom relationships with the temporally nearest classroom NO2 level. RESULTS The mean NO2 value was 11.1 ppb (range, 4.3-29.7 ppb). In total, exposure data were available for 296 subjects, 188 of whom had complete spirometric data. At greater than a threshold of 8 ppb of NO2 and after adjusting for race and season (spirometry standardized by age, height, and sex), NO2 levels were associated highly with airflow obstruction, such that each 10-ppb increase in NO2 level was associated with a 5% decrease in FEV1/forced vital capacity ratio (β = -0.05; 95% CI, -0.08 to -0.02; P = .01). Percent predicted forced expiratory flow between the 25th and 75th percentile of forced vital capacity was also inversely associated with higher NO2 exposure (β = -22.8; 95% CI, -36.0 to -9.7; P = .01). There was no significant association of NO2 levels with percent predicted FEV1, fraction of exhaled nitric oxide, or asthma symptoms. Additionally, there was no effect modification of atopy on lung function or symptom outcomes. CONCLUSION In children with asthma, indoor classroom NO2 levels can be associated with increased airflow obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Gaffin
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Marissa Hauptman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Carter R Petty
- Clinical Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - William J Sheehan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Peggy S Lai
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - Jack M Wolfson
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - Diane R Gold
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass; Channing Institute of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Brent A Coull
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - Wanda Phipatanakul
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass.
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56
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Chowdhury PH, Okano H, Honda A, Kudou H, Kitamura G, Ito S, Ueda K, Takano H. Aqueous and organic extract of PM 2.5 collected in different seasons and cities of Japan differently affect respiratory and immune systems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 235:223-234. [PMID: 29291522 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter with diameters <2.5 μm (i.e., PM2.5) has multiple natural and anthropological sources. The association between PM2.5 and the exacerbation of respiratory allergy and asthma has been well studied, but the components of PM2.5 that are responsible for allergies have not yet been determined. Here, we elucidated the effects of aqueous and organic extract of PM2.5 collected during four seasons in November 2014-December 2015 in two cities (Kawasaki, an industrial area and Fukuoka, an urban area affected by transboundary pollution matter) of Japan on respiratory health. Ambient PM2.5 was collected by high-volume air samplers and extracted into water soluble and lipid soluble components. Human airway epithelial cells, murine bone marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells (APC) and splenocytes were exposed to PM2.5 extracts. We measured the cell viability and release of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 from airway epithelial cells, the DEC205 and CD86 expressions on APCs and cell proliferation, and TCR and CD19 expression on splenocytes. The water-soluble or aqueous extracts, especially those from Kawasaki in fall, had a greater cytotoxic effect than the lipid-soluble or organic extracts in airway epithelial cells, but they caused almost no pro-inflammatory response. Extract of fall, especially the aqueous extract from Fukuoka, increased the DEC205 and CD86 expressions on APC. Moreover, aqueous extracts of fall, summer, and spring from Fukuoka significantly increased proliferation of splenocytes. Organic extract of spring and summer from Kawasaki significantly elevated the TCR expression, and organic extract of summer from Kawasaki decreased the CD19 expression. These results suggest that PM2.5 extract samples are responsible for cytotoxicity in airway epithelial cells and for activating APCs and T-cells, which can contribute to the exacerbation of respiratory diseases such as asthma. These effects can differ by PM2.5 components, collection areas and seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiti Home Chowdhury
- Environmental Health Division, Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okano
- Environmental Health Division, Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akiko Honda
- Environmental Health Division, Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Hitomi Kudou
- Environmental Health Division, Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Gaku Kitamura
- Environmental Health Division, Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sho Ito
- Environmental Health Division, Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kayo Ueda
- Environmental Health Division, Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Takano
- Environmental Health Division, Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Chan WR, Logue JM, Wu X, Klepeis NE, Fisk WJ, Noris F, Singer BC. Quantifying fine particle emission events from time-resolved measurements: Method description and application to 18 California low-income apartments. INDOOR AIR 2018; 28:89-101. [PMID: 28892568 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 exposure is associated with significant health risk. Exposures in homes derive from both outdoor and indoor sources, with emissions occurring primarily in discrete events. Data on emission event magnitudes and schedules are needed to support simulation-based studies of exposures and mitigations. This study applied an identification and characterization algorithm to quantify time-resolved PM2.5 emission events from data collected during 224 days of monitoring in 18 California apartments with low-income residents. We identified and characterized 836 distinct events with median and mean values of 12 and 30 mg emitted mass, 16 and 23 minutes emission duration, 37 and 103 mg/h emission rates, and pseudo-first-order decay rates of 1.3 and 2.0/h. Mean event-averaged concentrations calculated using the determined event characteristics agreed to within 6% of measured values for 14 of the apartments. There were variations in event schedules and emitted mass across homes, with few events overnight and most emissions occurring during late afternoons and evenings. Event characteristics were similar during weekdays and weekends. Emitted mass was positively correlated with number of residents (Spearman coefficient, ρ=.10), bedrooms (ρ=.08), house volume (ρ=.29), and indoor-outdoor CO2 difference (ρ=.27). The event schedules can be used in probabilistic modeling of PM2.5 in low-income apartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Chan
- Indoor Environment Group, Sustainable Energy and Environmental Systems Department, Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Whole Building Systems Department, Building Technologies and Urban Systems Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - J M Logue
- Indoor Environment Group, Sustainable Energy and Environmental Systems Department, Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Whole Building Systems Department, Building Technologies and Urban Systems Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - X Wu
- Whole Building Systems Department, Building Technologies and Urban Systems Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - N E Klepeis
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health (C-BEACH), Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - W J Fisk
- Indoor Environment Group, Sustainable Energy and Environmental Systems Department, Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - F Noris
- R2M Solution Srl, Pavia, Italy
| | - B C Singer
- Indoor Environment Group, Sustainable Energy and Environmental Systems Department, Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Whole Building Systems Department, Building Technologies and Urban Systems Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Gold DR, Adamkiewicz G, Arshad SH, Celedón JC, Chapman MD, Chew GL, Cook DN, Custovic A, Gehring U, Gern JE, Johnson CC, Kennedy S, Koutrakis P, Leaderer B, Mitchell H, Litonjua AA, Mueller GA, O'Connor GT, Ownby D, Phipatanakul W, Persky V, Perzanowski MS, Ramsey CD, Salo PM, Schwaninger JM, Sordillo JE, Spira A, Suglia SF, Togias A, Zeldin DC, Matsui EC. NIAID, NIEHS, NHLBI, and MCAN Workshop Report: The indoor environment and childhood asthma-implications for home environmental intervention in asthma prevention and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:933-949. [PMID: 28502823 PMCID: PMC5632590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposures have been recognized as critical in the initiation and exacerbation of asthma, one of the most common chronic childhood diseases. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; and Merck Childhood Asthma Network sponsored a joint workshop to discuss the current state of science with respect to the indoor environment and its effects on the development and morbidity of childhood asthma. The workshop included US and international experts with backgrounds in allergy/allergens, immunology, asthma, environmental health, environmental exposures and pollutants, epidemiology, public health, and bioinformatics. Workshop participants provided new insights into the biologic properties of indoor exposures, indoor exposure assessment, and exposure reduction techniques. This informed a primary focus of the workshop: to critically review trials and research relevant to the prevention or control of asthma through environmental intervention. The participants identified important limitations and gaps in scientific methodologies and knowledge and proposed and prioritized areas for future research. The group reviewed socioeconomic and structural challenges to changing environmental exposure and offered recommendations for creative study design to overcome these challenges in trials to improve asthma management. The recommendations of this workshop can serve as guidance for future research in the study of the indoor environment and on environmental interventions as they pertain to the prevention and management of asthma and airway allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane R Gold
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.
| | - Gary Adamkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - Syed Hasan Arshad
- David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, Isle of Wight, and Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Juan C Celedón
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | | | - Ginger L Chew
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects | Air Pollution and Respiratory Health Branch, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Donald N Cook
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Adnan Custovic
- Section of Paediatrics and MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrike Gehring
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - James E Gern
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis
| | - Christine C Johnson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital & Health System, Detroit, Mich
| | - Suzanne Kennedy
- Department of Pediatrics, NC Children's Hospital, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - Brian Leaderer
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Center for Perinatal, Pediatric and Environmental Epidemiology (CPPEE), New Haven, Conn
| | | | - Augusto A Litonjua
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Geoffrey A Mueller
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - George T O'Connor
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass
| | - Dennis Ownby
- Division of Allergy-Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Augusta University, Augusta, Ga
| | - Wanda Phipatanakul
- Asthma, Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Victoria Persky
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Matthew S Perzanowski
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Clare D Ramsey
- Departments of Medicine and Community Health Sciences, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Päivi M Salo
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Julie M Schwaninger
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Md
| | - Joanne E Sordillo
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Avrum Spira
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass
| | - Shakira F Suglia
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Alkis Togias
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Md
| | - Darryl C Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Elizabeth C Matsui
- Division of Pediatric Allergy/Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md
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Liu R, Zeng J, Jiang X, Chen J, Gao X, Zhang L, Li T. The relationship between airborne fine particle matter and emergency ambulance dispatches in a southwestern city in Chengdu, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:661-667. [PMID: 28697471 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
High levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are known to cause adverse effects to human health. The goal of this study was to estimate the acute health effects of short-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 by analyzing cause-specific emergency ambulance dispatches as the endpoint in Chengdu, a city in Sichuan Province in southwest China. The ambient PM2.5 concentration of Chengdu reached 63 μg/m3 in 2015. Data related to the causes of specific emergency ambulance dispatches, air pollution, and meteorological conditions were collected from 2013 to 2015 (1095 days). A generalized additive model (GAM) was constructed to control the confounding conditions and to estimate the effects of PM2.5 on human health conditions. Emergency ambulance dispatches for all causes with (RR for lag0 = 1.0010, 95%CI: 1.0002, 1.0019) or without injuries (RR for lag0 = 1.0012, 95%CI: 1.0002, 1.0022), respiratory diseases (RR for lag0 = 1.0051, 95%CI: 1.0012, 1.0089), and cardiovascular diseases (RR for lag0 = 1.0041, 95%CI: 1.0009, 1.0074) were associated with ambient PM2.5 concentrations in Chengdu. In addition, the effects of PM2.5 were not confounded by ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicong Liu
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 6, Zhongxue Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jie Zeng
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 6, Zhongxue Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xianyan Jiang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 6, Zhongxue Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jianyu Chen
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 6, Zhongxue Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xufang Gao
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 4, Longxiang Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 6, Zhongxue Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Tiantian Li
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 7, South Panjiayuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China.
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60
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Findlay F, Pohl J, Svoboda P, Shakamuri P, McLean K, Inglis NF, Proudfoot L, Barlow PG. Carbon Nanoparticles Inhibit the Antimicrobial Activities of the Human Cathelicidin LL-37 through Structural Alteration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2483-2490. [PMID: 28814602 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Host defense peptides, also known as antimicrobial peptides, are key elements of innate host defense. One host defense peptide with well-characterized antimicrobial activity is the human cathelicidin, LL-37. LL-37 has been shown to be upregulated at sites of infection and inflammation and is regarded as one of the primary innate defense molecules against bacterial and viral infection. Human exposure to combustion-derived or engineered nanoparticles is of increasing concern, and the implications of nanomaterial exposure on the human immune response is poorly understood. However, it is widely acknowledged that nanoparticles can interact strongly with several immune proteins of biological significance, with these interactions resulting in structural and functional changes of the proteins involved. This study investigated whether the potent antibacterial and antiviral functions of LL-37 were inhibited by exposure to, and interaction with, carbon nanoparticles, together with characterizing the nature of the interaction. LL-37 was exposed to carbon black nanoparticles in vitro, and the antibacterial and antiviral functions of the peptide were subsequently assessed. We demonstrate a substantial loss of antimicrobial function when the peptide was exposed to low concentrations of nanomaterials, and we further show that the nanomaterial-peptide interaction resulted in a significant change in the structure of the peptide. The human health implications of these findings are significant, as, to our knowledge, this is the first evidence that nanoparticles can alter host defense peptide structure and function, indicating a new role for nanoparticle exposure in increased disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fern Findlay
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Pohl
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333; and
| | - Pavel Svoboda
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333; and
| | - Priyanka Shakamuri
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333; and
| | - Kevin McLean
- Moredun Proteomics Facility, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Neil F Inglis
- Moredun Proteomics Facility, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna Proudfoot
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Barlow
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom;
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61
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Hu X, Belle JH, Meng X, Wildani A, Waller LA, Strickland MJ, Liu Y. Estimating PM 2.5 Concentrations in the Conterminous United States Using the Random Forest Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6936-6944. [PMID: 28534414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
To estimate PM2.5 concentrations, many parametric regression models have been developed, while nonparametric machine learning algorithms are used less often and national-scale models are rare. In this paper, we develop a random forest model incorporating aerosol optical depth (AOD) data, meteorological fields, and land use variables to estimate daily 24 h averaged ground-level PM2.5 concentrations over the conterminous United States in 2011. Random forests are an ensemble learning method that provides predictions with high accuracy and interpretability. Our results achieve an overall cross-validation (CV) R2 value of 0.80. Mean prediction error (MPE) and root mean squared prediction error (RMSPE) for daily predictions are 1.78 and 2.83 μg/m3, respectively, indicating a good agreement between CV predictions and observations. The prediction accuracy of our model is similar to those reported in previous studies using neural networks or regression models on both national and regional scales. In addition, the incorporation of convolutional layers for land use terms and nearby PM2.5 measurements increase CV R2 by ∼0.02 and ∼0.06, respectively, indicating their significant contributions to prediction accuracy. A pair of different variable importance measures both indicate that the convolutional layer for nearby PM2.5 measurements and AOD values are among the most-important predictor variables for the training process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Matthew J Strickland
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada Reno , Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
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Indoor Particulate Matters, Microbial Count Assessments, and Wheezing Symptoms Among Toddlers in Urban Day Care Centers in the District of Seremban, Malaysia. Ann Glob Health 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aogh.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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63
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Sagona JA, Shalat SL, Wang Z, Ramagopal M, Black K, Hernandez M, Mainelis G. Comparison of particulate matter exposure estimates in young children from personal sampling equipment and a robotic sampler. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2017; 27:299-305. [PMID: 27168394 PMCID: PMC5201446 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Accurate characterization of particulate matter (PM) exposure in young children is difficult, because personal samplers are often too heavy, bulky or impractical to be used. The Pretoddler Inhalable Particulate Environmental Robotic (PIPER) sampler was developed to help address this problem. In this study, we measured inhalable PM exposures in 2-year-olds via a lightweight personal sampler worn in a small backpack and evaluated the use of a robotic sampler with an identical sampling train for estimating PM exposure in this age group. PM mass concentrations measured by the personal sampler ranged from 100 to almost 1,200 μg/m3, with a median value of 331 μg/m3. PM concentrations measured by PIPER were considerably lower, ranging from 14 to 513 μg/m3 with a median value of 56 μg/m3. Floor cleaning habits and activity patterns of the 2-year-olds varied widely by home; vigorous play and recent floor cleaning were most associated with higher personal exposure. Our findings highlight the need for additional characterization of children's activity patterns and their effect on personal exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Sagona
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Stuart L. Shalat
- Division of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zuocheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Maya Ramagopal
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kathleen Black
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Marta Hernandez
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Gediminas Mainelis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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Prieto-Parra L, Yohannessen K, Brea C, Vidal D, Ubilla CA, Ruiz-Rudolph P. Air pollution, PM 2.5 composition, source factors, and respiratory symptoms in asthmatic and nonasthmatic children in Santiago, Chile. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 101:190-200. [PMID: 28202226 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the association of respiratory symptoms and medication use and exposure to various air pollutants, PM2.5 components, and source factors in a panel of asthmatic and nonasthmatic children in Santiago, Chile. To this end, 174 children (90 asthmatics and 84 nonasthmatics) were followed throughout the winter months of 2010 and 2011. During the study period, children filled out daily diaries to record respiratory symptoms and medication use. Air pollution data were obtained from government central site measurements and a PM2.5 characterization campaign. PM2.5 source factors were obtained using positive matrix factorization (PMF). Associations of symptoms and exposure to pollutants and source-factor daily scores were modeled separately for asthmatic and nonasthmatic children using mixed logistic regression models with random intercepts, controlling for weather, day of the week, year, and viral outbreaks. Overall, high concentrations of air pollutants and PM2.5 components were observed. Six source factors were identified by PMF (motor vehicles, marine aerosol, copper smelter, secondary sulfates, wood burning, and soil dust). Overall, single pollutant models showed significant and strong associations between 7-day exposures for several criteria pollutants (PM2.5, NO2, O3), PM2.5 components (OC, K, S, Se, V), and source factors (secondary sulfate) and coughing, wheezing and three other respiratory symptoms in both in asthmatic and nonasthmatic children. No associations were found for use of rescue inhalers in asthmatics. Two-pollutant models showed that several associations remained significant after including PM2.5, and other criteria pollutants, in the models, particularly components and source factors associated with industrial sources. In conclusion, exposure to air pollutants, especially PM2.5, NO2, and O3, were found to exacerbate respiratory symptoms in both asthmatic and nonasthmatic children. Some of the results suggest that PM2.5 components associated with a secondary sulfate source may have a greater impact on some symptoms than PM2.5. In general, the results of this study show important associations at concentrations close or below current air quality standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Prieto-Parra
- Programa de Magister en Salud Pública, Instituto de Salud Poblacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karla Yohannessen
- Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Infantil Norte, Hospital de Niños Roberto del Río, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Salud Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Poblacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Brea
- Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Infantil Norte, Hospital de Niños Roberto del Río, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniella Vidal
- Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Infantil Norte, Hospital de Niños Roberto del Río, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos A Ubilla
- Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Infantil Norte, Hospital de Niños Roberto del Río, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Ruiz-Rudolph
- Programa de Salud Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Poblacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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65
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Outdoor Environment and Pediatric Asthma: An Update on the Evidence from North America. Can Respir J 2017; 2017:8921917. [PMID: 28239256 PMCID: PMC5292365 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8921917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. The evidence about the association between asthma and outdoor environmental factors has been inadequate for certain allergens. Even less is known about how these associations vary across seasons and climate regions. We reviewed recent literature from North America for research related to outdoor environmental factors and pediatric asthma, with attention to spatial-temporal variations of these associations. Method. We included indexed literature between years 2010 and 2015 on outdoor environmental factors and pediatric asthma, by searching PubMed. Results. Our search resulted in 33 manuscripts. Studies about the link between pediatric asthma and traffic-related air pollutants (TRAP) consistently confirmed the correlation between TRAP and asthma. For general air pollution, the roles of PM2.5 and CO were consistent across studies. The link between asthma and O3 varied across seasons. Regional variation exists in the role of SO2. The impact of pollen was consistent across seasons, whereas the role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon was less consistent. Discussion. Recent studies strengthened the evidence about the roles of PM2.5, TRAP, CO, and pollen in asthma, while the evidence for roles of PM10-2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, SO2, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in asthma was less consistent. Spatial-temporal details of the environment are needed in future studies of asthma and environment.
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66
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Jhun I, Gaffin JM, Coull BA, Huffaker MF, Petty CR, Sheehan WJ, Baxi SN, Lai PS, Kang CM, Wolfson JM, Gold DR, Koutrakis P, Phipatanakul W. School Environmental Intervention to Reduce Particulate Pollutant Exposures for Children with Asthma. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2017; 5:154-159.e3. [PMID: 27641483 PMCID: PMC5222771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Home-based interventions to improve indoor air quality have demonstrated benefits for asthma morbidity, yet little is known about the effect of environmental interventions in the school setting. OBJECTIVE We piloted the feasibility and effectiveness of a classroom-based air cleaner intervention to reduce particulate pollutants in classrooms of children with asthma. METHODS In this pilot randomized controlled trial, we assessed the effect of air cleaners on indoor air particulate pollutant concentrations in 18 classrooms (9 control, 9 intervention) in 3 urban elementary schools. We enrolled 25 children with asthma (13 control, 12 intervention) aged 6 to 10 years. Classroom air pollutant measurements and spirometry were completed once before and twice after randomization. Asthma symptoms were surveyed every 3 months. RESULTS Baseline classroom levels of fine particulate matter (particulate matter with diameter of <2.5 μm [PM2.5]) and black carbon (BC) were 6.3 and 0.41 μg/m3, respectively. When comparing the intervention to the control group, classroom PM2.5 levels were reduced by 49% and 42% and BC levels were reduced by 58% and 55% in the first and second follow-up periods, respectively (P < .05 for all comparisons). When comparing the children randomized to intervention and control classrooms, there was a modest improvement in peak flow, but no significant changes in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and asthma symptoms. CONCLUSIONS In this pilot study, a classroom-based air cleaner intervention led to significant reductions in PM2.5 and BC. Future large-scale studies should comprehensively evaluate the effect of school-based environmental interventions on pediatric asthma morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iny Jhun
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Jonathan M Gaffin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Respiratory Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Brent A Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - Michelle F Huffaker
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Carter R Petty
- Clinical Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - William J Sheehan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Sachin N Baxi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Peggy S Lai
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - Choong-Min Kang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - Jack M Wolfson
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - Diane R Gold
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - Wanda Phipatanakul
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass.
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67
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Clark-Reyna SE, Grineski SE, Collins TW. Health Status and Residential Exposure to Air Toxics: What Are the Effects on Children's Academic Achievement? FAMILY & COMMUNITY HEALTH 2016; 39:160-168. [PMID: 27214671 PMCID: PMC5523815 DOI: 10.1097/fch.0000000000000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This article examines the effects of children's subjective health status and exposure to residential environmental toxins on academic performance for the first time, while adjusting for school-level effects using generalized estimating equations. The analysis employs National Air Toxics Assessment risk estimates and individual-level data collected through a mail survey. Results indicate that poorer subjective health status and higher levels of residential air toxins are statistically significantly associated with lower grade point averages, meaning that there is an independent effect of air pollution on children's academic achievement that cannot be explained by poor health alone.
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68
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Feng S, Gao D, Liao F, Zhou F, Wang X. The health effects of ambient PM2.5 and potential mechanisms. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 128:67-74. [PMID: 26896893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of ambient PM2.5 on public health have become great concerns worldwide, especially in the developing countries. Epidemiological and toxicological studies have shown that PM2.5 does not only induce cardiopulmonary disorders and/or impairments, but also contributes to a variety of other adverse health effects, such as driving the initiation and progression of diabetes mellitus and eliciting adverse birth outcomes. Of note, recent findings have demonstrated that PM2.5 may still pose a hazard to public health even at very low levels (far below national standards) of exposure. The proposed underlying mechanisms whereby PM2.5 causes adverse effects to public health include inducing intracellular oxidative stress, mutagenicity/genotoxicity and inflammatory responses. The present review aims to provide an brief overview of new insights into the molecular mechanisms linking ambient PM2.5 exposure and health effects, which were explored with new technologies in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolong Feng
- The School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
| | - Dan Gao
- The School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Fen Liao
- The School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Furong Zhou
- The School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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69
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Sun X, Luo X, Zhao C, Zhang B, Tao J, Yang Z, Ma W, Liu T. The associations between birth weight and exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its chemical constituents during pregnancy: A meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 211:38-47. [PMID: 26736054 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We performed this meta-analysis to estimate the associations of maternal exposure to PM2.5 and its chemical constituents with birth weight and to explore the sources of heterogeneity in regard to the findings of these associations. A total of 32 studies were identified by searching the MEDLINE, PUBMED, Embase, China Biological Medicine and Wanfang electronic databases before April 2015. We estimated the statistically significant associations of reduced birth weight (β = -15.9 g, 95% CI: -26.8, -5.0) and LBW (OR = 1.090, 95% CI: 1.032, 1.150) with PM2.5 exposure (per 10 μg/m(3) increment) during the entire pregnancy. Trimester-specific analyses showed negative associations between birth weight and PM2.5 exposure during the second (β = -12.6 g) and third (β = -10.0 g) trimesters. Other subgroup analyses indicated significantly different pooled-effect estimates of PM2.5 exposure on birth weight in studies with different exposure assessment methods, study designs and study settings. We further observed large differences in the pooled effect estimates of the PM2.5 chemical constituents for birth weight decrease and LBW. We concluded that PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy was associated with lower birth weight, and late pregnancy might be the critical window. Some specific PM2.5 constituents may have larger toxic effects on fetal weight. Exposure assessment methods, study designs and study settings might be important sources of the heterogeneity among the included studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Sun
- Gynecology Department, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, 511442, China
| | - Xiping Luo
- Gynecology Department, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, 511442, China.
| | - Chunmei Zhao
- Gynecology Department, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, 511442, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jun Tao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510085, China
| | - Zuyao Yang
- Division of Epidemiology, The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999000, China
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China.
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70
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[Seasonality in asthma: Impact and treatments]. Presse Med 2016; 45:1005-1018. [PMID: 27039335 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of seasons should be taken into account in the management of asthma. The environment varies between seasons and it is well documented that asthma is modulated by environment. Viruses cause asthma exacerbations peak, in winter, in adults while the peak is present in September in children. Allergens are probably a less powerful source of asthma exacerbation than viruses but pollen involvement in spring and summer and dust mites in autumn are indisputable. Air pollutants, present in summer during the hottest periods, are also highly involved in asthma exacerbations. Indoor air pollution, in winter, is also implicated in asthma disease. All these environmental factors are synergistic and increase the risk of asthma exacerbation. Therapies should be adapted to each season depending on environmental factors potentially involved in the asthma disease.
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71
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Clark-Reyna SE, Grineski SE, Collins TW. Residential exposure to air toxics is linked to lower grade point averages among school children in El Paso, Texas, USA. POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT 2016; 37:319-340. [PMID: 27034529 PMCID: PMC4809637 DOI: 10.1007/s11111-015-0241-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Children in low-income neighborhoods tend to be disproportionately exposed to environmental toxicants. This is cause for concern because exposure to environmental toxicants negatively affect health, which can impair academic success. To date, it is unknown if associations between air toxics and academic performance found in previous school-level studies persist when studying individual children. In pairing the National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) risk estimates for respiratory and diesel particulate matter risk disaggregated by source, with individual-level data collected through a mail survey, this paper examines the effects of exposure to residential environmental toxics on academic performance for individual children for the first time and adjusts for school-level effects using generalized estimating equations. We find that higher levels of residential air toxics, especially those from non-road mobile sources, are statistically significantly associated with lower grade point averages among fourth and fifth grade school children in El Paso (Texas, USA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E. Clark-Reyna
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Ave, El Paso, TX 79902, USA;
| | | | - Timothy W. Collins
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Ave, El Paso TX 79902, USA;
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Allen JG, MacNaughton P, Laurent JGC, Flanigan SS, Eitland ES, Spengler JD. Green Buildings and Health. Curr Environ Health Rep 2016; 2:250-8. [PMID: 26231502 PMCID: PMC4513229 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-015-0063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Green building design is becoming broadly adopted, with one green building standard reporting over 3.5 billion square feet certified to date. By definition, green buildings focus on minimizing impacts to the environment through reductions in energy usage, water usage, and minimizing environmental disturbances from the building site. Also by definition, but perhaps less widely recognized, green buildings aim to improve human health through design of healthy indoor environments. The benefits related to reduced energy and water consumption are well-documented, but the potential human health benefits of green buildings are only recently being investigated. The objective of our review was to examine the state of evidence on green building design as it specifically relates to indoor environmental quality and human health. Overall, the initial scientific evidence indicates better indoor environmental quality in green buildings versus non-green buildings, with direct benefits to human health for occupants of those buildings. A limitation of much of the research to date is the reliance on indirect, lagging and subjective measures of health. To address this, we propose a framework for identifying direct, objective and leading "Health Performance Indicators" for use in future studies of buildings and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Allen
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, 404-L, Boston, MA, 02218, USA,
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73
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Sun X, Luo X, Zhao C, Chung Ng RW, Lim CED, Zhang B, Liu T. The association between fine particulate matter exposure during pregnancy and preterm birth: a meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2015; 15:300. [PMID: 26581753 PMCID: PMC4650291 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-015-0738-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several previous studies have assessed the association of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure during pregnancy with preterm birth, the results have been inconsistent and remain controversial. This meta-analysis aims to quantitatively summarize the association between maternal PM2.5 exposure and preterm birth and to further explore the sources of heterogeneity in findings on this association. METHODS We searched for all studies published before December 2014 on the association between PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy and preterm birth in the MEDLINE, PUBMED and Embase databases as well as the China Biological Medicine and Wanfang databases. A pooled OR for preterm birth in association with each 10 μg/m(3) increase in PM2.5 exposure was calculated by a random-effects model (for studies with significant heterogeneity) or a fixed-effects model (for studies without significant heterogeneity). RESULTS A total of 18 studies were included in this analysis. The pooled OR for PM2.5 exposure (per 10 μg/m(3) increment) during the entire pregnancy on preterm birth was 1.13 (95% CI = 1.03-1.24) in 13 studies with a significant heterogeneity (Q = 80.51, p < 0.001). The pooled ORs of PM2.5 exposure in the first, second and third trimester were 1.08 (95% CI = 0.92-1.26), 1.09 (95% CI = 0.82-1.44) and 1.08 (95% CI = 0.99-1.17), respectively. The corresponding meta-estimates of PM2.5 effects in studies assessing PM2.5 exposure at individual, semi-individual and regional level were 1.11 (95% CI = 0.89-1.37), 1.14 (95% CI = 0.97-1.35) and 1.07 (95% CI = 0.94-1.23). In addition, significant meta-estimates of PM2.5 exposures were found in retrospective studies (OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.01-1.21), prospective studies (OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.08-1.85), and studies conducted in the USA (OR = 1.16, 95 % CI = 1.05-1.29). CONCLUSIONS Maternal PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy may increase the risk of preterm birth,but significant heterogeneity was found between studies. Exposure assessment methods, study designs and study settings might be important sources of heterogeneity, and should be taken into account in future meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Sun
- Gynecology Department, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, No. 521, Xingnan Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511442, China.
| | - Xiping Luo
- Gynecology Department, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, No. 521, Xingnan Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511442, China.
| | - Chunmei Zhao
- Gynecology Department, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, No. 521, Xingnan Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511442, China.
| | - Rachel Wai Chung Ng
- Sydney South West Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Chi Eung Danforn Lim
- Sydney South West Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. .,Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 160, Qunxian Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511430, China. .,Environment and Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Medical Discipline of Twelfth Five-Year Plan, Guangzhou, 511430, China.
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Ouidir M, Giorgis-Allemand L, Lyon-Caen S, Morelli X, Cracowski C, Pontet S, Pin I, Lepeule J, Siroux V, Slama R. Estimation of exposure to atmospheric pollutants during pregnancy integrating space-time activity and indoor air levels: Does it make a difference? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 84:161-73. [PMID: 26300245 PMCID: PMC4776347 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Studies of air pollution effects during pregnancy generally only consider exposure in the outdoor air at the home address. We aimed to compare exposure models differing in their ability to account for the spatial resolution of pollutants, space-time activity and indoor air pollution levels. We recruited 40 pregnant women in the Grenoble urban area, France, who carried a Global Positioning System (GPS) during up to 3 weeks; in a subgroup, indoor measurements of fine particles (PM2.5) were conducted at home (n=9) and personal exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was assessed using passive air samplers (n=10). Outdoor concentrations of NO2, and PM2.5 were estimated from a dispersion model with a fine spatial resolution. Women spent on average 16 h per day at home. Considering only outdoor levels, for estimates at the home address, the correlation between the estimate using the nearest background air monitoring station and the estimate from the dispersion model was high (r=0.93) for PM2.5 and moderate (r=0.67) for NO2. The model incorporating clean GPS data was less correlated with the estimate relying on raw GPS data (r=0.77) than the model ignoring space-time activity (r=0.93). PM2.5 outdoor levels were not to moderately correlated with estimates from the model incorporating indoor measurements and space-time activity (r=-0.10 to 0.47), while NO2 personal levels were not correlated with outdoor levels (r=-0.42 to 0.03). In this urban area, accounting for space-time activity little influenced exposure estimates; in a subgroup of subjects (n=9), incorporating indoor pollution levels seemed to strongly modify them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Ouidir
- Inserm and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IAB, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France
| | - Lise Giorgis-Allemand
- Inserm and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IAB, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France
| | - Sarah Lyon-Caen
- Inserm and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IAB, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France
| | - Xavier Morelli
- Inserm and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IAB, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France
| | - Claire Cracowski
- CHU de Grenoble, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Inserm CIC 1406, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Isabelle Pin
- Inserm and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IAB, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France; CHU de Grenoble, Pediatric department, Grenoble, France
| | - Johanna Lepeule
- Inserm and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IAB, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France
| | - Valérie Siroux
- Inserm and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IAB, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France
| | - Rémy Slama
- Inserm and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IAB, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France.
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Zhang Q, Qiu M, Lai K, Zhong N. Cough and environmental air pollution in China. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2015; 35:132-6. [PMID: 26467061 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With fast-paced urbanization and increased energy consumption in rapidly industrialized modern China, the level of outdoor and indoor air pollution resulting from industrial and motor vehicle emissions has been increasing at an accelerated rate. Thus, there is a significant increase in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and decreased pulmonary function. Experimental exposure research and epidemiological studies have indicated that exposure to particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and environmental tobacco smoke have a harmful influence on development of respiratory diseases and are significantly associated with cough and wheeze. This review mainly discusses the effect of air pollutants on respiratory health, particularly with respect to cough, the links between air pollutants and microorganisms, and air pollutant sources. Particular attention is paid to studies in urban areas of China where the levels of ambient and indoor air pollution are significantly higher than World Health Organization recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases (Guangzhou Medical University) 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China.
| | - Minzhi Qiu
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases (Guangzhou Medical University) 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Kefang Lai
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases (Guangzhou Medical University) 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases (Guangzhou Medical University) 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
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Vodička P, Schwarz J, Cusack M, Ždímal V. Detailed comparison of OC/EC aerosol at an urban and a rural Czech background site during summer and winter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 518-519:424-33. [PMID: 25770955 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Winter and summer measurements of organic carbon and elemental carbon (OC and EC) in PM2.5 were performed in parallel at two sites, the rural background station Košetice and the Prague-Suchdol urban background site, with a 2-h time resolution using semi-online field OC/EC analysers. Seasonal and site differences were found in the OC and EC contents of PM2.5. Overall, the highest concentrations of both OC and EC were during winter at the urban site. The average urban impact was 50% for OC and 70% for EC. The summer season gives similar concentrations of OC at both sites. However, higher concentrations of EC, caused by higher traffic, were found at the urban site with an average urban increase of 50%. Moreover, an analysis of four OC fractions depending on the volatility (OC1 - most volatile, OC4 - least volatile) and pyrolytic carbon (PC) is provided. A similar level of each OC fraction at both sites was found in summer, except for higher OC1 at urban and higher PC at the rural site. In winter, the differences between the urban and rural sites were dominated by a large increase of the OC1 fraction in comparison with the rural site. A diurnal pattern of concentration and share of OC1 and PC suggests a prevailing influence of local sources on their concentrations at the urban site in winter. The OC3 and OC4 diurnal cycles suggest their more regional or long range transport origin in both seasons. The prevalent influence of OC1 at any urban site has not been previously reported. The minimisation of semi-volatile carbon losses during semi-continuous sampling and analysis, in comparison with off-line sampling methods, is a probable reason for the observed differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Vodička
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v.v.i., Rozvojová 2/135, 165 02, Prague 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaroslav Schwarz
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v.v.i., Rozvojová 2/135, 165 02, Prague 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Cusack
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v.v.i., Rozvojová 2/135, 165 02, Prague 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Ždímal
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v.v.i., Rozvojová 2/135, 165 02, Prague 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic
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Eklund AG, Chow JC, Greenbaum DS, Hidy GM, Kleinman MT, Watson JG, Wyzga RE. Public health and components of particulate matter: the changing assessment of black carbon. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2014; 64:1221-1231. [PMID: 25509544 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2014.960218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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Maiellaro M, Correa-Costa M, Vitoretti LB, Gimenes Júnior JA, Câmara NOS, Tavares-de-Lima W, Farsky SHP, Lino-dos-Santos-Franco A. Exposure to low doses of formaldehyde during pregnancy suppresses the development of allergic lung inflammation in offspring. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 278:266-74. [PMID: 24844129 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is an environmental and occupational pollutant, and its toxic effects on the immune system have been shown. Nevertheless, no data are available regarding the programming mechanisms after FA exposure and its repercussions for the immune systems of offspring. In this study, our objective was to investigate the effects of low-dose exposure of FA on pregnant rats and its repercussion for the development of allergic lung inflammation in offspring. Pregnant Wistar rats were assigned in 3 groups: P (rats exposed to FA (0.75 ppm, 1 h/day, 5 days/week, for 21 days)), C (rats exposed to vehicle of FA (distillated water)) and B (rats non-manipulated). After 30 days of age, the offspring was sensitised with ovalbumin (OVA)-alum and challenged with aerosolized OVA (1%, 15 min, 3 days). After 24 h the OVA challenge the parameters were evaluated. Our data showed that low-dose exposure to FA during pregnancy induced low birth weight and suppressed the development of allergic lung inflammation and tracheal hyperresponsiveness in offspring by mechanisms mediated by reduced anaphylactic antibodies synthesis, IL-6 and TNF-alpha secretion. Elevated levels of IL-10 were found. Any systemic alteration was detected in the exposed pregnant rats, although oxidative stress in the uterine environment was evident at the moment of the delivery based on elevated COX-1 expression and reduced cNOS and SOD-2 in the uterus. Therefore, we show the putative programming mechanisms induced by FA on the immune system for the first time and the mechanisms involved may be related to oxidative stress in the foetal microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Maiellaro
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus Correa-Costa
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana Beatriz Vitoretti
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Wothan Tavares-de-Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Helena Poliselli Farsky
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Lino-dos-Santos-Franco
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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