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Zoellner H, Paknejad N, Cornwell JA, Chami B, Romin Y, Boyko V, Fujisawa S, Kelly E, Lynch GW, Rogers G, Manova K, Moore MAS. Potential Hydrodynamic Cytoplasmic Transfer between Mammalian Cells: Cell-Projection Pumping. Biophys J 2020; 118:1248-1260. [PMID: 32087096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We earlier reported cytoplasmic fluorescence exchange between cultured human fibroblasts (Fibs) and malignant cells (MCs). Others report similar transfer via either tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) or shed membrane vesicles, and this changes the phenotype of recipient cells. Our time-lapse microscopy showed most exchange was from Fibs into MCs, with less in the reverse direction. Although TNTs were seen, we were surprised transfer was not via TNTs but was instead via fine and often branching cell projections that defied direct visual resolution because of their size and rapid movement. Their structure was revealed nonetheless by their organellar cargo and the grooves they formed indenting MCs, which was consistent with holotomography. Discrete, rapid, and highly localized transfer events evidenced against a role for shed vesicles. Transfer coincided with rapid retraction of the cell projections, suggesting a hydrodynamic mechanism. Increased hydrodynamic pressure in retracting cell projections normally returns cytoplasm to the cell body. We hypothesize "cell-projection pumping" (CPP), in which cytoplasm in retracting cell projections partially equilibrates into adjacent recipient cells via microfusions that form temporary intercellular cytoplasmic continuities. We tested plausibility for CPP by combined mathematical modeling, comparison of predictions from the model with experimental results, and then computer simulations based on experimental data. The mathematical model predicted preferential CPP into cells with lower cell stiffness, expected from equilibration of pressure toward least resistance. Predictions from the model were satisfied when Fibs were cocultured with MCs and fluorescence exchange was related to cell stiffness by atomic force microscopy. When transfer into 5000 simulated recipient MCs or Fibs was studied in computer simulations, inputting experimental cell stiffness and donor cell fluorescence values generated transfers to simulated recipient cells similar to those seen by experiment. We propose CPP as a potentially novel mechanism in mammalian intercellular cytoplasmic transfer and communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Zoellner
- The Cellular and Molecular Pathology Research Unit, Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia; Cell Biology, The Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| | - Navid Paknejad
- Molecular Cytology, The Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - James A Cornwell
- The Cellular and Molecular Pathology Research Unit, Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
| | - Belal Chami
- The Cellular and Molecular Pathology Research Unit, Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
| | - Yevgeniy Romin
- Molecular Cytology, The Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Vitaly Boyko
- Molecular Cytology, The Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sho Fujisawa
- Molecular Cytology, The Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Elizabeth Kelly
- The Cellular and Molecular Pathology Research Unit, Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
| | - Garry W Lynch
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, and Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Glynn Rogers
- The Cellular and Molecular Pathology Research Unit, Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
| | - Katia Manova
- Molecular Cytology, The Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Malcolm A S Moore
- Cell Biology, The Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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Gowda R, Robertson BM, Iyer S, Barry J, Dinavahi SS, Robertson GP. The role of exosomes in metastasis and progression of melanoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 85:101975. [PMID: 32050108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.101975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of melanoma metastasis have been the subject of extensive research for decades. Improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are of increasing importance for the treatment of melanoma due to its high burden of mortality in the advanced stages of the disease. Intercellular communication is a critical event for the progression of cancer. Collective evidence suggests that exosomes, small extracellular membrane vesicles released by the cells, are important facilitators of intercellular communication between the cells and the surrounding environment. Although the emerging field of exosomes is rapidly gaining traction in the scientific community, there is limited knowledge regarding the role of exosomes in melanoma. This review discusses the multifaceted role of melanoma-derived exosomes in promoting the process of metastasis by modulating the invasive and angiogenic capacity of malignant cells. The future implications of exosome research and the therapeutic potential of exosomes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Gowda
- Departments of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Penn State Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Penn State Melanoma Therapeutics Program, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Foreman Foundation for Melanoma Research, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Bailey M Robertson
- Departments of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Soumya Iyer
- Departments of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Penn State Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - John Barry
- Departments of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Saketh S Dinavahi
- Departments of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Penn State Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Gavin P Robertson
- Departments of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Departments of Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Departments of Dermatology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Departments of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Penn State Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Penn State Melanoma Therapeutics Program, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Foreman Foundation for Melanoma Research, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States.
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53
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Yekula A, Yekula A, Muralidharan K, Kang K, Carter BS, Balaj L. Extracellular Vesicles in Glioblastoma Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3137. [PMID: 32038644 PMCID: PMC6990128 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are highly aggressive primary brain tumors. Complex and dynamic tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in the sustained growth, proliferation, and invasion of GBM. Several means of intercellular communication have been documented between glioma cells and the TME, including growth factors, cytokines, chemokines as well as extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs carry functional genomic and proteomic cargo from their parental cells and deliver that information to surrounding and distant recipient cells to modulate their behavior. EVs are emerging as crucial mediators of establishment and maintenance of the tumor by modulating the TME into a tumor promoting system. Herein we review recent literature in the context of GBM TME and the means by which EVs modulate tumor proliferation, reprogram metabolic activity, induce angiogenesis, escape immune surveillance, acquire drug resistance and undergo invasion. Understanding the multifaceted roles of EVs in the niche of GBM TME will provide invaluable insights into understanding the biology of GBM and provide functional insights into the dynamic EV-mediated intercellular communication during gliomagenesis, creating new opportunities for GBM diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuroop Yekula
- Government General Hospital, Guntur Medical College, Guntur, India
| | - Anudeep Yekula
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Koushik Muralidharan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Keiko Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Bob S. Carter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Leonora Balaj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Extracellular Vesicles and Cancer: A Focus on Metabolism, Cytokines, and Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010171. [PMID: 32015297 PMCID: PMC7016590 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the mechanisms of cell communication between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment is crucial to develop personalized therapies. It has been known for a while that cancer cells are metabolically distinct from other non-transformed cells. This metabolic phenotype is not peculiar to cancer cells but reflects the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment. Recently, it has been shown that extracellular vesicles are involved in the metabolic switch occurring in cancer and tumor-stroma cells. Moreover, in an immune system, the metabolic programs of different cell subsets are distinctly associated with their immunological function, and extracellular vesicles could be a key factor in the shift of cell fate modulating cancer immunity. Indeed, during tumor progression, tumor-associated immune cells and fibroblasts acquire a tumor-supportive and anti-inflammatory phenotype due to their interaction with tumor cells and several findings suggest a role of extracellular vesicles in this phenomenon. This review aims to collect all the available evidence so far obtained on the role of extracellular vesicles in the modulation of cell metabolism and immunity. Moreover, we discuss the possibility for extracellular vesicles of being involved in drug resistance mechanisms, cancer progression and metastasis by inducing immune-metabolic effects on surrounding cells.
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Daßler-Plenker J, Küttner V, Egeblad M. Communication in tiny packages: Exosomes as means of tumor-stroma communication. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1873:188340. [PMID: 31926290 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes are nano-sized vesicles acting as multi-signal devices influencing tumor growth at local and distant sites. Exosomes are derived from the endolysosomal compartment and can shuttle diverse biomolecules like nucleic acids (microRNAs and DNA fragments), lipids, proteins, and even pharmacological compounds from a donor cell to recipient cells. The transfer of cargo to recipient cells enables tumor-derived exosomes to influence diverse cellular functions like proliferation, cell survival, and migration in recipient cells, highlighting tumor-derived exosomes as important players in communication within the tumor microenvironment and at distant sites. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms associated with exosome biogenesis and cargo sorting. In addition, we highlight the communication of tumor-derived exosomes in the tumor microenvironment during different phases of tumor development, focusing on angiogenesis, immune escape mechanisms, drug resistance, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria Küttner
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Mikala Egeblad
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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56
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Logozzi M, Di Raimo R, Mizzoni D, Fais S. Immunocapture-based ELISA to characterize and quantify exosomes in both cell culture supernatants and body fluids. Methods Enzymol 2020; 645:155-180. [PMID: 33565970 PMCID: PMC7346819 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immunocapture-based ELISA for extracellular vesicles (EVs)/exosomes, originally described in 2009 by Logozzi and colleagues, allows to capture, detect, characterize and quantify extracellular vesicles in both human body fluids and cell culture supernatants. It is based on the use of two antibodies directed one against a typical exosomal housekeeping protein and the second against either another exosomal housekeeping protein or a potential disease marker: the first antibody is used for the capture of exosomes, the second for the quantification and characterization of the captured vesicles. In fact, with this method it is possible both to characterize and count exosomes and to detect the presence of disease, including tumor, biomarkers. This needs of course to preliminary obtain an EVs purification from the clinical sample; the most agreed method to get to an EVs purification is the repeated rounds of ultracentrifugation, that, while far to be perfect, is the methodological approach allowing to not exclude EVs subpopulation from the separation procedure and to analyze a full range of EVs from both qualitative and quantitative point of view. The immunocapture-based approach has proven to be highly useful in screening, diagnosis and prognosis of tumors, in plasma samples. One amazing information provided by this method is that cancer patients have always significantly higher levels of EVs, in particular of exosomes, independently from the histological nature of the tumor. One microenvironmental factor that is fully involved in the increased exosome release by tumors is the extracellular acidity. However, few pre-clinical data suggest that plasmatic levels of exosomes may correlate with the tumor mass. Some recent clinical reports suggest also that circulating exosomes represent the real delivery system for some known tumor markers that are presently on trial (e.g., PSA). Here we review the pros and cons of the immunocapture-based technique in quantitative and qualitative evaluation of EVs in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariantonia Logozzi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Di Raimo
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Mizzoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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57
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The role of tumor-derived exosomes in tumor angiogenesis and tumor progression. CURRENT ISSUES IN PHARMACY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/cipms-2019-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Exosomes, belonging to the group of extracellular bodies, are released by healthy as well as cancerous cells and serve as a communication pathway. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) possess the capacity to reprogram the function of normal cells owing to their genetic and molecular cargo. Such exosomes target endothelial cells (among others) in the tumor microenvironment to promote angiogenesis. Blood supply is essential in solid tumor growth and metastasis. The potential of pro-angiogenic changes is enhanced by an increased amount of circulating tumor-derived exosomes in the body fluids of cancer patients. A vascular network is important, since the proliferation, as well as the metastatic spread of cancer cells depends on an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients, and the removal of waste products. New blood vessels and lymphatic vessels are formed through processes called angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, respectively. Angiogenesis is regulated by both activator and inhibitor molecules. Thousands of patients have received anti-angiogenic therapy to date. Despite their theoretical efficacy, anti-angiogenic treatments have not proved beneficial in terms of long-term survival. Tumor-derived exosomes carrying pro-angiogenic factors might be a target for new anti-cancer therapy.
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58
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DeVito NC, Plebanek MP, Theivanthiran B, Hanks BA. Role of Tumor-Mediated Dendritic Cell Tolerization in Immune Evasion. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2876. [PMID: 31921140 PMCID: PMC6914818 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of cancer-related deaths are due to metastasis, a process that requires evasion of the host immune system. In addition, a significant percentage of cancer patients do not benefit from our current immunotherapy arsenal due to either primary or secondary immunotherapy resistance. Importantly, select subsets of dendritic cells (DCs) have been shown to be indispensable for generating responses to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy. These observations are consistent with the critical role of DCs in antigen cross-presentation and the generation of effective anti-tumor immunity. Therefore, the evolution of efficient tumor-extrinsic mechanisms to modulate DCs is expected to be a potent strategy to escape immunosurveillance and various immunotherapy strategies. Despite this critical role, little is known regarding the methods by which cancers subvert DC function. Herein, we focus on those select mechanisms utilized by developing cancers to co-opt and tolerize local DC populations. We discuss the reported mechanisms utilized by cancers to induce DC tolerization in the tumor microenvironment, describing various parallels between the evolution of these mechanisms and the process of mesenchymal transformation involved in tumorigenesis and metastasis, and we highlight strategies to reverse these mechanisms in order to enhance the efficacy of the currently available checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C. DeVito
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Michael P. Plebanek
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Bala Theivanthiran
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Brent A. Hanks
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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59
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Hood JL. Natural melanoma-derived extracellular vesicles. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 59:251-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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60
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Sahebi R, Langari H, Fathinezhad Z, Bahari Sani Z, Avan A, Ghayour Mobarhan M, Rezayi M. Exosomes: New insights into cancer mechanisms. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:7-16. [PMID: 31701565 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are mobile extracellular vesicles with a diameter 40 to 150 nm. They play a critical role in several processes such as the development of cancers, intercellular signaling, drug resistance mechanisms, and cell-to-cell communication by fusion onto the cell membrane of recipient cells. These vesicles contain endogenous proteins and both noncoding and coding RNAs (microRNA and messenger RNAs) that can be delivered to various types of cells. Furthermore, exosomes exist in body fluids such as plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine. Therefore, they could be used as a novel carrier to deliver therapeutic nucleic-acid drugs for cancer therapy. It was recently documented that, hypoxia promotes exosomes secretion in different tumor types leading to the activation of vascular cells and angiogenesis. Cancer cell-derived exosomes (CCEs) have been used as prognostic and diagnostic markers in many types of cancers because exosomes are stable at 4°C and -70°C. CCEs have many functional roles in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and invasion. Consequently, this review presents the data about the therapeutic application of exosomes and the role of CCEs in cancer invasion, drug resistance, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Sahebi
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hadis Langari
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zohre Fathinezhad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Bahari Sani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Rezayi
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Zoellner H, Chami B, Kelly E, Moore MAS. Increased cell size, structural complexity and migration of cancer cells acquiring fibroblast organelles by cell-projection pumping. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224800. [PMID: 31697757 PMCID: PMC6837525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently described a hydrodynamic mechanism for cytoplasmic transfer between cells, termed cell-projection pumping (CPP). Earlier image analysis related altered SAOS-2 osteosarcoma cell morphology, to what we now recognize as CPP uptake of fibroblast cytoplasm. We here examine SAOS-2 phenotype following co-culture with human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) in which organelles were pre-labelled with a fluorescent lipophilic marker. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis was performed of HDF and SAOS-2, cultured either alone or together. FACS forward scatter is proportionate to cell size, and increased for SAOS-2 with high levels of HDF fluorescence uptake (p < 0.004). FACS side scatter is proportionate to internal cell complexity, and increased in SAOS-2 with increasing uptake of HDF fluorescence (p < 0.004), consistent with uptake of HDF organelles. Scratch migration assays revealed that HDF migrated more quickly than SAOS-2 in both isolated cell culture, and following co-culture (p < 0.004). Notably, SAOS-2 with high levels of HDF labelling migrated faster compared with SAOS-2 with low HDF labelling (p < 0.008). A slight and unconvincing reduction in SAOS-2 proliferation was seen (p < 0.02). Similar results were obtained in single additional experiments with A673 and H312 cancer cells. Forward and side scatter results suggest organellar transfer by CPP increases cancer cell morphological diversity. This may contribute to histological pleomorphism relevant to cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Also, increased migration of sub-populations of cancer cells with high CPP organellar uptake, may contribute to invasion and metastasis in-vivo. We thus suggest relevance of CPP to cancer diagnosis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Zoellner
- The Cellular and Molecular Pathology Research Unit, Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Cell Biology, The Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Belal Chami
- The Cellular and Molecular Pathology Research Unit, Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Kelly
- The Cellular and Molecular Pathology Research Unit, Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Malcolm A. S. Moore
- Cell Biology, The Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
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Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles: insights into bystander effects of exosomes after irradiation. Lasers Med Sci 2019; 35:531-545. [PMID: 31529349 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-019-02880-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review article aims to address the kinetic of TDEs in cancer cells pre- and post-radiotherapy. Radiotherapy is traditionally used for the treatment of multiple cancer types; however, there is growing evidence to show that radiotherapy exerts NTEs on cells near to the irradiated cells. In tumor mass, irradiated cells can affect non-irradiated cells in different ways. Of note, exosomes are nano-scaled cell particles releasing from tumor cells and play key roles in survival, metastasis, and immunosuppression of tumor cells. Recent evidence indicated that irradiation has the potential to affect the dynamic of different signaling pathways such as exosome biogenesis. Indeed, exosomes act as intercellular mediators in various cell communication through transmitting bio-molecules. Due to their critical roles in cancer biology, exosomes are at the center of attention. TDEs contain an exclusive molecular signature that they may serve as tumor biomarker in the diagnosis of different cancers. Interestingly, radiotherapy and IR could also contribute to altering the dynamic of exosome secretion. Most probably, the content of exosomes in irradiated cells is different compared to exosomes originated from the non-irradiated BCs. Irradiated cells release exosomes with exclusive content that mediate NTEs in BCs. Considering variation in cell type, IR doses, and radio-resistance or radio-sensitivity of different cancers, there is, however, contradictions in the feature and activity of irradiated exosomes on neighboring cells.
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63
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Patras L, Banciu M. Intercellular Crosstalk Via Extracellular Vesicles in Tumor Milieu as Emerging Therapies for Cancer Progression. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:1980-2006. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190701143845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
:Increasing evidence has suggested that extracellular vesicles (EV) mediated bidirectional transfer of functional molecules (such as proteins, different types of RNA, and lipids) between cancer cells and tumor stromal cells (immune cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, stem cells) and strongly contributed to the reinforcement of cancer progression. Thus, intercellular EV-mediated signaling in tumor microenvironment (TME) is essential in the modulation of all processes that support and promote tumor development like immune suppression, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, and resistance of tumor cells to anticancer treatments.:Besides EV potential to revolutionize our understanding of the cancer cell-stromal cells crosstalk in TME, their ability to selectively transfer different cargos to recipient cells has created excitement in the field of tumortargeted delivery of specific molecules for anticancer treatments. Therefore, in tight connection with previous findings, this review brought insight into the dual role of EV in modulation of TME. Thus, on one side EV create a favorable phenotype of tumor stromal cells for tumor progression; however, as a future new class of anticancer drug delivery systems EV could re-educate the TME to overcome main supportive processes for malignancy progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Patras
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Manuela Banciu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Haynes BA, Yang LF, Huyck RW, Lehrer EJ, Turner JM, Barabutis N, Correll VL, Mathiesen A, McPheat W, Semmes OJ, Dobrian AD. Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Human Adipose Tissue Vasculature Alters the Particulate Secretome and Induces Endothelial Dysfunction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:2168-2191. [PMID: 31434495 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial cells (EC) in obese adipose tissue (AT) are exposed to a chronic proinflammatory environment that may induce a mesenchymal-like phenotype and altered function. The objective of this study was to establish whether endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) is present in human AT in obesity and to investigate the effect of such transition on endothelial function and the endothelial particulate secretome represented by extracellular vesicles (EV). Approach and Results: We identified EndoMT in obese human AT depots by immunohistochemical co-localization of CD31 or vWF and α-SMA (alpha-smooth muscle actin). We showed that AT EC exposed in vitro to TGF-β (tumor growth factor-β), TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α), and IFN-γ (interferon-γ) undergo EndoMT with progressive loss of endothelial markers. The phenotypic change results in failure to maintain a tight barrier in culture, increased migration, and reduced angiogenesis. EndoMT also reduced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolytic capacity of EC. EVs produced by EC that underwent EndoMT dramatically reduced angiogenic capacity of the recipient naïve ECs without affecting their migration or proliferation. Proteomic analysis of EV produced by EC in the proinflammatory conditions showed presence of several pro-inflammatory and immune proteins along with an enrichment in angiogenic receptors. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the presence of EndoMT in human AT in obesity. EndoMT in vitro resulted in production of EV that transferred some of the functional and metabolic features to recipient naïve EC. This result suggests that functional and molecular features of EC that underwent EndoMT in vivo can be disseminated in a paracrine or endocrine fashion and may induce endothelial dysfunction in distant vascular beds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronson A Haynes
- the Department of Physiological Sciences (B.A.H., R.W.H., E.J.L., J.M.T., A.M., W.M., A.D.D.), Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk
| | - Li Fang Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell and Molecular Biology and Leroy T. Canoles Cancer Center (L.F.Y., V.L.C., O.J.S.), Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk
| | - Ryan W Huyck
- the Department of Physiological Sciences (B.A.H., R.W.H., E.J.L., J.M.T., A.M., W.M., A.D.D.), Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk
| | - Eric J Lehrer
- the Department of Physiological Sciences (B.A.H., R.W.H., E.J.L., J.M.T., A.M., W.M., A.D.D.), Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk
| | - Joshua M Turner
- the Department of Physiological Sciences (B.A.H., R.W.H., E.J.L., J.M.T., A.M., W.M., A.D.D.), Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk
| | - Nektarios Barabutis
- Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe (N.B.)
| | - Vanessa L Correll
- Department of Microbiology and Cell and Molecular Biology and Leroy T. Canoles Cancer Center (L.F.Y., V.L.C., O.J.S.), Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk
| | - Allison Mathiesen
- the Department of Physiological Sciences (B.A.H., R.W.H., E.J.L., J.M.T., A.M., W.M., A.D.D.), Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk
| | - William McPheat
- the Department of Physiological Sciences (B.A.H., R.W.H., E.J.L., J.M.T., A.M., W.M., A.D.D.), Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk
| | - O John Semmes
- Department of Microbiology and Cell and Molecular Biology and Leroy T. Canoles Cancer Center (L.F.Y., V.L.C., O.J.S.), Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk
| | - Anca D Dobrian
- the Department of Physiological Sciences (B.A.H., R.W.H., E.J.L., J.M.T., A.M., W.M., A.D.D.), Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk
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Xu H, Jia S, Xu H. Potential therapeutic applications of exosomes in different autoimmune diseases. Clin Immunol 2019; 205:116-124. [PMID: 31228581 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are caused by self-immune responses to autoantigens, which damage body tissues and severely affect the patient's quality of life. Therapeutic drugs are associated with adverse side effects and their beneficial effects are limited to specific populations. Evidence indicates that exosomes which are small vesicles secreted by most cell types and body fluids, and may play roles in both immune stimulation and tolerance since they are involved in many processes such as immune signaling, inflammation and angiogenesis. Exosomes have also emerged as promising tools for therapeutic delivery, given their intrinsic features such as stability, biocompatibility and a capacity for stealth. In this review, we summarize existing literature regarding the production, efficacy, action mechanism, and potential therapeutic uses of exosomes in the contexts of autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- The Engineering Research Center of polypeptide Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Jiangsu Province, College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shaochang Jia
- Department of Bio-Treatment, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Hanmei Xu
- The Engineering Research Center of polypeptide Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Jiangsu Province, College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Perut F, Roncuzzi L, Zini N, Massa A, Baldini N. Extracellular Nanovesicles Secreted by Human Osteosarcoma Cells Promote Angiogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060779. [PMID: 31195680 PMCID: PMC6627280 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis involves a number of different players among which extracellular nanovesicles (EVs) have recently been proposed as an efficient cargo of pro-angiogenic mediators. Angiogenesis plays a key role in osteosarcoma (OS) development and progression. Acidity is a hallmark of malignancy in a variety of cancers, including sarcomas, as a result of an increased energetic metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of EVs derived from osteosarcoma cells on angiogenesis and whether extracellular acidity, generated by tumor metabolism, could influence EVs activity. For this purpose, we purified and characterized EVs from OS cells maintained at either acidic or neutral pH. The ability of EVs to induce angiogenesis was assessed in vitro by endothelial cell tube formation and in vivo using chicken chorioallantoic membrane. Our findings demonstrated that EVs derived from osteosarcoma cells maintained either in acidic or neutral conditions induced angiogenesis. The results showed that miRNA and protein content of EVs cargo are correlated with pro-angiogenic activity and this activity is increased by the acidity of tumor microenvironment. This study provides evidence that EVs released by human osteosarcoma cells act as carriers of active angiogenic stimuli that are able to promote endothelial cell functions relevant to angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Perut
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Laura Roncuzzi
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Zini
- CNR-National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Massa
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40123 Bologna, Italy.
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Al-Sowayan BS, Al-Shareeda AT, Al-Hujaily EM. Exosomes, cancer's little army. Stem Cell Investig 2019; 6:9. [PMID: 31119147 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2019.03.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to conceptualize the process of cancer formation, Hanahan and Weinberg [2000] have outlined six universal characteristics of tumorigenesis, and labelled them as the "hallmarks of cancer". These hallmarks include; unlimited proliferation, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, initiating invasion and metastasis. Cancer cell signalling is crucial for initiating and controlling cellular pathways that are involved in these hallmarks. The intricate network of communication between cancer cells and other cancer or non-cancer cells is still being investigated, and is yet to be fully understood. Initially it was proposed that the main form of communication between cells within the tumour microenvironment are soluble growth factors, and gap junctions. Then, researchers reported another form of cell-to-cell communication, through the release of spherical particles called exosomes. It is believed that these exosomes enable communication through the transfer of active components from the releasing cell, and off-loading it into the recipient cell. As researchers continue to examine the development of the cancer hallmarks and the pathways involved, it became evident that cancer cell-derived exosomes play a major role in almost all of them. This review will examine the role played by cancer cell-derived exosomes in development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balta S Al-Sowayan
- Cell Therapy & Cancer Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa T Al-Shareeda
- Cell Therapy & Cancer Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ensaf M Al-Hujaily
- Cell Therapy & Cancer Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
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68
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Grange C, Brossa A, Bussolati B. Extracellular Vesicles and Carried miRNAs in the Progression of Renal Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081832. [PMID: 31013896 PMCID: PMC6514717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation and maintenance of renal cell carcinomas (RCC) involve many cell types, such as cancer stem and differentiated cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and immune cells. These all contribute to the creation of a favorable tumor microenvironment to promote tumor growth and metastasis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered to be efficient messengers that facilitate the exchange of information within the different tumor cell types. Indeed, tumor EVs display features of their originating cells and force recipient cells towards a pro-tumorigenic phenotype. This review summarizes the recent knowledge related to the biological role of EVs, shed by renal tumor cells and renal cancer stem cells in different aspects of RCC progression, such as angiogenesis, immune escape and tumor growth. Moreover, a specific role for renal cancer stem cell derived EVs is described in the formation of the pre-metastatic niche. We also highlight the tumor EV cargo, especially the oncogenic miRNAs, which are involved in these processes. Finally, the circulating miRNAs appear to be a promising source of biomarkers in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Grange
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Alessia Brossa
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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Gurunathan S, Kang MH, Jeyaraj M, Qasim M, Kim JH. Review of the Isolation, Characterization, Biological Function, and Multifarious Therapeutic Approaches of Exosomes. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040307. [PMID: 30987213 PMCID: PMC6523673 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 683] [Impact Index Per Article: 136.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that contain a specific composition of proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. They are derived from endocytic membranes and can transfer signals to recipient cells, thus mediating a novel mechanism of cell-to-cell communication. They are also thought to be involved in cellular waste disposal. Exosomes play significant roles in various biological functions, including the transfer of biomolecules such as RNA, proteins, enzymes, and lipids and the regulation of numerous physiological and pathological processes in various diseases. Because of these properties, they are considered to be promising biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases and may contribute to the development of minimally invasive diagnostics and next generation therapies. The biocompatible nature of exosomes could enhance the stability and efficacy of imaging probes and therapeutics. Due to their potential use in clinical applications, exosomes have attracted much research attention on their roles in health and disease. To explore the use of exosomes in the biomedical arena, it is essential that the basic molecular mechanisms behind the transport and function of these vesicles are well-understood. Herein, we discuss the history, biogenesis, release, isolation, characterization, and biological functions of exosomes, as well as the factors influencing their biogenesis and their technical and biological challenges. We conclude this review with a discussion on the future perspectives of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Min-Hee Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Muniyandi Jeyaraj
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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70
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Maacha S, Bhat AA, Jimenez L, Raza A, Haris M, Uddin S, Grivel JC. Extracellular vesicles-mediated intercellular communication: roles in the tumor microenvironment and anti-cancer drug resistance. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:55. [PMID: 30925923 PMCID: PMC6441157 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment represents a complex network, in which tumor cells not only communicate with each other but also with stromal and immune cells. Current research has demonstrated the vital role of the tumor microenvironment in supporting tumor phenotype via a sophisticated system of intercellular communication through direct cell-to-cell contact or by classical paracrine signaling loops of cytokines or growth factors. Recently, extracellular vesicles have emerged as an important mechanism of cellular interchange of bioactive molecules. Extracellular vesicles isolated from tumor and stromal cells have been implicated in various steps of tumor progression, such as proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance. Inhibition of extracellular vesicles secretion, and thus of the transfer of oncogenic molecules, holds promise for preventing tumor growth and drug resistance. This review focuses on the role of extracellular vesicles in modulating the tumor microenvironment by addressing different aspects of the bidirectional interactions among tumor and tumor-associated cells. The contribution of extracellular vesicles to drug resistance will also be discussed as well as therapeutic strategies targeting extracellular vesicles production for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Maacha
- Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, PO BOX 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, PO BOX 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Lizandra Jimenez
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Afsheen Raza
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, PO BOX 26999, Doha, Qatar.,Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jean-Charles Grivel
- Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, PO BOX 26999, Doha, Qatar.
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71
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Bardi GT, Al-Rayan N, Richie JL, Yaddanapudi K, Hood JL. Detection of Inflammation-Related Melanoma Small Extracellular Vesicle (sEV) mRNA Content Using Primary Melanocyte sEVs as a Reference. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051235. [PMID: 30870978 PMCID: PMC6429302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) participate in tumor pathogenesis. Tumor pathogenesis is highly dependent on inflammatory processes. Given the potential for melanoma sEVs to carry tumor biomarkers, we explored the hypothesis that they may contain inflammation-related mRNA content. Biophysical characterization showed that human primary melanocyte-derived sEVs trended toward being smaller and having less negative (more neutral) zeta potential than human melanoma sEVs (A-375, SKMEL-28, and C-32). Using primary melanocyte sEVs as the control population, RT-qPCR array results demonstrated similarities and differences in gene expression between melanoma sEV types. Upregulation of pro-angiogenic chemokine ligand CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL8 mRNAs in A-375 and SKMEL-28 melanoma sEVs was the most consistent finding. This paralleled increased production of CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL8 proteins by A-375 and SKMEL-28 sEV source cells. Overall, the use of primary melanocyte sEVs as a control sEV reference population facilitated the detection of inflammation-related melanoma sEV mRNA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina T Bardi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Numan Al-Rayan
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Jamaal L Richie
- Molecular Targets Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Kavitha Yaddanapudi
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
- Molecular Targets Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Joshua L Hood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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Rai A, Greening DW, Chen M, Xu R, Ji H, Simpson RJ. Exosomes Derived from Human Primary and Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Cells Contribute to Functional Heterogeneity of Activated Fibroblasts by Reprogramming Their Proteome. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1800148. [PMID: 30582284 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a heterogeneous population of activated fibroblasts that constitute a dominant cellular component of the tumor microenvironment (TME) performing distinct functions. Here, the role of tumor-derived exosomes (Exos) in activating quiescent fibroblasts into distinct functional subtypes is investigated. Proteomic profiling and functional dissection reveal that early- (SW480) and late-stage (SW620) colorectal cancer (CRC) cell-derived Exos both activated normal quiescent fibroblasts (α-SMA- , CAV+ , FAP+ , VIM+ ) into CAF-like fibroblasts (α-SMA+ , CAV- , FAP+ , VIM+ ). Fibroblasts activated by early-stage cancer-exosomes (SW480-Exos) are highly pro-proliferative and pro-angiogenic and display elevated expression of pro-angiogenic (IL8, RAB10, NDRG1) and pro-proliferative (SA1008, FFPS) proteins. In contrast, fibroblasts activated by late-stage cancer-exosomes (SW620-Exos) display a striking ability to invade through extracellular matrix through upregulation of pro-invasive regulators of membrane protrusion (PDLIM1, MYO1B) and matrix-remodeling proteins (MMP11, EMMPRIN, ADAM10). Conserved features of Exos-mediated fibroblast activation include enhanced ECM secretion (COL1A1, Tenascin-C/X), oncogenic transformation, and metabolic reprogramming (downregulation of CAV-1, upregulation of glycogen metabolism (GAA), amino acid biosynthesis (SHMT2, IDH2) and membrane transporters of glucose (GLUT1), lactate (MCT4), and amino acids (SLC1A5/3A5)). This study highlights the role of primary and metastatic CRC tumor-derived Exos in generating phenotypically and functionally distinct subsets of CAFs that may facilitate tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin Rai
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David W Greening
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maoshan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hong Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Exosomes and microvesicles in normal physiology, pathophysiology, and renal diseases. Pediatr Nephrol 2019; 34:11-30. [PMID: 29181712 PMCID: PMC6244861 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-017-3816-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are cell-derived membrane particles ranging from 30 to 5,000 nm in size, including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. They are released under physiological conditions, but also upon cellular activation, senescence, and apoptosis. They play an important role in intercellular communication. Their release may also maintain cellular integrity by ridding the cell of damaging substances. This review describes the biogenesis, uptake, and detection of extracellular vesicles in addition to the impact that they have on recipient cells, focusing on mechanisms important in the pathophysiology of kidney diseases, such as thrombosis, angiogenesis, tissue regeneration, immune modulation, and inflammation. In kidney diseases, extracellular vesicles may be utilized as biomarkers, as they are detected in both blood and urine. Furthermore, they may contribute to the pathophysiology of renal disease while also having beneficial effects associated with tissue repair. Because of their role in the promotion of thrombosis, inflammation, and immune-mediated disease, they could be the target of drug therapy, whereas their favorable effects could be utilized therapeutically in acute and chronic kidney injury.
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Spugnini EP, Logozzi M, Di Raimo R, Mizzoni D, Fais S. A Role of Tumor-Released Exosomes in Paracrine Dissemination and Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3968. [PMID: 30544664 PMCID: PMC6321583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic diffusion is thought to be a multi-step phenomenon involving the release of cells from the primary tumor and their diffusion through the body. Currently, several hypotheses have been put forward in order to explain the origin of cancer metastasis, including epithelial⁻mesenchymal transition, mutagenesis of stem cells, and a facilitating role of macrophages, involving, for example, transformation or fusion hybridization with neoplastic cells. In this paradigm, tumor-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes, play a pivotal role in cell communications, delivering a plethora of biomolecules including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. For their natural role in shuttling molecules, EVs have been newly considered a part of the metastatic cascade. They have a prominent role in preparing the so-called "tumor niches" in target organs. However, recent evidence has pointed out an even more interesting role of tumor EVs, consisting in their ability to induce malignant transformation in resident mesenchymal stem cells. All in all, in this review, we discuss the multiple involvements of EVs in the metastatic cascade, and how we can exploit and manipulate EVs in order to reduce the metastatic spread of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariantonia Logozzi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Rossella Di Raimo
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Davide Mizzoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Prostate cancer bone metastasis is the lethal progression of the disease. The disease frequently presents with osteoblastic lesions in bone. The tumor-induced bone can cause complications that significantly hamper the quality of life of patients. A better understanding of how prostate cancer induces aberrant bone formation and how the aberrant bone affects the progression and treatment of the disease may improve the therapies for this disease. RECENT FINDINGS Prostate cancer-induced bone was shown to enhance tumor growth and confer therapeutic resistance in bone metastasis. Clinically, Radium-223, an alpha emitter that selectively targets bone, was shown to improve overall survival in patients, supporting a role of tumor-induced bone in prostate cancer progression in bone. Recently, it was discovered that PCa-induced aberrant bone formation is due, in part, from tumor-associated endothelial cells that were converted into osteoblasts through endothelial-to-osteoblast (EC-to-OSB) conversion by tumor-secreted BMP4. The unique bone-forming phenotype of prostate cancer bone metastasis plays a role in prostate cancer progression in bone and therapy resistance. Therapies that incorporate targeting the tumor-induced osteoblasts or EC-to-OSB conversion mechanism may reduce tumor-induced bone formation and improve therapy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Chang Lin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Li-Yuan Yu-Lee
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sue-Hwa Lin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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Hood JL. Pre-analytical influences on the population heterogeneity of human extracellular vesicles sourced for nanomedicine uses. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:2669-2674. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Hood
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, & The James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Kosair Charities Clinical & Translational Research Building, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Moradi‐Chaleshtori M, Hashemi SM, Soudi S, Bandehpour M, Mohammadi‐Yeganeh S. Tumor‐derived exosomal microRNAs and proteins as modulators of macrophage function. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7970-7982. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Moradi‐Chaleshtori
- Department of Biotechnology School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Hashemi
- Department of Immunology School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Sara Soudi
- Department of Immunology Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Mojgan Bandehpour
- Department of Biotechnology School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Samira Mohammadi‐Yeganeh
- Department of Biotechnology School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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Petersen KE, Shiri F, White T, Bardi GT, Sant H, Gale BK, Hood JL. Exosome Isolation: Cyclical Electrical Field Flow Fractionation in Low-Ionic-Strength Fluids. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12783-12790. [PMID: 30346136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The influence of buffer substitution and dilution effects on exosome size and electrophoretic mobility were shown for the first time. Cyclical electrical field flow fractionation (Cy-El-FFF) in various substituted fluids was applied to exosomes and other particles. Tested carrier fluids of deionized (DI) water, 1× phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 0.308 M trehalose, and 2% isopropyl alcohol (IPA) influenced Cy-El-FFF-mediated isolation of A375 melanoma exosomes. All fractograms revealed a crescent-shaped trend in retention times with increasing voltage with the maximum retention time at ∼1.3 V AC. A375 melanoma exosome recovery was approximately 70-80% after each buffer substitution, and recovery was independent of whether the sample was substituted into 1× PBS or DI water. Exosome dilution in deionized water produced a U-shaped dependence on electrophoretic mobility. The effect of dilution using 1× PBS buffer revealed a very gradual change in electrophoretic mobility of exosomes from ∼-1.6 to -0.1 μm cm/s V, as exosome concentration was decreased. This differed from the use of DI water, where a large change from ∼-5.5 to -0.1 μm cm/s V over the same dilution range was observed. Fractograms of separated A375 melanoma exosomes in two substituted low-ionic-strength buffers were compared with synthetic particle fractograms. Overall, the ability of Cy-El-FFF to separate exosomes based on their size and charge is a highly promising, label-free approach to initially catalogue and purify exosome subtypes for biobanking as well as to enable further exosome subtype interrogations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E Petersen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Utah , 1495 E 100 S , Room 1550, Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Farhad Shiri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Utah , 1495 E 100 S , Room 1550, Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Travis White
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Utah , 1495 E 100 S , Room 1550, Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Gina T Bardi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology & James Graham Brown Cancer Center , University of Louisville , Kosair Charities Clinical & Translational Research Building, Room 411, 505 South Hancock Street , Louisville , Kentucky 40202 , United States
| | - Himanshu Sant
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Utah , 1495 E 100 S , Room 1550, Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Bruce K Gale
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Utah , 1495 E 100 S , Room 1550, Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Joshua L Hood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology & James Graham Brown Cancer Center , University of Louisville , Kosair Charities Clinical & Translational Research Building, Room 411, 505 South Hancock Street , Louisville , Kentucky 40202 , United States
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79
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Dubois F, Jean-Jacques B, Roberge H, Bénard M, Galas L, Schapman D, Elie N, Goux D, Keller M, Maille E, Bergot E, Zalcman G, Levallet G. A role for RASSF1A in tunneling nanotube formation between cells through GEFH1/Rab11 pathway control. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:66. [PMID: 30305100 PMCID: PMC6180646 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND By allowing intercellular communication between cells, tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) could play critical role in cancer progression. If TNT formation is known to require cytoskeleton remodeling, key mechanism controlling their formation remains poorly understood. METHODS The cells of human bronchial (HBEC-3, A549) or mesothelial (H2452, H28) lines are transfected with different siRNAs (inactive, anti-RASSF1A, anti-GEFH1 and / or anti-Rab11). At 48 h post-transfection, i) the number and length of the nanotubes per cell are quantified, ii) the organelles, previously labeled with specific tracers, exchanged via these structures are monitored in real time between cells cultured in 2D or 3D and in normoxia, hypoxia or in serum deprivation condition. RESULTS We report that RASSF1A, a key-regulator of cytoskeleton encoded by a tumor-suppressor gene on 3p chromosome, is involved in TNTs formation in bronchial and pleural cells since controlling proper activity of RhoB guanine nucleotide exchange factor, GEF-H1. Indeed, the GEF-H1 inactivation induced by RASSF1A silencing, leads to Rab11 accumulation and subsequent exosome releasing, which in turn contribute to TNTs formation. Finally, we provide evidence involving TNT formation in bronchial carcinogenesis, by reporting that hypoxia or nutriment privation, two almost universal conditions in human cancers, fail to prevent TNTs induced by the oncogenic RASSF1A loss of expression. CONCLUSIONS This finding suggests for the first time that loss of RASSF1A expression could be a potential biomarker for TNTs formation, such TNTs facilitating intercellular communication favoring multistep progression of bronchial epithelial cells toward overt malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatéméh Dubois
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, F-14000, Caen, France.,Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologique, CHU de Caen, F-14033, Caen, France
| | - Bastien Jean-Jacques
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, F-14000, Caen, France.,Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologique, CHU de Caen, F-14033, Caen, France
| | - Hélène Roberge
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, F-14000, Caen, France
| | - Magalie Bénard
- Normandie Université, Rouen, SFR IRIB, Plateau PRIMACEN, F-76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Ludovic Galas
- Normandie Université, Rouen, SFR IRIB, Plateau PRIMACEN, F-76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Damien Schapman
- Normandie Université, Rouen, SFR IRIB, Plateau PRIMACEN, F-76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Nicolas Elie
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, SFR ICORE, Plateau CMABio3, F-14032, Caen, France
| | - Didier Goux
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, SFR ICORE, Plateau CMABio3, F-14032, Caen, France
| | - Maureen Keller
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, F-14000, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, UNICAEN, UPRES-EA-2608, F-14032, Caen, France
| | - Elodie Maille
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, F-14000, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, UNICAEN, UMR 1086 INSERM, F-14032, Caen, France
| | - Emmanuel Bergot
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, F-14000, Caen, France.,Service de Pneumologie, CHU de Caen, F-14033, Caen, France
| | - Gérard Zalcman
- U830 INSERM, "Génétique et Biologie des cancers" Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Service d'oncologie thoracique, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, AP-HP, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Guénaëlle Levallet
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, F-14000, Caen, France. .,Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologique, CHU de Caen, F-14033, Caen, France. .,Service D'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologique, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, CHU de Caen, Avenue de la côte de Nacre, 14032, Caen, France.
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80
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Boussadia Z, Lamberti J, Mattei F, Pizzi E, Puglisi R, Zanetti C, Pasquini L, Fratini F, Fantozzi L, Felicetti F, Fecchi K, Raggi C, Sanchez M, D'Atri S, Carè A, Sargiacomo M, Parolini I. Acidic microenvironment plays a key role in human melanoma progression through a sustained exosome mediated transfer of clinically relevant metastatic molecules. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:245. [PMID: 30290833 PMCID: PMC6173926 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0915-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Microenvironment cues involved in melanoma progression are largely unknown. Melanoma is highly influenced in its aggressive phenotype by the changes it determinates in its microenvironment, such as pH decrease, in turn influencing cancer cell invasiveness, progression and tissue remodelling through an abundant secretion of exosomes, dictating cancer strategy to the whole host. A role of exosomes in driving melanoma progression under microenvironmental acidity was never described. Methods We studied four differently staged human melanoma lines, reflecting melanoma progression, under microenvironmental acidic pHs pressure ranging between pH 6.0–6.7. To estimate exosome secretion as a function of tumor stage and environmental pH, we applied a technique to generate native fluorescent exosomes characterized by vesicles integrity, size, density, markers expression, and quantifiable by direct FACS analysis. Functional roles of exosomes were tested in migration and invasion tests. Then we performed a comparative proteomic analysis of acid versus control exosomes to elucidate a specific signature involved in melanoma progression. Results We found that metastatic melanoma secretes a higher exosome amount than primary melanoma, and that acidic pH increases exosome secretion when melanoma is in an intermediate stage, i.e. metastatic non-invasive. We were thus able to show that acidic pH influences the intercellular cross-talk mediated by exosomes. In fact when exposed to exosomes produced in an acidic medium, pH naïve melanoma cells acquire migratory and invasive capacities likely due to transfer of metastatic exosomal proteins, favoring cell motility and angiogenesis. A Prognoscan-based meta-analysis study of proteins enriched in acidic exosomes, identified 11 genes (HRAS, GANAB, CFL2, HSP90B1, HSP90AB1, GSN, HSPA1L, NRAS, HSPA5, TIMP3, HYOU1), significantly correlating with poor prognosis, whose high expression was in part confirmed in bioptic samples of lymph node metastases. Conclusions A crucial step of melanoma progression does occur at melanoma intermediate –stage, when extracellular acidic pH induces an abundant release and intra-tumoral uptake of exosomes. Such exosomes are endowed with pro-invasive molecules of clinical relevance, which may provide a signature of melanoma advancement. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0915-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Boussadia
- Global Health Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Jessica Lamberti
- Oncology and Molecular Medicine Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Mattei
- Oncology and Molecular Medicine Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pizzi
- Major Equipments and Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Puglisi
- Center for Gender- specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Zanetti
- Oncology and Molecular Medicine Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Pasquini
- Major Equipments and Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Fratini
- Major Equipments and Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Fantozzi
- Major Equipments and Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Felicetti
- Oncology and Molecular Medicine Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Fecchi
- Global Health Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Raggi
- National Center for the Control and Evaluation of Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Sanchez
- Major Equipments and Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania D'Atri
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata- IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Carè
- Center for Gender- specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Isabella Parolini
- Oncology and Molecular Medicine Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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81
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Lou E, Zhai E, Sarkari A, Desir S, Wong P, Iizuka Y, Yang J, Subramanian S, McCarthy J, Bazzaro M, Steer CJ. Cellular and Molecular Networking Within the Ecosystem of Cancer Cell Communication via Tunneling Nanotubes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:95. [PMID: 30333973 PMCID: PMC6176212 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication is vital to the ecosystem of cancer cell organization and invasion. Identification of key cellular cargo and their varied modes of transport are important considerations in understanding the basic mechanisms of cancer cell growth. Gap junctions, exosomes, and apoptotic bodies play key roles as physical modalities in mediating intercellular transport. Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs)-narrow actin-based cytoplasmic extensions-are unique structures that facilitate direct, long distance cell-to-cell transport of cargo, including microRNAs, mitochondria, and a variety of other sub cellular components. The transport of cargo via TNTs occurs between malignant and stromal cells and can lead to changes in gene regulation that propagate the cancer phenotype. More notably, the transfer of these varied molecules almost invariably plays a critical role in the communication between cancer cells themselves in an effort to resist death by chemotherapy and promote the growth and metastases of the primary oncogenic cell. The more traditional definition of "Systems Biology" is the computational and mathematical modeling of complex biological systems. The concept, however, is now used more widely in biology for a variety of contexts, including interdisciplinary fields of study that focus on complex interactions within biological systems and how these interactions give rise to the function and behavior of such systems. In fact, it is imperative to understand and reconstruct components in their native context rather than examining them separately. The long-term objective of evaluating cancer ecosystems in their proper context is to better diagnose, classify, and more accurately predict the outcome of cancer treatment. Communication is essential for the advancement and evolution of the tumor ecosystem. This interplay results in cancer progression. As key mediators of intercellular communication within the tumor ecosystem, TNTs are the central topic of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Lou
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Edward Zhai
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Akshat Sarkari
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Snider Desir
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Phillip Wong
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Yoshie Iizuka
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology and Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jianbo Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Subbaya Subramanian
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - James McCarthy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Martina Bazzaro
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology and Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Clifford J. Steer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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82
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Jin H, Liu P, Wu Y, Meng X, Wu M, Han J, Tan X. Exosomal zinc transporter ZIP4 promotes cancer growth and is a novel diagnostic biomarker for pancreatic cancer. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:2946-2956. [PMID: 30007115 PMCID: PMC6125444 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers with rapid disease progression. Further elucidation of its underlying molecular mechanisms and novel biomarkers for early detection is necessary. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that are released by multiple cell types acting as message carriers during intercellular communication and are promising biomarker candidates. However, the role of pancreatic cancer cell‐derived exosomes in cancer progression and the application of these vesicles as novel diagnostic biomarkers have not been fully studied. In this study, we found that PC‐1.0 (a highly malignant pancreatic cell line) cell‐derived exosomes could be taken up by and enhance PC‐1 (a moderately malignant pancreatic cell line) cell proliferation, migration and invasion abilities. We identified ZIP4 as the most upregulated exosomal protein in PC‐1.0 cells from our proteomic analysis. In vitro and in vivo (a subcutaneous BALB/c nude mouse model) studies showed that exosomal ZIP4 can significantly promote pancreatic cancer growth. Using clinical blood samples, we compared the diagnostic values of serum exosomal ZIP4 levels between malignant pancreatic cancer patients (n = 24) and benign pancreatic disease patients (n = 32, AUC = .89), and between biliary disease patients (n = 32, AUC = .8112) and healthy controls (n = 46, AUC = .8931). In conclusion, exosomal ZIP4 promotes cancer growth and is a novel diagnostic biomarker for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyi Jin
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Thyroid and Pancreatic Surgery Ward, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunhao Wu
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiangli Meng
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mengwei Wu
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiahong Han
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaodong Tan
- Thyroid and Pancreatic Surgery Ward, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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83
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Luhtala N, Hunter T. Failure to detect functional transfer of active K-Ras protein from extracellular vesicles into recipient cells in culture. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203290. [PMID: 30192821 PMCID: PMC6128481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, extracellular nanovesicles that carry nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins, have been the subject of several studies to assess their ability to transfer functional cargoes to cells. We recently characterized extracellular nanovesicles released from glioblastoma cells that carry active Ras in complex with proteins regulating exosome biogenesis. Here, we investigated whether a functional transfer of Ras from exosomes to other cells can initiate intercellular signaling. We observed that treatment of serum-starved, cultured glioblastoma cells with exogenous glioblastoma exosomes caused a significant increase in cellular viability over time. Moreover, we detected fluorescent signal transfer from lipophilic dye-labeled exogenous glioblastoma exosomes into cultured glioblastoma cells. To probe possible signaling from cell-to-cell, we utilized bimolecular luciferase complementation to examine the ability of K-Ras in exosomes to interact with the Raf-Ras Binding domain (Raf-RBD) expressed in a recipient cell line. Although the K-Ras/Raf-RBD interaction was readily detectable upon co-expression in a single cell line, or following lysis of co-cultured cell lines separately expressing K-Ras and RBD, bearing in mind the limitations of our assay, we were unable to detect the interaction in the intact, co-cultured cell lines or upon treatment of the Raf-RBD-expressing cells with exosomes containing K-Ras. Furthermore, HA-Tag-BFP fused to the K-Ras hypervariable region and CAAX sequence failed to be transferred at significant levels from extracellular vesicles into recipient cells, but remained detectable in the cell supernatants even after 96 hours of culture of naïve cells with extracellular vesicles. We conclude that if transfer of functional K-Ras from extracellular vesicles into the cytoplasm of recipient cells occurs, it must do so at an extremely low efficiency and therefore is unlikely to initiate Ras-ERK MAP kinase pathway signaling. These results suggest that studies claiming functional transfer of protein cargoes from exosomes should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Luhtala
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Tony Hunter
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
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84
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Im K, Baek J, Kwon WS, Rha SY, Hwang KW, Kim U, Min H. The Comparison of Exosome and Exosomal Cytokines between Young and Old Individuals with or without Gastric Cancer. INT J GERONTOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijge.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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85
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Exosomes released from pancreatic cancer cells enhance angiogenic activities via dynamin-dependent endocytosis in endothelial cells in vitro. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11972. [PMID: 30097593 PMCID: PMC6086824 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has the lowest 5 year survival rate among all cancers. Several extracellular factors are involved in the development and metastasis of pancreatic cancer to distant organs. Exosomes are lipid-bilayer, membrane-enclosed nanoparticles that are recognised as important mediators of cell-to-cell communications. However, the role of exosomes released from pancreatic cancer cells in tumour micro-environment remains unknown. Here, we show that exosomes released from pancreatic cancer PK-45H cells activate various gene expressions in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by in vitro analyses. In addition, these exosomes released from PK-45H cells promote phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2 signalling pathway molecules and tube formation via dynamin-dependent endocytosis in HUVECs. Our findings suggested that exosomes released from pancreatic cancer cells may act as a novel angiogenesis promoter.
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86
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Tai YL, Chen KC, Hsieh JT, Shen TL. Exosomes in cancer development and clinical applications. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:2364-2374. [PMID: 29908100 PMCID: PMC6113508 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes participate in cancer progression and metastasis by transferring bioactive molecules between cancer and various cells in the local and distant microenvironments. Such intercellular cross‐talk results in changes in multiple cellular and biological functions in recipient cells. Several hallmarks of cancer have reportedly been impacted by this exosome‐mediated cell‐to‐cell communication, including modulating immune responses, reprogramming stromal cells, remodeling the architecture of the extracellular matrix, or even endowing cancer cells with characteristics of drug resistance. Selectively, loading specific oncogenic molecules into exosomes highlights exosomes as potential diagnostic biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets. In addition, exosome‐based drug delivery strategies in preclinical and clinical trials have been shown to dramatically decrease cancer development. In the present review, we summarize the significant aspects of exosomes in cancer development that can provide novel strategies for potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Tai
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology & Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ko-Chien Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology & Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tang-Long Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology & Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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87
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Monteforte A, Lam B, Sherman MB, Henderson K, Sligar AD, Spencer A, Tang B, Dunn AK, Baker AB. * Glioblastoma Exosomes for Therapeutic Angiogenesis in Peripheral Ischemia. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 23:1251-1261. [PMID: 28699397 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral ischemia as a result of occlusive vascular disease is a widespread problem in patients older than the age of 65. Angiogenic therapies that can induce microvascular growth have great potential for providing a long-lasting solution for patients with ischemia and would provide an appealing alternative to surgical and percutaneous interventions. However, many angiogenic therapies have seen poor efficacy in clinical trials, suggesting that patients with long-term peripheral ischemia have considerable therapeutic resistance to angiogenic stimuli. Glioblastoma is one of the most angiogenic tumor types, inducing robust vessel growth in the area surrounding the tumor. One major angiogenic mechanism used by the tumor cells to induce blood vessel growth is the production of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles that can carry pro-angiogenic and immunomodulatory signals. Here, we explored whether the pro-angiogenic aspects of glioblastoma-derived exosomes could be harnessed to promote angiogenesis and healing in the context of peripheral ischemic disease. We demonstrate that the exosomes derived from glioblastoma markedly enhance endothelial cell proliferation and increase endothelial tubule formation in vitro. An analysis of the microRNA expression using next generation sequencing identified that exosomes contained a high concentration of miR-221. In addition, we found that glioblastoma exosomes contained significant amounts of the proteoglycans glypican-1 and syndecan-4, which can serve as co-receptors for angiogenic factors, including fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). In a hindlimb ischemia model in mice, we found that the exosomes promoted enhanced revascularization in comparison to control alginate gels and FGF-2 treatment alone. Taken together, our results support the fact that glioblastoma-derived exosomes have powerful effects in increasing revascularization in the context of peripheral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Monteforte
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Texas
| | - Brian Lam
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Texas
| | - Michael B Sherman
- 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Kayla Henderson
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Texas
| | - Andrew D Sligar
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Texas
| | - Adrianne Spencer
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Texas
| | - Brian Tang
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Texas
| | - Andrew K Dunn
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Texas
| | - Aaron B Baker
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Texas.,3 Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas.,4 Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas.,5 Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery and Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas
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88
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Samuel P, Mulcahy LA, Furlong F, McCarthy HO, Brooks SA, Fabbri M, Pink RC, Carter DRF. Cisplatin induces the release of extracellular vesicles from ovarian cancer cells that can induce invasiveness and drug resistance in bystander cells. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2017.0065. [PMID: 29158318 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has a poor overall survival that is partly caused by resistance to drugs such as cisplatin. Resistance can be acquired as a result of changes to the tumour or due to altered interactions within the tumour microenvironment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), small lipid-bound vesicles that are loaded with macromolecular cargo and released by cells, are emerging as mediators of communication in the tumour microenvironment. We previously showed that EVs mediate the bystander effect, a phenomenon in which stressed cells can communicate with neighbouring naive cells leading to various effects including DNA damage; however, the role of EVs released following cisplatin treatment has not been tested. Here we show that treatment of cells with cisplatin led to the release of EVs that could induce invasion and increased resistance when taken up by bystander cells. This coincided with changes in p38 and JNK signalling, suggesting that these pathways may be involved in mediating the effects. We also show that EV uptake inhibitors could prevent this EV-mediated adaptive response and thus sensitize cells in vitro to the effects of cisplatin. Our results suggest that preventing pro-tumourigenic EV cross-talk during chemotherapy is a potential therapeutic target for improving outcome in ovarian cancer patients.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Extracellular vesicles and the tumour microenvironment'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Samuel
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Laura Ann Mulcahy
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Fiona Furlong
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Helen O McCarthy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Susan Ann Brooks
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Muller Fabbri
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California-Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Ryan Charles Pink
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - David Raul Francisco Carter
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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89
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Rackov G, Garcia-Romero N, Esteban-Rubio S, Carrión-Navarro J, Belda-Iniesta C, Ayuso-Sacido A. Vesicle-Mediated Control of Cell Function: The Role of Extracellular Matrix and Microenvironment. Front Physiol 2018; 9:651. [PMID: 29922170 PMCID: PMC5996101 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) — including exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies — have received much scientific attention last decade as mediators of a newly discovered cell-to-cell communication system, acting at short and long distances. EVs carry biologically active molecules, thus providing signals that influence a spectrum of functions in recipient cells during various physiological and pathological processes. Recent findings point to EVs as very attractive immunomodulatory therapeutic agents, vehicles for drug delivery and diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in liquid biopsies. In addition, EVs interact with and regulate the synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, which is crucial for organ development and wound healing, as well as bone and cardiovascular calcification. EVs carrying matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in ECM remodeling, thus modifying tumor microenvironment and contributing to premetastatic niche formation and angiogenesis. Here we review the role of EVs in control of cell function, with emphasis on their interaction with ECM and microenvironment in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susana Esteban-Rubio
- Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina (IMMA), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Angel Ayuso-Sacido
- IMDEA Nanoscience Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina (IMMA), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
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90
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McAtee CO, Booth C, Elowsky C, Zhao L, Payne J, Fangman T, Caplan S, Henry MD, Simpson MA. Prostate tumor cell exosomes containing hyaluronidase Hyal1 stimulate prostate stromal cell motility by engagement of FAK-mediated integrin signaling. Matrix Biol 2018; 78-79:165-179. [PMID: 29753676 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The hyaluronidase Hyal1 is clinically and functionally implicated in prostate cancer progression and metastasis. Elevated Hyal1 accelerates vesicular trafficking in prostate tumor cells, thereby enhancing their metastatic potential in an autocrine manner through increased motility and proliferation. In this report, we found Hyal1 protein is a component of exosomes produced by prostate tumor cell lines overexpressing Hyal1. We investigated the role of exosomally shed Hyal1 in modulating tumor cell autonomous functions and in modifying the behavior of prostate stromal cells. Catalytic activity of Hyal1 was necessary for enrichment of Hyal1 in the exosome fraction, which was associated with increased presence of LC3BII, an autophagic marker, in the exosomes. Hyal1-positive exosome contents were internalized from the culture medium by WPMY-1 prostate stromal fibroblasts. Treatment of prostate stromal cells with tumor exosomes did not affect proliferation, but robustly stimulated their migration in a manner dependent on Hyal1 catalytic activity. Increased motility of exosome-treated stromal cells was accompanied by enhanced adhesion to a type IV collagen matrix, as well as increased FAK phosphorylation and integrin engagement through dynamic membrane residence of β1 integrins. The presence of Hyal1 in tumor-derived exosomes and its ability to impact the behavior of stromal cells suggests cell-cell communication via exosomes is a novel mechanism by which elevated Hyal1 promotes prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin O McAtee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Christine Booth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Christian Elowsky
- Morrison Microscopy Facility, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine; Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jeremy Payne
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Teresa Fangman
- Morrison Microscopy Facility, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Steve Caplan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Michael D Henry
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine; Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Melanie A Simpson
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.
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91
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Muhsin-Sharafaldine MR, McLellan AD. Tumor-Derived Apoptotic Vesicles: With Death They Do Part. Front Immunol 2018; 9:957. [PMID: 29780392 PMCID: PMC5952256 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells release lipid particles known as extracellular vesicles (EV) that contribute to cancer metastasis, to the immune response, and to thrombosis. When tumors are exposed to radiation or chemotherapy, apoptotic vesicles (ApoVs) are released in abundance as the plasma membrane delaminates from the cytoskeleton. Recent studies have suggested that ApoVs are distinct from the EVs released from living cells, such as exosomes or microvesicles. Depending on their treatment conditions, tumor-released ApoV have been suggested to either enhance or suppress anti-cancer immunity. In addition, tumor-derived ApoV possess procoagulant activity that could increase the thrombotic state in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Since ApoVs are one of the least appreciated type of EVs, we focus in this review on the distinctive characterization of tumor ApoVs and their proposed mechanistic effects on cancer immunity, coagulation, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander D McLellan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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92
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) and their role in tumor progression by accelerating angiogenesis are of great current interest. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying TEX-blood vessels cross-talk may lead to improvements in current diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of cancer. Areas covered: For solid tumors, an adequate blood supply is of critical importance for their development, growth and metastasis. TEX, virus-size vesicles which circulate freely throughout body fluids and accumulate in the tumor microenvironment (TME), have been recognized as a new contributor to angiogenesis. TEX serve as a communication system between the tumor and various normal cells and are responsible for functional reprogramming of these cells. The molecular and genetic cargos that TEX deliver to the recipient cells involved in angiogenesis promote its induction and progression. The targeted inhibition of TEX pro-angiogenic functions might be a novel therapeutic approach for control of tumor progression. Expert opinion: TEX circulating in body fluids of cancer patients carry a complex molecular and genetic cargo and are responsible for phenotypic and functional reprogramming of endothelial cells and other normal cells residing in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ludwig
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Theresa L. Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Departments of Immunology and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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93
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Yukawa H, Suzuki K, Aoki K, Arimoto T, Yasui T, Kaji N, Ishikawa T, Ochiya T, Baba Y. Imaging of angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells by uptake of exosomes secreted from hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6765. [PMID: 29713019 PMCID: PMC5928189 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24563-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a typical hyper-vascular tumor, so the understanding the mechanisms of angiogenesis in HCC is very important for its treatment. However, the influence of the exosomes secreted from HCC cells (HCC-exosomes) on angiogenesis remains poorly understood. We herein examined the effects of the exosomes secreted from HepG2 cells (HepG2-exosomes) on the lumen formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by the imaging of angiogenesis. The degree of lumen formation of HUVECs was dependent on the number of HepG2-exosomes. The HepG2-exosomes expressed NKG2D, an activating receptor for immune cells, and HSP70, a stress-induced heat shock protein associated with angiogenesis through the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor. In addition, the HepG2-exosomes contained several microRNAs (miRNAs) reported to exist in the serum of HCC patients. These results suggest that the HCC-exosomes play an important role in angiogenesis. Further studies on the function of HCC-exosomes may provide a new target for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yukawa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan. .,ImPACT Research Center for Advanced Nanobiodevices, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Kaoru Suzuki
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Keita Aoki
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Tomoko Arimoto
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takao Yasui
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan.,ImPACT Research Center for Advanced Nanobiodevices, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan.,JST, PRESTO, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Noritada Kaji
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan.,ImPACT Research Center for Advanced Nanobiodevices, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan.,JST, PRESTO, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ishikawa
- Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Daikominami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Baba
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan. .,ImPACT Research Center for Advanced Nanobiodevices, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan. .,Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan. .,Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14, Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, 761-0395, Japan. .,College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shin-Chuan 1 st Rd., Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan R.O.C..
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94
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Sun W, Luo JD, Jiang H, Duan DD. Tumor exosomes: a double-edged sword in cancer therapy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:534-541. [PMID: 29542685 PMCID: PMC5888693 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2018.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells produce and secrete more nucleic acids, proteins and lipids than normal cells. These molecules are transported in the blood or around the cells in membrane-encapsulated exosomes. Tumor-derived or tumor-associated exosomes (usually 30-100 nm in diameter) contain abundant biological contents resembling those of the parent cells along with signaling messengers for intercellular communication involved in the pathogenesis, development, progression, and metastasis of cancer. As these exosomes can be detected and isolated from various body fluids, they have become attractive new biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. Furthermore, tumor exosomes have also attracted increasing attention due to their potential as novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancers. On the one hand, the lipid bilayer membrane-encapsulated vesicles are promising carriers of drugs and other therapeutic materials targeting specific cancer cells. On the other hand, tumor exosomes are important mediators for modulation of the microenvironment that orchestrates events critical to the growth and metastasis of cancer cells as well as chemoresistance. Here, we summarize the advances in our understanding of tumor-associated or tumor-derived exosomes in recent years, and discuss their roles in cancer development, progression, invasion, and metastasis of cancers and, more importantly, their potential in strategies for precision therapy of various cancers as well as important caveats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Oncology, Changzhou Second People's Hospital, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Ju-dong Luo
- Department of Oncology, Changzhou Second People's Hospital, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Changzhou Second People's Hospital, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Dayue Darrel Duan
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Phenomics, Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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95
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Rajagopal C, Harikumar KB. The Origin and Functions of Exosomes in Cancer. Front Oncol 2018; 8:66. [PMID: 29616188 PMCID: PMC5869252 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles having a maximum size of 150 nm and is a newly emerging focus in various fields of research. Its role in cargo trafficking along with its differential expression is associated with the disrupted homeostasis and provides an opportunity to defend against different diseases like cancer. Furthermore, exosomes are rich in cargos, which contain proteins and nucleic acids that directly reflect the metabolic state of the cells from which it originates. This review summarizes recent studies on tumor-derived exosomes with an overview about biogenesis, their functions and potential of using as diagnostic and prognostic markers. We also discussed the current challenges and microfluidic-based detection approaches that might improve the detection of exosomes in different settings. More intricate studies of the molecular mechanisms in angiogenesis, pre-metastatic niche formation, and metastasis can give more promising insights and novel strategies in oncotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Rajagopal
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - K B Harikumar
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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96
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Bardi GT, Smith MA, Hood JL. Melanoma exosomes promote mixed M1 and M2 macrophage polarization. Cytokine 2018; 105:63-72. [PMID: 29459345 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are key participants in melanoma growth and survival. In general, macrophages can be classified as M1 or M2 activation phenotypes. Increasing evidence demonstrates that melanoma exosomes also facilitate tumor survival and metastasis. However, the role of melanoma exosomes in directly influencing macrophage function is poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the hypothesis that natural melanoma exosomes might directly influence macrophage polarization. To explore this hypothesis, ELISA, RT-qPCR, and macrophage functional studies were performed in vitro using an established source of melanoma exosomes (B16-F10). ELISA results for melanoma exosome induction of common M1 and M2 cytokines in RAW 264.7 macrophages, revealed that melanoma exosomes do not polarize macrophages exclusively in the M1 or M2 direction. Melanoma exosomes induced the M1 and M2 representative cytokines TNF-α and IL-10 respectively. Further assessment, using an RT-qPCR array with RAW 264.7 and primary macrophages, confirmed and extended the ELISA findings. Upregulation of markers common to both M1 and M2 polarization phenotypes included CCL22, IL-12B, IL-1β, IL-6, i-NOS, and TNF-α. The M2 cytokine TGF-β was upregulated in primary but not RAW 264.7 macrophages. Pro-tumor functions have been attributed to each of these markers. Macrophage functional assays demonstrated a trend toward increased i-NOS (M1) to arginase (M2) activity. Collectively, the results provide the first evidence that melanoma exosomes can induce a mixed M1 and M2 pro-tumor macrophage activation phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina T Bardi
- University of Louisville, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, & James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Clinical and Translational Research Building, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
| | - Mary Ann Smith
- University of Louisville, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, & James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Clinical and Translational Research Building, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
| | - Joshua L Hood
- University of Louisville, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, & James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Clinical and Translational Research Building, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
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97
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Gutkin A, Uziel O, Beery E, Nordenberg J, Pinchasi M, Goldvaser H, Henick S, Goldberg M, Lahav M. Tumor cells derived exosomes contain hTERT mRNA and transform nonmalignant fibroblasts into telomerase positive cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:59173-59188. [PMID: 27385095 PMCID: PMC5312303 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small (30-100nm) vesicles secreted from all cell types serving as inter-cell communicators and affecting biological processes in “recipient” cells upon their uptake. The current study demonstrates for the first time that hTERT mRNA, the transcript of the enzyme telomerase, is shuttled from cancer cells via exosomes into telomerase negative fibroblasts, where it is translated into a fully active enzyme and transforms these cells into telomerase positive, thus creating a novel type of cells; non malignant cells with telomerase activity. All tested telomerase positive cells, including cancer cells and non malignant cells with overexpressed telomerase secreted exosomal hTERT mRNA in accordance with the endogenous levels of their hTERT mRNA and telomerase activity. Similarly exosomes isolated from sera of patients with pancreatic and lung cancer contained hTERT mRNA as well. Telomerase activity induced phenotypic changes in the recipient fibroblasts including increased proliferation, extension of life span and postponement of senescence. In addition, telomerase activity protected the fibroblasts from DNA damage induced by phleomycin and from apoptosis, indicating that also telomerase “extracurricular” activities are manifested in the recipient cells. The shuttle of telomerase from cancer cells into fibroblasts and the induction of these changes may contribute to the alterations of cancer microenvironment and its role in cancer. The described process has an obvious therapeutic potential which will be explored in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gutkin
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Orit Uziel
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Einat Beery
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Jardena Nordenberg
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Maria Pinchasi
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Hadar Goldvaser
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Institute of Oncology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Steven Henick
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Michal Goldberg
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Meir Lahav
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
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98
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Horibe S, Tanahashi T, Kawauchi S, Murakami Y, Rikitake Y. Mechanism of recipient cell-dependent differences in exosome uptake. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:47. [PMID: 29306323 PMCID: PMC5756423 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3958-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes, small-membrane vesicles, are secreted by cells and include several types of proteins and nucleic acids. Exosomes transfer cellular information derived from donor cells and are involved in various physiological and pathological events, such as organ-specific metastasis. Elucidating the exosome uptake mechanisms is important for understanding the progression processes of organ-specific metastasis. However, whether the exosomes secreted by the donor cells are selectively or non-selectively incorporated into the recipient cells is unknown. METHODS In this study, three human carcinoma cell lines, A549 (lung), HCT116 and COLO205 (colon), were used. The exosome isolation efficiency was compared between three methods: ultracentrifugation, ExoQuick-TC and Total Exosome Isolation kits. Recipient cells were treated with Pitstop 2, an inhibitor of clathrin-dependent endocytosis, or genistein, an inhibitor of caveolae-dependent endocytosis, and then incubated with DiO-labeled exosomes. RESULTS Among the three methods examined, ultracentrifugation was the most efficient and reproducible. Exosomes derived from a donor cell line are incorporated into the three cell lines, but the exosome uptake capability was different depending on the recipient cell type and did not depend on the donor cell type. Exosome uptake in COLO205 was inhibited by Pitstop 2 and genistein. Exosome uptake in HCT116 was inhibited by Pitstop 2, but not genistein, while that in A549 cells was not inhibited by these inhibitors. Taken together, these results suggest that the exosomes secreted by donor cells are non-selectively incorporated into recipient cells and that the exosome uptake mechanism is different depending on the recipient cells. CONCLUSIONS Different recipient cells' exosome uptake capabilities may be involved in organ-specific metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayo Horibe
- Department of Medical Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Toshihito Tanahashi
- Department of Medical Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Shoji Kawauchi
- Educational Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Murakami
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Rikitake
- Department of Medical Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan.
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99
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Isola AL, Eddy K, Zembrzuski K, Goydos JS, Chen S. Exosomes released by metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (GRM1) expressing melanoma cells increase cell migration and invasiveness. Oncotarget 2018; 9:1187-1199. [PMID: 29416686 PMCID: PMC5787429 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are naturally occurring membrane-bound nanovesicles generated constitutively and released by various cell types, and often in higher quantities by tumor cells. Exosomes may facilitate communication between the primary tumor and its local microenvironment, supporting cell invasion and other early events in metastasis. A neuronal receptor, metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (GRM1), when ectopically expressed in melanocytes, induces in vitro melanocytic transformation and spontaneous malignant melanoma development in vivo in a transgenic mouse model. Our earlier studies showed that genetic modulation in GRM1 expression by siRNA or disruption of GRM1-mediated glutamate signaling interfere with downstream effectors resulting in a decrease in both cell proliferation in vitro and tumor progression in vivo. In this study, we sought to determine whether exosome formation might play a role in GRM1 mediated melanoma development and progression. To test this, we utilized in vitro cultured cells in which GRM1 expression and function could be modulated by pharmacological and genetic means and determined effects on exosome production. We also tested the effects of exosomes from GRM1 expressing melanoma cells on growth, migration and invasion of GRM1 negative cells. Our results show that although GRM1 expression has no influence on exosome quantity, exosomes produced by GRM1-positive cells modulate the ability of the recipient cell to migrate, invade and exhibit anchorage-independent cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L. Isola
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kevinn Eddy
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Krzysztof Zembrzuski
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - James S. Goydos
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Suzie Chen
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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100
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Zhao H, Achreja A, Iessi E, Logozzi M, Mizzoni D, Di Raimo R, Nagrath D, Fais S. The key role of extracellular vesicles in the metastatic process. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1869:64-77. [PMID: 29175553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, have a key role in the paracrine communication between organs and compartments. EVs shuttle virtually all types of biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, metabolites and even pharmacological compounds. Their ability to transfer their biomolecular cargo into target cells enables EVs to play a key role in intercellular communication that can regulate cellular functions such as proliferation, apoptosis and migration. This has led to the emergence of EVs as a key player in tumor growth and metastasis through the formation of "tumor niches" in target organs. Recent data have also been shown that EVs may transform the microenvironment of primary tumors thus favoring the selection of cancer cells with a metastatic behavior. The release of EVs from resident non-malignant cells may contribute to the metastatic processes as well. However, cancer EVs may induce malignant transformation in resident mesenchymal stem cells, suggesting that the metastatic process is not exclusively due to circulating tumor cells. In this review, we outline and discuss evidence-based roles of EVs in actively regulating multiple steps of the metastatic process and how we can leverage EVs to impair metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Zhao
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Abhinav Achreja
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Elisabetta Iessi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Mariantonia Logozzi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Davide Mizzoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Rossella Di Raimo
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Deepak Nagrath
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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