51
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Betaine is a positive regulator of mitochondrial respiration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 456:621-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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52
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Integrating phenotypic small-molecule profiling and human genetics: the next phase in drug discovery. Trends Genet 2014; 31:16-23. [PMID: 25498789 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, tremendous progress in high-throughput small molecule-screening methods has facilitated the rapid expansion of phenotype-based data. Parallel advances in genomic characterization methods have complemented these efforts by providing a growing list of annotated cell line features. Together, these developments have paved the way for feature-based identification of novel, exploitable cellular dependencies, subsequently expanding our therapeutic toolkit in cancer and other diseases. Here, we provide an overview of the evolution of phenotypic small-molecule profiling and discuss the most significant and recent profiling and analytical efforts, their impact on the field, and their clinical ramifications. We additionally provide a perspective for future developments in phenotypic profiling efforts guided by genomic science.
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53
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Malty RH, Jessulat M, Jin K, Musso G, Vlasblom J, Phanse S, Zhang Z, Babu M. Mitochondrial targets for pharmacological intervention in human disease. J Proteome Res 2014; 14:5-21. [PMID: 25367773 PMCID: PMC4286170 DOI: 10.1021/pr500813f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Over the past several years, mitochondrial
dysfunction has been
linked to an increasing number of human illnesses, making mitochondrial
proteins (MPs) an ever more appealing target for therapeutic intervention.
With 20% of the mitochondrial proteome (312 of an estimated 1500 MPs)
having known interactions with small molecules, MPs appear to be highly
targetable. Yet, despite these targeted proteins functioning in a
range of biological processes (including induction of apoptosis, calcium
homeostasis, and metabolism), very few of the compounds targeting
MPs find clinical use. Recent work has greatly expanded the number
of proteins known to localize to the mitochondria and has generated
a considerable increase in MP 3D structures available in public databases,
allowing experimental screening and in silico prediction of mitochondrial
drug targets on an unprecedented scale. Here, we summarize the current
literature on clinically active drugs that target MPs, with a focus
on how existing drug targets are distributed across biochemical pathways
and organelle substructures. Also, we examine current strategies for
mitochondrial drug discovery, focusing on genetic, proteomic, and
chemogenomic assays, and relevant model systems. As cell models and
screening techniques improve, MPs appear poised to emerge as relevant
targets for a wide range of complex human diseases, an eventuality
that can be expedited through systematic analysis of MP function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy H Malty
- Department of Biochemistry, Research and Innovation Centre, University of Regina , Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
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54
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Jung SH, Choi K, Pae AN, Lee JK, Choo H, Keum G, Cho YS, Min SJ. Facile diverted synthesis of pyrrolidinyl triazoles using organotrifluoroborate: discovery of potential mPTP blockers. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:9674-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01967a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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55
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Powering the immune system: mitochondria in immune function and deficiency. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:164309. [PMID: 25309931 PMCID: PMC4189529 DOI: 10.1155/2014/164309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical subcellular organelles that are required for several metabolic processes, including oxidative phosphorylation, as well as signaling and tissue-specific processes. Current understanding of the role of mitochondria in both the innate and adaptive immune systems is expanding. Concurrently, immunodeficiencies arising from perturbation of mitochondrial elements are increasingly recognized. Recent observations of immune dysfunction and increased incidence of infection in patients with primary mitochondrial disorders further support an important role for mitochondria in the proper function of the immune system. Here we review current findings.
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56
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Örs ŞT, Akdoğan E, Dunn CD. Mutation of the mitochondrial large ribosomal RNA can provide pentamidine resistance to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mitochondrion 2014; 18:7-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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57
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Novel quinazoline-urea analogues as modulators for Aβ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction: Design, synthesis, and molecular docking study. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 84:466-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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58
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Sahdeo S, Tomilov A, Komachi K, Iwahashi C, Datta S, Hughes O, Hagerman P, Cortopassi G. High-throughput screening of FDA-approved drugs using oxygen biosensor plates reveals secondary mitofunctional effects. Mitochondrion 2014; 17:116-25. [PMID: 25034306 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Repurposing of FDA-approved drugs with effects on mitochondrial function might shorten the critical path to mitochondrial disease drug development. We improved a biosensor-based assay of mitochondrial O2 consumption, and identified mitofunctional defects in cell models of LHON and FXTAS. Using this platform, we screened a 1600-compound library of clinically used drugs. The assay identified drugs known to affect mitochondrial function, such as metformin and decoquinate. We also identified several drugs not previously known to affect mitochondrial respiration including acarbose, metaraminol, gallamine triethiodide, and acamprosate. These previously unknown 'mitoactives' represent novel links to targets for mitochondrial regulation and potentially therapy, for mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Sahdeo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Alexey Tomilov
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Kelly Komachi
- Eon Research, 707 4th Street, Suite 305, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Christine Iwahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4455 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Sandipan Datta
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Owen Hughes
- Eon Research, 707 4th Street, Suite 305, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Paul Hagerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4455 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Gino Cortopassi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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59
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A method to identify and validate mitochondrial modulators using mammalian cells and the worm C. elegans. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5285. [PMID: 24923838 PMCID: PMC4055904 DOI: 10.1038/srep05285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are semi-autonomous organelles regulated by a complex network of proteins that are vital for many cellular functions. Because mitochondrial modulators can impact many aspects of cellular homeostasis, their identification and validation has proven challenging. It requires the measurement of multiple parameters in parallel to understand the exact nature of the changes induced by such compounds. We developed a platform of assays scoring for mitochondrial function in two complementary models systems, mammalian cells and C. elegans. We first optimized cell culture conditions and established the mitochondrial signature of 1,200 FDA-approved drugs in liver cells. Using cell-based and C. elegans assays, we further defined the metabolic effects of two pharmacological classes that emerged from our hit list, i.e. imidazoles and statins. We found that these two drug classes affect respiration through different and cholesterol-independent mechanisms in both models. Our screening strategy enabled us to unequivocally identify compounds that have toxic or beneficial effects on mitochondrial activity. Furthermore, the cross-species approach provided novel mechanistic insight and allowed early validation of hits that act on mitochondrial function.
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60
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Wolf AR, Mootha VK. Functional genomic analysis of human mitochondrial RNA processing. Cell Rep 2014; 7:918-31. [PMID: 24746820 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Both strands of human mtDNA are transcribed in continuous, multigenic units that are cleaved into the mature rRNAs, tRNAs, and mRNAs required for respiratory chain biogenesis. We sought to systematically identify nuclear-encoded proteins that contribute to processing of mtRNAs within the organelle. First, we devised and validated a multiplex MitoString assay that quantitates 27 mature and precursor mtDNA transcripts. Second, we applied MitoString profiling to evaluate the impact of silencing each of 107 mitochondrial-localized, predicted RNA-binding proteins. With the resulting data set, we rediscovered the roles of recently identified RNA-processing enzymes, detected unanticipated roles of known disease genes in RNA processing, and identified new regulatory factors. We demonstrate that one such factor, FASTKD4, modulates the half-lives of a subset of mt-mRNAs and associates with mtRNAs in vivo. MitoString profiling may be useful for diagnosing and deciphering the pathogenesis of mtDNA disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Wolf
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Vamsi K Mootha
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA.
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61
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Biffi A, Sabuncu MR, Desikan RS, Schmansky N, Salat DH, Rosand J, Anderson CD. Genetic variation of oxidative phosphorylation genes in stroke and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:1956.e1-8. [PMID: 24650791 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.01.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous research implicates alterations in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We sought to test whether genetic variants within OXPHOS genes increase the risk of AD. We first used gene-set enrichment analysis to identify associations, and then applied a previously replicated stroke genetic risk score to determine if OXPHOS genetic overlap exists between stroke and AD. Gene-set enrichment analysis identified associations between variation in OXPHOS genes and AD versus control status (p = 0.012). Conversion from cognitively normal controls to mild cognitive impairment was also associated with the OXPHOS gene-set (p = 0.045). Subset analyses demonstrated association for complex I genes (p < 0.05), but not for complexes II-V. Among neuroimaging measures, hippocampal volume and entorhinal cortex thickness were associated with OXPHOS genes (all p < 0.025). The stroke genetic risk score demonstrated association with clinical status, baseline and longitudinal imaging measures (p < 0.05). OXPHOS genetic variation influences clinical status and neuroimaging intermediates of AD. OXPHOS genetic variants associated with stroke are also linked to AD progression. Further studies are needed to explore functional consequences of these OXPHOS variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Biffi
- Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Mert R Sabuncu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rahul S Desikan
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nick Schmansky
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - David H Salat
- Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Rosand
- Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher D Anderson
- Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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62
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Hur J, Liu Z, Tong W, Laaksonen R, Bai JPF. Drug-induced rhabdomyolysis: from systems pharmacology analysis to biochemical flux. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:421-32. [PMID: 24422454 DOI: 10.1021/tx400409c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to integrate systems pharmacology and biochemical flux to delineate drug-induced rhabdomyolysis by leveraging prior knowledge and publicly accessible data. A list of 211 rhabdomyolysis-inducing drugs (RIDs) was compiled and curated from multiple sources. Extended pharmacological network analysis revealed that the intermediators directly interacting with the pharmacological targets of RIDs were significantly enriched with functions such as regulation of cell cycle, apoptosis, and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. A total of 78 intermediators were shown to be significantly connected to at least five RIDs, including estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), synuclein gamma (SNCG), and janus kinase 2 (JAK2). Transcriptomic analysis of RIDs profiled in Connectivity Map on the global scale revealed that multiple pathways are perturbed by RIDs, including ErbB signaling and lipid metabolism pathways, and that carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2 (CPT2) was in the top 1 percent of the most differentially perturbed genes. CPT2 was downregulated by nine drugs that perturbed the genes significantly enriched in oxidative phosphorylation and energy-metabolism pathways. With statins as the use case, biochemical pathway analysis on the local scale implicated a role for CPT2 in statin-induced perturbation of energy homeostasis, which is in agreement with reports of statin-CPT2 interaction. Considering the complexity of human biology, an integrative multiple-approach analysis composed of a biochemical flux network, pharmacological on- and off-target networks, and transcriptomic signature is important for understanding drug safety and for providing insight into clinical gene-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguk Hur
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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63
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Dančík V, Carrel H, Bodycombe NE, Seiler KP, Fomina-Yadlin D, Kubicek ST, Hartwell K, Shamji AF, Wagner BK, Clemons PA. Connecting Small Molecules with Similar Assay Performance Profiles Leads to New Biological Hypotheses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:771-81. [PMID: 24464433 DOI: 10.1177/1087057113520226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput screening allows rapid identification of new candidate compounds for biological probe or drug development. Here, we describe a principled method to generate "assay performance profiles" for individual compounds that can serve as a basis for similarity searches and cluster analyses. Our method overcomes three challenges associated with generating robust assay performance profiles: (1) we transform data, allowing us to build profiles from assays having diverse dynamic ranges and variability; (2) we apply appropriate mathematical principles to handle missing data; and (3) we mitigate the fact that loss-of-signal assay measurements may not distinguish between multiple mechanisms that can lead to certain phenotypes (e.g., cell death). Our method connected compounds with similar mechanisms of action, enabling prediction of new targets and mechanisms both for known bioactives and for compounds emerging from new screens. Furthermore, we used Bayesian modeling of promiscuous compounds to distinguish between broadly bioactive and narrowly bioactive compound communities. Several examples illustrate the utility of our method to support mechanism-of-action studies in probe development and target identification projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlado Dančík
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA Mathematical Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia (on leave)
| | - Hyman Carrel
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicole E Bodycombe
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen Petri Seiler
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA Champlain College, Division of Information Technology & Sciences, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Dina Fomina-Yadlin
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stefan T Kubicek
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kimberly Hartwell
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alykhan F Shamji
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bridget K Wagner
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paul A Clemons
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
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64
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Siciliano G, Pasquali L, Mancuso M, Murri L. Molecular diagnostics and mitochondrial dysfunction: a future perspective. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 8:531-49. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.8.4.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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65
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Rettberg JR, Yao J, Brinton RD. Estrogen: a master regulator of bioenergetic systems in the brain and body. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:8-30. [PMID: 23994581 PMCID: PMC4024050 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen is a fundamental regulator of the metabolic system of the female brain and body. Within the brain, estrogen regulates glucose transport, aerobic glycolysis, and mitochondrial function to generate ATP. In the body, estrogen protects against adiposity, insulin resistance, and type II diabetes, and regulates energy intake and expenditure. During menopause, decline in circulating estrogen is coincident with decline in brain bioenergetics and shift towards a metabolically compromised phenotype. Compensatory bioenergetic adaptations, or lack thereof, to estrogen loss could determine risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Estrogen coordinates brain and body metabolism, such that peripheral metabolic state can indicate bioenergetic status of the brain. By generating biomarker profiles that encompass peripheral metabolic changes occurring with menopause, individual risk profiles for decreased brain bioenergetics and cognitive decline can be created. Biomarker profiles could identify women at risk while also serving as indicators of efficacy of hormone therapy or other preventative interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamaica R Rettberg
- Neuroscience Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Jia Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Roberta Diaz Brinton
- Neuroscience Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States; Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.
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66
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Chen WH, Xu XD, Luo GF, Jia HZ, Lei Q, Cheng SX, Zhuo RX, Zhang XZ. Dual-targeting pro-apoptotic peptide for programmed cancer cell death via specific mitochondria damage. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3468. [PMID: 24336626 PMCID: PMC3863817 DOI: 10.1038/srep03468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are vital organelles to eukaryotic cells. Damage to mitochondria will cause irreversible cell death or apoptosis. In this report, we aim at programmed cancer cell death via specific mitochondrial damage. Herein, a functionalized pro-apoptotic peptide demonstrates a dual-targeting capability using folic acid (FA) (targeting agent I) and triphenylphosphonium (TPP) cation (targeting agent II). FA is a cancer-targeting agent, which can increase the cellular uptake of the pro-apoptotic peptide via receptor-mediated endocytosis. And the TPP cation is the mitochondrial targeting agent, which specifically delivers the pro-apoptotic peptide to its particular subcellular mitochondria after internalized by cancer cells. Then the pro-apoptotic peptide accumulates in mitochondria and causes its serious damage. This dual-targeting strategy has the potential to effectively transport the pro-apoptotic peptide to targeted cancer cell mitochondria, inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and triggering the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis to efficiently eliminate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ding Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Feng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Zhen Jia
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Qi Lei
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Si-Xue Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Ren-Xi Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Zheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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67
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Bai JPF, Fontana RJ, Price ND, Sangar V. Systems pharmacology modeling: an approach to improving drug safety. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2013; 35:1-14. [PMID: 24136298 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advances in systems biology in conjunction with the expansion in knowledge of drug effects and diseases present an unprecedented opportunity to extend traditional pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling/analysis to conduct systems pharmacology modeling. Many drugs that cause liver injury and myopathies have been studied extensively. Mitochondrion-centric systems pharmacology modeling is important since drug toxicity across a large number of pharmacological classes converges to mitochondrial injury and death. Approaches to systems pharmacology modeling of drug effects need to consider drug exposure, organelle and cellular phenotypes across all key cell types of human organs, organ-specific clinical biomarkers/phenotypes, gene-drug interaction and immune responses. Systems modeling approaches, that leverage the knowledge base constructed from curating a selected list of drugs across a wide range of pharmacological classes, will provide a critically needed blueprint for making informed decisions to reduce the rate of attrition for drugs in development and increase the number of drugs with an acceptable benefit/risk ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane P F Bai
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
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68
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Weidmann AG, Komor AC, Barton JK. Biological effects of simple changes in functionality on rhodium metalloinsertors. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2013; 371:20120117. [PMID: 23776288 PMCID: PMC3685451 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is crucial to ensuring the fidelity of the genome. The inability to correct single base mismatches leads to elevated mutation rates and carcinogenesis. Using metalloinsertors-bulky metal complexes that bind with high specificity to mismatched sites in the DNA duplex-our laboratory has adopted a new chemotherapeutic strategy through the selective targeting of MMR-deficient cells, that is, those that have a propensity for cancerous transformation. Rhodium metalloinsertors display inhibitory effects selectively in cells that are deficient in the MMR machinery, consistent with this strategy. However, a highly sensitive structure-function relationship is emerging with the development of new complexes that highlights the importance of subcellular localization. We have found that small structural modifications, for example a hydroxyl versus a methyl functional group, can yield profound differences in biological function. Despite similar binding affinities and selectivities for DNA mismatches, only one metalloinsertor shows selective inhibition of cellular proliferation in MMR-deficient versus -proficient cells. Studies of whole-cell, nuclear and mitochondrial uptake reveal that this selectivity depends upon targeting DNA mismatches in the cell nucleus.
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69
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Montague CR, Fitzmaurice A, Hover BM, Salazar NA, Fey JP. Screen for small molecules increasing the mitochondrial membrane potential. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 19:387-98. [PMID: 23867716 DOI: 10.1177/1087057113495295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The identification of small molecules that positively modulate the mitochondrial respiratory function has broad applications in fundamental research, therapeutic target validation, and drug discovery. We present an approach in which primary screens for mitochondrial function in yeast are used to efficiently identify a subset of high-value compounds that can in turn be rapidly tested against a broad range of mammalian cell lines. The ability of the yeast assay to successfully identify in a high-throughput format hit compounds that increase the mitochondrial membrane potential and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels by as little as 15% was demonstrated. In this study, 14 hits were identified from a collection of 13,680 compounds. Secondary testing with myotubes, fibroblasts, and PC-12 and HepG2 cells identified two compounds increasing ATP levels in hepatocytes and two other compounds increasing ATP in fibroblasts. The effect on hepatocytes was further studied using genomic and mitochondrial proteomic tools to characterize the changes induced by the two compounds. Changes in the accumulation of a series of factors involved in early gene response or apoptosis or linked to metabolic functions (i.e., β-Klotho, RORα, PGC-1α, G6PC, IGFBP1, FTL) were discovered.
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70
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Tolliday N. High-throughput assessment of Mammalian cell viability by determination of adenosine triphosphate levels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2:153-61. [PMID: 23839967 DOI: 10.1002/9780470559277.ch100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There are many assays available for high-throughput assessment of mammalian cell viability or cytotoxicity. Approaches include measurement of metabolic capacity, intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, induction of apoptosis, intracellular esterase and protease activity, and cellular membrane integrity. This unit provides an in-depth protocol for measurement of cellular ATP levels as a readout of mammalian cell viability, using the CellTiter-Glo assay from Promega Corporation. A comparison of the key parameters (sensitivity, speed, and cost) for this and other common high-throughput viability assays is also presented. Curr. Protoc. Chem. Biol. 2:153-161 © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Tolliday
- Chemical Biology Platform, The Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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71
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Adams DJ, Boskovic ZV, Theriault JR, Wang AJ, Stern A, Wagner BK, Shamji A, Schreiber SL. Discovery of small-molecule enhancers of reactive oxygen species that are nontoxic or cause genotype-selective cell death. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:923-9. [PMID: 23477340 PMCID: PMC3658551 DOI: 10.1021/cb300653v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels has been observed in many cancer cells relative to nontransformed cells, and recent reports have suggested that small-molecule enhancers of ROS may selectively kill cancer cells in various in vitro and in vivo models. We used a high-throughput screening approach to identify several hundred small-molecule enhancers of ROS in a human osteosarcoma cell line. A minority of these compounds diminished the viability of cancer cell lines, indicating that ROS elevation by small molecules is insufficient to induce death of cancer cell lines. Three chemical probes (BRD5459, BRD56491, BRD9092) are highlighted that most strongly elevate markers of oxidative stress without causing cell death and may be of use in a variety of cellular settings. For example, combining nontoxic ROS-enhancing probes with nontoxic doses of L-buthionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis previously studied in cancer patients, led to potent cell death in more than 20 cases, suggesting that even nontoxic ROS-enhancing treatments may warrant exploration in combination strategies. Additionally, a few ROS-enhancing compounds that contain sites of electrophilicity, including piperlongumine, show selective toxicity for transformed cells over nontransformed cells in an engineered cell-line model of tumorigenesis. These studies suggest that cancer cell lines are more resilient to chemically induced increases in ROS levels than previously thought and highlight electrophilicity as a property that may be more closely associated with cancer-selective cell death than ROS elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew J. Adams
- Chemical
Biology Program, Chemical Biology Platform, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Zarko V. Boskovic
- Chemical
Biology Program, Chemical Biology Platform, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jimmy R. Theriault
- Chemical
Biology Program, Chemical Biology Platform, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Alex J. Wang
- Chemical
Biology Program, Chemical Biology Platform, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Andrew
M. Stern
- Chemical
Biology Program, Chemical Biology Platform, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Bridget K. Wagner
- Chemical
Biology Program, Chemical Biology Platform, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Alykhan
F. Shamji
- Chemical
Biology Program, Chemical Biology Platform, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Stuart L. Schreiber
- Chemical
Biology Program, Chemical Biology Platform, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02138, United States
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72
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A simple high-content cell cycle assay reveals frequent discrepancies between cell number and ATP and MTS proliferation assays. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63583. [PMID: 23691072 PMCID: PMC3656927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to efficiently characterize both antiproliferative potency and mechanism of action of small molecules targeting the cell cycle, we developed a high-throughput image-based assay to determine cell number and cell cycle phase distribution. Using this we profiled the effects of experimental and approved anti-cancer agents with a range mechanisms of action on a set of cell lines, comparing direct cell counting versus two metabolism-based cell viability/proliferation assay formats, ATP-dependent bioluminescence, MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) reduction, and a whole-well DNA-binding dye fluorescence assay. We show that, depending on compound mechanisms of action, the metabolism-based proxy assays are frequently prone to 1) significant underestimation of compound potency and efficacy, and 2) non-monotonic dose-response curves due to concentration-dependent phenotypic ‘switching’. In particular, potency and efficacy of DNA synthesis-targeting agents such as gemcitabine and etoposide could be profoundly underestimated by ATP and MTS-reduction assays. In the same image-based assay we showed that drug-induced increases in ATP content were associated with increased cell size and proportionate increases in mitochondrial content and respiratory flux concomitant with cell cycle arrest. Therefore, differences in compound mechanism of action and cell line-specific responses can yield significantly misleading results when using ATP or tetrazolium-reduction assays as a proxy for cell number when screening compounds for antiproliferative activity or profiling panels of cell lines for drug sensitivity.
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Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is not only a hallmark of rare inherited mitochondrial disorders but also implicated in age-related diseases, including those that affect the metabolic and nervous system, such as type 2 diabetes and Parkinson's disease. Numerous pathways maintain and/or restore proper mitochondrial function, including mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy and the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. New and powerful phenotypic assays in cell-based models as well as multicellular organisms have been developed to explore these different aspects of mitochondrial function. Modulating mitochondrial function has therefore emerged as an attractive therapeutic strategy for several diseases, which has spurred active drug discovery efforts in this area.
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Kell DB. Finding novel pharmaceuticals in the systems biology era using multiple effective drug targets, phenotypic screening and knowledge of transporters: where drug discovery went wrong and how to fix it. FEBS J 2013; 280:5957-80. [PMID: 23552054 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the sequencing of the human genome, the rate of innovative and successful drug discovery in the pharmaceutical industry has continued to decrease. Leaving aside regulatory matters, the fundamental and interlinked intellectual issues proposed to be largely responsible for this are: (a) the move from 'function-first' to 'target-first' methods of screening and drug discovery; (b) the belief that successful drugs should and do interact solely with single, individual targets, despite natural evolution's selection for biochemical networks that are robust to individual parameter changes; (c) an over-reliance on the rule-of-5 to constrain biophysical and chemical properties of drug libraries; (d) the general abandoning of natural products that do not obey the rule-of-5; (e) an incorrect belief that drugs diffuse passively into (and presumably out of) cells across the bilayers portions of membranes, according to their lipophilicity; (f) a widespread failure to recognize the overwhelmingly important role of proteinaceous transporters, as well as their expression profiles, in determining drug distribution in and between different tissues and individual patients; and (g) the general failure to use engineering principles to model biology in parallel with performing 'wet' experiments, such that 'what if?' experiments can be performed in silico to assess the likely success of any strategy. These facts/ideas are illustrated with a reasonably extensive literature review. Success in turning round drug discovery consequently requires: (a) decent systems biology models of human biochemical networks; (b) the use of these (iteratively with experiments) to model how drugs need to interact with multiple targets to have substantive effects on the phenotype; (c) the adoption of polypharmacology and/or cocktails of drugs as a desirable goal in itself; (d) the incorporation of drug transporters into systems biology models, en route to full and multiscale systems biology models that incorporate drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion; (e) a return to 'function-first' or phenotypic screening; and (f) novel methods for inferring modes of action by measuring the properties on system variables at all levels of the 'omes. Such a strategy offers the opportunity of achieving a state where we can hope to predict biological processes and the effect of pharmaceutical agents upon them. Consequently, this should both lower attrition rates and raise the rates of discovery of effective drugs substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, UK; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK
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75
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Park S, Chun S, Kim D. Cold exposure lowers energy expenditure at the cellular level. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:638-42. [PMID: 23483599 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is intimately involved in various metabolic processes and is therefore essential to maintain cell viability. Of particular importance is the fact that mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm ) is coupled with oxidative phosphorylation to drive adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. We have examined the effects of cold temperature stress on ΔΨm and the role of cold temperature receptor expression on ΔΨm . Human bronchial endothelial cell line, BEAS-2B, and human embryonic kidney, HEK293, cell line were transfected with the gene for cold temperature responsive receptor protein TRPM8 or TRPA1, and exposed to cold temperature. ΔΨm was monitored using 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazoyl carbocyanine iodide derivative (JC-10), a ΔΨm probe. While cold temperatures significantly increased ΔΨm and mitochondrial ATP levels in cells transfected with temperature responsive receptor TRPM8 or TRPA1, no change was noted in wild-type cells. Moreover, the change in ΔΨm and ATP level was a dynamic process. ΔΨm was raised to peak levels within 10 min of cold exposure, followed by a return to baseline levels at 30 min. Our findings suggest that cold temperature exposure increased mitochondrial ΔΨm via a mechanism involving cold temperature receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyeon Park
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea.
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76
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Bai JPF, Alekseyenko AV, Statnikov A, Wang IM, Wong PH. Strategic applications of gene expression: from drug discovery/development to bedside. AAPS J 2013; 15:427-37. [PMID: 23319288 PMCID: PMC3675744 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-012-9447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression is useful for identifying the molecular signature of a disease and for correlating a pharmacodynamic marker with the dose-dependent cellular responses to exposure of a drug. Gene expression offers utility to guide drug discovery by illustrating engagement of the desired cellular pathways/networks, as well as avoidance of acting on the toxicological pathways. Successful employment of gene-expression signatures in the later stages of drug development depends on their linkage to clinically meaningful phenotypic characteristics and requires a biologically meaningful mechanism combined with a stringent statistical rigor. Much of the success in clinical drug development is hinged on predefining the signature genes for their fitness for purposes of application. Specific examples are highlighted to illustrate the breadth and depth of the potential utility of gene-expression signatures in drug discovery and clinical development to targeted therapeutics at the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane P F Bai
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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Abstract
The autonomic nervous system is involved and influenced in patients with epilepsy and mitochondrial diseases in a variety of complex, often multifaceted, mechanisms. Autonomic dysfunction often remains unrecognized due to a lack of attention and awareness under the prominence of other disease symptoms. Recognition of the diverse autonomic manifestations of epilepsy and mitochondrial disease would enhance early diagnosis and appropriate management, ultimately improving quality the of life and reducing morbidity and mortality in the affected patients. In this chapter, we discuss autonomic nervous system dysfunction in children with epilepsy (Part I) and mitochondrial diseases (Part II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Parikh
- Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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78
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Causal effects of synthetic chemicals on mitochondrial deficits and diabetes pandemic. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:178-88. [PMID: 23389879 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that mitochondrial deficits cause many common age-associated diseases including type 2 diabetes. However, it has not been understood what causes mitochondrial damages and how to interrupt the development of the diseases in patients. Recent epidemiologic studies demonstrated a positive correlation between serum concentrations of environmental pollutants and insulin resistance/diabetes. Emerging data strongly suggest that some synthetic pollutants disturb the signaling pathway critical for energy homeostasis and insulin action. The synthetic chemicals are possibly involved in pathogenesis of insulin resistance and diabetes as mitochondria-disturbing agents. In this review, we present a molecular scheme to address the contribution of environmental synthetic chemicals to this metabolic catastrophe. Efforts to identify synthetic chemicals with mitochondria-damaging activities may open a new era to develop effective therapeutic interventions against the worldwide-spreading metabolic disorder.
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79
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Anderson CD, Biffi A, Nalls MA, Devan WJ, Schwab K, Ayres AM, Valant V, Ross OA, Rost NS, Saxena R, Viswanathan A, Worrall BB, Brott TG, Goldstein JN, Brown D, Broderick JP, Norrving B, Greenberg SM, Silliman SL, Hansen BM, Tirschwell DL, Lindgren A, Slowik A, Schmidt R, Selim M, Roquer J, Montaner J, Singleton AB, Kidwell CS, Woo D, Furie KL, Meschia JF, Rosand J. Common variants within oxidative phosphorylation genes influence risk of ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2013; 44:612-9. [PMID: 23362085 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.112.672089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Previous studies demonstrated association between mitochondrial DNA variants and ischemic stroke (IS). We investigated whether variants within a larger set of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) genes encoded by both autosomal and mitochondrial DNA were associated with risk of IS and, based on our results, extended our investigation to intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). METHODS This association study used a discovery cohort of 1643 individuals, a validation cohort of 2432 individuals for IS, and an extension cohort of 1476 individuals for ICH. Gene-set enrichment analysis was performed on all structural OXPHOS genes, as well as genes contributing to individual respiratory complexes. Gene-sets passing gene-set enrichment analysis were tested by constructing genetic scores using common variants residing within each gene. Associations between each variant and IS that emerged in the discovery cohort were examined in validation and extension cohorts. RESULTS IS was associated with genetic risk scores in OXPHOS as a whole (odds ratio [OR], 1.17; P=0.008) and complex I (OR, 1.06; P=0.050). Among IS subtypes, small vessel stroke showed association with OXPHOS (OR, 1.16; P=0.007), complex I (OR, 1.13; P=0.027), and complex IV (OR, 1.14; P=0.018). To further explore this small vessel association, we extended our analysis to ICH, revealing association between deep hemispheric ICH and complex IV (OR, 1.08; P=0.008). CONCLUSIONS This pathway analysis demonstrates association between common genetic variants within OXPHOS genes and stroke. The associations for small vessel stroke and deep ICH suggest that genetic variation in OXPHOS influences small vessel pathobiology. Further studies are needed to identify culprit genetic variants and assess their functional consequences.
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80
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Bai JP, Abernethy DR. Systems Pharmacology to Predict Drug Toxicity: Integration Across Levels of Biological Organization. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 53:451-73. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011112-140248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane P.F. Bai
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993;
| | - Darrell R. Abernethy
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993;
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81
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Kim YS, Jung SH, Park BG, Ko MK, Jang HS, Choi K, Baik JH, Lee J, Lee JK, Pae AN, Cho YS, Min SJ. Synthesis and evaluation of oxime derivatives as modulators for amyloid beta-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 62:71-83. [PMID: 23353734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Starting from quinuclidinyl oxime 1 identified by preliminary screening, a series of azacycles-containing oxime derivatives was synthesized. Their mPTP blocking activities were evaluated by a JC-1 assay, measuring the change of mitochondrial membrane potential. The inhibitory activity of nine compounds against amyloid beta-induced mPTP opening was comparable or even superior to that of piracetam. Among them, 12d effectively maintained mitochondrial function and cell viabilities on the ATP assay, the MTT assay, and the ROS assay. In addition, it exhibited favorable in vitro stability and pharmacokinetic characteristics, which hold a promise for further development of AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Seub Kim
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, South Korea
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Ye L, Kleiner S, Wu J, Sah R, Gupta RK, Banks AS, Cohen P, Khandekar MJ, Boström P, Mepani RJ, Laznik D, Kamenecka TM, Song X, Liedtke W, Mootha VK, Puigserver P, Griffin PR, Clapham DE, Spiegelman BM. TRPV4 is a regulator of adipose oxidative metabolism, inflammation, and energy homeostasis. Cell 2012; 151:96-110. [PMID: 23021218 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PGC1α is a key transcriptional coregulator of oxidative metabolism and thermogenesis. Through a high-throughput chemical screen, we found that molecules antagonizing the TRPVs (transient receptor potential vanilloid), a family of ion channels, induced PGC1α expression in adipocytes. In particular, TRPV4 negatively regulated the expression of PGC1α, UCP1, and cellular respiration. Additionally, it potently controlled the expression of multiple proinflammatory genes involved in the development of insulin resistance. Mice with a null mutation for TRPV4 or wild-type mice treated with a TRPV4 antagonist showed elevated thermogenesis in adipose tissues and were protected from diet-induced obesity, adipose inflammation, and insulin resistance. This role of TRPV4 as a cell-autonomous mediator for both the thermogenic and proinflammatory programs in adipocytes could offer a target for treating obesity and related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ye
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Kim J, Lee J, Moon B, Mook-Jung I, Nam G, Keum G, Pae AN, Choo H. Pyridyl-urea Derivatives as Blockers of Aβ-induced mPTP Opening for Alzheimer's Disease. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.11.3887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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84
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Tsiper MV, Sturgis J, Avramova LV, Parakh S, Fatig R, Juan-García A, Li N, Rajwa B, Narayanan P, Qualls CW, Robinson JP, Davisson VJ. Differential mitochondrial toxicity screening and multi-parametric data analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45226. [PMID: 23077490 PMCID: PMC3471932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early evaluation of new drug entities for their potential to cause mitochondrial dysfunction is becoming an important task for drug development. Multi-parametric high-content screening (mp-HCS) of mitochondrial toxicity holds promise as a lead in-vitro strategy for drug testing and safety evaluations. In this study, we have developed a mp-HCS and multi-parametric data analysis scheme for assessing cell responses to induced mitochondrial perturbation. The mp-HCS measurements are shown to be robust enough to allow for quantitative comparison of biological systems with different metabolic pathways simulated by alteration of growth media. Substitution of medium glucose for galactose sensitized cells to drug action and revealed novel response parameters. Each compound was quantitatively characterized according to induced phenotypic changes of cell morphology and functionality measured by fluorescent biomarkers for mitochondrial activity, plasma membrane permeability, and nuclear morphology. Descriptors of drug effects were established by generation of a SCRIT (Specialized-Cell-Response-to-Induced-Toxicity) vector, consisting of normalized statistical measures of each parameter at each dose and growth condition. The dimensionality of SCRIT vectors depends on the number of parameters chosen, which in turn depends on the hypothesis being tested. Specifically, incorporation of three parameters of response into SCRIT vectors enabled clustering of 84 training compounds with known pharmacological and toxicological activities according to the degree of toxicity and mitochondrial involvement. Inclusion of 6 parameters enabled the resolution of more subtle differences between compounds within a common therapeutic class; scoring enabled a ranking of statins in direct agreement with clinical outcomes. Comparison of drug-induced changes required variations in glucose for separation of mitochondrial dysfunction from other types of cytotoxicity. These results also demonstrate that the number of drugs in a training set, the choice of parameters used in analysis, and statistical measures are fundamental for specific hypothesis testing and assessment of quantitative phenotypic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Tsiper
- Bindley Bioscience Center at Purdue University Discovery Park, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Sturgis
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Larisa V. Avramova
- Bindley Bioscience Center at Purdue University Discovery Park, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Shilpa Parakh
- Bindley Bioscience Center at Purdue University Discovery Park, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Raymond Fatig
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Ana Juan-García
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Nianyu Li
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Inc, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bartek Rajwa
- Bindley Bioscience Center at Purdue University Discovery Park, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Padma Narayanan
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Inc, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - C. W. Qualls
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Inc, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - J. Paul Robinson
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - V. Jo Davisson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
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85
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Sugihara G, May R, Ye H, Hsieh CH, Deyle E, Fogarty M, Munch S. Detecting causality in complex ecosystems. Science 2012; 338:496-500. [PMID: 22997134 DOI: 10.1126/science.1227079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 709] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Identifying causal networks is important for effective policy and management recommendations on climate, epidemiology, financial regulation, and much else. We introduce a method, based on nonlinear state space reconstruction, that can distinguish causality from correlation. It extends to nonseparable weakly connected dynamic systems (cases not covered by the current Granger causality paradigm). The approach is illustrated both by simple models (where, in contrast to the real world, we know the underlying equations/relations and so can check the validity of our method) and by application to real ecological systems, including the controversial sardine-anchovy-temperature problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Sugihara
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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86
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Naven RT, Swiss R, Klug-Mcleod J, Will Y, Greene N. The Development of Structure-Activity Relationships for Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Uncoupling of Oxidative Phosphorylation. Toxicol Sci 2012; 131:271-8. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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87
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Dakshanamurthy S, Issa NT, Assefnia S, Seshasayee A, Peters OJ, Madhavan S, Uren A, Brown ML, Byers SW. Predicting new indications for approved drugs using a proteochemometric method. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6832-48. [PMID: 22780961 PMCID: PMC3419493 DOI: 10.1021/jm300576q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The most effective way to move from target identification to the clinic is to identify already approved drugs with the potential for activating or inhibiting unintended targets (repurposing or repositioning). This is usually achieved by high throughput chemical screening, transcriptome matching, or simple in silico ligand docking. We now describe a novel rapid computational proteochemometric method called "train, match, fit, streamline" (TMFS) to map new drug-target interaction space and predict new uses. The TMFS method combines shape, topology, and chemical signatures, including docking score and functional contact points of the ligand, to predict potential drug-target interactions with remarkable accuracy. Using the TMFS method, we performed extensive molecular fit computations on 3671 FDA approved drugs across 2335 human protein crystal structures. The TMFS method predicts drug-target associations with 91% accuracy for the majority of drugs. Over 58% of the known best ligands for each target were correctly predicted as top ranked, followed by 66%, 76%, 84%, and 91% for agents ranked in the top 10, 20, 30, and 40, respectively, out of all 3671 drugs. Drugs ranked in the top 1-40 that have not been experimentally validated for a particular target now become candidates for repositioning. Furthermore, we used the TMFS method to discover that mebendazole, an antiparasitic with recently discovered and unexpected anticancer properties, has the structural potential to inhibit VEGFR2. We confirmed experimentally that mebendazole inhibits VEGFR2 kinase activity and angiogenesis at doses comparable with its known effects on hookworm. TMFS also predicted, and was confirmed with surface plasmon resonance, that dimethyl celecoxib and the anti-inflammatory agent celecoxib can bind cadherin-11, an adhesion molecule important in rheumatoid arthritis and poor prognosis malignancies for which no targeted therapies exist. We anticipate that expanding our TMFS method to the >27 000 clinically active agents available worldwide across all targets will be most useful in the repositioning of existing drugs for new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivanesan Dakshanamurthy
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center , Washington, DC 20057, United States.
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88
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Wills LP, Trager RE, Beeson GC, Lindsey CC, Peterson YK, Beeson CC, Schnellmann RG. The β2-adrenoceptor agonist formoterol stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 342:106-18. [PMID: 22490378 PMCID: PMC3383035 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.191528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a common mediator of disease and organ injury. Although recent studies show that inducing mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) stimulates cell repair and regeneration, only a limited number of chemicals are known to induce MB. To examine the impact of the β-adrenoceptor (β-AR) signaling pathway on MB, primary renal proximal tubule cells (RPTC) and adult feline cardiomyocytes were exposed for 24 h to multiple β-AR agonists: isoproterenol (nonselective β-AR agonist), (±)-(R*,R*)-[4-[2-[[2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amino]propyl]phenoxy] acetic acid sodium hydrate (BRL 37344) (selective β(3)-AR agonist), and formoterol (selective β(2)-AR agonist). The Seahorse Biosciences (North Billerica, MA) extracellular flux analyzer was used to quantify carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP)-uncoupled oxygen consumption rate (OCR), a marker of maximal electron transport chain activity. Isoproterenol and BRL 37244 did not alter mitochondrial respiration at any of the concentrations examined. Formoterol exposure resulted in increases in both FCCP-uncoupled OCR and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number. The effect of formoterol on OCR in RPTC was inhibited by the β-AR antagonist propranolol and the β(2)-AR inverse agonist 3-(isopropylamino)-1-[(7-methyl-4-indanyl)oxy]butan-2-ol hydrochloride (ICI-118,551). Mice exposed to formoterol for 24 or 72 h exhibited increases in kidney and heart mtDNA copy number, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α, and multiple genes involved in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (F0 subunit 6 of transmembrane F-type ATP synthase, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6, and NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1β subcomplex subunit 8). Cheminformatic modeling, virtual chemical library screening, and experimental validation identified nisoxetine from the Sigma Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds and two compounds from the ChemBridge DIVERSet that increased mitochondrial respiratory capacity. These data provide compelling evidence for the use and development of β(2)-AR ligands for therapeutic MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren P Wills
- Center for Cell Death, Injury, and Regeneration, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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89
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Bełtowski J, Jamroz-Wiśniewska A. Modulation of h(2)s metabolism by statins: a new aspect of cardiovascular pharmacology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:81-94. [PMID: 22034938 PMCID: PMC3342564 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Statins (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A reductase inhibitors) are commonly used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Statins reduce plasma low-density lipoproteins, inhibit inflammatory reaction, improve endothelial function, ameliorate oxidative stress, and reduce platelet activity. Consequently, statins markedly decrease the risk of acute cardiovascular events. H(2)S is synthesized in all layers of the vascular wall, including the endothelium, smooth muscle cells, and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT). RECENT ADVANCES Recent studies demonstrate that PVAT-derived H(2)S decreases vascular tone by activating K(ATP) and/or KCNQ potassium channels in smooth muscle cells. Lipophilic atorvastatin, but not hydrophilic pravastatin, increases net H(2)S production in PVAT by inhibiting its mitochondrial oxidation, and augments the anticontractile effect of PVAT. Inhibition of H(2)S metabolism results from atorvastatin-induced decrease in coenzyme Q, which is a cofactor of H(2)S oxidation by sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase. In contrast to H(2)S, statins do not impair mitochondrial oxidation of organic substrates. CRITICAL ISSUES Taking into account antiatherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory effect of H(2)S, the gas may mediate some of the beneficial effects of statins on the cardiovascular system. In addition, specific statins differ in their ability to enhance H(2)S signaling. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Since both statins and H(2)S reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury, the possible effect of statins on H(2)S oxidation in other tissues such as the heart and the kidney needs to be examined. Inhibition of H(2)S metabolism may be a new therapeutic strategy to improve H(2)S signaling, especially in the mitochondrial compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Bełtowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland.
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Callegari S, Gregory PA, Sykes MJ, Bellon J, Andrews S, McKinnon RA, de Barros Lopes MA. Polymorphisms in the mitochondrial ribosome recycling factor EF-G2mt/MEF2 compromise cell respiratory function and increase atorvastatin toxicity. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002755. [PMID: 22719265 PMCID: PMC3375252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial translation, essential for synthesis of the electron transport chain complexes in the mitochondria, is governed by nuclear encoded genes. Polymorphisms within these genes are increasingly being implicated in disease and may also trigger adverse drug reactions. Statins, a class of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors used to treat hypercholesterolemia, are among the most widely prescribed drugs in the world. However, a significant proportion of users suffer side effects of varying severity that commonly affect skeletal muscle. The mitochondria are one of the molecular targets of statins, and these drugs have been known to uncover otherwise silent mitochondrial mutations. Based on yeast genetic studies, we identify the mitochondrial translation factor MEF2 as a mediator of atorvastatin toxicity. The human ortholog of MEF2 is the Elongation Factor Gene (EF-G) 2, which has previously been shown to play a specific role in mitochondrial ribosome recycling. Using small interfering RNA (siRNA) silencing of expression in human cell lines, we demonstrate that the EF-G2mt gene is required for cell growth on galactose medium, signifying an essential role for this gene in aerobic respiration. Furthermore, EF-G2mt silenced cell lines have increased susceptibility to cell death in the presence of atorvastatin. Using yeast as a model, conserved amino acid variants, which arise from non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the EF-G2mt gene, were generated in the yeast MEF2 gene. Although these mutations do not produce an obvious growth phenotype, three mutations reveal an atorvastatin-sensitive phenotype and further analysis uncovers a decreased respiratory capacity. These findings constitute the first reported phenotype associated with SNPs in the EF-G2mt gene and implicate the human EF-G2mt gene as a pharmacogenetic candidate gene for statin toxicity in humans. The mitochondria are responsible for producing the cell's energy. Energy production is the result of carefully orchestrated interactions between proteins encoded by the mitochondrial DNA and by nuclear DNA. Sequence variations in genes encoding these proteins have been shown to cause disease and adverse drug reactions in patients. The cholesterol-lowering drugs statins are one class of drugs that interfere with mitochondrial function. Statins are one of the most prescribed drugs in the western world, but many users suffer side effects, commonly muscle pain. In severe cases this can lead to muscle breakdown and liver failure. In this study, we discover that disruption of a mitochondrial translation gene, EF-G2mt, impedes respiration and increases cell death when exposed to statin. Using the simple unicellular organism yeast as a model, the activity of naturally occurring human EF-G2mt variants is tested. Three of these variants render yeast cells more sensitive to statin. Patients who possess these EF-G2mt variations may be more susceptible to statin side effects. Importantly, the test for statin sensitivity also led to the discovery of mutants that have a reduced energy production capacity. The decreased ability to produce energy is linked to a number of diseases, including myopathies and liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Callegari
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Philip A. Gregory
- Division of Human Immunology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Sykes
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Sansom Institute, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jennifer Bellon
- Australian Wine Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stuart Andrews
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ross A. McKinnon
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Miguel A. de Barros Lopes
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
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91
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Huang SL, Yu RT, Gong J, Feng Y, Dai YL, Hu F, Hu YH, Tao YD, Leng Y. Arctigenin, a natural compound, activates AMP-activated protein kinase via inhibition of mitochondria complex I and ameliorates metabolic disorders in ob/ob mice. Diabetologia 2012; 55:1469-81. [PMID: 22095235 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2366-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Arctigenin is a natural compound that had never been previously demonstrated to have a glucose-lowering effect. Here it was found to activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and the mechanism by which this occurred, as well as the effects on glucose and lipid metabolism were investigated. METHODS 2-Deoxyglucose uptake and AMPK phosphorylation were examined in L6 myotubes and isolated skeletal muscle. Gluconeogenesis and lipid synthesis were evaluated in rat primary hepatocytes. The acute and chronic effects of arctigenin on metabolic abnormalities were observed in C57BL/6J and ob/ob mice. Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential were measured using the J-aggregate-forming dye, JC-1. Analysis of respiration of L6 myotubes or isolated mitochondria was conducted in a channel oxygen system. RESULTS Arctigenin increased AMPK phosphorylation and stimulated glucose uptake in L6 myotubes and isolated skeletal muscles. In primary hepatocytes, it decreased gluconeogenesis and lipid synthesis. The enhancement of glucose uptake and suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipid synthesis by arctigenin were prevented by blockade of AMPK activation. The respiration of L6 myotubes or isolated mitochondria was inhibited by arctigenin with a specific effect on respiratory complex I. A single oral dose of arctigenin reduced gluconeogenesis in C57BL/6J mice. Chronic oral administration of arctigenin lowered blood glucose and improved lipid metabolism in ob/ob mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION This study demonstrates a new role for arctigenin as a potent indirect activator of AMPK via inhibition of respiratory complex I, with beneficial effects on metabolic disorders in ob/ob mice. This highlights the potential value of arctigenin as a possible treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-L Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zu Chong Zhi Road 555, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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92
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Kitami T, Logan DJ, Negri J, Hasaka T, Tolliday NJ, Carpenter AE, Spiegelman BM, Mootha VK. A chemical screen probing the relationship between mitochondrial content and cell size. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33755. [PMID: 22479437 PMCID: PMC3315575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular content of mitochondria changes dynamically during development and in response to external stimuli, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. To systematically identify molecular probes and pathways that control mitochondrial abundance, we developed a high-throughput imaging assay that tracks both the per cell mitochondrial content and the cell size in confluent human umbilical vein endothelial cells. We screened 28,786 small molecules and observed that hundreds of small molecules are capable of increasing or decreasing the cellular content of mitochondria in a manner proportionate to cell size, revealing stereotyped control of these parameters. However, only a handful of compounds dissociate this relationship. We focus on one such compound, BRD6897, and demonstrate through secondary assays that it increases the cellular content of mitochondria as evidenced by fluorescence microscopy, mitochondrial protein content, and respiration, even after rigorous correction for cell size, cell volume, or total protein content. BRD6897 increases uncoupled respiration 1.6-fold in two different, non-dividing cell types. Based on electron microscopy, BRD6897 does not alter the percent of cytoplasmic area occupied by mitochondria, but instead, induces a striking increase in the electron density of existing mitochondria. The mechanism is independent of known transcriptional programs and is likely to be related to a blockade in the turnover of mitochondrial proteins. At present the molecular target of BRD6897 remains to be elucidated, but if identified, could reveal an important additional mechanism that governs mitochondrial biogenesis and turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimori Kitami
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David J. Logan
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joseph Negri
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas Hasaka
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | - Bruce M. Spiegelman
- Department of Cell Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vamsi K. Mootha
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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93
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Xu JF, Washko GR, Nakahira K, Hatabu H, Patel AS, Fernandez IE, Nishino M, Okajima Y, Yamashiro T, Ross JC, Estépar RSJ, Diaz AA, Li HP, Qu JM, Himes BE, Come CE, D'Aco K, Martinez FJ, Han MK, Lynch DA, Crapo JD, Morse D, Ryter SW, Silverman EK, Rosas IO, Choi AMK, Hunninghake GM. Statins and pulmonary fibrosis: the potential role of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 185:547-56. [PMID: 22246178 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201108-1574oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The role of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) in the development or progression of interstitial lung disease (ILD) is controversial. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the association between statin use and ILD. METHODS We used regression analyses to evaluate the association between statin use and interstitial lung abnormalities (ILA) in a large cohort of smokers from COPDGene. Next, we evaluated the effect of statin pretreatment on bleomycin-induced fibrosis in mice and explored the mechanism behind these observations in vitro. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In COPDGene, 38% of subjects with ILA were taking statins compared with 27% of subjects without ILA. Statin use was positively associated in ILA (odds ratio, 1.60; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-2.50; P = 0.04) after adjustment for covariates including a history of high cholesterol or coronary artery disease. This association was modified by the hydrophilicity of statin and the age of the subject. Next, we demonstrate that statin administration aggravates lung injury and fibrosis in bleomycin-treated mice. Statin pretreatment enhances caspase-1-mediated immune responses in vivo and in vitro; the latter responses were abolished in bone marrow-derived macrophages isolated from Nlrp3(-/-) and Casp1(-/-) mice. Finally, we provide further insights by demonstrating that statins enhance NLRP3-inflammasome activation by increasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation in macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Statin use is associated with ILA among smokers in the COPDGene study and enhances bleomycin-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis in the mouse through a mechanism involving enhanced NLRP3-inflammasome activation. Our findings suggest that statins may influence the susceptibility to, or progression of, ILD. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 00608764).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Fu Xu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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94
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Yao J, Brinton RD. Estrogen regulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics: implications for prevention of Alzheimer's disease. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2012; 64:327-71. [PMID: 22840752 PMCID: PMC3970844 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394816-8.00010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a complex and progressive pathological phenotype characterized first by hypometabolism and impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics followed by pathological burden. Increasing evidence indicates an antecedent and potentially causal role of mitochondrial bioenergetic deficits and brain hypometabolism coupled with increased mitochondrial oxidative stress in AD pathogenesis. Compromised aerobic glycolysis pathway coupled with oxidative stress is first accompanied by a shift toward a ketogenic pathway that eventually progresses into fatty acid oxidation (FAO) pathways and leads to white matter degeneration and overproduction and mitochondrial accumulation of β-amyloid. Estrogen-induced signaling pathways converge upon the mitochondria to enhance mitochondrial function and to sustain aerobic glycolysis coupled with citric acid cycle-driven oxidative phosphorylation to potentiate ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) generation. In addition to potentiated mitochondrial bioenergetics, estrogen also enhances neural survival and health through maintenance of calcium homeostasis, promotion of antioxidant defense against free radicals, efficient cholesterol trafficking, and beta amyloid clearance. Significantly, the convergence of E2 mechanisms of action onto mitochondria is also a potential point of vulnerability when activated in diseased neurons that exacerbates degeneration through increased load on dysregulated calcium homeostasis. The "healthy cell bias of estrogen action" hypothesis examines the role that regulating mitochondrial function and bioenergetics play in promoting neural health and the mechanistic crossroads that lead to divergent outcomes following estrogen exposure. As the continuum of neurological health progresses from healthy to unhealthy, so too do the benefits of estrogen or hormone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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95
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96
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Abstract
While target-based small-molecule discovery has taken centre-stage in the pharmaceutical industry, there are many cancer-promoting proteins not easily addressed with a traditional target-based screening approach. In order to address this problem, as well as to identify modulators of biological states in the absence of knowing the protein target of the state switch, alternative phenotypic screening approaches, such as gene expression-based and high-content imaging, have been developed. With this renewed interest in phenotypic screening, however, comes the challenge of identifying the binding protein target(s) of small-molecule hits. Emerging technologies have the potential to improve the process of target identification. In this review, we discuss the application of genomic (gene expression-based), genetic (short hairpin RNA and open reading frame screening), and proteomic approaches to protein target identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Roti
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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97
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Mancini GBJ, Baker S, Bergeron J, Fitchett D, Frohlich J, Genest J, Gupta M, Hegele RA, Ng D, Pope J. Diagnosis, prevention, and management of statin adverse effects and intolerance: proceedings of a Canadian Working Group Consensus Conference. Can J Cardiol 2011; 27:635-62. [PMID: 21963058 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While the proportion of patients with significant statin-associated adverse effects or intolerance is very low, the increasing use and broadening indications have led to a significant absolute number of such patients commonly referred to tertiary care facilities and specialists. This report provides a comprehensive overview of the evidence pertaining to a broad variety of statin-associated adverse effects followed by a consensus approach for the prevention, assessment, diagnosis, and management. The overview is intended both to provide clarification of the untoward effects of statins and to impart confidence in managing the most common issues in a fashion that avoids excessive ancillary testing and/or subspecialty referral except when truly necessary. The ultimate goal is to ensure that patients who warrant cardiovascular risk reduction can be treated optimally, safely, and confidently with statin medications or alternatives when warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B John Mancini
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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98
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Parihar A, Parihar MS, Zenebe WJ, Ghafourifar P. Statins lower calcium-induced oxidative stress in isolated mitochondria. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011; 31:355-63. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327111429141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Statins are widely used cholesterol-lowering agents that exert cholesterol-independent effects including antioxidative. The present study delineates the effects of statins, atorvastatin, and simvastatin on oxidative stress and functions of mitochondria that are the primary cellular sources of oxidative stress. In isolated rat liver mitochondria, both the statins prevented calcium-induced cytochrome c release, lipid peroxidation, and opening of the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition (MPT). Both the statins decreased the activity of mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase (mtNOS), lowered the intramitochondrial ionized calcium, and increased the mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Our findings suggest that statins lower intramitochondrial ionized calcium that decreases mtNOS activity, lowers oxidative stress, prevents MPT opening, and prevents the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria. These results provide a novel framework for understanding the antioxidative properties of statins and their effects on mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Parihar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Girls Degree College, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - MS Parihar
- School of Studies in Biotechnology and Zoology, Vikram University, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - WJ Zenebe
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - P Ghafourifar
- Tri-State Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Huntington, WV, USA
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99
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Kalanxhi E, Dahle J. Genome-wide microarray analysis of human fibroblasts in response to γ radiation and the radiation-induced bystander effect. Radiat Res 2011; 177:35-43. [PMID: 22034846 DOI: 10.1667/rr2694.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced bystander effects have been studied extensively due to their potential implications for cancer therapy and radiation protection; however, a complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms remains to be elucidated. In this study, we monitored transcriptional responses to γ radiation in irradiated and bystander fibroblasts simultaneously employing a genome-wide microarray approach to determine factors that may be modulated in the generation or propagation of the bystander effect. For the microarray data we employed analysis at both the single-gene and gene-set level to place the findings in a biological context. Unirradiated bystander fibroblasts that were recipients of growth medium harvested from irradiated cultures 2 h after exposure to 2 Gy displayed transient enrichment in gene sets belonging to ribosome, oxidative phosphorylation and neurodegenerative disease pathways associated with mitochondrial dysfunctions. The response to direct irradiation was characterized by induction of signaling and apoptosis genes and the gradual formation of a cellular immune response. A set of 14 genes, many of which were regulated by p53, were found to be induced early after irradiation (prior to medium transfer) and may be important in the generation or propagation of the bystander effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erta Kalanxhi
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello 0310 Oslo, Norway.
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100
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Picard M, Hepple RT, Burelle Y. Mitochondrial functional specialization in glycolytic and oxidative muscle fibers: tailoring the organelle for optimal function. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 302:C629-41. [PMID: 22031602 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00368.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In skeletal muscle, two major types of muscle fibers exist: slow-twitch oxidative (type I) fibers designed for low-intensity long-lasting contractions, and fast-twitch glycolytic (type II) fibers designed for high-intensity short-duration contractions. Such a wide range of capabilities has emerged through the selection across fiber types of a narrow set of molecular characteristics suitable to achieve a specific contractile phenotype. In this article we review evidence supporting the existence of distinct functional phenotypes in mitochondria from slow and fast fibers that may be required to ensure optimal muscle function. This includes differences with respect to energy substrate preferences, regulation of oxidative phosphorylation, dynamics of reactive oxygen species, handling of Ca2+, and regulation of cell death. The potential physiological implications on muscle function and the putative mechanisms responsible for establishing and maintaining distinct mitochondrial phenotype across fiber types are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Picard
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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