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Yuan W, Suo J, Shi B, Zhou C, Bai B, Bian H, Zhu M, Han N. The barley miR393 has multiple roles in regulation of seedling growth, stomatal density, and drought stress tolerance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 142:303-311. [PMID: 31351321 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
microRNA393 (miR393) and its target module have been implicated as comprising a conserved mechanism to regulate developmental processes and plant growth in response to environmental signals through the auxin signaling pathway. Our previous work identified miR393 and its two targets in barley. In this study, we further investigated the expression pattern of miR393 and its biological functions in seedling growth and drought tolerance. We showed that the miR393 overexpressing line (OE) exhibited increased stomatal density with decreased guard cell length, while the miR393 knockdown line (MIM) displayed the opposite phenotype, which might be due to the effects of miR393 on AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR5 (ARF5) and three stomatal development-related genes, such as EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR1 (EPF1), SPEECHLESS (SPCH), and MUTE. In addition, the MIM line conferred enhanced drought tolerance, with alleviated leaf chlorosis and lipid peroxidation after 22 days drought treatment. In contrast, the OE line was more sensitive to drought stress and accumulated more malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide than the wild type. Furthermore, polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment-induced abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation in leaves was suppressed in the OE line, indicating that miR393 might regulate drought stress response and tolerance through its interaction with ABA biosynthesis. Overall, these data suggest that miR393 might be a potential target for manipulation of stomatal density and improvement of drought tolerance in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingqi Suo
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo Shi
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenlu Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Bai
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongwu Bian
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Muyuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ning Han
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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Cerutti A, Jauneau A, Laufs P, Leonhardt N, Schattat MH, Berthomé R, Routaboul JM, Noël LD. Mangroves in the Leaves: Anatomy, Physiology, and Immunity of Epithemal Hydathodes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 57:91-116. [PMID: 31100996 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydathodes are organs found on aerial parts of a wide range of plant species that provide almost direct access for several pathogenic microbes to the plant vascular system. Hydathodes are better known as the site of guttation, which is the release of droplets of plant apoplastic fluid to the outer leaf surface. Because these organs are only described through sporadic allusions in the literature, this review aims to provide a comprehensive view of hydathode development, physiology, and immunity by compiling a historic and contemporary bibliography. In particular, we refine the definition of hydathodes.We illustrate their important roles in the maintenance of plant osmotic balance, nutrient retrieval, and exclusion of deleterious chemicals from the xylem sap. Finally, we present our current understanding of the infection of hydathodes by adapted vascular pathogens and the associated plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Cerutti
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA and CNRS and Université Paul Sabatier, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France;
| | - Alain Jauneau
- Plateforme Imagerie, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 3450, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Patrick Laufs
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA and AgroParisTech and CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Nathalie Leonhardt
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université and Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives and CNRS, UMR 7265, F-13108 Saint Paul-Les-Durance, France
| | - Martin H Schattat
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Richard Berthomé
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse and INRA and CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France;
| | - Jean-Marc Routaboul
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse and INRA and CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France;
| | - Laurent D Noël
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse and INRA and CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France;
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Xiong Y, Jiao Y. The Diverse Roles of Auxin in Regulating Leaf Development. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E243. [PMID: 31340506 PMCID: PMC6681310 DOI: 10.3390/plants8070243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Leaves, the primary plant organs that function in photosynthesis and respiration, have highly organized, flat structures that vary within and among species. In recent years, it has become evident that auxin plays central roles in leaf development, including leaf initiation, blade formation, and compound leaf patterning. In this review, we discuss how auxin maxima form to define leaf primordium formation. We summarize recent progress in understanding of how spatial auxin signaling promotes leaf blade formation. Finally, we discuss how spatial auxin transport and signaling regulate the patterning of compound leaves and leaf serration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuling Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Wang Z, Li J, Mao Y, Zhang M, Wang R, Hu Y, Mao Z, Shen X. Transcriptional regulation of MdPIN3 and MdPIN10 by MdFLP during apple self-rooted stock adventitious root gravitropism. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:229. [PMID: 31146692 PMCID: PMC6543673 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1847-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The close planting of dwarfing self-rooted rootstocks is currently a widely used method for apple production; however, self-rooted rootstocks are weak with shallow roots and poor grounding. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms that establish the gravitropic set-point angles (GSAs) of the adventitious roots of self-rooted apple stocks is important for developing self-rooted apple rootstock cultivars with deep roots. RESULTS We report that the apple FOUR LIPS (MdFLP), an R2R3-MYB transcription factor (TF), functions in establishing the GSA of the adventitious roots of self-rooted apple stocks in response to gravity. Biochemical analyses demonstrate that MdFLP directly binds to the promoters of two auxin efflux carriers, MdPIN3 and MdPIN10, that are involved in auxin transport, activates their transcriptional expression, and thereby promotes the development of adventitious roots in self-rooted apple stocks. Additionally, the apple auxin response factor MdARF19 influences the expression of those auxin efflux carriers and the establishment of the GSA of adventitious roots of apple in response to gravity by directly activating the expression of MdFLP. CONCLUSION Our findings provide new insights into the transcriptional regulation of MdFLP by the auxin response factor MdARF19 in the regulation of the GSA of adventitious roots of self-rooted apple stocks in response to gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Huanghuai Region), Ministry of Agriculture; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Jialin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Huanghuai Region), Ministry of Agriculture; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Yunfei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Huanghuai Region), Ministry of Agriculture; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Manman Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Huanghuai Region), Ministry of Agriculture; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Huanghuai Region), Ministry of Agriculture; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Yanli Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Huanghuai Region), Ministry of Agriculture; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Zhiquan Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Huanghuai Region), Ministry of Agriculture; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Xiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Huanghuai Region), Ministry of Agriculture; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
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Abstract
Stomata are structures on the surfaces of most land plants that are required for gas exchange between plants and their environment. In Arabidopsis thaliana, stomata comprise two kidney bean-shaped epidermal guard cells that flank a central pore overlying a cavity in the mesophyll. These guard cells can adjust their shape to occlude or facilitate access to this pore, and in so doing regulate the release of water vapor and oxygen from the plant, in exchange for the intake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Stomatal guard cells are the end product of a specialized lineage whose cell divisions and fate transitions ensure both the production and pattern of cells in aerial epidermal tissues. The stomatal lineage is dynamic and flexible, altering stomatal production in response to environmental change. As such, the stomatal lineage is an excellent system to study how flexible developmental transitions are regulated in plants. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we will summarize current knowledge of the divisions and fate decisions during stomatal development, discussing the role of transcriptional regulators, cell-cell signaling and polarity proteins. We will highlight recent work that links the core regulators to systemic or environmental information and provide an evolutionary perspective on stomata lineage regulators in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Lee
- Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA 94305-5020
| | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA 94305-5020
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, USA 94305
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56
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Mohammed U, Caine RS, Atkinson JA, Harrison EL, Wells D, Chater CC, Gray JE, Swarup R, Murchie EH. Rice plants overexpressing OsEPF1 show reduced stomatal density and increased root cortical aerenchyma formation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5584. [PMID: 30944383 PMCID: PMC6447545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41922-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stomata are adjustable pores in the aerial epidermis of plants. The role of stomata is usually described in terms of the trade-off between CO2 uptake and water loss. Little consideration has been given to their interaction with below-ground development or diffusion of other gases. We overexpressed the rice EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR1 (OsEPF1) to produce rice plants with reduced stomatal densities, resulting in lowered leaf stomatal conductance and enhanced water use efficiency. Surprisingly, we found that root cortical aerenchyma (RCA) is formed constitutively in OsEPF1OE lines regardless of tissue age and position. Aerenchyma is tissue containing air-spaces that can develop in the plant root during stressful conditions, e.g. oxygen deficiency when it functions to increase O2 diffusion from shoot to root. The relationship with stomata is unknown. We conclude that RCA development and stomatal development are linked by two possible mechanisms: first that reduced stomatal conductance inhibits the diffusion of oxygen to the root, creating an oxygen deficit and stimulating the formation of RCA, second that an unknown EPF signalling pathway may be involved. Our observations have fundamental implications for the understanding of whole plant gas diffusion and root-to-shoot signalling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. Mohammed
- 0000 0004 1936 8868grid.4563.4Division of Plant and Crop Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus, LE12 5RD Nottingham, UK
| | - R. S. Caine
- 0000 0004 1936 9262grid.11835.3eDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, S10 2TN Sheffield, UK
| | - J. A. Atkinson
- 0000 0004 1936 8868grid.4563.4Division of Plant and Crop Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus, LE12 5RD Nottingham, UK
| | - E. L. Harrison
- 0000 0004 1936 9262grid.11835.3eDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, S10 2TN Sheffield, UK
| | - D. Wells
- 0000 0004 1936 8868grid.4563.4Division of Plant and Crop Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus, LE12 5RD Nottingham, UK
| | - C. C. Chater
- 0000 0004 1936 9262grid.11835.3eDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, S10 2TN Sheffield, UK
| | - J. E. Gray
- 0000 0004 1936 9262grid.11835.3eDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, S10 2TN Sheffield, UK
| | - R. Swarup
- 0000 0004 1936 8868grid.4563.4Division of Plant and Crop Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus, LE12 5RD Nottingham, UK
| | - E. H. Murchie
- 0000 0004 1936 8868grid.4563.4Division of Plant and Crop Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus, LE12 5RD Nottingham, UK
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57
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Yin J, Zhang X, Zhang G, Wen Y, Liang G, Chen X. Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid is a key regulator of guard mother cell terminal division in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:897-908. [PMID: 30462272 PMCID: PMC6363092 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Stomata have a critical function in the exchange of gases and water vapor between plants and their environment. Stomatal development is under the rigorous control of many regulators. The last step of development is the terminal division of guard mother cells (GMC) into two guard cells (GC). It is still unclear how the symmetric division of GMCs is regulated. Here, we show that the ethylene precursor aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is required for the symmetric division of GMCs into GCs in Arabidopsis. Exogenous application of the ACC biosynthesis inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) induced the formation of single guard cells (SGCs). Correspondingly, an acs octuple-mutant with extremely low endogenous ACC also developed SGCs, and exogenous ACC dramatically decreased the number of SGCs in this mutant whereas exogenous ethephon (which is gradually converted into ethylene) had no effect. Furthermore, neither blocking of endogenous ethylene synthesis nor disruption of ethylene signaling transduction could induce the production of SGCs. Further investigation indicated that ACC promoted the division of GMCs in fama-1 and flp-1myb88 mutants whereas AVG inhibited it. Moreover, ACC positively regulated the expression of CDKB1;1 and CYCA2;3 in the fama-1 and flp-1myb88 mutants. The SGC number was not affected by ACC or AVG in cdkb1;11;2 and cyca2;234 mutants. Taken together, the results demonstrate that ACC itself, but not ethylene, positively modulates the symmetric division of GMCs in a manner that is dependent on CDKB1s and CYCA2s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Yin
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Gensong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wen
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Gang Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Correspondence: or
| | - Xiaolan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Correspondence: or
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58
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Batista-Silva W, Medeiros DB, Rodrigues-Salvador A, Daloso DM, Omena-Garcia RP, Oliveira FS, Pino LE, Peres LEP, Nunes-Nesi A, Fernie AR, Zsögön A, Araújo WL. Modulation of auxin signalling through DIAGETROPICA and ENTIRE differentially affects tomato plant growth via changes in photosynthetic and mitochondrial metabolism. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:448-465. [PMID: 30066402 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Auxin modulates a range of plant developmental processes including embryogenesis, organogenesis, and shoot and root development. Recent studies have shown that plant hormones also strongly influence metabolic networks, which results in altered growth phenotypes. Modulating auxin signalling pathways may therefore provide an opportunity to alter crop performance. Here, we performed a detailed physiological and metabolic characterization of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutants with either increased (entire) or reduced (diageotropica-dgt) auxin signalling to investigate the consequences of altered auxin signalling on photosynthesis, water use, and primary metabolism. We show that reduced auxin sensitivity in dgt led to anatomical and physiological modifications, including altered stomatal distribution along the leaf blade and reduced stomatal conductance, resulting in clear reductions in both photosynthesis and water loss in detached leaves. By contrast, plants with higher auxin sensitivity (entire) increased the photosynthetic capacity, as deduced by higher Vcmax and Jmax coupled with reduced stomatal limitation. Remarkably, our results demonstrate that auxin-sensitive mutants (dgt) are characterized by impairments in the usage of starch that led to lower growth, most likely associated with decreased respiration. Collectively, our findings suggest that mutations in different components of the auxin signalling pathway specifically modulate photosynthetic and respiratory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian Batista-Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - David B Medeiros
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Acácio Rodrigues-Salvador
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danilo M Daloso
- Central Metabolism Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Rebeca P Omena-Garcia
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Franciele Santos Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lilian Ellen Pino
- Departmento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Lázaro Eustáquio Pereira Peres
- Departmento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Central Metabolism Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Agustín Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Apostolakos P, Livanos P, Giannoutsou E, Panteris E, Galatis B. The intracellular and intercellular cross-talk during subsidiary cell formation in Zea mays: existing and novel components orchestrating cell polarization and asymmetric division. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:679-696. [PMID: 29346521 PMCID: PMC6215039 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Formation of stomatal complexes in Poaceae is the outcome of three asymmetric and one symmetric cell division occurring in particular leaf protodermal cells. In this definite sequence of cell division events, the generation of subsidiary cells is of particular importance and constitutes an attractive model for studying local intercellular stimulation. In brief, an induction stimulus emitted by the guard cell mother cells (GMCs) triggers a series of polarization events in their laterally adjacent protodermal cells. This signal determines the fate of the latter cells, forcing them to divide asymmetrically and become committed to subsidiary cell mother cells (SMCs). Scope This article summarizes old and recent structural and molecular data mostly derived from Zea mays, focusing on the interplay between GMCs and SMCs, and on the unique polarization sequence occurring in both cell types. Recent evidence suggests that auxin operates as an inducer of SMC polarization/asymmetric division. The intercellular auxin transport is facilitated by the distribution of a specific transmembrane auxin carrier and requires reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interestingly, the local differentiation of the common cell wall between SMCs and GMCs is one of the earliest features of SMC polarization. Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases, Rho-like plant GTPases as well as the SCAR/WAVE regulatory complex also participate in the perception of the morphogenetic stimulus and have been implicated in certain polarization events in SMCs. Moreover, the transduction of the auxin signal and its function are assisted by phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and the products of the catalytic activity of phospholipases C and D. Conclusion In the present review, the possible role(s) of each of the components in SMC polarization and asymmetric division are discussed, and an overall perspective on the mechanisms beyond these phenomena is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Apostolakos
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - P Livanos
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - E Giannoutsou
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - E Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - B Galatis
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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60
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Pierre-Jerome E, Drapek C, Benfey PN. Regulation of Division and Differentiation of Plant Stem Cells. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2018; 34:289-310. [PMID: 30134119 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100617-062459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in developmental biology is unraveling the precise regulation of plant stem cell maintenance and the transition to a fully differentiated cell. In this review, we highlight major themes coordinating the acquisition of cell identity and subsequent differentiation in plants. Plant cells are immobile and establish position-dependent cell lineages that rely heavily on external cues. Central players are the hormones auxin and cytokinin, which balance cell division and differentiation during organogenesis. Transcription factors and miRNAs, many of which are mobile in plants, establish gene regulatory networks that communicate cell position and fate. Small peptide signaling also provides positional cues as new cell types emerge from stem cell division and progress through differentiation. These pathways recruit similar players for patterning different organs, emphasizing the modular nature of gene regulatory networks. Finally, we speculate on the outstanding questions in the field and discuss how they may be addressed by emerging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Pierre-Jerome
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA;
| | - Colleen Drapek
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA;
| | - Philip N Benfey
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA;
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61
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Walia A, Waadt R, Jones AM. Genetically Encoded Biosensors in Plants: Pathways to Discovery. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 69:497-524. [PMID: 29719164 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Genetically encoded biosensors that directly interact with a molecule of interest were first introduced more than 20 years ago with fusion proteins that served as fluorescent indicators for calcium ions. Since then, the technology has matured into a diverse array of biosensors that have been deployed to improve our spatiotemporal understanding of molecules whose dynamics have profound influence on plant physiology and development. In this review, we address several types of biosensors with a focus on genetically encoded calcium indicators, which are now the most diverse and advanced group of biosensors. We then consider the discoveries in plant biology made by using biosensors for calcium, pH, reactive oxygen species, redox conditions, primary metabolites, phytohormones, and nutrients. These discoveries were dependent on the engineering, characterization, and optimization required to develop a successful biosensor; they were also dependent on the methodological developments required to express, detect, and analyze the readout of such biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Walia
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom;
| | - Rainer Waadt
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Alexander M Jones
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom;
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62
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He J, Zhang R, Peng K, Tagliavia C, Li S, Xue S, Liu A, Hu H, Zhang J, Hubbard KE, Held K, McAinsh MR, Gray JE, Kudla J, Schroeder JI, Liang Y, Hetherington AM. The BIG protein distinguishes the process of CO 2 -induced stomatal closure from the inhibition of stomatal opening by CO 2. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:232-241. [PMID: 29292834 PMCID: PMC5887946 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We conducted an infrared thermal imaging-based genetic screen to identify Arabidopsis mutants displaying aberrant stomatal behavior in response to elevated concentrations of CO2 . This approach resulted in the isolation of a novel allele of the Arabidopsis BIG locus (At3g02260) that we have called CO2 insensitive 1 (cis1). BIG mutants are compromised in elevated CO2 -induced stomatal closure and bicarbonate activation of S-type anion channel currents. In contrast with the wild-type, they fail to exhibit reductions in stomatal density and index when grown in elevated CO2 . However, like the wild-type, BIG mutants display inhibition of stomatal opening when exposed to elevated CO2 . BIG mutants also display wild-type stomatal aperture responses to the closure-inducing stimulus abscisic acid (ABA). Our results indicate that BIG is a signaling component involved in the elevated CO2 -mediated control of stomatal development. In the control of stomatal aperture by CO2 , BIG is only required in elevated CO2 -induced closure and not in the inhibition of stomatal opening by this environmental signal. These data show that, at the molecular level, the CO2 -mediated inhibition of opening and promotion of stomatal closure signaling pathways are separable and BIG represents a distinguishing element in these two CO2 -mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceDepartment of Plant SciencesCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Ruo‐Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceDepartment of Plant SciencesCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Kai Peng
- School of Biological SciencesLife Sciences Building24 Tyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1TQUK
| | | | - Siwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceDepartment of Plant SciencesCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Shaowu Xue
- College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Amy Liu
- Cell and Developmental Biology SectionDivision of Biological SciencesUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Honghong Hu
- College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
- Cell and Developmental Biology SectionDivision of Biological SciencesUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- Cell and Developmental Biology SectionDivision of Biological SciencesUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Katharine E. Hubbard
- Cell and Developmental Biology SectionDivision of Biological SciencesUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of HullHullHU6 7RXUK
| | - Katrin Held
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der PflanzenUniversität MünsterSchlossplatz 7Münster48149Germany
| | | | - Julie E. Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of SheffieldFirth Court, Western BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Jörg Kudla
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der PflanzenUniversität MünsterSchlossplatz 7Münster48149Germany
| | - Julian I. Schroeder
- Cell and Developmental Biology SectionDivision of Biological SciencesUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Yun‐Kuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceDepartment of Plant SciencesCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
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Abstract
Stomata are pores on plant epidermis that facilitate gas exchange and water evaporation between plants and the environment. Given the central role of stomata in photosynthesis and water-use efficiency, two vital events for plant growth, stomatal development is tightly controlled by a diverse range of signals. A family of peptide hormones regulates stomatal patterning and differentiation. In addition, plant hormones as well as numerous environmental cues influence the decision of whether to make stomata or not in distinct and complex manners. In this review, we summarize recent findings that reveal the mechanism of these three groups of signals in controlling stomatal formation, and discuss how these signals are integrated into the core stomatal development pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyun Qi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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Yang J, Yuan Z, Meng Q, Huang G, Périn C, Bureau C, Meunier AC, Ingouff M, Bennett MJ, Liang W, Zhang D. Dynamic Regulation of Auxin Response during Rice Development Revealed by Newly Established Hormone Biosensor Markers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:256. [PMID: 28326089 PMCID: PMC5339295 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The hormone auxin is critical for many plant developmental processes. Unlike the model eudicot plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), auxin distribution and signaling in rice tissues has not been systematically investigated due to the absence of suitable auxin response reporters. In this study we observed the conservation of auxin signaling components between Arabidopsis and model monocot crop rice (Oryza sativa), and generated complementary types of auxin biosensor constructs, one derived from the Aux/IAA-based biosensor DII-VENUS but constitutively driven by maize ubiquitin-1 promoter, and the other termed DR5-VENUS in which a synthetic auxin-responsive promoter (DR5rev ) was used to drive expression of the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). Using the obtained transgenic lines, we observed that during the vegetative development, accumulation of DR5-VENUS signal was at young and mature leaves, tiller buds and stem base. Notably, abundant DR5-VENUS signals were observed in the cytoplasm of cortex cells surrounding lateral root primordia (LRP) in rice. In addition, auxin maxima and dynamic re-localization were seen at the initiation sites of inflorescence and spikelet primordia including branch meristems (BMs), female and male organs. The comparison of these observations among Arabidopsis, rice and maize suggests the unique role of auxin in regulating rice lateral root emergence and reproduction. Moreover, protein localization of auxin transporters PIN1 homologs and GFP tagged OsAUX1 overlapped with DR5-VENUS during spikelet development, helping validate these auxin response reporters are reliable markers in rice. This work firstly reveals the direct correspondence between auxin distribution and rice reproductive and root development at tissue and cellular level, and provides high-resolution auxin tools to probe fundamental developmental processes in rice and to establish links between auxin, development and agronomical traits like yield or root architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University–University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Zheng Yuan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University–University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Qingcai Meng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University–University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Guoqiang Huang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University–University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Malcolm J. Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Wanqi Liang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University–University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University–University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of AdelaideUrrbrae, SA, Australia
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65
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Bringmann M, Bergmann DC. Tissue-wide Mechanical Forces Influence the Polarity of Stomatal Stem Cells in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 2017; 27:877-883. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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66
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Tameshige T, Ikematsu S, Torii KU, Uchida N. Stem development through vascular tissues: EPFL-ERECTA family signaling that bounces in and out of phloem. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:45-53. [PMID: 27965367 PMCID: PMC5854166 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells communicate with each other using a variety of signaling molecules. Recent studies have revealed that various types of secreted peptides, as well as phytohormones known since long ago, mediate cell-cell communication in diverse contexts of plant life. These peptides affect cellular activities, such as proliferation and cell fate decisions, through their perception by cell surface receptors located on the plasma membrane of target cells. ERECTA (ER), an Arabidopsis thaliana receptor kinase gene, was first identified as a stem growth regulator, and since then an increasing number of studies have shown that ER is involved in a wide range of developmental and physiological processes. In particular, molecular functions of ER have been extensively studied in stomatal patterning. Furthermore, the importance of ER signaling in vascular tissues of inflorescence stems, especially in phloem cells, has recently been highlighted. In this review article, first we briefly summarize the history of ER research including studies on stomatal development, then introduce ER functions in vascular tissues, and discuss its interactions with phytohormones and other receptor kinase signaling pathways. Future questions and challenges will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Tameshige
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shuka Ikematsu
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Naoyuki Uchida
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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67
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Pillitteri LJ, Guo X, Dong J. Asymmetric cell division in plants: mechanisms of symmetry breaking and cell fate determination. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4213-4229. [PMID: 27286799 PMCID: PMC5522748 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division is a fundamental mechanism that generates cell diversity while maintaining self-renewing stem cell populations in multicellular organisms. Both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms underpin symmetry breaking and differential daughter cell fate determination in animals and plants. The emerging picture suggests that plants deal with the problem of symmetry breaking using unique cell polarity proteins, mobile transcription factors, and cell wall components to influence asymmetric divisions and cell fate. There is a clear role for altered auxin distribution and signaling in distinguishing two daughter cells and an emerging role for epigenetic modifications through chromatin remodelers and DNA methylation in plant cell differentiation. The importance of asymmetric cell division in determining final plant form provides the impetus for its study in the areas of both basic and applied science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Jo Pillitteri
- Department of Biology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Juan Dong
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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68
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Zou JJ, Zheng ZY, Xue S, Li HH, Wang YR, Le J. The role of Arabidopsis Actin-Related Protein 3 in amyloplast sedimentation and polar auxin transport in root gravitropism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5325-5337. [PMID: 27473572 PMCID: PMC5049384 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Gravitropism is vital for shaping directional plant growth in response to the forces of gravity. Signals perceived in the gravity-sensing cells can be converted into biochemical signals and transmitted. Sedimentation of amyloplasts in the columella cells triggers asymmetric auxin redistribution in root tips, leading to downward root growth. The actin cytoskeleton is thought to play an important role in root gravitropism, although the molecular mechanism has not been resolved. DISTORTED1 (DIS1) encodes the ARP3 subunit of the Arabidopsis Actin-Related Protein 2/3 (ARP2/3) complex, and the ARP3/DIS1 mutant dis1-1 showed delayed root curvature after gravity stimulation. Microrheological analysis revealed that the high apparent viscosity within dis1-1 central columella cells is closely associated with abnormal movement trajectories of amyloplasts. Analysis using a sensitive auxin input reporter DII-VENUS showed that asymmetric auxin redistribution was reduced in the root tips of dis1-1, and the actin-disrupting drug Latrunculin B increased the asymmetric auxin redistribution. An uptake assay using the membrane-selective dye FM4-64 indicated that endocytosis was decelerated in dis1-1 root epidermal cells. Treatment and wash-out with Brefeldin A, which inhibits protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, showed that cycling of the auxin-transporter PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins to the plasma membrane was also suppressed in dis1-1 roots. The results reveal that ARP3/DIS1 acts in root gravitropism by affecting amyloplast sedimentation and PIN-mediated polar auxin transport through regulation of PIN protein trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Zou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zhong-Yu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Han-Hai Li
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yu-Ren Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jie Le
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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69
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Guo F, Han N, Xie Y, Fang K, Yang Y, Zhu M, Wang J, Bian H. The miR393a/target module regulates seed germination and seedling establishment under submergence in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:2288-302. [PMID: 27342100 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The conserved miRNA393 family is thought to be involved in root elongation, leaf development and stress responses, but its role during seed germination and seedling establishment remains unclear. In this study, expression of the MIR393a/target module and its role in germinating rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeds were investigated. β-Glucuronidase (GUS) analysis showed that MIR393a and OsTIR1 had spatial-temporal transcriptional activities in radicle roots, coleoptile tips and stomata cells, corresponding to a dynamic auxin response. miR393a promoted primary root elongation when rice seeds were germinated in air and inhibited coleoptile elongation and stomatal development when seeds were submerged. Under submergence, the expression of miR393a was inhibited, and then the auxin response was induced. In the process, OsTIR1 and OsAFB2, auxin receptor genes, were negatively regulated by miR393. We found that miR393a inhibited stomatal development and coleoptile elongation but promoted free indole acetic acid (IAA) accumulation in the rice coleoptile tips. In addition, exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) enhanced the expression of miR393 and inhibited coleoptile growth. Together, miR393a/target plays a role in coleoptile elongation and stomatal development via modulation of auxin signalling during seed germination and seedling establishment under submergence. This study provides new perspectives on the direct sowing of rice seeds in flooded paddy fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Guo
- Institute of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ning Han
- Institute of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yakun Xie
- Institute of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ke Fang
- Institute of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinong Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Muyuan Zhu
- Institute of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junhui Wang
- Institute of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Hongwu Bian
- Institute of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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70
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Han SK, Torii KU. Lineage-specific stem cells, signals and asymmetries during stomatal development. Development 2016; 143:1259-70. [PMID: 27095491 DOI: 10.1242/dev.127712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Stomata are dispersed pores found in the epidermis of land plants that facilitate gas exchange for photosynthesis while minimizing water loss. Stomata are formed from progenitor cells, which execute a series of differentiation events and stereotypical cell divisions. The sequential activation of master regulatory basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors controls the initiation, proliferation and differentiation of stomatal cells. Cell-cell communication mediated by secreted peptides, receptor kinases, and downstream mitogen-activated kinase cascades enforces proper stomatal patterning, and an intrinsic polarity mechanism ensures asymmetric cell divisions. As we review here, recent studies have provided insights into the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that control stomatal development. These findings have also highlighted striking similarities between plants and animals with regards to their mechanisms of specialized cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Ki Han
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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71
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Naser V, Shani E. Auxin response under osmotic stress. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 91:661-72. [PMID: 27052306 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0476-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) is a small organic molecule that coordinates many of the key processes in plant development and adaptive growth. Plants regulate the auxin response pathways at multiple levels including biosynthesis, metabolism, transport and perception. One of the most striking aspects of plant plasticity is the modulation of development in response to changing growth environments. In this review, we explore recent findings correlating auxin response-dependent growth and development with osmotic stresses. Studies of water deficit, dehydration, salt, and other osmotic stresses point towards direct and indirect molecular perturbations in the auxin pathway. Osmotic stress stimuli modulate auxin responses by affecting auxin biosynthesis (YUC, TAA1), transport (PIN), perception (TIR/AFB, Aux/IAA), and inactivation/conjugation (GH3, miR167, IAR3) to coordinate growth and patterning. In turn, stress-modulated auxin gradients drive physiological and developmental mechanisms such as stomata aperture, aquaporin and lateral root positioning. We conclude by arguing that auxin-mediated growth inhibition under abiotic stress conditions is one of the developmental and physiological strategies to acclimate to the changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Naser
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eilon Shani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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72
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Shao W, Dong J. Polarity in plant asymmetric cell division: Division orientation and cell fate differentiation. Dev Biol 2016; 419:121-131. [PMID: 27475487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is universally required for the development of multicellular organisms. Unlike animal cells, plant cells have a rigid cellulosic extracellular matrix, the cell wall, which provides physical support and forms communication routes. This fundamental difference leads to some unique mechanisms in plants for generating asymmetries during cell division. However, plants also utilize intrinsically polarized proteins to regulate asymmetric signaling and cell division, a strategy similar to the differentiation mechanism found in animals. Current progress suggests that common regulatory modes, i.e. protein spontaneous clustering and cytoskeleton reorganization, underlie protein polarization in both animal and plant cells. Despite these commonalities, it is important to note that intrinsic mechanisms in plants are heavily influenced by extrinsic cues. To control physical asymmetry in cell division, although our understanding is fragmentary thus far, plants might have evolved novel polarization strategies to orientate cell division plane. Recent studies also suggest that the phytohormone auxin, one of the most pivotal small molecules in plant development, regulates ACD in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchen Shao
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Juan Dong
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, NJ 08901, USA; Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854, USA.
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73
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Livanos P, Galatis B, Apostolakos P. Deliberate ROS production and auxin synergistically trigger the asymmetrical division generating the subsidiary cells in Zea mays stomatal complexes. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:1081-99. [PMID: 26250135 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0866-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Subsidiary cell generation in Poaceae is an outstanding example of local intercellular stimulation. An inductive stimulus emanates from the guard cell mother cells (GMCs) towards their laterally adjacent subsidiary cell mother cells (SMCs) and triggers the asymmetrical division of the latter. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) immunolocalization in Zea mays protoderm confirmed that the GMCs function as local sources of auxin and revealed that auxin is polarly accumulated between GMCs and SMCs in a timely-dependent manner. Besides, staining techniques showed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) exhibit a closely similar, also time-dependent, pattern of appearance suggesting ROS implication in subsidiary cell formation. This phenomenon was further investigated by using the specific NADPH-oxidase inhibitor diphenylene iodonium, the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-cysteine, menadione which leads to ROS overproduction, and H2O2. Treatments with diphenylene iodonium, N-acetyl-cysteine, and menadione specifically blocked SMC polarization and asymmetrical division. In contrast, H2O2 promoted the establishment of SMC polarity and subsequently subsidiary cell formation in "younger" protodermal areas. Surprisingly, H2O2 favored the asymmetrical division of the intervening cells of the stomatal rows leading to the creation of extra apical subsidiary cells. Moreover, H2O2 altered IAA localization, whereas synthetic auxin analogue 1-napthaleneacetic acid enhanced ROS accumulation. Combined treatments with ROS modulators along with 1-napthaleneacetic acid or 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, an auxin efflux inhibitor, confirmed the crosstalk between ROS and auxin functioning during subsidiary cell generation. Collectively, our results demonstrate that ROS are critical partners of auxin during development of Z. mays stomatal complexes. The interplay between auxin and ROS seems to be spatially and temporarily regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantelis Livanos
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, 15781, Greece
| | - Basil Galatis
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, 15781, Greece
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74
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van Gelderen K, van Rongen M, Liu A, Otten A, Offringa R. An INDEHISCENT-Controlled Auxin Response Specifies the Separation Layer in Early Arabidopsis Fruit. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:857-869. [PMID: 26995296 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Seed dispersal is an important moment in the life cycle of a plant species. In Arabidopsis thaliana, it is dependent on transcription factor INDEHISCENT (IND)-mediated specification of a separation layer in the dehiscence zone found in the margin between the valves (carpel walls) and the central replum of the developing fruit. It was proposed that IND specifies the separation layer by inducing a local auxin minimum at late stages of fruit development. Here we show that morphological differences between the ind mutant and wild-type fruit already arise at early stages of fruit development, coinciding with strong IND expression in the valve margin. We show that IND-reduced PIN-FORMED3 (PIN3) auxin efflux carrier abundance leads to an increased auxin response in the valve margin during early fruit development, and that the concomitant cell divisions that form the dehiscence zone are lacking in ind mutant fruit. Moreover, IND promoter-driven ectopic expression of the AGC kinases PINOID (PID) and WAG2 induced indehiscence by expelling auxin from the valve margin at stages 14-16 of fruit development through increased PIN3 abundance. Our results show that IND, besides its role at late stages of Arabidopsis fruit development, functions at early stages to facilitate the auxin-triggered cell divisions that form the dehiscence zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper van Gelderen
- Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Martin van Rongen
- Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - An'an Liu
- Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Otten
- Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Remko Offringa
- Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands.
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75
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Chen L, Guan L, Qian P, Xu F, Wu Z, Wu Y, He K, Gou X, Li J, Hou S. NRPB3, the third largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, is essential for stomatal patterning and differentiation in Arabidopsis. Development 2016; 143:1600-11. [PMID: 26989174 PMCID: PMC4909857 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stomata are highly specialized epidermal structures that control transpiration and gas exchange between plants and the environment. Signal networks underlying stomatal development have been previously uncovered but much less is known about how signals involved in stomatal development are transmitted to RNA polymerase II (Pol II or RPB), which plays a central role in the transcription of mRNA coding genes. Here, we identify a partial loss-of-function mutation of the third largest subunit of nuclear DNA-dependent Pol II (NRPB3) that exhibits an increased number of stomatal lineage cells and paired stomata. Phenotypic and genetic analyses indicated that NRPB3 is not only required for correct stomatal patterning, but is also essential for stomatal differentiation. Protein-protein interaction assays showed that NRPB3 directly interacts with two basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors, FAMA and INDUCER OF CBF EXPRESSION1 (ICE1), indicating that NRPB3 serves as an acceptor for signals from transcription factors involved in stomatal development. Our findings highlight the surprisingly conserved activating mechanisms mediated by the third largest subunit of Pol II in eukaryotes. Summary: RNA polymerase II subunit NRPB3 interacts with stomatal bHLH transcription factors FAMA and ICE1, connecting the stomatal development pathway to the general transcription machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Guan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingping Qian
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongliang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai He
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Gou
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Suiwen Hou
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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76
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Zhang L, Wang T, Zheng F, Ma L, Li J. Effects of the ionic liquid 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide on root gravitropism in Arabidopsis seedlings. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 125:107-115. [PMID: 26685782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effects of ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted increasing attention in recent years. However, the knowledge about the toxic effects of ILs on tropism in organisms remains quite limited. In this study, the effects of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide [C6mim]Br on root gravitropism were evaluated using Arabidopsis seedlings. Our results showed that the root growth and gravity response were significantly inhibited with increasing IL concentration. [C6mim]Br treatment affected the amount and distribution pattern of amyloplasts in root cap compared with controls. The auxin distribution marked with DR5rev::VENUS was altered in IL-treated seedlings. The signal intensity and gene expression of auxin efflux carriers PIN2 and PIN3 were obviously decreased by IL stress. Moreover, as consequences in response to gravity stimulus, the asymmetric DR5 signals in control root apex were impaired by IL treatment. The predominant PIN2 signals along the lower flank of root and PIN3 polarization in columella cells were also significantly reduced in seedlings exposed to IL. Our results suggest that the ionic liquid [C6mim]Br affects the amount and distribution of amyloplasts and disturbs the deployment of PIN2 and PIN3, thus impairing auxin flows in response to gravity stimulus and causing deficient root gravitropism in Arabidopsis seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Engineering Laboratory of Green Medicinal Material Biotechnology, Henan Province, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Fengxia Zheng
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Lingyu Ma
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Engineering Laboratory of Green Medicinal Material Biotechnology, Henan Province, Xinxiang 453007, China.
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77
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Torii KU. Stomatal differentiation: the beginning and the end. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 28:16-22. [PMID: 26344486 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of stomata follows a series of stereotypical cell divisions and cell-state transitional steps specified by the master-regulatory transcription factors. The density and numbers of stomata are regulated by cell-cell signaling and flexibly modulated by environmental and physiological inputs. This review focuses on the latest breakthroughs in Arabidopsis elucidating the mechanisms behind the initiation of stomatal precursors, asymmetric cell division and stem cell behavior, and terminal differentiation of guard cells. I discuss new insights emerging from these studies: (i) competitive actions of signals and regulatory circuits initiating stomatal precursor pattern; (ii) a subcellular partitioning of signaling components determining the stomatal lineage stem-cell divisions; and (iii) epigenetic regulation maintaining the differentiated guard cell state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko U Torii
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA; Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA; Institute of Transformative Biomolecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
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78
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Wang HZ, Yang KZ, Zou JJ, Zhu LL, Xie ZD, Morita MT, Tasaka M, Friml J, Grotewold E, Beeckman T, Vanneste S, Sack F, Le J. Transcriptional regulation of PIN genes by FOUR LIPS and MYB88 during Arabidopsis root gravitropism. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8822. [PMID: 26578169 PMCID: PMC4673497 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PIN proteins are auxin export carriers that direct intercellular auxin flow and in turn regulate many aspects of plant growth and development including responses to environmental changes. The Arabidopsis R2R3-MYB transcription factor FOUR LIPS (FLP) and its paralogue MYB88 regulate terminal divisions during stomatal development, as well as female reproductive development and stress responses. Here we show that FLP and MYB88 act redundantly but differentially in regulating the transcription of PIN3 and PIN7 in gravity-sensing cells of primary and lateral roots. On the one hand, FLP is involved in responses to gravity stimulation in primary roots, whereas on the other, FLP and MYB88 function complementarily in establishing the gravitropic set-point angles of lateral roots. Our results support a model in which FLP and MYB88 expression specifically determines the temporal-spatial patterns of PIN3 and PIN7 transcription that are closely associated with their preferential functions during root responses to gravity. Plants respond to reorientation by altering the distribution of the plant hormone auxin causing roots to bend towards gravity. Here Wang et al. find that expression of the PIN3 and PIN7 auxin transporters in gravity sensing cells is controlled by concerted action of the FLP and MYB88 transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan (Fragrant Hill), Haidian, Beijing 100093, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ke-Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan (Fragrant Hill), Haidian, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jun-Jie Zou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan (Fragrant Hill), Haidian, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ling-Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan (Fragrant Hill), Haidian, Beijing 100093, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zi Dian Xie
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Miyo Terao Morita
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masao Tasaka
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0101, Japan
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology of Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Erich Grotewold
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent B-9052, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent B-9052, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - Fred Sack
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Jie Le
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan (Fragrant Hill), Haidian, Beijing 100093, China
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79
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A coherent transcriptional feed-forward motif model for mediating auxin-sensitive PIN3 expression during lateral root development. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8821. [PMID: 26578065 PMCID: PMC4673502 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple plant developmental processes, such as lateral root development, depend on auxin distribution patterns that are in part generated by the PIN-formed family of auxin-efflux transporters. Here we propose that AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR7 (ARF7) and the ARF7-regulated FOUR LIPS/MYB124 (FLP) transcription factors jointly form a coherent feed-forward motif that mediates the auxin-responsive PIN3 transcription in planta to steer the early steps of lateral root formation. This regulatory mechanism might endow the PIN3 circuitry with a temporal ‘memory' of auxin stimuli, potentially maintaining and enhancing the robustness of the auxin flux directionality during lateral root development. The cooperative action between canonical auxin signalling and other transcription factors might constitute a general mechanism by which transcriptional auxin-sensitivity can be regulated at a tissue-specific level. Lateral root development is dependent on precise control of the distribution of the plant hormone auxin. Here Chen et al. propose the transcription factors ARF7 and FLP participate in a feed forward motif to mediate expression of the auxin transporter PIN3 and consequently regulate lateral root development.
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80
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Xu T, Wang Y, Liu X, Gao S, Qi M, Li T. Solanum lycopersicum IAA15 functions in the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide mechanism of action by mediating abscisic acid signalling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3977-3990. [PMID: 25948703 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), an important plant growth regulator, is the herbicide most commonly used worldwide to control weeds. However, broad-leaf fruits and vegetables are extremely sensitive to herbicides, which can cause damage and result in lost crops when applied in a manner inconsistent with the directions. Despite detailed knowledge of the mechanism of 2,4-D, the regulation of auxin signalling is still unclear. For example, although the major mediators of auxin signalling, including auxin/indole acetic acid (AUX/IAA) proteins and auxin response factors (ARFs), are known to mediate auxinic herbicides, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, the effects of 2,4-D on AUX/IAA gene expression in tomato were investigated, and the two most notably up-regulated genes, SlIAA15 and SlIAA29, were selected for further study. Western blotting revealed the substantial accumulation of both SlIAA15 and SlIAA29, and the expression levels of the corresponding genes were increased following abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene treatment. Overexpressing SlIAA15, but not SlIAA29, induced a 2,4-D herbicide damage phenotype. The 35S::SlIAA15 line exhibited a strong reduction in leaf stomatal density and altered expression of some R2R3 MYB genes that are putatively involved in the regulation of stomatal differentiation. Further study revealed that root elongation in 35S::SlIAA15 was sensitive to ABA treatment, and was most probably due to the altered expression of an ABA signal transduction gene. In addition, the altered auxin sensitivities of SlIAA15 transformants were also explored. These results suggested that SlIAA15 plays an important role in determining the effects of the herbicide 2,4-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Gao
- Liaoning Cash Crop Institute, Liaoyang 111304, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingfang Qi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianlai Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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81
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Livanos P, Giannoutsou E, Apostolakos P, Galatis B. Auxin as an inducer of asymmetrical division generating the subsidiary cells in stomatal complexes of Zea mays. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e984531. [PMID: 25831267 PMCID: PMC4622748 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.984531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The data presented in this work revealed that in Zea mays the exogenously added auxins indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 1-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA), promoted the establishment of subsidiary cell mother cell (SMC) polarity and the subsequent subsidiary cell formation, while treatment with auxin transport inhibitors 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) and 1-napthoxyacetic acid (NOA) specifically blocked SMC polarization and asymmetrical division. Furthermore, in young guard cell mother cells (GMCs) the PIN1 auxin efflux carriers were mainly localized in the transverse GMC faces, while in the advanced GMCs they appeared both in the transverse and the lateral ones adjacent to SMCs. Considering that phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase (PI3K) is an active component of auxin signal transduction and that phospholipid signaling contributes in the establishment of polarity, treatments with the specific inhibitor of the PI3K LY294002 were carried out. The presence of LY294002 suppressed polarization of SMCs and prevented their asymmetrical division, whereas combined treatment with exogenously added NAA and LY294002 restricted the promotional auxin influence on subsidiary cell formation. These findings support the view that auxin is involved in Z. mays subsidiary cell formation, probably functioning as inducer of the asymmetrical SMC division. Collectively, the results obtained from treatments with auxin transport inhibitors and the appearance of PIN1 proteins in the lateral GMC faces indicate a local transfer of auxin from GMCs to SMCs. Moreover, auxin signal transduction seems to be mediated by the catalytic function of PI3K.
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Key Words
- AF, actin filament
- DIC, differential interference contrast
- GMC, guard cell mother cell
- IAA, indole-3-acetic acid
- MT, microtubule
- NAA, 1-napthaleneacetic acid
- NOA, 1-napthoxyacetic acid
- PDK, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase
- PI3K, phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase
- PIN1
- PLC, phospholipase C
- PLD, phospholipase D
- ROP GTPases, Rho-like GTPases of plants
- SMC, subsidiary cell mother cell
- TIBA, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid
- auxin carriers
- auxin signaling
- morphogenesis
- phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase
- polarity
- stomatal complexes
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantelis Livanos
- Department of Botany; Faculty of Biology; University of Athens; Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Giannoutsou
- Department of Botany; Faculty of Biology; University of Athens; Athens, Greece
| | | | - Basil Galatis
- Department of Botany; Faculty of Biology; University of Athens; Athens, Greece
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82
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Bimodal regulation of ICR1 levels generates self-organizing auxin distribution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E5471-9. [PMID: 25468974 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1413918111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin polar transport, local maxima, and gradients have become an important model system for studying self-organization. Auxin distribution is regulated by auxin-dependent positive feedback loops that are not well-understood at the molecular level. Previously, we showed the involvement of the RHO of Plants (ROP) effector INTERACTOR of CONSTITUTIVELY active ROP 1 (ICR1) in regulation of auxin transport and that ICR1 levels are posttranscriptionally repressed at the site of maximum auxin accumulation at the root tip. Here, we show that bimodal regulation of ICR1 levels by auxin is essential for regulating formation of auxin local maxima and gradients. ICR1 levels increase concomitant with increase in auxin response in lateral root primordia, cotyledon tips, and provascular tissues. However, in the embryo hypophysis and root meristem, when auxin exceeds critical levels, ICR1 is rapidly destabilized by an SCF(TIR1/AFB) [SKP, Cullin, F-box (transport inhibitor response 1/auxin signaling F-box protein)]-dependent auxin signaling mechanism. Furthermore, ectopic expression of ICR1 in the embryo hypophysis resulted in reduction of auxin accumulation and concomitant root growth arrest. ICR1 disappeared during root regeneration and lateral root initiation concomitantly with the formation of a local auxin maximum in response to external auxin treatments and transiently after gravitropic stimulation. Destabilization of ICR1 was impaired after inhibition of auxin transport and signaling, proteasome function, and protein synthesis. A mathematical model based on these findings shows that an in vivo-like auxin distribution, rootward auxin flux, and shootward reflux can be simulated without assuming preexisting tissue polarity. Our experimental results and mathematical modeling indicate that regulation of auxin distribution is tightly associated with auxin-dependent ICR1 levels.
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83
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Balcerowicz M, Hoecker U. Auxin--a novel regulator of stomata differentiation. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:747-749. [PMID: 25458848 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Three recent publications identify the phytohormone auxin as a novel regulator of stomata development and distribution. We discuss how auxin signaling and polar auxin transport blend in with the established signaling network that controls cell division and differentiation within the stomatal cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Balcerowicz
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, BioCenter, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Ute Hoecker
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, BioCenter, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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84
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Shabala S, Bose J, Hedrich R. Salt bladders: do they matter? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:687-91. [PMID: 25361704 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is claiming about three hectares of arable land from conventional crop farming every minute. At the same time, the challenge of feeding 9.3 billion people by 2050 is forcing agricultural production into marginal areas, and providing sufficient food for this growing population cannot be achieved without a major breakthrough in crop breeding for salinity tolerance. In this Opinion article, we argue that the current trend of targeting Na(+) exclusion mechanisms in breeding programmes for salinity tolerance in crops needs revising. We propose that progress in this area will be achieved by learning from halophytes, naturally salt-loving plants capable of surviving in harsh saline environments, by targeting the mechanisms conferring Na(+) sequestration in external storage organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Shabala
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.
| | - Jayakumar Bose
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Würzburg, Germany.
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85
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Li M, Sack FD. Myrosin idioblast cell fate and development are regulated by the Arabidopsis transcription factor FAMA, the auxin pathway, and vesicular trafficking. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:4053-66. [PMID: 25304201 PMCID: PMC4247575 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.129726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Crucifer shoots harbor a glucosinolate-myrosinase system that defends against insect predation. Arabidopsis thaliana myrosinase (thioglucoside glucohydrolase [TGG]) accumulates in stomata and in myrosin idioblasts (MIs). This work reports that the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor FAMA that is key to stomatal development is also expressed in MIs. The loss of FAMA function abolishes MI fate as well as the expression of the myrosinase genes TGG1 and TGG2. MI cells have previously been reported to be located in the phloem. Instead, we found that MIs arise from the ground meristem rather than provascular tissues and thus are not homologous with phloem. Moreover, MI patterning and morphogenesis are abnormal when the function of the ARF-GEF gene GNOM is lost as well as when auxin efflux and vesicular trafficking are chemically disrupted. Stomata and MI cells constitute part of a wider system that reduces plant predation, the so-called "mustard oil bomb," in which vacuole breakage in cells harboring myrosinase and glucosinolate yields a brew toxic to many animals, especially insects. This identification of the gene that confers the fate of MIs, as well as stomata, might facilitate the development of strategies for engineering crops to mitigate predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Fred D Sack
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
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86
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Shirakawa M, Ueda H, Nagano AJ, Shimada T, Kohchi T, Hara-Nishimura I. FAMA is an essential component for the differentiation of two distinct cell types, myrosin cells and guard cells, in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:4039-52. [PMID: 25304202 PMCID: PMC4247577 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.129874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Brassicales plants, including Arabidopsis thaliana, have an ingenious two-compartment defense system, which sequesters myrosinase from the substrate glucosinolate and produces a toxic compound when cells are damaged by herbivores. Myrosinase is stored in vacuoles of idioblast myrosin cells. The molecular mechanism that regulates myrosin cell development remains elusive. Here, we identify the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor FAMA as an essential component for myrosin cell development along Arabidopsis leaf veins. FAMA is known as a regulator of stomatal development. We detected FAMA expression in myrosin cell precursors in leaf primordia in addition to stomatal lineage cells. FAMA deficiency caused defects in myrosin cell development and in the biosynthesis of myrosinases THIOGLUCOSIDE GLUCOHYDROLASE1 (TGG1) and TGG2. Conversely, ectopic FAMA expression conferred myrosin cell characteristics to hypocotyl and root cells, both of which normally lack myrosin cells. The FAMA interactors ICE1/SCREAM and its closest paralog SCREAM2/ICE2 were essential for myrosin cell development. DNA microarray analysis identified 32 candidate genes involved in myrosin cell development under the control of FAMA. This study provides a common regulatory pathway that determines two distinct cell types in leaves: epidermal guard cells and inner-tissue myrosin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Shirakawa
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Haruko Ueda
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsushi J Nagano
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tomoo Shimada
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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87
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ERECTA family genes regulate development of cotyledons during embryogenesis. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:3912-7. [PMID: 25240196 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases are important regulators of plant growth. Often a single receptor is involved in regulation of multiple developmental processes in a variety of tissues. ERECTA family (ERf) receptors have previously been linked with stomata development, above-ground organ elongation, shoot apical meristem function, flower differentiation and biotic/abiotic stresses. Here we explore the role of these genes during embryogenesis. ERfs are expressed in the developing embryo, where their expression is progressively limited to the upper half of the embryo. During embryogenesis ERfs redundantly stimulate the growth of cotyledons by promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting premature stomata differentiation.
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88
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Lau OS, Davies KA, Chang J, Adrian J, Rowe MH, Ballenger CE, Bergmann DC. Direct roles of SPEECHLESS in the specification of stomatal self-renewing cells. Science 2014; 345:1605-9. [PMID: 25190717 DOI: 10.1126/science.1256888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lineage-specific stem cells are critical for the production and maintenance of specific cell types and tissues in multicellular organisms. In Arabidopsis, the initiation and proliferation of stomatal lineage cells is controlled by the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor SPEECHLESS (SPCH). SPCH-driven asymmetric and self-renewing divisions allow flexibility in stomatal production and overall organ growth. How SPCH directs stomatal lineage cell behaviors, however, is unclear. Here, we improved the chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay and profiled the genome-wide targets of Arabidopsis SPCH in vivo. We found that SPCH controls key regulators of cell fate and asymmetric cell divisions and modulates responsiveness to peptide and phytohormone-mediated intercellular communication. Our results delineate the molecular pathways that regulate an essential adult stem cell lineage in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- On Sun Lau
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kelli A Davies
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jessica Chang
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jessika Adrian
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew H Rowe
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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89
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Balcerowicz M, Ranjan A, Rupprecht L, Fiene G, Hoecker U. Auxin represses stomatal development in dark-grown seedlings via Aux/IAA proteins. Development 2014; 141:3165-76. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.109181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stomatal development is tightly regulated through internal and external factors that are integrated by a complex signalling network. Light represents an external factor that strongly promotes stomata formation. Here, we show that auxin-resistant aux/iaa mutants, e.g. axr3-1, exhibit a de-repression of stomata differentiation in dark-grown seedlings. The higher stomatal index in dark-grown axr3-1 mutants when compared with the wild type is due to increased cell division in the stomatal lineage. Excessive stomata in dark-grown seedlings were also observed in mutants defective in auxin biosynthesis or auxin perception and in seedlings treated with the polar auxin transport inhibitor NPA. Consistent with these findings, exogenous auxin repressed stomata formation in light-grown seedlings. Taken together, these results indicate that auxin is a negative regulator of stomatal development in dark-grown seedlings. Epistasis analysis revealed that axr3-1 acts genetically upstream of the bHLH transcription factors SPCH, MUTE and FAMA, as well as the YDA MAP kinase cascade, but in parallel with the repressor of photomorphogenesis COP1 and the receptor-like protein TMM. The effect of exogenous auxin required the ER family of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases, suggesting that auxin acts at least in part through the ER family. Expression of axr3-1 in the stomatal lineage was insufficient to alter the stomatal index, implying that cell-cell communication is necessary to mediate the effect of auxin. In summary, our results show that auxin signalling contributes to the suppression of stomatal differentiation observed in dark-grown seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Balcerowicz
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, BioCenter, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Aashish Ranjan
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, BioCenter, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Laura Rupprecht
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, BioCenter, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabriele Fiene
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, BioCenter, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ute Hoecker
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, BioCenter, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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90
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Serna L. The role of brassinosteroids and abscisic acid in stomatal development. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 225:95-101. [PMID: 25017164 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Gas exchange with the atmosphere is regulated through the stomata. This process relies on both the degree and duration of stomatal opening, and the number and patterning of these structures in the plant surface. Recent work has revealed that brassinosteroids and abscisic acid (ABA), which control stomatal opening, also repress stomatal development in cotyledons and leaves of at least some plants. It is speculated that, in Arabidopsis, these phytohormones control the same steps of this developmental process, most probably, through the regulation of the same mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase module. The conservation, in seeds plants, of components downstream of this module with MAP kinase target domains, suggests that these proteins are also regulated by these cascades, which, in turn, may be regulated by brassinosteroids and/or ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Serna
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, E-45071 Toledo, Spain.
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91
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Matos JL, Bergmann DC. Convergence of stem cell behaviors and genetic regulation between animals and plants: insights from the Arabidopsis thaliana stomatal lineage. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2014; 6:53. [PMID: 25184043 PMCID: PMC4108953 DOI: 10.12703/p6-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plants and animals are two successful, but vastly different, forms of complex multicellular life. In the 1600 million years since they shared a common unicellular ancestor, representatives of these kingdoms have had ample time to devise unique strategies for building and maintaining themselves, yet they have both developed self-renewing stem cell populations. Using the cellular behaviors and the genetic control of stomatal lineage of Arabidopsis as a focal point, we find current data suggests convergence of stem cell regulation at developmental and molecular levels. Comparative studies between evolutionary distant groups, therefore, have the power to reveal the logic behind stem cell behaviors and benefit both human regenerative medicine and plant biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana L. Matos
- Department of Biology371 Serra Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305USA
| | - Dominique C. Bergmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Department of Biology371 Serra Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305USA
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92
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Auxin inhibits stomatal development through MONOPTEROS repression of a mobile peptide gene STOMAGEN in mesophyll. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3015-23. [PMID: 25002510 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1400542111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants, as sessile organisms, must coordinate various physiological processes to adapt to ever-changing surrounding environments. Stomata, the epidermal pores facilitating gas and water exchange, play important roles in optimizing photosynthetic efficiency and adaptability. Stomatal development is under the control of an intrinsic program mediated by a secretory peptide gene family--namely, EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR, including positively acting STOMAGEN/EPFL9. The phytohormone brassinosteroids and environment factor light also control stomatal production. However, whether auxin regulates stomatal development and whether peptide signaling is coordinated with auxin signaling in the regulation of stomatal development remain largely unknown. Here we show that auxin negatively regulates stomatal development through MONOPTEROS (also known as ARF5) repression of the mobile peptide gene STOMAGEN in mesophyll. Through physiological, genetic, transgenic, biochemical, and molecular analyses, we demonstrate that auxin inhibits stomatal development through the nuclear receptor TIR1/AFB-mediated signaling, and that MONOPTEROS directly binds to the STOMAGEN promoter to suppress its expression in mesophyll and inhibit stomatal development. Our results provide a paradigm of cross-talk between phytohormone auxin and peptide signaling in the regulation of stomatal production.
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93
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Le J, Zou J, Yang K, Wang M. Signaling to stomatal initiation and cell division. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:297. [PMID: 25002867 PMCID: PMC4066587 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are two-celled valves that control epidermal pores whose opening and spacing optimizes shoot-atmosphere gas exchange. Arabidopsis stomatal formation involves at least one asymmetric division and one symmetric division. Stomatal formation and patterning are regulated by the frequency and placement of asymmetric divisions. This model system has already led to significant advances in developmental biology, such as the regulation of cell fate, division, differentiation, and patterning. Over the last 30 years, stomatal development has been found to be controlled by numerous intrinsic genetic and environmental factors. This mini review focuses on the signaling involved in stomatal initiation and in divisions in the cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Le
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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94
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Kajala K, Ramakrishna P, Fisher A, C. Bergmann D, De Smet I, Sozzani R, Weijers D, Brady SM. Omics and modelling approaches for understanding regulation of asymmetric cell divisions in arabidopsis and other angiosperm plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 113:1083-1105. [PMID: 24825294 PMCID: PMC4030820 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asymmetric cell divisions are formative divisions that generate daughter cells of distinct identity. These divisions are coordinated by either extrinsic ('niche-controlled') or intrinsic regulatory mechanisms and are fundamentally important in plant development. SCOPE This review describes how asymmetric cell divisions are regulated during development and in different cell types in both the root and the shoot of plants. It further highlights ways in which omics and modelling approaches have been used to elucidate these regulatory mechanisms. For example, the regulation of embryonic asymmetric divisions is described, including the first divisions of the zygote, formative vascular divisions and divisions that give rise to the root stem cell niche. Asymmetric divisions of the root cortex endodermis initial, pericycle cells that give rise to the lateral root primordium, procambium, cambium and stomatal cells are also discussed. Finally, a perspective is provided regarding the role of other hormones or regulatory molecules in asymmetric divisions, the presence of segregated determinants and the usefulness of modelling approaches in understanding network dynamics within these very special cells. CONCLUSIONS Asymmetric cell divisions define plant development. High-throughput genomic and modelling approaches can elucidate their regulation, which in turn could enable the engineering of plant traits such as stomatal density, lateral root development and wood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Kajala
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Priya Ramakrishna
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Adam Fisher
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Dominique C. Bergmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ive De Smet
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rosangela Sozzani
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Siobhan M. Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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95
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Casson SA, Hetherington AM. phytochrome B Is required for light-mediated systemic control of stomatal development. Curr Biol 2014; 24:1216-21. [PMID: 24835461 PMCID: PMC4046225 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stomata are pores found on the surfaces of leaves, and they regulate gas exchange between the plant and the environment [1]. Stomatal development is highly plastic and is influenced by environmental signals [2]. Light stimulates stomatal development, and this response is mediated by plant photoreceptors [3-5], with the red-light photoreceptor phytochrome B (phyB) having a dominant role in white light [3]. Light also regulates stomatal development systemically, with the irradiance perceived by mature leaves modulating stomatal development in young leaves [6, 7]. Here, we show that phyB is required for this systemic response. Using a combination of tissue-specific expression and an inducible expression system in the loss-of-function phyB-9 mutant [8], we show that phyB expression in the stomatal lineage, mesophyll, and phloem is sufficient to restore wild-type stomatal development. Induction of PHYB in mature leaves also rescues stomatal development in young untreated leaves, whereas phyB mutants are defective in the systemic regulation of stomatal development. Our data show that phyB acts systemically to regulate cell fate decisions in the leaf epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Casson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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96
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Miyawaki KN, Yang Z. Extracellular signals and receptor-like kinases regulating ROP GTPases in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:449. [PMID: 25295042 PMCID: PMC4170102 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Rho-like GTPase from plants (ROPs) function as signaling switches that control a wide variety of cellular functions and behaviors including cell morphogenesis, cell division and cell differentiation. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes 11 ROPs that form a distinct single subfamily contrarily to animal or fungal counterparts where multiple subfamilies of Rho GTPases exist. Since Rho proteins bind to their downstream effector proteins only in their GTP-bound "active" state, the activation of ROPs by upstream factor(s) is a critical step in the regulation of ROP signaling. Therefore, it is critical to examine the input signals that lead to the activation of ROPs. Recent findings showed that the plant hormone auxin is an important signal for the activation of ROPs during pavement cell morphogenesis as well as for other developmental processes. In contrast to auxin, another plant hormone, abscisic acid, negatively regulates ROP signaling. Calcium is another emerging signal in the regulation of ROP signaling. Several lines of evidence indicate that plasma membrane localized-receptor like kinases play a critical role in the transmission of the extracellular signals to intracellular ROP signaling pathways. This review focuses on how these signals impinge upon various direct regulators of ROPs to modulate various plant processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of CaliforniaRiverside, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Zhenbiao Yang, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA e-mail:
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